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Sister Ar'a's background

The present invention relates to compositions, methods and devices for improving the treatment and inhibition of scale formation in various industrial process streams, namely specific small particle-based surfactants that have been found to be particularly effective in treating scale in the Bayer process stream.

<p dir="rtl">5 As described in various websites, US Patent No. 6,814,873, which is incorporated</p>

Its content is returned for reference. The Bayer process is used to manufacture alumina from bauxite ore. The process uses a caustic solution to extract amounts of soluble alumina from bauxite. After dissolving the amounts of alumina from the bauxite and removing the insoluble residues from the process stream, the soluble alumina precipitates in the form of solid alumina trihydrate. The remaining caustic solution, known as the “slurry solution” and/or “spent slurry,” is then recycled to the first stages of the process and used to process new bauxite. In this way, it forms a fluid circuit. For the purposes of this invention, the description defines the term “fluidic solution”. But recycling the waste solution into the fluid circuit involves complications.

<p dir="rtl">15 Bauxite usually contains silica in different forms and amounts. And be part of</p>

Silica is unreactive, so it does not dissolve and remains as a solid in the Bayer circuit. Other forms of silica (for example clays) are reactive and dissolve in caustics when added to the Bayer process slurry, which increases the silica concentration in the slurry. As the slurry is repeatedly flowed through the Bayer process slurry, the Silica concentration in

<p dir="rtl">20 The solution is further thinned, eventually reaching a point where aluminum and soda react to form insoluble aluminosilicate particles. Aluminosilicates exist in at least two forms: sodalite and cancrinite. And Yashar</p>

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These and other forms of aluminosilicates are generally referred to, and for the purposes of the present invention, by the term “silica removal product” or “DSP”.

The silica removal product can have the following formula: 2-0•3(Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2)

H2O) • 2NaX where X represents hydroxide OH^- Hydroxide, chloride Cl^- Chloride, Carbonate 5 CO3^2- Carbonate, sulfate SO4^2- Sulfate. Because the silica removal product has inverse solubility (precipitation increases at high temperatures), it can precipitate in the form of fine scales of insoluble, hard crystalline solids, the accumulation of which in Bayer process equipment is problematic. As the silica removal product accumulates in pipes, vessels, Bayer heat transfer equipment and other equipment used in the process, it creates bottlenecks and obstructions to flow and can adversely affect the productivity of the waste solution. In addition, due to its heat-conducting properties, scales of silica removal product on the heat exchanger surfaces reduce the effectiveness of heat exchange. Negative effects are dealt with through a scale removal system, which includes removing process equipment from the line and treating and removing scales chemically and physically. This type of system results in important equipment not working for long and frequent periods. In addition, as part of the scale removal process15, harmful concentrated acids such as sulfuric acid are used, which pose an unwanted safety risk.

Another way in which Bayer process operators deal with increased silica concentration in the slurry solution is to deliberately precipitate the silica removal product in the form of free crystals rather than as flakes. The "silica removal" step in the Bayer process is usually used to reduce the concentration of silica in a solution by precipitating silica in the form of the silica removal product, in the form of a free precipitation product 20. Although the removal of silica reduces the total concentration of silica in the solution, the complete removal of all forms of silica from the solution is considered impractical, and changing process conditions in different parts of the circuit (for example in heat exchangers) can or may lead to a change in The solubility of the silica removal product decreases, leading to its subsequent precipitation in the form of scales.

Previous attempts to control and/or reduce the scaling of the silica removal product in 25 Bayer processes have included the addition of polymer materials containing three alkyloxy groups bonded to a single silicon atom as described in US Patent No. 6,814,873 B2, and patent applications have been published. American patent numbers A1, 2004/0162406 A1

0011744/2004, 0010008/2005 A2, and International Patent Application Bulletin No. A1

045677/2008, and the published article is entitled “Max HTTM Sodalite Scale Inhibitor: Plant

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Experience and Impact on the Process,” prepared by Donald Spitzer and his collaborators, pages 57-62, in 2008 (2008), the content of each of which is incorporated in its entirety into the reference.

The manufacture and use of these trialkoxysilane-grafted polymers can involve undesirable degrees of viscosity, making handling and dispersion of the polymer5 in the thinner solution of the Bayer MR process difficult. Previous attempts to address the accumulation of contaminant have been described in US Patents 650072 and 5314626, the entire contents of which are incorporated into the reference.

