Paper sheets and processes for their manufacture

(54) Title: Process for the production of a soft, voluminous and absorbent sheet of paper

The present invention relates to a process for producing a soft, voluminous and absorbent paper sheet, wherein a non-compressed paper web having an approximate basis weight of approx.

8.2 to about 65 g / m is formed, this non-compressed paper web is supported on a semi-cyber print cloth with 7.9 to 23.6 meshes per cm, which fabric is formed from fibers of 0.20 to 0.51 mm diameter , a dot-dot pattern of elevations is printed on this paper web with the half-press printed cloth and the paper sheet so formed is dried and crimped.

Although a large number of different fabrics have been proposed for flat woven fabrics, there are two such fabrics that are widely used today, namely a weave in two-shawl binding and one weave in semi-cyber (sometimes also called long crimp). In the two-shank weave, each weft thread passes successively under one warp thread and then over the next⁸ Each warp thread passes over two warp threads, under the next warp thread and then over the following two warp threads in a repeating pattern. Of these two weaves, the weave in semi-cyber is the most commonly used.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,301,746 discloses a printing cloth which may be square or diagonally woven, and may have any specific construction, including, for example, a web of fabric.

7407532-6 in two-shaft binding or semi-enclosed. A preferred printing cloth according to the patent specification has about 7.9 to about 23.6 meshes per cm and is formed of threads having a diameter of from about 0.20 to about 0.51 mm.

Paper sheets made in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,013,746 using a semi-enclosed polymeric single-fiber yarn printed sheet exhibit, in most respects, similar properties to paper sheets made using a two-ply, double-sided, nonwoven fibrous, nonwoven fabric. so mounted that its conventional straight side is used to print the uncompressed paper web. This is because the conventional straight side of a semi-twill weave, provided that the material has elevations of uniform height on the side that comes into contact with the web, will give a dot-dot pattern in which the longitudinal axis of the dot print is parallel to the machine's transverse direction. and the longitudinal axis of the dot prints is parallel to the machine direction. The dash prints are formed by each weft thread that passes in a repeated pattern under one warp thread and then over the next two warp threads, while the dot prints are formed by each warp thread that passes in a repeated pattern over a weft thread and then under the next two weft threads on the conventional weft side.

When paper sheets printed with the conventional right side of a semi-cyber cloth, as above, are removed from the drying drum, the prints of the dot-dash raises are substantially in line between crepe folds. The crepe folds formed are therefore substantially uninterrupted across the surface of the sheet. Thus, paper sheets made by means of the conventional straight side of a semi-enclosed printing sheet will exhibit substantially similar properties as paper sheets produced by means of a double-sided printing sheet, i.e. a soft, bulky and low-density absorbent paper sheet characterized by uniform crepe folds extending substantially uninterrupted across the width of the sheet.

On the other hand, if the weft side of a semi-encrusted sheet of polymeric single-fiber yarns is used to print an uncompressed paper web in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 3,301,746, provided that the web has elevations of uniform height on the side that comes into contact with the web, to obtain a dot-dash pattern where the longitudinal axis of the dash prints is parallel to the machine direction and the longitudinal axis of the dot prints is parallel to the transverse direction of the machine. The dash prints are formed by each warp thread that passes in one upward pattern under one weft thread and then over the next two weft threads, while the dot prints are formed by each weft thread that passes in one repeated pattern over one warp thread and then during the next two warp threads on the weft thread. .

Unlike sheets of paper printed with either a two-shank fabric or the conventional right-hand side of a half-twill fabric, a rhombic pattern after creping, paper sheets printed on the wrong side of a conventional half-twill fabric of polymeric single-fiber threads.

¹⁰ It has now been found that by increasing the pressure surface of the raised side of a conventional semi-cyber cloth of polymeric single-fiber yarns according to U.S. Patent No. 3,573,164, unexpected improvements in the properties of the paper sheet can be achieved. These unexpected benefits consist of improved cross-sectional stretching, softness, surface feel and fall. The improvements become clearer as the pressure surface of the raised side of the fabric in half-duct is increased.

although improved transfer properties of the web and improved drying of the web are achieved when the surface of the ridges which comes into contact with the web of almost all polymeric monofiber fabrics²⁰ threads are ground according to U.S. Patent No. 3,573,164, it has been found that the stated improvements in cross-sectional stretching, softness, surface feel, and fall are achieved only with respect to the down side of a semi-cyber cloth, as described above.

To maximize the beneficial effect of surface grinding ²5 of the raised side of the raised side of a semi-quilted printing cloth, it has been found appropriate to provide a semi-quilted cloth with raised heights of uniform height and minimal free surface on the wrong side before initiating any grinding procedure. Uniform elevation of the elevations enables a greater increase in the pressure surface of the elevations while minimizing the risk of completely grinding through any special thread. Furthermore, if the height of the elevations is uniform before any grinding procedure is started, the grinding pattern obtained after grinding will become more uniform.

Since a cloth used for printing purposes according to US Patent Specification 3 301 746 is exposed to elevated temperature during use, it is advisable to dimensionally heat-stabilize the fabric before being subjected to a grinding process 30m increasing the printing surface of the elevations. If this does not occur, the uniform printing surface provided by careful weaving of the fabric and grinding of the side of the fabric will contact the web prior to use.

7407532-6 to be distorted as the temperature of the cloth is raised, whereby most of the advantages obtained by such careful pre-treatment are lost.

One way of making a dimensionally heat-stable fabric in two-shaft bonding of polymeric single-fiber yarns with elevations of uniform height and minimal free surface on both sides of the fabric is described in U.S. Patent 3,473,576. A two-shank knit fabric is made by selecting polymeric single-fiber yarns as warps with a relatively high heat-induced shrinkage potential and further selecting an initial gap between the warp yarns of the loom according to a mathematical formula described in the above patent. Thereafter, polymeric single-fiber yarns are selected as woven having a relatively low heat-induced shrinkage potential, and these weft yarns are woven and beaten in the weaving process to a two-sheath bond weave of an original thickness calculated according to yet another mathematical formula described in the above patent. Following the weaving process, the elevations of the fabric are transferred to uniform height on both sides of the fabric and the minimum free surface of the fabric is determined by a heat shrinkage treatment in which the fabric is retained stretched in the warp direction while allowed to shrink in the weft direction. On each other

2Z the following heat treatments are repeated until the fabric in two-shaft bonding of polymeric single-fiber yarns no longer shrinks at the treatment temperature when it is said to be locked, ie. no further shrinkage will occur if the fabric is later, during use, subjected to an elevated temperature equivalent to the treatment temperature.

