Radio coexistence in wireless networks

(54) Title: Radio coexistence in wireless networks (56) Published publications: WO 2012099939 A1 WO 2012061765 A1 3rd Generation Partnership

Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures (Release 12), 3GPPTS 36.213 v12.1.0 (2104-03) (57) Summary:

Techniques for reducing coexistence interference in a multi-radio unit are presented. One method involves applying discontinuous reception (DRX) to a user terminal (UE) having a plurality of radio transmitters. The discontinuous reception DRX may include a long DRX cycle for the UE. One of a 2 millisecond (ms), 5 ms and 8 ms cycle start offset period can be provided for the long DRX cycle to reduce coexistence interference between said plurality of radio transmitters in the UE. The cycle start offset period is selected to provide at least one reservation pattern for the Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, HARQ, process to reduce coexistence interference between said plurality of radio transmitters in the UE.

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SUMMARY

Techniques for reducing coexistence interference in a multi-radio unit are presented. One method involves applying discontinuous reception (DRX) to a user terminal (UE) having a plurality of radio transmitters. The discontinuous reception DRX may include a long DRX5 cycle for the UE. One of a 2 millisecond (ms), 5 ms and 8 ms cycle start offset period can be provided for the long DRX cycle to reduce coexistence interference between said plurality of radio transmitters in the UE. The cycle start offset period is selected to provide at least one Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, HARQ., Reservation pattern to reduce coexistence interference between said plurality of radio transmitters in the UE.

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Radio coexistence in wireless networks

BACKGROUND

Modern wireless devices such as mobile phones, computer boards and other portable computer devices include different types of radio for communication purposes. For example, a smart phone may include a 4G transceiver for connecting to a cell mast, a WiFi transceiver for connecting to a local Internet activation point, and a Bluetooth transceiver for connecting to a nearby device such as a headset or keyboard. The WiFi transmitter can receive information for essentially the same time period as the Bluetooth transmitter transmits information. In some examples, the 4G transceiver may transmit information at substantially the same time period as when the Bluetooth transceiver receives information. Consequently, coexistence interference can result between the WiFi transmitter and the Bluetooth transmitter or between the 4G transmitter and the Bluetooth receiver operating in the smart phone, thereby reducing the communication efficiency of each of the co-located transmitters.

Embodiments of the invention provide a method for reducing coexistence interference in a multi-radio unit, including receiving a discontinuous reception (DRX) configuration on a multi-radio unit from an evolved NodeB (eNodeB), the multi-radio unit being a multi-radio terminal; apply the discontinuous reception (DRX) configuration to at least one of said plurality of radio transmitters in the multi-radio unit, wherein the DRX comprises a long DRX cycle for at least one of said plurality of radio transmitters and from the group 2 milliseconds (ms), 5 ms and 8ms selecting an offset period for cycle start for the long DRX cycle to reduce coexistence interference between said plurality of radio transmitters in a multi-radio unit.

Embodiments of the invention provide that said plurality of radio transmitters include a Third Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE) radio transmitter and a Bluetooth radio transmitter.

Embodiments of the invention provide that the offset period of 2 ms for cycle start produces at least one HARQ. reservation pattern to reduce coexistence interference between Bluetooth1

539 331 radio transmitters and an LTE radio transmitter communicating in the LTE Time Division Duplex (LTE-TDD).

Embodiments of the invention provide that the 5 ms cycle start offset period provides at least one reservation pattern for the HARQ process to reduce coexistence interference between Bluetooth radio transmitters and an LTE radio transmitter communicating in the LTE Time Division Duplex (LTE-TDD).

Embodiments of the invention provide that the 8 ms cycle start offset period provides at least one reservation pattern for the HARQ process to reduce coexistence interference between Bluetooth radio transmitters and an LTE radio transmitter communicating in the LTE Time Division Duplex (LTE-TDD).

Embodiments of the invention further provide a method comprising monitoring, through the user terminal UE, of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) during the long DRX cycle.

Embodiments of the invention provide that selecting one of said plurality of cycle start offset periods comprises providing at least one reservation pattern for the HARQ process to ensure that each of said plurality of radio transmitters for the user terminal UE does not transmit information while another UE radio transmitter does not receives information so that the coexistence interference between said plurality of transceivers in the user terminal UE is reduced; each radio transmitter comprising different radio access technology (RAT).

Embodiments of the invention provide a multi-radio wireless unit comprising a Discontinuous Receiving Module (DRX) configured to apply DRX to a radio transmitter in a UE user terminal with a plurality of coexisting radio transmitters, one radio transmitter operating in accordance with the Third Generation Partnership Project Long Term Release 8, 9, 10 or 11 (3GPP LTE); a reference resource subframe selection module configured to select a downlink reference resource subframe substantially without interference within the unit from said plurality of coexisting radio transmitters in the UE; and a channel status reporting module (CSI) configured to periodically report the CSI, from

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The UE to the eNB, at a subframe for CSI reporting, whereby the subframe for CSI reporting is placed within a selected number of subframes from the downlink subframe for reference resource.

Embodiments of the invention provide that said plurality of coexisting radio transmitters comprise at least two radio access technologies (RAT), the radio access technologies comprising: a 3GPP LTE radio transmitter, a Wireless Local Access Network (WLAN) transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter and a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver.

Embodiments of the invention provide that the CSI reported to eNB does not substantially decrease the capacity of the user terminal due to interference within the unit from the plurality of co-existing radio transmitters in the user terminal UE.

Embodiments of the invention provide that the CSI comprises at least one of a channel quality indicator (CQ.I), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) and a rank indicator (R1).

Embodiments of the invention further provide that the CSI reporting module is further configured to report the CSI, from the UE to the eNB, during a transitional period from a non-scheduled period to a scheduled period, the non-scheduled period and the The scheduled period occurs during a long DRX cycle for 3GPP LTE radio transmitters.

Embodiments of the invention provide that the reference link downlink frame includes a CSI reference resource.

Embodiments of the invention provide that the CSI reporting module is further configured to periodically report CSI in an uplink subframe, with the uplink subframe occurring at least four subframes upon receipt of the eNB downlink subframe.

Embodiments of the invention provide that the CSI reporting module is further configured to receive the reference resource downlink subframe, in the UE from the eNB, for a period of time inconsistent with another coexisting radio transmitter in the UE transmitting a subframe for the uplink.

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Embodiments of the invention provide that the CSI reporting module is further configured to receive the reference resource downlink subframe, in the UE from the eNB, during a scheduled period of the long DRX cycle.