Although Bayer process operators have a wide variety of methods for dealing with and controlling silica scale formation, it is clear that there is a need for an improved method10 to prevent or reduce silica scale formation on Bayer process equipment. The prior art described in this section is not intended to constitute a representation that any patent, publication, or other information referred to herein constitutes prior art with respect to the present invention, unless specifically noted. In addition, this section shall not be understood to mean that research has been conducted or that other relevant information does not exist as specified in the Constitution of Federal Systems, Chapter 37, Section 1-56(a).

<p dir="rtl">15 General description of the invention</p>

In order to meet the above long-existing needs, at least one embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for reducing silica scales in the Bayer process comprising a step of adding a reducing amount to the aluminosilicate scales from a non-polymeric reaction product resulting from the reaction of: a) a surfactant surfactant and b) 3-glycidoxypropyltrialkoxysilane 3-20 GPS glycidoxypropyltrialkoxysilane to the lye solution for the Bayer process.

The polymer reaction product may be produced by the reaction of other elements including one element chosen from the group consisting of at least one of the following: a hydrophobe, an amine binder, an epoxide binder, and any combination thereof. GPS can be 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane-3

<p dir="rtl">25 glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The surfactant can be chosen from the group that consists of: ethoxylated fatty alcohols, ethoxylated fatty amines, fatty amines G12A4, G12A7, fatty amines, OLA, OPD, DPD, 16M2, 18M2, 18M20, G9A8, G9A6, G17A3, and any combination thereof.</p>

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The epoxide binder can be a molecule according to formulas (1), (2) and any combination thereof:

)1( )2(

<p dir="rtl">5 The hydrophobe may be an aliphatic glycidyl ether</p>

Aliphatic glycidyl ether has 8 to 10 carbons. The reaction product can have a molecular weight of less than 500 daltons. The reaction product can be of the formulas shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, and/or any U, P, and/or HS product.

The reaction product can be formed at least partially according to the methods chosen from the group

<p dir="rtl">10 Which consists of methods: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, and any combination thereof. The amine can be chosen from a list consisting of tetraethylenepentamine and ethylenediamine.</p>

Additional features and features have been described here and will become clear from the following detailed description.

Brief explanation of the drawings

<p dir="rtl">15 A detailed description of the invention is given below with specific reference to the following drawings:</p>

Figure 1: Illustration of the formula of reaction product X.

Figure 2: Illustration of the formula of the reaction product BB.

Figure 3: represents a first table of the types of formulas used in the invention.

Figure 4: represents a second table of the types of formulas used in the invention.

<p dir="rtl">20 Figure 5: represents a third table of the types of formulas used in the invention.</p>

Figure 6: represents a table of four types of formulas used in the invention.

Figure 7: Illustration of an image from a scanning electron microscope.

For the purposes of the present disclosure, identical reference numbers in the figures indicate similar features

Unless otherwise indicated. The drawings are merely an explanation of the principles of the invention and are not intended to specifically identify the invention with the embodiments shown.

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Detailed description:

The following definitions are provided to specify how they are used in the present invention, and specifically how the claims are interpreted. The organization of definitions is intended for convenience only and is not intended to specify any definitions for any specific category.

<p dir="rtl">5 The term "polymer" means a chemical compound consisting primarily of repetitive structural units</p>

repeating structural units, each containing two or more atoms. While many polymers may have molecular weights of more than 500, it is possible for some polymers such as polyethylene to have molecular weights of less than 500. Polymers include copolymers and homopolymers.

<p dir="rtl">10 The term “small molecule” means a chemical compound consisting primarily of structural units</p>

Other than that. Because an oligomer (containing more than 10 repeating units) and a polymer are composed primarily of repeating structural units, they are not small molecules. Small molecules may have molecular weights greater than or less than 500. The terms “small molecule” and “polymer” represent “Exceptional terms interchangeably.

<p dir="rtl">15 The term “contaminant” means a deposited material that collects on equipment during the manufacturing process and/or</p>

A chemical process that may be undesirable and may affect the cost and/or efficiency of the process, and the product of silica removal represents a type of pollutant.

The term “amine” means a molecule containing one or more nitrogen atoms and containing at least a secondary amine group or a primary amine group. Within this definition, monoamines, such as dodecylamine, diamines, such as hexanediamine, and triamines, such as diethylenetriamine, are all amine compounds.