2? It is important to note that, due to the symmetry of the two-sheathed web, elevations of uniform height and minimal free surface are achieved simultaneously on both sides of the fabric when the weaving and heat treatment methods scm described in U.S. Patent No. 3,473,576 are utilized. This is not the case with a weave in half-quill.

3Z If a semi-cyber cloth of polymeric single-filament yarns is subjected to a heat treatment method similar to that described in the above patent, the elevations on the conventional straight side of the fabric will lie in the same plane before the elevations on the wrong side of the fabric reach uniform height. In order for the elevations on the fabric's 55 side to lie in the same plane, the fabric must be subjected to further heat treatment. This heat treatment required to give the elevations on the opposite side of the fabric uniform height causes the height of the elevations on the conventional right side of the fabric to be non-uniform again.

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Therefore, the initial gap between the warp fibers and the thickness of a half-twill weave required to produce a minimum free surface and uniform height of the raised side of the fabric after heat treatment is experimentally determined by testing.

By polymeric non-woven fabrics is meant fabrics that support a moist web and woven from, for example, polyamide fibers, vinyl fibers, acrylic fibers or polyester fibers, marketed under the respective trade names nylon, Saran, Orion, Dacron and Trevira. Although both warp and weft yarns in textile materials may be made of a plurality of fibers, the fabrics contain only warp and weft yarns consisting of a single fiber, i.e., single-fiber yarns.

The present process is characterized in that:

a) the non-compressed paper web is supported on the down side of a semi-duplex printing web, whereby the print surface of the upward side of the web takes up between 20 and 50% of the total surface of the web, the supported non-compressed paper web is thermally dried to a fiber consistency between and 98%, preferably 40 to 98%_} in the moist paper web, wherein the pre-drying step is optionally preceded by a forming step, at which the paper web is formed to conform to the pattern of the printing cloth, and

b) a dot-dot pattern of elevations (8, 10) is printed by the fabric on the non-compressed paper web such that the longitudinal axis of the dot prints (8) in the pattern is parallel to the machine direction of the precast non-compressed paper web.

In a suitable embodiment of the present method, the printing of the dried web is pressed against a rigid, cylindrical surface through the printing cloth, whereby the pattern of elevations of the fabric is pressed into the paper surface to a depth of at least 30% of its machine-lined thickness.

The invention is described in more detail with the aid of the accompanying drawing.

Fig. 1 is a plan view of an enlarged portion of a conventional weave in the right half-quiver of polymeric single-fiber filament yarns, i.e. the side of the web which, according to the prior art, does not normally contact the web. The semi-enclosed web of polymeric single-fiber yarns is shown prior to any grinding treatment and prior to use as endless or continuous winding in papermaking or nonwoven web manufacturing processes.

Fig. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the semi-ductile fabric shown in Fig. 1, in the machine's transverse direction (CD) along the line

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2-2 in Fig. 1, showing the higher relative height and smooth surfaces of the elevations of the warp threads on each side of the fabric.

Fig. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the semi-ductile fabric shown in Figs. 1 and 2, in machine direction (MD), along line 3-3 of Fig. 1, showing the lower relative height and smooth surfaces. of the elevations of the weft or weft threads.

Fig. 4 is a simplified view of an enlarged partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper printed using the conventional right side of a half-twill cloth shown in Figs. 1 to 3 · i: Longitudinal axis of the dot prints formed by the warp wires is parallel to the machine direction.

Fig. 5 is a simplified view of an enlarged, partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper printed using the down side of a semi-twill cloth shown in Figs. 1 to 3. The longitudinal axis of

1 = the dash prints formed by the warp threads lie parallel to the machine direction.

Fig. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a semi-enclosed web of polymeric single-fiber yarns as shown in Figs. 1 to 3, in the transverse direction of the machine, at a point corresponding to line 2-2 in Fig. 1, after the fabric has been heat-treated sufficiently to provide uniform height of the elevations on the conventional right side of the canvas.

Fig. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the half-web weave shown in Fig. 6, in the machine direction at a point corresponding to line 3-3 of Fig. 1.

2z Fig. 8 is a simplified view of an enlarged partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper printed using the conventional straight side of a semi-encrusted polymeric single-fiber filament as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The longitudinal axis of the dash prints formed by the weft or weft threads are parallel to the machine's transverse direction, while the longitudinal axis of the dot prints formed by the warp threads is parallel to the machine direction.

Fig. 9 is a simplified view of an enlarged, partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper printed using the down side of a semi-twill fabric as shown in Figs. 6 and 7 · The longitudinal axis of the z> z dash prints formed by the warp fibers is parallel to the machine direction.

Fig. 10 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a semi-enclosed web of polymeric single-fiber filaments, as shown in Figs. 1 to 3 and 6 and 7, in the transverse direction of the machine at a point corresponding to line 2-2.

4C in Fig. 1, after the fabric has been heat-treated sufficiently to

7407532-6 provide uniform height of the elevations and minimal free surface on the weft side. It should be noted that at this point the height of the elevations on the conventional right side of the fabric is no longer uniform.

Fig. 11 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the fabric of; semicircular as shown in Fig. 10, in the machine direction at a point corresponding to the line 3 ~ 3 in Fig. 1 ·

Fig. 12 is a simplified view of an enlarged partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper printed using the conventional right side of a semi-duplex cloth as shown in Fig. 10 and

1Z 11. The longitudinal axis of the dash prints formed by the weft or weft threads is parallel to the machine's transverse direction.

Fig. 13 is a simplified view of an enlarged partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper printed using the down side of a semi-twill cloth as shown in Figs. 10 and 11;

1; the dash prints formed by the warp threads are parallel to the machine direction, while the longitudinal axis of the dot prints formed by the weft or weft threads is parallel to the machine's transverse direction. The dot prints are present at this stage because the raised sides of the fabric side have a uniform height.

2Z Fig. 14 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a semi-enclosed web of polymeric single-fiber yarns as shown in Figs. 10 and 11, in the transverse direction of the machine at a point corresponding to line 2-2 in Fig. 1, after the weaving side of the web so that the pressure surface of the elevations is increased.