Embodiments of the invention provide a wireless multi-radio unit, comprising:

a radio link monitoring module (RLM) configured to: determining a subframe, for a radio transmitter for a wireless WAN (WWAN), substantially without interference within the unit during a non-scheduled period of a long DRX cycle, and performing radio link monitoring (RLM) using the subframe substantially without interference within the unit during the non-scheduling period. -scheduled period of the long cycle for discontinuous reception (DRX) from a plurality of co-existing radio transmitters in the wireless multiradio unit.

Embodiments of the invention further provide that the RLM module is configured to perform RLM on the WWAN radio transceiver of the wireless multi-radio unit during a scheduled period of the long DRX cycle of the DRX.

Embodiments of the invention provide at least one computer-readable medium comprising stored instructions for reducing coexistence interference in a multi-radio unit, which instructs the machine to apply discontinuous reception to a user terminal (UE) having a plurality of coexisting radio transmitters, a long DRX cycle for the UE; select a cycle start offset period from a group of cycle start offset periods for the long DRX cycle to reduce coexistence interference between said plurality of coexisting radio transmitters in the UE and report channel state information (CSI), from the UE to the eNB, during the long DRX cycle. the cycle for the UE and upon receipt of a downlink subframe for reference resource from the eNB, whereby the downlink sub-frame for reference resource is received from eNB for a period outside the non-scheduled period for the long DRX cycle.

Embodiments of the invention provide that a placement of the downlink subframe for reference resource is selected as a subframe substantially without interference within the unit from the plurality of co-existing radio transmitters in the UE.

Embodiments of the invention provide that the offset periods for cycle start for the long DRX cycle include one of 2 milliseconds (ms), 5 ms and 8 ms.

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Embodiments of the invention provide that the cycle start offset periods are selected to provide at least one Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARO.) Process pattern to ensure that each of the UE's radio transmitters does not transmit / receive information while another of the UEs: n's radio transmitters receive / transmit information, thereby reducing coexistence interference between said radio transmitters in the UE, each of the radio transmitters having different radio access technology (RAT).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description which follows, together with the accompanying drawings which together illustrate exemplarily the features of the invention and wherein:

Figure 1 illustrates an example of a Bluetooth package timing diagram synchronized with subframes in multiple Time Division Duplex (TDD) configurations for a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) transceiver; Figure 2 is a graph illustrating exemplary a long cycle for discontinuous reception (DRX), Figure 3

a. illustrates an example of an exemplary TDD configuration that supports DRX patterns,

b. illustrates an example of an exemplary TDD configuration that supports DRX patterns,

c. is a timing diagram showing an LTE transmit / receive pattern and a Bluetooth transmit / receive pattern according to an example; Figure 4 illustrates an exemplary ASN code example for DRX configuration information; Figure 5 illustrates a channel state information (CSI) reference resource during a long

DRX cycle according to an example, Figure 6 shows a flow chart of a method for reducing coexistence interference in a multi-radio unit with one embodiment of the present invention, Figure 7 illustrates an example of a block diagram of a radio coexistence system, Figure 8 illustrates an example of a mobile wireless device.

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Reference will now be made to the illustrated exemplary embodiments and specific terminology will be used to describe them. However, it should be understood that these do not entail any limitation on the scope of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before disclosing and describing the invention, it should be understood that this invention is not limited to particular structures, process steps or materials disclosed herein; but extends to their equivalents as would appear to one of ordinary skill in the art. It should also be understood that the terminology used herein is used to describe particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the invention.

DEFINITIONS

As the terminology comes into use herein, the term refers to substantially all or substantially all of the scope or degree of a measure, characteristics, property, condition, structure, record or result. For example, an object that is substantially enclosed means that the object is either fully enclosed or almost completely enclosed. The degree of permissible deviation from a total scope depends in some cases on the specific context. In general, however, proximity to total scope is to be perceived as achieving the same overall results as with total scope. The use of substantially is similarly applicable when used in a negative sense to refer to total or almost total absence of a measure, feature, characteristic, condition, structure, record or result.

Other terms may be defined differently in the description itself.

EXEMPLAR EMBODIMENTS

An initial overview of embodiments is provided below and specific embodiments are explained in more detail later. The initial overview is intended to assist readers with a faster understanding of the technology, but is not intended to identify the main functions or essential functions of the technology, nor to limit the current scope of protection.

Bluetooth transceivers are often co-located with other types of radio and / or transceivers, such as transceivers communicating using the Orthogonal Frequency Division

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Multiple Access (OFDMA), such as a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) transceiver, Institute of Electrical and Electronics transceiver

Engineers (IEEE) 802.16, commonly called WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave)

Access), wireless local area network (WLAN) transmitters (ie IEEE 802.11 radio, commonly referred to as WiFi) and / or receivers for the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).

Each co-located radio can be used for a specific purpose. For example, Bluetooth transmitters can be used to communicate with a wireless personal area network (WPAN), a WiFi transmitter can be used to communicate with a wireless local area network (WLAN) and a 3GPP LTE or WiMAX transmitter can be used to communicate with a wireless WAN [Wide Area Network] (WWAN).

Concurrent use in a wireless device (e.g., a smart phone or computer tablet) of a Bluetooth transceiver co-located with other transceivers communicating using OFDMA, such as a 3GPP LTE transceiver, a WiMAX transceiver, and / or a WiFi transceiver can provide causing interference that reduces the data capacity of both transmitters. This description provides several examples of a co-located Bluetooth transceiver and a 3GPP LTE transceiver, which examples are not intended to be limiting. The same system and method (s) can be applied to other types of OFDMA radio in a Time Domain Duplex (TDD) format and which are co-located with a Bluetooth transceiver.

In general terms, TDD refers to duplex communication links where the uplink is separated from the downlink by assigning different time slots in the same frequency band. Because TDD allows asymmetric flow for data transmission on uplink and downlink, users are assigned time slots for uplink and downlink transmission. TDD can be advantageous when data rates on uplink and downlink are asymmetric.

Bluetooth receivers can collide with broadcasts from 3GPP LTE transceivers, especially when both transceivers are co-located on the same device, such as a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop or other type of wireless mobile device. Bluetooth broadcasts can also cause more insensitive reception in a 3GPP LTE transceiver.