“GPS” represents glycidoxyalkyltrimethoxysilane

glycidoxyalkyltrimethoxysilane includes 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane

<p dir="rtl">25 glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, A possible formula for GPS can be represented by the following structure.</p>

“Ethoxylated Alcohol” means alcohol according to the following formula:

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Where EO is an ethoxy group (OCH2CH2-) and ] is an integer ranging from 1 to 50.

Ethoxylated Amine means Amine according to the following formula:

i/(EO)m-OH

<p dir="rtl">5 Where EO is an ethoxy group m, (-001120112-) ethoxy is an integer ranging from 1 to 50, and] is an integer ranging from 1 to 50.</p>

“G12A7” means a non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant containing 12 to 14 carbon atoms, an example of which is Teric G12A7 sold by Huntsman.

<p dir="rtl">10 “G12A4” means a non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant containing 12 to 14 carbon atoms, an example of which is Teric G12A4 sold by Huntsman.</p>

“G17A3” means a non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant with

It contains 16 to 18 straight chain non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate atoms

<p dir="rtl">15 Carbon, such as the Teric G17A3 sold by Huntsman.</p>

“G9A6” means a non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant with

It contains 9 to 11 carbon atoms straight chain non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate

carbon, such as the Teric G9A6 sold by Huntsman.

G9A8 means a non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant

It contains 9 to 11 carbon atoms straight chain non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate 20 straight chain

carbon, such as the Teric G9A8 sold by Huntsman.

“18Μ20” means an alkyl amine ethoxylate surfactant containing 18 to 22 carbon atoms. An example is Teric 18Μ20 sold by Huntsman.

<p dir="rtl">25 “18Μ2” means an alkyl amine ethoxylate surfactant containing 18 to 22 carbon atoms. An example is Teric 18Μ2 sold by Huntsman.</p>

"16Μ2" means an alkyl amine ethoxylate surfactant containing 16 to 18 carbon atoms. Examples include Teric 16Μ2.

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Sold by Huntsman.

“TAM5” means a surfactant based on tallow alkyl amine ethoxylate, such as Agnique TAM5 sold by Cognis.

<p dir="rtl">5 “DPD” stands for dodecyl-1,3-propanediamine.</p>

“EGDGE” stands for ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether

.diglycidylether

"OPD" stands for oleyl-1,3-propanediamine.

“EPI” stands for epichlorohydrin.

<p dir="rtl">10 "OA" stands for octylamine.</p>

"ED" stands for ethylenediamine.

"OLA" stands for oleylamine.

“TEPA” stands for tetraethylenepentamine.

“AGE” means aliphatic glycidyl ether containing 8 to 10 15 carbons.

The term “alkyloxy” means having an OX structure, where X represents a hydrocarbon and O represents oxygen. It can be used interchangeably with the term "alkoxy". Often in this invention, the oxygen is attached to both the X group and the silicon atom of the small molecule. If X is C1, the 20 alkyloxy group consists of a methyl group attached to the oxygen atom. If X is C2, the alkyloxy group consists of an ethyl group attached to an oxygen atom. If X is C3, the alkyloxy group consists of a propyl group attached to the oxygen atom. If X is C4, the alkyloxy group consists of a butyl group attached to the oxygen atom 25. If X is C5, the alkyloxy group consists of a pentyl group attached to the oxygen atom. If X is C6, the alkyloxy group consists of a hexyl group attached to an oxygen atom.

.oxygen

The term “monoalkyloxy” means that a single alkyloxy group is attached to the silicon atom 30.

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The term dialkyloxy means that two alkyloxy groups are attached to a silicon atom.

The term “trialkyloxy” means that three alkyloxy groups are attached to a silicon atom.

<p dir="rtl">5 “Synthetic narcotic solution” or “Synthetic narcotic solution” represents a liquid that is formed in...</p>

The laboratory is used in the experiment, the composition of which is identical in terms of alumina, soda, and caustic to the liquid that is produced by recycling in the Bayer process.

A “Bayer refrigeration solution” represents an actual refrigeration solution run through the Bayer process in an industrial facility.