Fig. 15 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the half-web weave shown in Fig. 14, in the machine direction, at a point corresponding to the line 3 ~ 3 of Fig. 1 ·

Fig. 16 is a plan view of an enlarged portion of the semi-enclosed web of polymeric single-fiber yarns shown in Figs. 14 and 15, viewed from the down side of the web.

Fig. 17 is a plan view photograph, enlarged about 12 times the actual size, of a non-creped sheet of paper printed using the down side of a semi-twill weave as shown in Fig. 14, and 16. The pattern produced is similar to that shown. in Fig. 13, but the dot-prints make up a larger percentage of the surface of the paper due to the increased print surface of the elevations in the fabric.

Fig. 18 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the non-creped paper sheet of Fig. 17, in the transverse direction of the machine along line 18-18 of Fig. 17.

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Fig. 19 is a plan view photograph, enlarged about 6 times the actual size, of a sheet of paper as shown in Figs. 17 and 18 after creping. The longitudinal axis of the imprints visible after creping is mainly oriented in the transverse direction of the machine, while the overall surface of the paper exhibits a rhombic pattern characteristic of sheets of paper made according to the invention.

Fig. 20 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the creped paper sheet of Fig. 19, in the transverse direction of the machine, along line 20-20 of Fig. 19.

In describing preferred embodiments of the invention, for purposes of clarity, a specific terminology will be used in reference to the features of the fabrics or fabrics of polymeric single-fiber yarns used in the production of paper and nonwoven webs. By the conventional right-hand side of half-curtain cloths is here meant the side of the cloth that would normally come into contact with the paper web, i.e. according to the prior art. that side of the half-quilted fabric which, depending on its special condition, would provide one of the printing patterns illustrated in Figs. 4, 8 or 12 (assuming the fabric is woven in the right half-quilt). In the above figures, the longitudinal axis of the dash prints 9j, when present, is parallel to the machine's transverse direction, while the longitudinal axis of the dot prints 3, when present, is parallel to the machine direction. By the wrong side of the tablecloths in half-quarters is meant here the side that would not normally come into contact with the paper web according to the prior art, ie. that side of the canvas in half-quill which, depending on its special condition, would give one of the printing patterns shown in Figs. 5j 9, 15 or 17 (assuming that the canvas is woven in the right half-quill). In the figures shown above, the longitudinal axis of the dash prints 8 is parallel to the machine direction, while the length 3C axis of the dot prints 10, when present, is parallel to the transverse direction of the machine.

It should be noted that although a right half-curtain cloth is used as illustrative example in this specification, the stated advantages can also be obtained by a left-half-curtain cloth, which is woven as a mirror image of a right-half-curtain cloth.

Fig. 1 shows an enlarged plan view of a portion of a conventional web in the right half-quiver of polymeric single-fiber threads, viewed from the wrong side. The weave shown in Fig. 1 has not been used on a paper machine, nor has it been subjected to any special grinding treatment. Warp fiber threads 1 lie parallel to the machine direction 7407532-β, while weft or weft fiber threads 2 lie parallel to the machine's transverse direction. In a suitable embodiment, the one shown in FIG. 1 The printed web showed about 7.9 to about 23.6 meshes per cm and is formed of polymeric single-fiber filaments with a diameter ranging from about 0.20 to about 0.64. Both warp and weft fibers can, but do not necessarily have the same diameter. Figs. 2 and 3 are cross-sectional views of the weave shown in Fig. 1 in half-duct, taken along the machine's transverse direction and in the machine direction respectively. The elevations formed at the intersection points between the warp yarns 1 and the weft yarns 2 are not on the same plane either on the right side or the wrong side. As can be seen in Figures 2 and 3, warp yarns 1 lie at a higher relative height than weft yarns 2 on both sides of the fabric. This is referred to in the present specification that the web has a warp-high shape.

Fig. 4 is a simplified view of the elevation printing sample that would be obtained if a semi-enclosed web as shown in Figs. 1 to 3 was mounted such that the conventional straight side of the web was used to print a web of non-creped paper prepared in accordance with the United States Patent Specification 3 301 746. The dot prints 3 visible on the surface of such a non-creped sheet of paper after printing form a pattern corresponding to elevations 4 of the warp threads 1 on the conventional right side of the fabric. Since the dot prints 3 are formed by the warp fibers 1, the longitudinal axis of the dot prints lies parallel to the machine direction. Raises 7 formed by the weft fibers 2 on the conventional straight side of the web do not form a corresponding impression in the uncompressed paper web because they have a lower relative height than the raises of the warp threads 4.

Fig. 5 shows the print pattern of the elevations that would be obtained if a web of non-compressed paper produced in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 3, 301,746 is printed by the down side of a printing cloth shown in Figs. 1 to 3. Because the warp threads 1 have at a higher relative height than the weft yarns 2 on the weft side of the fabric, only the peaks of the ridges 5 formed by the warp yarns are pressed into the paper web during the printing process. As the warp threads 1 run in the machine direction, the pattern formed will consist of a series of relatively long dash prints 8, where the longitudinal axis of the prints is parallel to the machine direction.

The printing pattern shown in Figure 5 differs from the printing pattern shown in Figure 4 in two significant respects. First, since each warp thread 1 passes over two weft threads 2 on the right side of the weave in half-quill compared to only one weft thread 2 on the right side of the weave, the length of the prints will be approximately twice as large as the web is printed with the weave side of the weave. . Second, when a paper web printed with dec pattern is shown in FIG. 5 is removed from the drying drum using a conventional shaker, a rhombic pattern on the paper surface, while a paper web printed with the pattern shown in Fig. 4 upon removal from the drying drum by a conventional shaker provides a controlled crepe pattern wherein crepe folds are essentially whole. over the width of the sheet. This characteristic difference in the final product appears to be due to the path shown in Fig. 4 being adhered only to the drying bar in interrupted intervals, ie. through the dot prints 3, which prints are not long enough to overlap each other in the machine direction. On the other hand, the paper web shown in Fig. 5 adheres to the drying drum in a continuous manner, i.e. through the dash prints 3, which prints are long enough to overlap each other in the machine direction.