To further reduce coexistence interference, there are different types of potential solutions. One such solution is to use frequency division multiplexing

539 331 multiplexing] (FDM) to frequency transmit the signal from one transceiver further from the signal of another transceiver, thereby creating greater frequency separation. Another potential solution is the use of time division multiplexing (TDM) where scheduling can be used so that when a transceiver transmits, simultaneous reception does not occur in a co-located transceiver.

An example of TDM may include discontinuous reception (DRX) which will be discussed in further detail below. A radio frequency solution includes the use of radio frequency filtering which can be used to reduce the amount of out-of-bounds (OOB), using a transmitter filter or blocking incoming cross-border signals by a receiver receiver. Power-based solutions can be used to reduce transmission power, thereby potentially reducing the level of interference. Hybrid solutions are also possible by combining two or more of the previously presented solutions.

Repetition of transmission / reception (Tx / Rx) patterns in the time domain can be defined for a 3GPP LTE transceiver and a co-located Bluetooth transceiver to coordinate their transmitter and receiver. The Tx / Rx pattern can be repeated at a known interval if data is allocated with a periodicity over time. The known interval makes it possible to make permanent reservations in 3GPP LTE transceivers to reduce or avoid interference between different transceivers.

The repetitive Tx / Rx pattern defines a specific Bluetooth transmission time slot for each Extended Synchronous Connection Oriented (eSCO) packet sent by Bluetooth transceivers to prevent Bluetooth transmission from interfering with 3GPP LTE reception and protecting 3GPP LTE transmission from interfering with Bluetooth reception.

The ability to coordinate 3GPP LTE and Bluetooth transmitters and receivers using a permanent reservation also enables co-location of additional transceivers. For example, a Wi-Fi transmitter can be coordinated to communicate at specific time periods in the coordination created between 3GPP LTE and Bluetooth transmitters.

Figure 1 provides a timing diagram showing transmission and reception of eSCO formatted packets 102 for a Bluetooth radio and Tx / Rx subframes 104 for all seven

539 331 configurations of a 3GPP LTE radio operating in a Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode. The figures and tables presented herein are shown by using the Bluetooth eSCO package with a time slot as an example. However, this interference mitigation technique can be applied to other Bluetooth profiles and packet lengths (for example, packets with three or five time slots). Bluetooth eSCO packages can include a variety of formats that have different number of time slots for transmitting and receiving. For single time slot eSCO packages, Bluetooth specifies ranges of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18. The range shown in Figure 1 is T_esco = 8 including four time slots for transmission and four time slots for reception. Bluetooth also specifies a retransmission window W_esco be 0, 2, or 4. The retransmission window specifies the number of transmission attempts that may occur for Bluetooth packets within its range (T_esco) · While the specification currently limits retransmission attempts to 0, 2 or 4 times, it is possible to include additional retransmission attempts when T_esco is equal to or greater than 8. Additional Bluetooth standards may include additional retransmission attempts and the embodiments discussed herein are not limited to the 0, 2, or 4 instances mentioned in the current standard.

However, the 3GPP LTE standard, as it appears herein, may include 3GPP LTE Issue 8 from the fourth quarter of 2008, 3GPP LTE Advanced Edition 10 in the first quarter of 2011 and Issue 11 in the third quarter of 2012. However, the embodiments discussed herein are not limited to these releases. Upcoming standards may be applicable when they refer to the same TDD configurations and timing for subframes. A transceiver operating in accordance with one of its 3GPP LTE editions is herein referred to as an LTE transceiver. The use of designations 3GPP; 3GPP LTE and LTE are not intended to be restrictive. Each of these designations may refer to each of the 3GPP editions.

Seven different LTE TDD configurations are currently defined for 3GPP LTE communication. Figure 1 gives an example of each LTE configuration, numbered 0-6. Each configuration is aligned at the beginning 106 of the longer continuous number of received subframes for each configuration. The Bluetooth package is synchronized so that a first reception time slot (Slot

1) is adapted to the first continuous time slot for continuous reception subframes in each of the seven LTE configurations.

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As illustrated in Figure 1, Bluetooth time slots 102 have a different time period than the LTE subframe. Bluetooth time slots each have a period of 0.625 milliseconds (ms) while each LTE frame has a frame duration of 10 ms. Each LTE frame includes 10 subframes. Accordingly, each subframe has a duration of 1 ms. Although the Bluetooth packet is synchronized so that transmission time slot Slot 0 is aligned with a transmission subframe in each LTE TDD configuration and reception time slot Slot 1 is aligned with the first reception subframe of the continuous reception subframe for each configuration, so that broadcasts and receipts from Bluetooth and 3GPP transceivers cause co-interference in each of the transceivers.

Co-interference may occur when one of the transceivers transmits during the other transceiver's receiving interval. This is especially true when the 3GPP LTE transceiver transmits during a reception period for the Bluetooth transceiver, as the 3GPP LTE transceiver transmits at substantially higher power, thereby dominating (or colliding) most of the Bluetooth signals that the Bluetooth transceiver attempts to receive during the Bluetooth reception period.

Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating a long cycle for discontinuous reception (DRX) according to an example. The DRX concept is introduced in 3GPP LTE edition 8 with the aim of saving power. DRX can be used to enable a wireless device, such as a user terminal (UE) in a 3GPP LTE network, to continuously monitor a control channel, such as the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) communicated from a broadcast station such as a developed node (eNB). or eNodeB). The discontinuous monitoring used by DRX can provide significant power savings at the UE as the receiver at the UE can be switched off for selected periods. Scheduling of a 3GPP LTE transceiver using DRX will be explained in more detail below.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, in addition to saving power, DRX can also be used to provide a TDM solution for reducing coexistence interference for co-located units. For example, coexistence interference between co-located 3GPP LTE transceivers and a low power Bluetooth (BT) transceiver can be reduced, using DRX, by scheduling the BT transceiver to transmit when the LTE transceiver is not in reception.

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In one embodiment, a transceiver in a wireless multi-radio unit (e.g., an LTE transceiver) can be configured to be turned off more often by reducing the amount of time during which the transceiver monitors control channels, such as the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH). In other words, the transceiver can communicate with a transmission station, called network node, to negotiate periods of time during which the transceiver will receive communications from the network node. During the negotiated times when information is not received, the transceiver can turn off its receiver and enter a low power mode. DRX is used in a number of wireless communication standards, including but not limited to 3GPP LTE Edition 8, 9, 10 and 11.