<p dir="rtl">10 “Separation” means a mass conversion process in which a mixture of substances is converted into two or more mixtures</p>

Of separate products, at least one of which is rich in one or more components of the mixture, including but not limited to the following processes: adsorption, centrifugation, cyclonic separation, density-based separation, chromatography, crystallization, clinking Decantation, Distillation, Drying, Electrophoresis

<p dir="rtl">15 Electrophoresis, Elutriation, Evaporation, Extraction, Leaching extraction, Liquid-from-liquid extraction, Solid-phase extraction, Flotation, Dissolved air flotation, Froth flotation, Flocculation, filtration, mesh filtration filtration, membrane filtration, microfiltration, filtration</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, molecular distillation, fractional freezing, magnetic separation, precipitation, recrystallization, sedimentation, gravity separation, sieving, stripping, sublimation , vapor-liquid separation, winnowing, refinement</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 Zone refining, and any combination thereof.</p>

The term “thickener” or “settler settling vessel” means a vessel for inducing the separation of a solid from a liquid from a slurry, often by the addition of flocculants, and the vessel is built and arranged to receive the slurry, holding the slurry for a period of time sufficient to make solid fractions From the slurry it settles downward (underflow) away from one or more liquid fractions

<p dir="rtl">30 slurry (upper stream), upper stream clapping, and lower stream removal. The lower stream is often passed</p>

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Thicker and thicker upper stream on filters to further separate solids from liquids.

In the event that the definitions mentioned above or a description mentioned elsewhere in this application do not agree with the meaning (explicit or implied) which is usually used in a dictionary, or mentioned in a source included in the reference

<p dir="rtl">5 In this application, the claim and claim terms in particular are understood to be construed in accordance with the definition or description in this application, and not in accordance with the common definition, dictionary definition, or definition included in the reference. In light of the above, if a term can only be understood if it is interpreted by a dictionary, then</p>

the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, the term is defined in reference 5 (this definition should be correct) th Edition, (2005), (Published by Wiley, John &amp; Sons, Inc.

<p dir="rtl">10 How should the term be defined in the protection elements?</p>

In Bayer's alumina manufacturing process, the bauxite ore passes through a grinding stage, and the alumina is dissolved along with some impurities including silica in an added liquid thinner. The mixture then usually goes through a silica removal stage where the silica is slowly precipitated as DSP to reduce the amount of silica in the solution. The slurry is passed to a digestion stage where 15 any remaining effective silica is dissolved, thus again increasing the silica concentration in the solution which may subsequently form more DSP as the process temperature increases. The liquefied liquid is subsequently separated from the undissolved solids, and the alumina is recovered by precipitation as gibbsite. The spent liquid completes its cycle as it passes through a heat exchanger and returns to the grinding stage. DSP lignans accumulate throughout the Bayer's process, but specifically in the digestion phase and above

<p dir="rtl">20 Specifically in or near the heat exchanger, where the recycled waste fluid passes.</p>

In this invention, it was discovered that dosing different types of small molecule based products can reduce the amount of DSP crusts formed. The small molecules are products of the reaction of surfactants with GPS and optionally with one or more: hydrophobic substances, amine binders, and any combination thereof. Figures 1 and 2 show representative structures of formed small molecules

<p dir="rtl">25 By synthesizing a surfactant, GPS, and an epoxide binder (Figure 1) and a surfactant, GPS, an epoxide binder, and an amine binder (Figure 2), which are examples of the possible reaction product combinations covered in this Embodiment In at least one embodiment of the invention, an effective concentration of the small molecule product is added to a point or stage in the liquid circuit of the Bayer process, thereby reducing or preventing the buildup of DSP on vessels or equipment.</p>

<p dir="rtl">30 Along the circuit of the diaphoretic fluid.</p>

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As described in US Patent No. 8,545,776, the small molecule DG12 is an example of a small molecule that is the product of the reaction of a surfactant and GPS^. Likewise, the small molecule TG14 is also in US Patent No. 8,545,776, and various small molecules such as GEN3j, GEN2, and GENl. Described in published US patent applications No. 2011/0212006 and 2012/0148462 are reaction products of some of these elements. The invention excludes in at least one embodiment GEN2, GENl, DG12, and TG14

OR

RO—Si—OR

<img file="SA7892B1_D0001.tif" />

<img file="SA7892B1_D0002.tif" />

<img file="SA7892B1_D0003.tif" />

1()