It is previously known, especially through US Patent Specification 3,473,576, that uniform transfer of webs and maximum drying efficiency is not achieved with fabrics having a rough or uneven surface contacting the web. Smooth transfer of webs is particularly desirable then, as in the papermaking process described in U.S. Patent No. 3,301,746, the printing cloth is of importance to the properties of the product. Therefore, it has been found desirable to use printing cloths with elevations of uniform height and minimal free or intermediate surface on the side of the cloth which comes into contact with the uncompressed paper web. Since such printing cloths are subjected to elevated temperature during use, it has also been found to be dimensionally heat-stabilizing such cloths prior to use to prevent distortion.

It should be noted that due to the symmetry of a web in two-tier bond, elevations of uniform height and minimal free surface are achieved simultaneously on both sides of the web when the fabric is subjected to a heat treatment such as that described in U.S. Patent No. 3,473,576. a weave in half-quill. If a semi-enclosed web of polymeric single-filament yarns is subjected to a heat treatment in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 3,473,576, the elevations 4 and 7 on the conventional right side of the fabric will lie in the same plane prior to the elevations 5 and 6 on the weft side. In order for the elevations 5 and 6 on the wrong side of the fabric to achieve uniform height, the fabric must be subjected to additional heat treatment. This continued heat treatment, in turn, means that the height of the elevations 4 and 7 on the conventional right-hand side of the canvas in half-quill again becomes non-uniform.

The initial gap between the warp yarns and the thickness of a half-duplex fabric required to provide minimal free surface and elevations of uniform height on the weft side after heat treatment is therefore determined experimentally by testing.

Figs. 6 and 7 are enlarged cross-sectional views of a semi-enclosed web of polymeric single-filament yarns, as shown in Figs. 1 to 3 after initiating a heat treatment method as described above; Fig. 6 is seen in the transverse direction of the machine at a point The line 2-2 corresponds to Fig. 1, while Fig. 7 is viewed in the machine direction at a point corresponding to the line 3 ~ 3 in Fig. 1. Figs. 6 and 7 show an intermediate state of the fabric achieved during the heat treatment 13 process, before elevations of uniform height and minimal free surface are achieved on the downward side of the fabric. Fig. 6 shows the condition that occurs when the warp wires 1 tend to contract to a straight line due to the heat-induced shrinkage. The tendency of the warp yarns 1 to assume a lower total amplitude, due to the heat-induced shrinkage, forces the weft yarns 2 on the conventional right side of the fabric downward and the weft yarns 2 on the upward side of the web upward because the ends of the wires are not locked. This is more clearly shown in Fig. 7 where the weft yarns 2 tend to twist more fully around the warp yarns 1. This causes the elevations 7 formed by the weft yarns 2 to come2; more in the same plane as the elevations 4 formed by the warp threads 1 lying on the conventional right side of the fabric. It should be noted that at this particular point the elevations 5 formed by the warp yarns 1 remain at a higher relative height than the elevations 6 formed by the weft yarns 2 on the downward side of the fabric.

3C Fig. 8 is a simplified view of an enlarged partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper produced in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,013,746, which non-creped sheet of paper is printed by the conventional right side of a semi-encrusted sheet of polymeric single-fiber yarns, as shown. 6 and 7. The pressure pattern of the elevations is the same as shown in FIGS. 4 where the dot prints 3 formed by the elevations 4 of the warp threads 1 on the conventional right side of the fabric are shown, but dash prints 9 formed by the elevations 7 of the weft threads 2 are also present. Because the weft yarns 2 are parallel to the machine's transverse direction,

4C, the longitudinal axis of the dash prints 9 will also be parallel

7407532-6 with the machine's transverse direction.

Fig. 9 is a simplified view of an enlarged, partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper prepared in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 3,013,746, which non-creped sheet of paper is printed by the down side of a semi-square cloth as shown in Fig. 6 and

7th As in Fig. 5, the longitudinal axis of the dash prints 8 formed by the elevations 5 of the warp wires 1 is parallel to the machine direction.

Like paper sheets printed with the pattern shown in Figure 4, paper sheets utilizing the printing pattern shown in Figure 8 exhibit a basic crepe regularity, with crepe folds extending substantially continuously throughout the entire width of the sheet. The addition of the dash prints 9 to the printing pattern does not change the fact that the printed paper sheet only adheres to the drying drum at interrupted intervals corresponding to the gap, in the machine direction, between the dot prints 3 · Paper sheets printed with the pattern shown in Fig. 9 show on the other hand, a rhombic pattern, characteristic of paper sheets made according to the present invention when removed from the drying drum.

In order to achieve uniform height elevations and minimal free surface on the down side of a semi-twill weave as shown in Figures 6 and 7, which is desirable in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the heat treatment process is continued until a condition similar to that shown in Fig. 10 and 11 are achieved. Fig. 10 is depicted in the transverse direction of the machine at a point corresponding to the line 2-2 in Fig. 1, while Fig. 11 is depicted in the machine direction at a point corresponding to the line 3 ~ 3 in Fig. 1. Heat-induced shrinkage of the warp yarns 1, as shown in Fig. 10, has resulted in a lower total amplitude, which causes the weft yarns 2 on the wrong side of the fabric to move upwardly.

The 3Z weft yarns 2 on the conventional right side of the fabric moved downward. As shown in Fig. 11, the weft yarns 2 which, unlike the warp yarns 1, are not subjected to any stretching, are more likely to be twisted around the warp yarns 1 on the conventional right side of the fabric. At the same time, the weft yarns 2 have a tendency to bulge or gradually twist around the two adjacent warp yarns 1 on the wrong side of the weave. This causes the height of the weft yarns 5 on the weft side of the weave and the uplands 6 of the weft yarn on the weft side to be uniform, while the height of the weft yarns 7 on the conventional right side of the weave and the uprights 4 of the warp yarn on the weave

4c conventional right side does not become uniform. About the beginning gap

7407532-6 between the warp fibers in the loom and the original thickness or caliber of the weave in half-quill is correctly determined taking into account the heat-induced shrinkage, the condition shown in Figs. 10 and 11 should be achieved, i.e. a dimensionally: heat-stabilized weave in half-quill with elevations of uniform height as well as minimal free surface on the wrong side.