The 3GPP LTE transceiver can be set up to monitor PDCCH continuously if the 3GPP LTE transceiver is configured for DRX and is in an RRC_CONNECTED mode. In other cases, a 3GPP LTE transceiver that is not configured for DRX can monitor PDCCH continuously. The Radio Resource Control (RRC) controller can be used to control DRX management in a 3GPP LTE transceiver by configuring the onDurationTimer, drx-inactivityTimer, longDRX-Cycle, drxStartOffset parameters and, if desired, drxShortCycleTimer and shortDRX. When a short DRX cycle is not configured, the 3GPP LTE monitors the PDCCH transmitter at the beginning (according to the length defined in the onDurationTimer) of the longDRX-Cycle parameter. The 3GPP LTE transceiver can stop monitoring PDCCH after onDuration-Timer if the downlink and / or uplink transmissions can be terminated. In the remaining DRX cycle (eg a short DR cycle), the 3GPP LTE transceiver may become inactive. During this time, eNB does not schedule downlink transmissions, nor does eNB request transmission of data on the uplink from the 3GPP LTE transceiver. When the short DRX cycle is configured, the short DRX cycle can be perceived as a confirmation period of when a packet arrives late, before the 3GPP LTE transceiver enters the long DRX cycle. When data arrives at eNB while 3GPP LTE transceivers are in the short DRX cycle, data is transmitted for transmission at the next wake-up time, after which 3GPP LTE transceivers resume continuous reception. On the other hand, if data does not arrive at eNB during the short DRX cycle, the 3GPP LTE transceiver may enter the long DRX cycle if packet activity is terminated for the time being. DRX Activity Time is the duration during which the 3GPP LTE transceiver monitors the PDCCH within the DRX cycle.

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Again, Figure 2 shows an example of a long DRX cycle. The long DRX cycle may include a run time ON and a run time OFF. During the ON period of the long DRX cycle (ie a scheduled period), eNB can schedule transmissions to the UE. During the OFF period of the long DRX cycle (ie a non-scheduled period), eNB cannot schedule transmissions to the UE. The UE can generally switch to a long DRX cycle from any short DRX cycle after a timer has expired.

Figures 3a and 3b illustrate exemplary TDD configurations 310 and 320 to support DRX patterns in accordance with one example. One limitation to using a DRX solution to reduce coexistence interference in a multi-radio unit is that the supported long DRX cycle values ​​do not include a number of values ​​that can be used to significantly improve coexistence scenarios within the unit. For example, long DRX cycle values ​​that can be used to reduce interference within the device in an LTE and Bluetooth scenario (e.g., an LTE transceiver transmitting / receiving information at substantially the same time as a Bluetooth transceiver transmitting / receiving information) are not allowed, for example. These long DRX cycle values ​​can include 2 milliseconds (ms), 5 ms and / or 8ms. As will be discussed in more detail below, DRX cycle values ​​of 2 ms, 5 ms and 8 ms can provide one or more useful reservation patterns for the Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ.) Process.

One limitation on using DRX to reduce coexistence interference in an LTE and Bluetooth scenario is that DRX supports continuous LTE subframes on the downlink (DL) within a single DRX cycle when the LTE On Duration period is extended. Using the available DRX cycle values, when the DRX solution is used for LTE and Bluetooth scenarios, the DRX cycle is 10 ms. In addition, a 5 ms short DRX cycle can be used within a 10 ms long DRX cycle. DRX can thereby support bitmap patterns with LTE ON subframes on the downlink that are continuous for a 10 ms period or a 5 ms period.

Figure 3a illustrates an example of a DRX pattern with a cycle time that can be used to reduce interference within a multi-radio unit. Among other things, the benefits of including a 2 ms long DRX cycle for LTE and Bluetooth scenarios are shown. The exemplary configuration 310 is a TDD configuration 2. The configuration 310 includes m number of frames and has an offset 2 ms for cycle start. The total length of the configuration 310 is the length of 10 ms and each subframe has

539 331 length 1 ms. In addition, the configuration 310 may be represented by the bitmap 0111010111. In other words, 0 means that a subframe cannot be used (i.e., the subframe can be turned off) and 1 that the subframe can be used. Subframes that are turned off are 0, 4 and 6, thus resulting in bitmap 0111010111. The subframes in configuration 310 can either be downlink (DL) or uplink (UL) subframes. In the figure, the downlink subframes are shaded and the uplink subframes are not filled. According to TDD Configuration 2 (TDD Config 2) (which is one of seven available TDD configurations), subframes 0.1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 can be subframes for downlink DL and subframes 2 and 7 be subframes for uplink. In addition, for DRX designs relating to the LTE and Bluetooth scenario, the uplink subframes are usually not taken into account. Accordingly, subframes 0, 4 and 6 are off and subframes 2 and 7 are for uplink, with the result subframes 1, 3, 5, 8 and 9. In other words, the subframes 1, 3, 5, 8 and 9 are LTE ON subframes and are shown as patterned subframes.

Consequently, a 2 ms long DRX cycle value may be advantageous with configuration 310 to support more HARQ bitmap patterns. The first subframe is included in the first 2 ms cycle, the third subframe is included in the second 2 ms cycle, the fifth subframe is included in the third 2 ms cycle, and both the eighth and ninth subframes are included in the fifth 2 ms cycle. Neither subframe 6 nor 7 include in the fourth 2 ms cycle since subframe 6 is OFF and subframe 7 is an uplink subframe. The subframe 8 is perceived as onDuration because the onDurationTimer unit is a PDCCH subframe, which is the subframe for downlink DL in the case of TDD. OnDurationTimer starts at subframe 7 but since subframe 7 is a subframe for uplink UL, it extends to subframe 8. Subframe 8 is therefore perceived to be ON. If the 2 ms long DRX cycle is not supported, another HARQ bitmap pattern is needed which will result in the use of fewer sub-frames of LTE.

Figure 3b illustrates an example of a further DRX pattern with a cycle time that can be used to reduce interference within the unit in a multi-radio unit. The benefits of including a 5 ms long DRX cycle for LTE and Bluetooth scenarios are shown. The use of the 5 ms long DRX cycle enables the use of additional HARQ bitmap patterns. In the absence of the ability to use a 5 ms DRX cycle, fewer LTE subframes can be used.