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<img file="SA7892B1_D0004.tif" />

In at least one embodiment the reaction product is formed at least in part by availability

Two or more reactants may come into contact with each other for a period of time ranging from 1 minute to 55 days, and/or by allowing the reactants to come into contact with each other at a temperature of 5°C, ranging from 20°C to 9500°C. The invention includes adding any, some, or all of the reactants to Interact at the same time and/or in any sequential order. Any part of the reaction may occur within one or more of: a liquid medium, an aqueous medium, in the presence of an acid and/or base, and/or under acidic, basic, or neutral conditions. Any part of the reaction may occur in at least one part in the presence of one or more catalysts.

In at least one embodiment the surfactant is included but not confined

10 With one selected from the list consisting of: ethoxy fatty alcohols, ethoxy fatty amines, and fatty amines, G12A7, G12A4, G17A4, G9A8 0946.

OLA, OPD, DPD, 16Μ2, 18Μ2, 18Μ20 and any combination thereof. Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5

Figure 6 is a table showing some of the possible reaction product combinations covered by this invention.

15 In at least one embodiment the binder is an epoxide according to one or

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More than formulas (1) and (2):

)1( )2(

In at least one embodiment the hydrophobic material is an aliphatic C8-C1 glycidyl 5 ether. A hydrophobic substance can be described as a linear or branched, aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, which may optionally contain an ether linkage or an additional functional end group such as an epoxide that allows the hydrophobic substance to react and bind to other molecules. A hydrocarbon chain may consist of between 3 and 50 carbon atoms.

In at least one embodiment the hydrophobic substance is according to the formula (3) where 'R' is 10 a linear or branched hydrocarbon containing at least 3 carbon atoms:

)3(

In at least one embodiment, the amine ligands are selected from linear, branched, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compounds of monoamine, diamine, triamine, butamine, and pentamine. The total number of carbon atoms in the amine should preferably be less than 30, preferably less than 20. In at least one embodiment, the amine is selected from the group consisting of: tetraethylene pentamine, ethylene diamene, and any combination who are they.

In at least one embodiment, a small molecule of amine is reacted with 320 glycidoxypropyltrialkoxysilane (GPS).

and the hydrophobic molecule to form a DSP inhibitory structure. A hydrophobic molecule is represented by an amine-reactive compound that has an amine-reactive functional group, such as a glycidyl group, a chloro, a bromo, or an isocyanato. In addition to the reactive functional group of the amine, the hydrophobic molecule 25 includes at least one hydrophobic carbon chain C3-C22 C3-C22

Hydrophobic carbon chain, aromatic or aliphatic, linear or branched.

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10

In at least one embodiment, the amine is selected from linear or branched, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic monoamines or diamines. It is preferable that the total number of carbon atoms in the amine be less than 30, and preferably less than 20.

In at least one embodiment, the amine selects an amine from the group consisting of: Isophoronediamine, xylenediamine, bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, C-hexanediamine, C,C-trimethylhexanediamine, C,C,C-trimethylhexanediamine, Dimethylene) Methylene bis(aminocyclohexane), saturated fatty amines, unsaturated fatty amines such as oleylamine and soyamine N-fatty-1,3-propanediamine N-fatty-1,3- Propanediamine such as cocoalkylpropanediamine, oleylpropanediamine

oleylpropanediamine, dodecylpropanediamine, hydrogenated tallowalkylpropanediamine, tallowalkylpropanediamine and any combination thereof.

15

In at least one embodiment, the reaction product is represented by product P, which is the reaction product of

GPS with surfactant has the following formula:

<img file="SA7892B1_D0005.tif" />

In at least one embodiment, the reaction product is represented by product U, which is the product of the reaction of GPS with the surfactant and the hydrophobic substance having the following formula:

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<img file="SA7892B1_D0006.tif" />

10

15

20

In at least one embodiment, the reaction product is product

In at least one embodiment, the reaction product is product BB, which is the product of the reaction of GPS with the surfactant, hydrophobic and binder of the epoxide having the formula shown in Figure 2.

In at least one embodiment, the reaction conditions cause the formation of two or more of the aforementioned combined reaction products. In at least one embodiment, the composition being added for DSP processing contains one, two, or more of the aforementioned combined reaction products.