Fig. 12 is a simplified view of an enlarged, partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper manufactured in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 3,301,746, to which non-creped sheets of paper are printed using the conventional right side of a semi-square cloth as shown in FIG. 10 and 11. The printing pattern is substantially the same as that shown in FIG. 8, but the dot prints 3 formed by the warp yarns 4 on the conventional right side of the web are no longer left because the warp yarns 4 have a lower relative height than the warp yarns 7 on the conventional right side. Paper sheets printed with the pattern shown in Figure 12 have substantially the same properties as sheets printed with the patterns shown in Figures 4 and 8 after creping,

Fig. 13 is a simplified view of an enlarged partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper produced by the down side of a semi-twill fabric as shown in Figs. 10 and 11. The dash prints 8 formed by the elevations 5 of warp threads on the down side of the web are substantially the same as those shown in FIG. 8, but the dot prints 10 formed by the weft yarns 6 on the weft side of the fabric are also present because the weft yarns 5 and the weft yarns 6 have uniform height. Paper sheets made using the down side of a semi-duplex cloth as shown in Figures 10 and 11 for printing purposes exhibit a rhombic appearance after crepe 32 which is characteristic of paper sheets made according to the present invention. As the pressure surface of the raised side of such a canvas in semi-encrusted polymeric single-fiber yarns is increased, the rhombic pattern becomes more pronounced.

It has now been found that an increase in the printing surface of the raised sides on the down side of such a cloth also results in some unexpected improvements in the properties of the finished sheet. These unexpected improvements consist to a greater extent in the transverse direction, as well as improved softness, surface feel and fall. However, an increase in the printing surface of the elevations on the conventional right side of a similar printing 4C canvas in semi-encrusted polymeric single-fiber yarns does not give the same improvements to the properties of the finished sheet. This is also the case for two-shawl binding cloths. Thus, it has unexpectedly been found that the above-mentioned improvements in the sheet properties can only be achieved by an increase in the printing surface of the raised side of a conventional semi-enclosed printing of polymer monofilament yarns.

One way of increasing the printing surface of the webs for a web of polymeric single-fiber yarns is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,573,164, wherein the surface of the webs is ground with a fine-grinding medium, thereby generally improving the transfer of the web, the drying of the web, the product properties of the web and the operation of the machine. The semiconductor printing cloth of polymeric single-fiber threads to be ground is hereby transferred to the state shown in FIG. 10 and 11, that is, with elevations of uniform height and minimal free surface on the wrong side, before any grinding treatment is started. Although the abrasive treatment described in the above-mentioned patent gives rise to uniform height on a cloth which did not initially have elevations of uniform height, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention it is most desirable to use a cloth which initially has a height of a cloth. high height on the side to be treated so as to minimize the possibility of full penetration of one or more threads during the grinding process. The down side of a tablecloth as shown in Figs. 10 and 11 can then undergo your more extensive grinding process, whereby greater increase in the printing surface of the elevations is achieved than is possible with a tablecloth which initially had elevations of non-uniform height on the side to be treated.

Figs. 14 and 15 are enlarged cross-sectional views of a semi-cyber cloth of polymeric single-fiber yarns as shown in Figs. 10 and 11 after grinding the fabric side of the fabric so that the print surface of its raised 33 is increased to between about 20% and about 50 in. the total area of ​​the canvas, measured in the plane of the elevations. Fig. 16 is a plan view of an enlarged portion of the cloth shown in Figs. 14 and 15, viewed from the wrong side of the fabric. The cloth shown in FIG. 14 to 16 is used in a suitable embodiment, with elevations of uniform height

5c and minimal free surface is achieved on the wrong side of the fabric before the grinding process has begun. One advantage associated with obtaining elevations of uniform height and minimal free surface before the grinding treatment is started is that the printing pattern ay the elevations obtained when the grinding process is completed is uniform. This is most clearly seen in Fig. 16.

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Figures 14 and 15, depicted in the machine's transverse direction and in the machine direction respectively, show the profile of the fabric as it appears for a non-compressed paper web when the fabric is used for printing purposes according to U.S. Patent No. 3,013,746. The raised wires 5 and the weft 6s raised are shown. 10 and 11 have been ground so that plateau-like raised 5 'of warp yarns and raised 6' of weft yarns are formed as shown in FIG. 14 and · In addition to improved transfer of the web and drying of the web, the plateau-like surfaces of the elevations 5 'and 6' give an impression of an uncompressed paper web to a uniform depth, thus providing a more distinct printing pattern.

The moist paper web carried on a printing cloth is thermally pre-dried according to the present invention, for example by means of hot gases, such as air, which are allowed to pass through the moist paper web and the printing cloth. A suitable apparatus for drying a damp paper web is described in U.S. Patent 3,303,576. Although the manner in which the thermal pre-drying is carried out is not decisive, it is important that the relationship between the moist web and the printing cloth is maintained once established.

According to U.S. Patent No. 3,301,746, thermal pre-drying is used to provide a fiber consistency in the moist paper web from about 30 to about 80, preferably about 40 to about 80. Further, in the above patent specification, it is stated that, at a fiber consistency of less than about 30 #, the suitably balanced sheet properties are soft, voluminous and absorbent suffer because the sheet and its fibers are too moist, and flow occurs during the printing step. The aforementioned patent specification also states that pre-drying to a fiber consistency above about 80% prevents the formation of effective tensile strengths in the printed sheet of paper.

It is now known that fiber consistencies between about 30 and about 9θ% prior to transfer of the web to the drying drum are possible without adversely affecting the tensile strength of the paper sheets so produced. Fiber consistencies above about $ 80 are achieved by spraying on the surface of the dryer drum prior to transfer of the web a polyvinyl alcohol binder, which binder is characterized by a degree of hydrolysis ranging from about 80% to about 90 l and a viscosity as a 4% aqueous solution at 20 ° C seam Exceeds about 20 cP. From 0.2 to 0.9 kg of polyvinyl alcohol (based on the dry content) is applied per tonne of paper produced (based on the dry content).

7W532-6

Imprinting the pattern of the elevations of the cloth in the moist web by pressing the pre-dried web onto a relatively rigid surface, such as an unheated steel roller or a yanketor surface, while the dried web is still supported on the printed sheet, provides a sheet of paper on the surface thereof. to a depth of at least 30 Ί of its machine-lined thickness, the pattern of the elevations in the printing cloth is impressed. By machine-lighted thickness is meant the thickness of a sheet of paper taken directly from the yankee dryer, prior to creping. Thus, the elevation surfaces 5 'and 6', shown in Figures 14 to 16, are pressed into a uniform depth of at least 30 $ of the machine-lined thickness of the non-creped sheet of paper.