The exemplary configuration 320 is a TDD configuration 2. The configuration 320 includes m number of frames and has an offset 5 ms for cycle start. The configuration 320 can

539 331 in addition is represented by bitmap 0111101111. The subframes that are closed here are 0 and

5, resulting in bitmap 0111101111.1 in accordance with TDD configuration 2 (which is one of seven available TDD configurations), the subframes are 0,1,3,4,5,6,8 and 9 subframes for downlink DL and subframes 2 and 7 subframes for uplink UL.

Since uplink subframes (ie subframes 2 and 7) usually do not need to be considered when looking at LTE and Bluetooth scenarios and subframes 0 and 5 are off, the result is subframes 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9. In other words are subframes 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 LTE ​​ON downlink subframes received by the 3GPP LTE transceiver. Consequently, a 5 ms long DRX cycle value may be advantageous with configuration 320. Subframes 1, 3 and 4 are included in the first 5 ms cycle and subframes 6, 8 and 9 are included in the second 5 ms cycle. A 10 ms long DRX cycle value cannot be used with TDD configuration 2 because subframe 5 is off.

In LTE and Bluetooth scenarios, the 2 ms and 5 ms long DRX cycle values ​​can provide useful reservation patterns for the Time Division Duplex (TDD) HARQ process. HARQ can generally be used to ensure that data is transmitted from one node to another node reliably. HARQ. uses a stop and wait protocol. A sending entity (e.g., an LTE transceiver) sends the data blocks to a receiving entity (e.g., an eNB). The sending entity pauses and waits until the recipient receives an acknowledgment (ACK) or a negative acknowledgment (NACK) from the receiving entity. The next data block is sent if the sending entity receives an ACK. The same data block is returned if the sending entity receives a NACK. Regardless of whether an ACK or NACK is received, the sending entity schedules and processes the next data block for transmission within a given time period. At LTE, an N-process stop-and-wait can be used, with the sending unit stopping and waiting for a certain HARQ process. However, there are multiple HARQ processes so from the transmitter perspective it does not stop its transmission.

LTE usually uses multiple HARQ parallel processes that are time-delayed. Since each process transmits a data block, the transmitting unit has already received ACK or NACK from the receiving unit at the time the next transmission assignment arrives, thus creating the next data block for transmission or retransmission. From the sending entity's perspective, data can be continuously transmitted to the receiving entity. TDD supports a configurable number of HARQ processes.

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By applying the 2 ms and 5 ms long DRX cycle values ​​to LTE and Bluetooth scenarios, 2 ms patterns and 5 ms patterns are created. These 2 ms patterns and 5 ms patterns can be considered as HARQ compliant patterns. A pattern can be HARQ compliant if (1) each LTE DL subframe that is actively associated with at least one LTE UL subframe for either a DL or UL HARQ process; and (2) each LTE UL subframe that is active is associated with at least one LTE DL subframe for either a DL or UL HARQ process and (3) at least one LTE DL HARQ process and one UL HARQ process are activated. In a TDD Configuration 2, there are 192 HARQ compliant designs and 51 HARQ compliant designs supported when DRX is applied to LTE and Bluetooth scenarios. The proportion of HARQ compliant patterns supported when DRX is applied to LTE and Bluetooth scenarios is 27%. In addition, the 2 ms and 5 ms long DRX cycle values ​​further support HARQ bitmap patterns. Without using the 2 ms and 5 ms long DRX cycle values, the HARQ bitmap pattern can use a lower number of LTE subframes. In other words, a subframe may comprise additional 0 indicating that a certain subframe cannot be used.

By providing a reservation pattern for the HARQ process, it is ensured that each UE radio transmitter does not transmit / receive information while another UE radio transmitter does not receive / transmit information. Such coexistence interference is reduced between said plurality of radio transmitters in the UE. In addition, each radio transmitter may include a different radio access technology (RAT). Examples of RAT include 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, Bluetooth, WLAN, GNSS etc.

Figure 3c is a timing diagram showing an LTE transmit / receive pattern and a Bluetooth transmit / receive pattern according to an example. The LTE Rx pattern and the LTE Tx pattern are identical. Each ON and OFF cycle lasts 2 ms. The bitmap for LTE Rx and LTE Tx is thus 11001100. Each digit (eg 1) indicates whether LTE is ON or (eg 0) OFF for a period of one second. 11 thereby indicates an ON period of two seconds, and 00 indicates an OFF period of two seconds. As indicated by the timing diagram 300, there is no interference between LTE transmission and Bluetooth reception. In other words, during the time period when LTE transmits (ie LTE Tx ON), no Bluetooth reception occurs. Similarly, during the time period when Bluetooth is receiving (ie BT Rx ON), no LTE transmission occurs. Although there is some overlap between LTE reception and Bluetooth transmission, there is usually no interference due to overlap. The assumption is that Bluetooth15

539 331 transmission does not interfere with LTE reception because the frequency band on the LTE downlink does not coincide with the Bluetooth transmission frequency band.

The timing diagram 300 refers to an LTE operating in a frequency division duplex (FDD). In FDD, different frequency bands are used at the transmit side and receive side. Because FDD uses different frequency bands for transmitting and receiving information, the data signals for transmitting and receiving do not interfere with each other.

The timing diagram 300 is a bitmap based TDM solution for coexistence between LTE and Bluetooth. With a bitmap of 8 ms (eg 11001100), it is ensured that LTE does not transmit information at substantially the same time as information reception with Bluetooth. With an 8 ms long DRX cycle (which corresponds to the bitmap as the length of 8 ms) can thus be useful for LTE FDD. In some examples, a 4 ms long DRX cycle may be useful for LTE FDD, but unlike the 8 ms long DRX cycle, the 4 ms long DRX cycle does not benefit from the LTE FDD reservation pattern for HARQ process. In other words, a number of LTE FDD HARQ_processes can be masked to allow for coexistence between LTE and Bluetooth. For FDD, there are 8 HARQ processes for the uplink while the downlink can have up to 8 HARQ processes. The downlink HARQ processes can be transmitted in any order without a fixed timeframe while each uplink HARQ process is assigned to a specific subframe. Within the same HARQ process, the UE transmits every eighth subframe. An 8 ms long DRX cycle can therefore be useful for reducing the coexistence interference between LTE and Bluetooth since the 8 ms long DRX cycle corresponds to the 8 HARQ uplink and downlink processes found in FDD.