In at least one embodiment, the resulting surfactant-based small molecules are added to a dilute caustic solution prior to addition to the remediation stream.

These small particles reduce the amount of DSP scales formed and thus prevent their accumulation on Bayer process equipment.

The effectiveness of these small molecules was unexpected, as previous technical teachings state that only high molecular weight polymers are effective. It is assumed that the effectiveness of polyart depends on its hydrophobic nature and size. This is proven by the fact that only small molecules are assumed to act as building blocks for these polymers and are inactive by themselves. (International Patent Application No. 2008/045677). In addition, the scientific bulletin mentions “small molecules containing”… “Fair Si-O3 groups are effective in preventing the formation of sodalite scales” ... because “the mass group” ... “is essential in keeping the molecule from merging

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9 Light Metals (2008),” page 57, paragraph 9, of Reference 9 Light Metals (2008). However, it has recently been found that in fact, as further explained in the examples provided, small molecules such as those described here are quite effective. Effective in reducing DSP artifacts.

It is believed that there are at least three advantages to using a small molecule-based inhibitor5 compared to a polymeric inhibitor with multiple silane repeating units and hydrophobic substances. It is represented

The first advantage is that the smaller molecular weight of the product indicates that there are a large number of active inhibitory moieties available around the crystallization initiation sites of the DSP at the stage of DSP formation. The second advantage is that the lower molecular weight allows for a high speed of diffusion of the inhibitor, which in turn tends to stabilize the inhibitor molecules quickly on the starting crystallization crystal of DSP 10. The third advantage is that the lower molecular weight leads to avoiding high viscosity of the products and thus makes It is easier and more efficient to transport and inject it into the Bayer process stream.

In at least one embodiment, the DSP peels are processed using one or more of the compositions and/or methods of use described in US Patent Nos. 13/035124, 13/403282, 13/791577, 14/011051, US Patent Nos. 5314626. ,

15 6814873, 7390415, 7442755, 7763698, international patent application numbers

02/070411, 2008/045677, 2012/115769/ and US Published Patent Application Nos. 2004/0162406, 2004/0011744, 2010/0256317, 2011/0076209,

2011/0212006, and 2012/0148462.

Examples

<p dir="rtl">20 The above can be better understood by referring to the following examples, which are given for purposes only</p>

Clarification and we do not want to limit the scope of Sister Arraa. Specifically, the examples are exemplary examples of the principles of the invention and these principles are not strictly limited to the specific circumstance described in these examples. As a result, it should be understood that the invention includes various changes and modifications to the examples described here and that such changes and modifications can be made without deviating from the principle and scope of the invention and without diminishing the scope of the invention.

<p dir="rtl">25 His desired outfits. Therefore, these changes and modifications are included within the protection elements</p>

Appendix.

A number of reaction products were produced using the reactants shown in Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5 according to the different methods described below. The mass of the surfactant added to all reactions was 5 g. The masses of the other reactants were calculated from the 30 molar ratios described in Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5.

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Hydroxyl-terminated surfactants:

Method 1: A mixture of the surfactant (di-hydroxy-terminated) and the hydrophobic substance was stirred and heated at 65°C. A solution of 50% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in water was added and the mixture was left for 30 minutes at 65°C. Then, 5 glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was added, the mixture was left for two hours at 65°C, the reaction mixture was cooled, and then diluted to 5% w/w in a solution of NaOH with a concentration of 20 g/L.

<p dir="rtl">• NaOH was added at a rate of 2 molar equivalents to that of the added epoxide.</p>

<p dir="rtl">• For OA products, method 1 was used except for the incorporation of the hydrophobic material.</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 Amino-terminated surfactants:</p>

Method 2: The surfactant was stirred and heated at 65°C. A hydrophobic substance was added and the mixture was left for 30 minutes at 65°C. Then glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was added and the mixture was left for two hours at 65°C. The reaction mixture was cooled and then diluted to 5% by weight in 20 g/L NaOH solution.

<p dir="rtl">15 • For products P and Q, method 2 was used except for the incorporation of the hydrophobic material.</p>

Method 3: The surfactant was stirred and heated at 65°C. An epoxide binder was added and the mixture was left for 30 minutes at 65°C. Then glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was added and the mixture was left for two hours at 65°C. The reaction mixture was cooled and then diluted to 5% by weight in 20 g/L of 20 NaOH solution.