The printing required for printing the print pattern of the fabric can, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, be accomplished by one or more printing rollers acting on the printing fabric so that the elevations of the fabric are driven into the surface of the dried web and the surface of the dried web during the elevations. operated against a yanketor surface.

It should be noted that it is crucial for the practice of the present invention that the above-described printing step 20 make the first essential, total, mechanical compression step to which the paper web has been subjected during molding and drying.

Fig. 17 is a photograph of an enlarged partial plan view of a non-creped sheet of paper prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,013,746, using the underside of a semi-twill cloth as shown in Figs. 14 to 16, for printing the uncompressed paper web. The resulting print pattern of the elevations is substantially the same as that shown in FIG. 13 · However, the dash prints 8 formed by the projections 5 'of the warp threads and the dot prints 10 formed by the projections 6' of the weft threads constitute a larger percentage of the surface of the sheet due to the increase in the size of the projections in the fabric. Furthermore, the prints 8 and 10 are more distinct because they are of substantially uniform depth when formed from the plateau-like surfaces of the elevations 5 'and 6'.

Fig. 18 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the non-creped paper sheet of Fig. 17, depicted in the transverse direction of the machine along line 18-18 of Fig. 17.

Fig. 19 is a photograph of an enlarged, partial plan view of a creped sheet of paper produced by the down side of a semi-duplex cloth as shown in Figs. 14 to 16, for impression of

7407532-6 the uncompressed paper web before creasing. The longitudinal axis of the prints 11 visible after the crepe appears to be oriented substantially in the transverse direction of the machine. Unlike paper sheets made in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 3,301,746, where either a similarly prepared two-shawl printed cloth or a conventional straight side of a similarly prepared semi-square printed cloth, the overall surface of the paper exhibits a rhombic pattern. than uniform, uninterrupted crepe folds extending over the width of the sheet.

Fig. 20 is a view of an enlarged cross-sectional view of the paper sheet of Fig. 19 depicted in the transverse direction of the machine along line 20-20 of Fig. 19.

A treated sheet of paper, as shown in Figs. 19 and 20, made in accordance with the present invention, exhibits improved cross-sectional stretching, softness, surface feel, and fallability that cannot be achieved in the papermaking process disclosed in U.S. Pat. manner treated cloth in two-shawl binding or the conventional straight side of a similarly treated cloth in half-duct is used to print an uncompressed paper web prior to creping. An increase in the print surface of the elevations on a two- shank knit fabric or on the conventional right side of a half-liner cloth does not, although properties associated with the web transfer and drying of the web improve, some improvements in the transverse stretch, softness, surface feel and the case achieved by an increase in the printing surface of the raised sides on the wrong side of a semi-cyber print cloth.

It is apparent from the foregoing general and specific description of the present method that the critical methods to be performed are formation of a non-compressed paper web of a fiber consistency within a specified range and printing thereof with the raised sides of a semi-enclosed printing of polymeric single fiber yarns having a pressure area of ​​the elevations which constitutes about 20 to about 50% of the total area of ​​the downward side of the canvas, measured in the plane of the elevations. The formation of the paper web and the final drying technique, as well as the drying, printing and creping processes, may be varied by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide special papers for various purposes within the scope of the invention.

By the foregoing methods, sheets of creped paper having a surface of rhombic appearance, mainly composed of cellulose loose fibers having a basis weight of from about 8.2 to about 65 g / m

7407E32-6 which shows a repeated pattern of discrete, indented areas.

In order to show the improvements that characterize an end product made according to the invention, a series of experiments were run in which the properties of paper sheets made according to the United States patent

3 301,746 using different sides of a semi-enclosure of polymer monofilament yarns were compared. The stitches in the paper machine, with the exception of the printing cloth, were kept constant throughout the test series.

Inventory consisting of a 50% softwood sulphate pulp and a 50% hardwood sulphite pulp was used throughout the test series.

An adhesive layer was applied to the surface of the yankee dryer using a mesh glue of about 40 mesh, the circumference of which moves at a linear velocity of about 2.7 m / min in an open glue pan after the adhesive absorbed onto the mesh glue roll is sprayed onto the surface of the yankee 15 the drying drum by means of a series of air nozzles located inside the glue roll and which are continuously operated at an air pressure of? . O

5.2 · 10 kPa overpressure. The glue used was sold under the designation Peter Cooper IX by the Peter Cooper Corporation of Gowanda,

New York. The applied mixture consisted of 1 part of glue and 99 parts of water. The dried and printed web was separated from the printing cloth at the end of the press nip and made to adhere to the surface of the yankee dryer by means of the adhesive layer described above.

The dry, creped sheet was removed from the yankee dryer by means of a conventional maker so that the finished product had a stretch of 12 .S as crepe fold.

Two different tablecloths in half-twine of polymeric single-fiber threads were used during the experiments. The fabrics both had a mesh width of 31 (machine direction) by 28 (machine transverse direction) mesh and consisted of warp and weft threads of 0.45 mm diameter. One of the cloth was woven so that its opposite side made up the surface that came in contact with the web and the other was woven so that its conventional right side made up the surface that the son comes in contact with the web. Both cloths had a configuration similar to that shown in FIG. 10 and 11, i.e. the height of the weft yarns 5 and the weft yarns 6 on the down side of each fabric was approximately the same, while the yarn yarns 4 had a lower relative height than the weft yarns on the conventional right side of each fabric.

In order to isolate the effect of the printed fabrics on the properties of the finished sheets, the fabrics were installed one after another on

4o the same paper machine in the condition they were obtained in, and paper sheets

7407532-6 was prepared in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 3,301,746.

The fabric woven so that its weft side constitutes the surface that comes into contact with the web was found to have an initial print surface of the elevations of about 21.2% in the condition it was obtained, while the woven woven fabric so that its conventional right side constituted the surface which comes into contact with the web was found to have a print surface of the elevations of about 23.4 X in the condition it was obtained.

Measurement values ​​obtained for paper samples made using the printing cloth having the wrong side in contact with the non-compressed paper web are given below in Example I. Measurement values ​​for paper samples produced using the printing cloth having the conventional straight side in contact with the non-compressed compressed paper web is given below in Example II. With the exception of the printing cloths, the conditions of the paper machine were unchanged in Examples I and II.