Figure 4 illustrates an ASN.1 code example of DRX configuration information according to an example. An initial abstract syntax notification [Abstract Syntax Notation 1] (ASN.l) can be used to implement enhancements to existing DRX configurations. DRX-Configrll (ie DRX Configuration 11) is used to define various characteristics of DRX cycles. Existing DRX-Config-rll includes ASN.l code to define said onDurationTimer, drx-inactivityTimer, drx-RetransmissionTimer, longDRX-CycleStartOffset, shortDRX-Cycle and drxShortCycleTimer. Currently, said longDRX-CycleStartOffset includes cycle values ​​of sflO, sf20, sf32, sf40, etc. The addition of said 2ms, 5ms and 8ms long DRX cycle values ​​can be included in DRX-Config-rll by adding cycle values ​​for sf2, sf5 and sf8 to ASN.l16

539 331 code. Because existing DRX-Config-rll does not allow for additions, a new DRX-Config-rll can be configured with the 2 ms, 5 ms and 8 ms long DRX cycle values ​​to provide additional DRX patterns that can be used to reduce interference within the device in a multi-radio unit, as discussed above.

Figure 5 illustrates a subframe used to receive a downlink reference resource 510 during a long DRX cycle according to an example. The reference resource 510 on the downlink may include a reference signal (RS) transmitted from the eNB. The measured power of the reference signal at the UE is used to determine the power at which eNB transmits downlink data. Measured power for the reference signal can be communicated via channel state information (CSI) report to eNB.

In wireless communication, the CSI may refer to known channel properties for a communication link. The CSI describes how signals propagate from the transmitter to the receiver. In addition, the CSI can represent the combined effect of spreading, fading etc. The CSI ensures that broadcasts are adapted to current channel conditions and thereby leads to reliable communication of Bluetooth transmitters, LTE transmitters etc. The CSI is periodically transmitted from the UE. to eNB.

In general, CSI may include at least one of a channel quality indicator (CQ.I), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI). The CQ is information that is signaled by the UE to eNB to indicate a suitable data rate for downlink transmission. The CQI can be based on a measurement of, at the downlink reception, signal interference plus noise ratio [Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and also by knowledge of various characteristics of the UE receiver. The PMI is a signal fed back by the UE and corresponds to an index of a precoder that maximizes the aggregated number of data bits that can be received over the downlink spatial transmission layers. The RI is signaled to eNB through user terminals UE configured for a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). The R1 corresponds to the number of useful transmission layers for spatial multiplexing (based on the UE's estimate of the downlink channel).

The CSI report is typically communicated at least four symbols following downlink reference resource 510. For the measurement of the reference signal to be correct, the reference signal must be received in a downlink subframe with minimal interference. Interference can reduce the accuracy of

539 331 reference signal measurements and affect the accuracy of the CSI report. Accordingly, it may be important to select a downlink subframe that has little interference to receive the reference signal.

Currently, the rules for selecting a downlink subframe for a reference resource 510 do not consider the effect of interference within the device. Accordingly, the measurement of the reference signal in the downlink reference resource symbol 510 can be adversely affected when there is interference within the unit (e.g., a Bluetooth transceiver transmitting information at substantially the same time that an LTE transceiver receives a reference signal).

As illustrated in Figure 5, the long DRX cycle of an LTE (or WWAN) transceiver can be divided into a scheduled and a non-scheduled period. When transitioning from an LTE non-scheduled period to an LTE scheduled period, the UE can be configured to transmit the CSI (e.g., CQI, PMI and R1) to the eND. The CSI can be based on the reference signal received in downlink reference resource 510. The downlink reference resource 510 (i.e., the time domain reference) can be defined for a downlink subframe nn_CQi__REf.

CSI reporting subframe 520 occurs at least four subframes after downlink subframe nn_CQi__REf. In other words, the CSI is periodically reported at a sub-frame for uplink to eNB and the sub-frame for uplink occurs at least four sub-frames upon receipt of the sub-frame for the reference resource 510 for downlink. The CSI reporting subframe 520 is located after a long DRX cycle for a transceiver (e.g., a WWAN transceiver) in the UE and corresponds to the downlink reference resource 510 (i.e., the downlink subframe nn_CQi__REf. In some examples, CSI reports more than four subframes (eg six subframes) after the downlink subframe nn_CQi__REf.

When DRX is used as a TDM solution, the CSI measurements need special handling. Otherwise, downlink reference resource 510 may be affected by interference within the unit between co-located transceivers in the multi-radio unit, thereby affecting the UE to report an incorrect CSI. An incorrect CSI can significantly reduce system capacity. In other words, the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel can be reduced as a result of an incorrect CSI. The downlink reference resource 510 should therefore not be affected by interference within the device.

The downlink subframe nn_CQi__ref can be considered valid if the downlink subframe nn_CQi__ref is not disturbed by interference within the unit. If the UE receiver receives the reference signal or

539 331 other type of downlink reference resource in a downlink subframe of the eNB for a period of time that does not correspond to another coexisting radio transmitter in the UE transmitting an uplink subframe, the downlink subframe is not affected by interference within the unit. In other words, the downlink subframe nn_CQi__ref is not received at the UE, from the eNB, while there is interference within the unit. As a result, the downlink subframe is nn_CQi__ref valid and can be used to receive a downlink reference resource.

In some examples, eNB can assign the sublink for downlink nn_CQi _REf for receiving the UE (e.g., an LTE transceiver in the UE) in a subframe at the same time as another transceiver in the UE (e.g., a Bluetooth transceiver) transmits information. If this is known to occur, the downlink subframe can be nn_CQi__ref is designated as invalid and not used to receive a reference symbol for eNB. In other words, the downlink reference resource 510 can be identified as not being used if the downlink subframe associated with downlink reference resource 510 is interfered with interference within the unit.

In some examples, the downlink subframe may be designated as invalid if the downlink subframe belongs to the non-scheduled period of the long DRX cycle to reduce the risk of interference within the unit in a downlink subframe, as shown in Figure 5. The subframes designated which is invalid is not used by eNB for transferring data to the UE. Accordingly, if a DRX solution is used for coexistence within the unit, the downlink reference resource 510 can be received in a downlink subframe that is not included in the scheduled period of the long DRX cycle. In one embodiment, a downlink subframe included in the scheduled DRX cycle period can be designated as a valid subframe for the UE to use for receiving a downlink reference resource, such as an RS. In addition, a subframe during the non-scheduled period can be used by the UE to report the CSI to eNB based on the reference resource.