Method 4: A mixture of surfactant and amine binder was stirred and heated at 65°C. An epoxide binder was added and the mixture was left for 30 minutes at 65°C. Then glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was added

glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and leave the mixture for two hours at 65°C. The reaction mixture 25 was cooled and then diluted to 5% by weight in 20 g/L NaOH solution.

<p dir="rtl">• Products EE and FF were left to react for 60 minutes at 65°C before adding glycidoxy</p>

Propyltrimethoxysilane glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

Method 5: A mixture of surfactant and amine binder was stirred and heated at 65°C. An epoxide binder was added and the mixture was left for two hours at 30°65°C. Then glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was slowly added

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glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and leave the mixture for one hour at 65°C. The reaction mixture was cooled and then diluted to 5% by weight in 20 g/L NaOH solution.

Method 6: A mixture of surfactant, amine binder, and DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide was stirred and heated at 65°C. Five bands of epoxide were slowly added and the mixture was left for 3 hours at 65°C. Then glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was slowly added to the mixture. After 30 minutes, a sample of the reaction mixture was withdrawn and slowly added to 20 g/L of stirred NaOH solution, diluting the sample to a concentration of 13.3% by weight.

Method 7: A mixture of surfactant and binder amine 10 was stirred and heated at 65°C. An epoxide binder was slowly added to the mixture and then left for 30 minutes at 65°C. Then glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was slowly added to the mixture. After 19 minutes, a sample of the reaction mixture was withdrawn and slowly added to 20 g/L of stirred NaOH solution, diluting the sample to a concentration of 10% by weight.

<p dir="rtl">15 Method 8: A mixture of surfactant and amine binder was stirred</p>

And heated at 65°C. An epoxide binder was slowly added to the mixture and then left for one hour at 65°C. Then glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was slowly added to the mixture. After 15 minutes, a sample of the reaction mixture was withdrawn and slowly added to 20 g/L of stirred NaOH solution, diluting the sample to a concentration of 10% by 20 weight.

Method 9: A mixture of surfactant, amine binder and DMSO was stirred and heated at 65°C. An epoxide binder was slowly added to the mixture and then left for one hour at 65°C. Then slowly add glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to the mixture and leave the mixture for one hour. 25 The reaction mixture was cooled and then diluted to 10% by weight in 20 g/L NaOH solution.

Method 10: A mixture of surfactant, amine binder and DMSO was stirred and heated at 65°C. An epoxide binder was slowly added to the mixture and then left for 3 hours at 65°C. Then glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was slowly added to the mixture. After 16 minutes, sample 30 was withdrawn from the reaction mixture and slowly added to 20 g/L of stirred NaOH solution, diluting the sample to

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Concentration of 11.8% by weight.

Method 11: The reaction mixture obtained from Method 10 was left at 65°C for an additional 44 minutes after sampling, cooled, and then diluted to 11.8% by weight in 20 g/L NaOH solution.

Method 12: A mixture of surfactant and amine binder was stirred

<p dir="rtl">5 amine and DMSO and heated at 65°C. An epoxide binder was slowly added to the mixture and then left for two hours and two minutes at 65°C. Then glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was slowly added to the mixture. After 20 minutes, a sample of the reaction mixture was withdrawn and slowly added to 20 g/L of stirred NaOH solution, diluting the sample to a concentration of 11.8% by weight.</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 Method 13: Leave the reaction mixture resulting from Method 12 at 65°C for an additional 40 minutes</p>

After sampling, cool and then dilute to 11.8% by weight in 20 g/L NaOH solution.

Results: Method of testing the vial according to Test 1

The inhibition evaluation of the test conditions used for DSP formation was similar to those previously used and published. To a stirred sample of the waste solution spent in the industrial unit, 15 small amounts of concentrated sodium metasilicate pentahydrate solution were slowly added to increase the amount of silica in the solution (the concentration was usually increased by about 1 g/L on a SiO2 basis). This "spike" solution was then aliquoted into 500 ml batches for processing by adding the appropriate inhibitor at the desired dose. A batch of the spiked gall solution was preserved as an untreated gallbladder solution.