In order to illustrate the effect of an increase in the print surface of the webs on the side of the web which comes into contact with the web, each fabric was sanded in accordance with U.S. Patent No. 3,573,164. The print surface of the raised webs on the opposite side of the web was increased from approximately 21.2 X to about 28.4 X, while the pressure area of ​​the projections on the cloth whose conventional right side came into contact with the web increased from about 23.4 X to about 34.1%. The experiments were repeated whereby all conditions in the paper machine, except for the increased print surface of the elevations in the sheets, were unchanged. The results of tests performed on test paper sheets taken during each test are set forth below in Examples III and IV. The measurement values ​​given in Example III have been obtained for test sheets made by means of a half-quilt printed sheet whose offset side was in contact with the non-compressed paper web. , while the measurement values ​​given in Example IV were obtained for test sheets prepared using a semi-cyber cloth whose conventional right side was directed to the uncompressed paper web.

Finally, the printing surface of the ridges in each fabric was further increased according to US Patent 3,573,164 until the fabric whose opposite side constituted the contact surface of the web achieved a total print surface of the elevations of 37.3 X, while the fabric utilizing the conventional straight surface as the contact surface of the web achieved a the total pressure area of ​​the elevations of 40.0 X. The experiments were repeated whereby all conditions in the paper machine were kept unchanged except for the pressure area of ​​the elevations in the fabrics. The results of tests performed with test paper sheets taken during each test are given below in Example V

7407532-6 and VI. The measurement values ​​given in Example V are derived from sheets of paper made using a half-sheet cloth whose offset side is directed toward the non-compressed paper web, while the measurement values ​​given in Example VI are obtained for paper sheets made using a half-sheet sheet of conventional paper. right side facing the uncompressed paper web.

The thickness of a 1.2 kPa sheet of paper, which is given in the tables in the examples below, constitutes the thickness of this sheet when subjected to a compressive load of 1.2 kPa.

The tensile strength in the machine direction (MD) and the transverse direction (CD) of the machine, as indicated in the tables in the examples below, is given as the force in M ​​/ m as a 25.4 mm wide sample with a distance of 101.6 mm between the clamps in the tensile test device, cut in the MD or CD direction, can withstand without breaking, as measured by a standard Thwing-Albert Tensile Tester available from the Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The values ​​for the percentage stretch given in the tables in the examples below were determined at the same time as the MD and CD tensile strengths were determined as above.

A Thwing-Albert Handle-O-Meter, catalog number 211-3, available from the Thwing-Albert Instrument Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was used to measure a combination of stiffness and slip friction in the paper samples. A high Handle-O-Meter or H-0-M value indicates a lack of softness and is therefore undesirable.

A lower HOM value indicates a softer sheet. Two 114 x 114 mm paper samples were placed side by side over the 6.4 mm wide Handle-O-Meter notch located under the blade of the unit. To determine the Handle-O-Meter value in the machine direction of the sheets, the machine direction of the paper samples was placed parallel to the Handle-O-Meter blade. To determine the Handle-O-Meter value in the transverse direction of the machine, the machine direction of the test sheet was placed perpendicular to the blade in the Handle-O-Meter. Values ​​taken directly from the standard 5θ microamper meter mounted on the Handle-O-Meter are given in the example below.

In order to be able to estimate sheet properties of the surface feel and case type, the principles of textile testing were used. The grip of a weave, as the name implies, is related to the feel of the material and thus depends on the feel when touched. When the grip of a fabric is judged, the sensation of rigidity or flexibility, hardness or softness and roughness or smoothness is utilized. By case is meant something different and much

7407532-6 generally the ability of a fabric to assume a pleasing appearance when used, Experiments in the textile industry have shown that the fabric's rigidity is a key factor in examining grips and cases.

An instrument used in the textile industry to measure rigidity is the Shirley Stiffness Tester. In order to compare the case and surface feel of paper samples made using different sides of a half-gauge printed cloth, a Shirley Stiffness Tester was designed to determine the bend length of the paper samples, and to calculate the values ​​of the bending stiffness and the bending modulus using it.

Shirley Stiffness Tests are described in ASTM Standard Method no. 1388. The instrument's horizontal platform is supported by two side pieces made of plastic. In these side sections, index lines are engraved at the standard deflection angle of 41.5 °. A mirror that allows the operator to view both index lines from a suitable position is attached to the instrument. The instrument's scale is graded in centimeters. The scale can be used as a template for cutting dimensioned samples.

In performing an experiment, a rectangular paper strip 20 is cut at 152.4 times 25.4 mm to the same size as the scale and then both the scale and sample are transferred to the platform with the sample underneath. Both are slowly pushed forward. The paper strip will start to hang down over the edge of the platform as the scale and sample move forward. The scale and sample move all the way until the tip of the sample seen in the mirror cuts both index lines. The degree of overhang, b ', can immediately be read on the scale mark opposite a zero line engraved on the side of the platform.

Because paper assumes a permanent setting after being subjected to such a stiffness test, four different tests were used to examine the stiffness of the paper along a given axis, and an average value for the special axis was then calculated.

Samples were cut both along and across the axis in the machine's transverse direction (CD), along and across the CD + 30 ° axis, and along and across the CD + 135⁰ axis. Of the values ​​obtained both along and perpendicular to each of the three axes indicated above, an average overhang value,, for the particular paper sample was calculated.

By bending length, c, here is meant the length of paper that bends under its own weight x to a certain degree. It is a measure of the stiffness that determines the drape quality. The calculation is done as follows:

7407532-6 c = cm xf (e) whereby f (e) cos 1/29 j^1/38 tan Θ i and = the average overhang value for the particular paper sample, as determined above.

In a Shirley Stiffness Tester, the angle Θ = 41.5 °, with the angle f (o) or f (H, 5 °) = 0.5. The above calculation can therefore be (simplified to:

C = x (0.5) cm.

The bending stiffness, '' G, is a measure of the stiffness that is associated with the grip. The calculation of the bending stiffness, G, is done here as follows:

G = (surface weight of the special paper sample in g / m 2) x 10^-lxc³mg c, where c = the bend length of the special paper sample, ordered as above, in cm.