In one embodiment, the downlink subframe can be nn_CQi _REf is considered valid (i.e., capable of receiving the reference signal) if (1) the downlink subframe is configured as the downlink subframe for the UE; (2) the downlink subframe does not include a Multimedia Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) subframe (except for transmission mode 9); (3) the downlink subframe does not include a Downlink Pilot Time Slot (DwPTS) field in case the length of the DwPTS is 7680 »T_s and less; (4) the downlink subframe does not fall within a configured measurement gap for

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UE; (5) the downlink subframe, for periodic CSI reporting, is an element of the CSI subframe set and (6) the downlink subframe is not disturbed by interference within the device.

In addition, the sub-frame for downlink nn_CQi__ref is considered valid if a downlink subframe is not part of a non-scheduled period when DRX is used to reduce coexistence within the device.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, radio link monitoring (RLM), performed by a WWAN transceiver for a UE, can use subframes substantially without interference within the unit from a plurality of co-existing radio transceivers in the UE. The RLM function of the UE is to monitor the radio link quality on the downlink for a serving cell in a state RRC_CONNECTED. RLM is based on the cell-specific reference signals. As a result, the UE in state RRC_CONNECTED can determine whether it is synchronized or out of sync with respect to serving cell. In a number of consecutive non-synchronization indicators (referred to as N310), the UE may start a network configured timer for radio link error T310. The timer is stopped if a number of N311 of consecutive synchronization indications is reported by the UE physical layer. Both the synchronization counter and the synchronization counter (N310 and N311) can be configured by the network. When timer T310 expires, a radio link error occurs Radio Link Failure (RLF). As a result, the UE shuts off its transmitter to avoid interference and must then re-establish the RRC connection.

When subframes affected by interference within the device are used for RLM, the interference can cause errors in measurements of cell-specific reference signals. For example, during an unscheduled period of a long DRX cycle, other RATs (e.g., WLAN, Bluetooth) can transmit information. A Bluetooth transceiver in the UE can thereby transmit information at substantially the same subframe as where an LTE transceiver receives information, such as cell-specific reference signals. If multiple errors are received, the UE can report a radio link error, shut down the WWAN transmitter and continue to re-establish an RRC connection. This can result in reduced capacity and unnecessary network load for the 3GPP network.

In some instances, a WWAN radio transmitter can be configured to receive RLM in a downlink subframe that occurs during a scheduled period of a long DRX_cycle, thereby reducing the likelihood of performing RLM using subframes affected by interference within the device. Consequently, the UE may not use subframes affected by it

539 331 interference within the unit while the UE is performing RLM. In addition, during a non-scheduling period of the long DRX cycle, the UE can determine which subframes are not disturbed by interference within the unit. The UE can perform RLM using subframes that are not disturbed by interference within the device.

In another embodiment, a method 600 for reducing coexistence interference in a multi-radio unit is shown, as shown in the flow chart of Figure 6. The method includes the function of receiving the 610 Discontinuous Receive Configuration (DRX) at the multi-radio unit from a developed NodeB [evolved NodeB] (eNodeB). The multi-radio unit may be a user terminal with a plurality of radio transmitters. The method 500 further comprises applying the 620 discontinuous reception (DRX) configuration to at least one of the plurality of radio transmitters in the multiradio unit. The DRX may comprise a long DRX cycle for said at least one of the plurality of radio transmitters. The method further comprises selecting one of a 2 millisecond (ms), 5 ms and 8 ms offset period for cycle start for the long DRX cycle to reduce coexistence interference between said plurality of radio transmitters in the multi-radio unit.

In one embodiment, said plurality of radio transmitters in method 600 comprise a Third Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE) radio transmitter and a Bluetooth radio transmitter.

In one embodiment, the 2 ms cycle start offset period in method 600 provides at least one HARQ reservation pattern to reduce coexistence interference between Bluetooth radio transmitters and an LTE radio transmitter communicating in the LTE Time Division Duplex (LTE-TDD). In addition, the 5 ms cycle start offset period in Method 600 provides at least one HARQ reservation pattern to reduce coexistence interference between Bluetooth radio transmitters and an LTE radio transmitter communicating in the LTE Time Division Duplex (LTE-TDD). Furthermore, the 8 ms cycle start offset period of method 600 provides at least one HARQ reservation pattern to reduce coexistence interference between Bluetooth radio transmitters and LTE radio transmitters communicating in the LTE Frequency Division Duplex (LTE-FDD). The method 600 may further comprise monitoring, by the UE, of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) during the long DRX cycle.

In one embodiment, the step comprises selecting one of a plurality of cycle start offset periods in method 600 to provide at least one HARQ process reservation pattern to

539 331 ensures that each radio transmitter for the UE does not transmit / receive information while another radio transmitter for the UE receives / transmits information, thereby reducing coexistence interference between said plurality of radio transmitters in the UE, each radio transmitter incorporating a different radio access technology ( RAT).

In another embodiment, a system 700 radio coexistence is shown. Figure 7 illustrates a block diagram of system 700. System 700 includes a discontinuous receive module (DRX) module 710 which is configured to apply DRX to a wireless WAN (WWAN) transmitter in a user terminal (UE) with a plurality of co-existing radio transmitters. A Channel State Information Reporting Module (CSI) is configured to periodically report the CSI, from the UE to the eNB, in a sub-frame for CSI reporting. The subframe for CSI reporting may be located after a long DRX cycle for WWAN transceivers in the UE. A reference resource sub-frame selection module 730 is configured to select a reference resource downlink subframe relative to a CSI reporting subframe to enable the reference resource downlink subframe to be received with substantially no interference within the unit from said multiple coexisting radio transmitters in the UE: n. A radio link monitoring module (RLM) 740 is configured to perform RLM using subframes for the WWAN receiver with substantially no interference within the unit from the plurality of co-existing radio transmitters in the UE. Said RLM can be performed by WWAN radio transmitters for the UE during a scheduled period of a long DRX cycle. The system 700 may include a Bluetooth radio 702, a 3GPP LTE radio 704 and a co-located radio 706. While the DRX module, the CSI reporting module, the reference resource subframe selection module and the RLM module are illustrated as positioned externally to the radio units in the mobile communication unit, it is also possible that the modules are integrated within one or more of the radio units.

In one embodiment, the plurality of co-existing radio transmitters may comprise at least two Radio Access Technologies (RATs), mentioning the RAT comprising: a 3GPP LTE radio transmitter, a Wireless Local Access Network (WLAN) transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter and a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver.

In one embodiment, the reference link downlink frame includes a CSI reference resource.

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In certain embodiments of the present presentation, the reported CSI of the avenue does not substantially reduce UE capacity due to interference within the unit from said multiple coexisting radio transmitters in the UE. The CSI further includes at least one of the channel quality indicator (CQ.I), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) and a rank indicator (RI).

In some embodiments, the CSI reporting module 720 is further configured to report the CSI, from the UE to the eNB, during a transitional period from a non-scheduled period to a scheduled period, with the non-scheduled period and the scheduled period occurring. during a long DRX cycle of 3GPP LTE radio transceivers. The CSI reporting module 720 is further arranged to periodically report the CSI at a sub-frame for uplink to eNB, whereby the sub-frame for uplink occurs at least four sub-frames after receiving the downlink sub-frame for reference resource from eNB. Further, the CSI reporting module 720 is configured to receive the downlink subframe for reference frame, at the UE from the eNB, for a period of time that does not correspond to another coexisting radio transmitter in the UE transmitting on an uplink subframe. In some examples, the CSI reporting module 720 is further configured to receive the reference resource downlink subframe, at the UE from eNB, during a scheduled period of a long DRX cycle.

In some embodiments of the present invention, system 700 may comprise a radio link monitoring module (RLM) 740 configured to perform RLM using downlink subframes of the 3GPP LTE radio transmitter with substantially no interference within the unit from said multiple coexisting radio transmitters in the UE. In addition, the RLM module 740 is configured to perform RLM on the 3GPP LTE radio transmitter for the UE during a scheduled period of a long DRX cycle of the discontinuous reception DRX. The RLM module can determine a subframe with substantially no interference within the unit during a non-scheduled period of a long DRX cycle and perform RLM using the subframe with substantially no interference within the unit during the non-scheduled period of the long DRX cycle.

In some embodiments, the present invention may comprise at least one computer-readable medium of stored instructions for reducing coexistence interference in a multi-radio unit, which instructions on execution in a machine affect the machine to: apply discontinuous reception (DRX) to a user terminal (UE) having a plurality of coexisting

539 331 radio transmitters, said DRX comprising a long DRX cycle for the UE; select a cycle start offset period from a plurality of offset periods or cycle start offs for the long DRX cycle to reduce coexistence interference between said plurality of coexisting radio transmitters in the UE and report channel state information (CSI), from the UE to the eNB, during the long DRX cycle for the UE and upon receipt of a downlink sub-frame for reference resource from eNB, wherein the downlink sub-frame for reference resource is received from eNB for a period outside the non-scheduled period of a long DRX cycle.

In one embodiment of computer-readable medium, a location of the downlink subframe for reference resource is selected as a subframe substantially without interference within the unit from the plurality of co-existing radio transmitters in the UE. Further, the plurality of offset periods for cycle start for the long DRX cycle include one of 2 milliseconds (ms), 5 ms and 8 ms.

In one embodiment of the computer readable medium, the cycle start offset periods are selected to provide at least one Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request process reservation pattern to ensure that each UE radio transmitter does not transmit / receive information while another UE radio receiver receives transmits information, thereby reducing coexistence interference between said plurality of radio transmitters in the UE, each radio transmitter incorporating a different radio access technology.

Figure 8 provides an exemplary illustration of a mobile communication device, such as a user terminal (UE), a mobile station (MS), a wireless device, a computer board, a handset, or other type of mobile wireless device. The mobile unit may comprise one or more antennas configured to communicate with a base station (BS), an evolved NodeB (eNB) or other type of wireless WAN (WWAN) access points. While two antennas are displayed, the mobile unit may have between one and four or more antennas. The mobile device may be configured to communicate using at least one wireless communication standard including 3GPP LTE, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth and WiFi. The mobile unit can communicate using separate antennas for each wireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards. The mobile device can communicate in a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN) and / or a wireless WAN (WWAN).

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Figure 8 also shows an illustration of a microphone and one or more speakers that can be used for input and output of sounds from the mobile device. The monitor may be an LCD monitor or other type of monitor such as an organic LED (OLED) monitor. The monitor may be configured as a touch screen. The touch screen can use capacitive, resistive or other type of touch screen technology. An application processor and a graphics processor can be coupled to inter-memory to provide processing and presentation capabilities. A non-volatile memory port can also provide a user with data input / output options. A keyboard can be integrated into the mobile device or wirelessly connected to the mobile device to provide additional user data. A virtual keyboard can also be provided via the touch screen.

It should be understood that many of the functional units described in this specification have been designated as modules to more specifically highlight their implementation independence. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising customary VLSI circuits or gate matrices, standard semiconductor components such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module can also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as a field programmable gate matrix, programmable matrix logic, programmable logic units or the like.

Modules can also be implemented in software for executing different types of processors. For example, an identified executable code module may comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which may be organized, for example, as an object, procedure or function. The executable parts of an identified module, on the other hand, need not be physically co-located, but may include disparate instructions stored at various locations which, when logically merged, include the module and achieve the stated purpose of the module.

A module of executable code can be a single instruction or many instructions and can also be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across different memory units. Correspondingly, operational data can be identified and illustrated herein within modules and can be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. Operating data may be collected as a single dataset or may be distributed across different locations including across different storage units and may exist, at least in part, such as a

539 331 electronic signal on a system or network. The modules may be passive or active, including agents operative to perform desired functions.

The references given to this embodiment in this specification mean that a certain feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with this embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. The occurrence of phrases in one embodiment at different locations in this specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment.

As they appear herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, structural elements and / or materials could be presented in a common list to facilitate. However, such lists should be interpreted as identifying each member of the list as a separate and unique member. Accordingly, individual members of such list should not be interpreted as a de facto equivalent to any other member of the same list based solely on their presentation in a joint group without indications to the contrary. In addition, various embodiments and examples of the present invention may be designated herein together with alternatives for various components thereof. It should be appreciated that such embodiments, examples and alternatives cannot be construed as the facets of others by others, but should be regarded as separate and autonomous representations of the present invention.

Further, the described features, structures and characteristics can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. The specification provides various specific details, such as examples of materials, fasteners, size, length, width, dimensions, etc., to provide a comprehensive understanding of embodiments of the invention. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific details or by other methods, components, materials, etc. In other cases, well-known structures, materials or measures are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention. invention.

While the foregoing examples are illustrative of the principles of the present invention in one or more applications, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that multiple modifications of form, use and implementation details may be made without the exercise of inventiveness and without departing from the principles and concepts of the present invention. invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only on the basis of the claims set forth below.

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