The bending module, q^-1, as indicated in the following example, is independent of the dimensions of the strip under examination and can be regarded as the internal stiffness of the material. This value can therefore be used to compare the stiffness of materials of different thickness. For calculation thereof, the thickness or caliber of the paper sample must be measured at a pressure of 6.9 kPa.

The suction module, q, is given by the following formula:

»1 q

x G x (0.025)³ , 2 - 5-kp / cm in which G '' is the bending stiffness of the particular paper sample, determined as above, in mg cm, and g is the thickness or caliber of the particular paper sample, expressed in mm, when exposed to a pressure of 6.9 kPa.

The results of experiments performed with samples of paper sheets made under ovaries. The described methods are given in the examples below by the bending module, q, which is relevant both in terms of the case and the surface feel. A lower bending module corresponds to increased fall and thereby improved surface feel.

The pressure area of ​​the elevations given in the following example was determined by making an impression with pressure-sensitive paper in each of four areas on the surface of the surface of the particular example.

7407532-6 use the print cloth which is in contact with the web. Enlarged photographs were taken of each of the four prints and a unit cell of elevations, ie. a repeating pattern of elevations, enclosed in each photograph. The total area of ​​each enclosed unit cell and the total area of ​​the elevations within each such unit cell were then measured and the results expressed as a percentage of elevation area. The mean of the four separate unit cells was given as the pressure area of ​​the elevations for the particular example.

In the examples below, the final sheet properties of paper samples made according to the present invention are compared with the sheet properties of paper samples made using the conventional straight side of a similar printing cloth at different stages of fabric treatment.

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<td>rH</td><td>rH</td><td>rH</td><td>rH</td><td></td><td>rH</td><td>rH</td>

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<td>rH</td><td>rH</td><td>rH</td><td>hrs</td><td>rH</td><td>hrs</td><td>rH</td>

<td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td>

<td>- = r</td><td>= R</td><td>- = T</td><td>• SR</td><td>XT</td><td>- = T</td><td>- = T</td>

<td>m</td><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>m</td>

<td>VO</td><td>rH</td><td>rH</td><td>ον</td><td>vivo</td><td>VO</td><td>VO</td>

<td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>m</td><td>CM</td><td>m</td><td>• r =</td><td>m</td>

<td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td>

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7407532-6

<td colspan="2"></td><td>Ρ 1 C ο ω Β ο • ο Ή “Ο m ό = ο,</td>

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<td></td><td></td><td>4-5-Η Ο Ρ WCOft</td>

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<td></td><td>&lt;d</td><td>1 P</td>

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<td></td><td>Ό</td><td>Ό Φ Ό</td>

<td></td><td>υ</td><td>C Ε P</td>

<td></td><td>e P ϋ</td><td>cd l Kd Q BO&gt; E</td>

<td></td><td>n)</td><td>B</td>

<td></td><td> +5</td><td></td>

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<td></td><td></td><td>&gt; Ό · Η Ο C ΡΡ Ρ Φ: 0 · Η Pt · - · 'Ph Ρ</td>

<td>in</td><td>t</td><td>CO</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>in</td><td> 0</td>

<td>t</td><td>O</td><td></td><td>t</td><td> 0</td><td>CM</td><td>co</td>

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<td>CO</td><td>VO</td><td>O rH</td><td>VO</td><td>VO</td><td>CS</td><td>vivo</td>

<td>Ο</td><td> 0</td><td>in</td><td>in</td><td> 0</td><td>in</td><td>in</td>

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<td>in</td><td>in</td><td>in</td><td>in</td><td>in</td><td>in</td><td>in</td>

<td>CM</td><td>in</td><td>in</td><td>in</td><td>in</td><td> 0</td><td>m</td>

<td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td>

<td>CS</td><td>rH</td><td>O</td><td>cs</td><td>CS</td><td>pH</td><td>O</td>

<td>pH</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>pH</td><td>rH</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td>

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<td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td>

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<td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td>

<td>VO</td><td>in</td><td></td><td>in</td><td>in</td><td>cs</td><td>US</td>

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<td>FR</td><td>vivo</td><td>cs</td><td>vivo</td><td>in</td><td>C * -</td><td></td>

<td>= R</td><td>KS</td><td> 0</td><td>= R</td><td>cs</td><td>CM</td><td> 0</td>

<td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td>KS</td><td> 0</td><td></td><td>O</td><td> 0</td>

<td>1-I</td><td>rH</td><td>pH</td><td>pH</td><td></td><td>pH</td><td>pH</td>

<td>KS</td><td>r</td><td>/ T =</td><td>VO</td><td>cs</td><td>CM</td><td>CO</td>

<td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td>

<td>in</td><td>vivo</td><td>in</td><td>- = T</td><td>in</td><td>VO</td><td>in</td>

<td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td>

<td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td>

<td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td>

<td>c * -</td><td>r</td><td>t * »</td><td>t * -</td><td></td><td>fr *</td><td></td>

<td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td><td>KS</td>

<td>= R</td><td>r)</td><td>CS</td><td>vivo</td><td>rH</td><td>CM</td><td>pH</td>

<td>KS</td><td>in</td><td>• SR</td><td>KS</td><td>in</td><td>t * -</td><td>in</td>

<td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td>

<td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td>

<td>O</td><td> 0</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td>

<td>pH</td><td>CM</td><td>KS</td><td></td><td>in</td><td>vivo</td><td></td>

7407532-6

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<td>γΗ</td><td>rH</td><td>rH</td><td>rH</td>

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<td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>Α</td>

<td>ιη</td><td>tn</td><td>cr</td><td>tn</td>

<td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td><td>CM</td>

<td>ο</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td>

<td>η</td><td>A</td><td>A</td><td>A</td>

<td>Ο</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td>

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<td>Ο</td><td>O</td><td>O</td><td>O</td>

<td>(Η</td><td>CM</td><td>tn</td><td></td>

7407332-6

The values ​​given in the above examples clearly show the advantages of the present invention in the preparation of a sheet of paper which is characterized by a significantly improved cross-sectional stretching, softness, surface feel and fall.

Forms of the invention described herein constitute only preferred embodiments. Various changes or exclusions may be made in the weaving process, the heat treatment method or in the method of increasing the printing surface of the elevations in the fabric without departing from the spirit of the invention.

7407532-6