<p dir="rtl">20 Then each of the partially processed batches was sampled for transfer of double samples</p>

They are placed independently in 250 ml Nalgene polypropylene bottles and placed in a rotating water bath at 95°C. Paired untreated control samples were also combined. After heating for 3 hours, the bottles were removed from the bath and the solids were collected by filtration, washed with hot water and dried in the oven at 110°C. After drying it was done

<p dir="rtl">25 Weight of the resulting mass of precipitated DSP solids. Treatment effectiveness was determined by comparing the mass of precipitated DSP resulting from individually treated samples with untreated control samples in the same test.</p>

Results are provided as a percentage calculated on the basis of: (average treated mass/average untreated mass) x 100. A value of 100% indicates no effective inhibition (same mass as untreated) while a value of less than 100% indicates no effective inhibition (same mass as untreated). There is some inhibition

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Effective. Lower numbers indicate more effective inhibition.

Type 1-1: Ethoxylated alcohol/siloxane surfactant

siloxane

Table 1: Percentage of sodalite precipitated (%)

<tr><td colspan="3"><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>160</p></td><td><p>120</p></td><td><p>80</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>75</p></td><td><p>88</p></td><td><p>A</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>73</p></td><td><p>78</p></td><td><p>A*</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>57</p></td><td></td><td><p>66</p></td><td><p>A*</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>61</p></td><td></td><td><p>72</p></td><td><p>B</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>61</p></td><td></td><td><p>72</p></td><td><p>C</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>45</p></td><td><p>69</p></td><td><p>D</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>61</p></td><td><p>61</p></td><td><p>70</p></td><td><p>E</p></td></tr>

5 *The test was repeated under the same reaction conditions as before

Type 1-2: Ethoxylated amine/siloxane surfactant

siloxane

Table 2: Percentage of sodalite precipitated (%)

<tr><td colspan="5"><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>220</p></td><td><p>200</p></td><td><p>160</p></td><td><p>120</p></td><td><p>80</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>91</p></td><td><p>77</p></td><td><p>F</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><p>0.6</p></td><td></td><td><p>6</p></td><td><p>G</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><p>2</p></td><td></td><td><p>16</p></td><td><p>H</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>1</p></td><td></td><td><p>2</p></td><td></td><td><p>8</p></td><td><p>H*</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0.8</p></td><td></td><td><p>2</p></td><td></td><td><p>11</p></td><td><p>H*</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><p>58</p></td><td></td><td><p>91</p></td><td><p>J</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><p>11</p></td><td></td><td><p>36</p></td><td><p>K</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><p>4</p></td><td></td><td><p>17</p></td><td><p>L</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>6</p></td><td><p>23</p></td><td><p>M</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>4</p></td><td><p>5</p></td><td></td><td><p>28</p></td><td><p>M*</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><p>6</p></td><td></td><td><p>25</p></td><td><p>M*</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><p>7</p></td><td></td><td><p>27</p></td><td><p>N</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><p>4</p></td><td></td><td><p>30</p></td><td><p>O</p></td></tr>

*The test was repeated under the same reaction conditions as before

10 Type 1-3: Fatty amine/siloxane surfactant Table 3: Percentage of precipitated sodalite (%)

<tr><td><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr>

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<tr><td><p>120</p></td><td><p>80</p></td><td><p>40</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>7</p></td><td><p>16</p></td><td><p>59</p></td><td><p>P</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>48</p></td><td><p>58</p></td><td><p>43</p></td><td><p>Q</p></td></tr>

Type 2-1: Ethoxylated amine/siloxane/hydrophobic surfactant

Table 4: Percentage of sodalite precipitated (%)

<tr><td colspan="2"><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>120</p></td><td><p>80</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>101</p></td><td><p>95</p></td><td><p>R</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>81</p></td><td><p>71</p></td><td><p>S</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>9</p></td><td><p>33</p></td><td><p>T</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>6</p></td><td><p>32</p></td><td><p>T*</p></td></tr>

*The test was repeated under the same reaction conditions as before

5 Type 2-2: fatty amine/siloxane/hydrophobic surfactant

Table 5: Percentage of sodalite precipitated (%)

<tr><td colspan="3"><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>120</p></td><td><p>80</p></td><td><p>40</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>9</p></td><td><p>13</p></td><td></td><td><p>U</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>7</p></td><td><p>28</p></td><td><p>56</p></td><td><p>U*</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>72</p></td><td><p>86</p></td><td></td><td><p>V</p></td></tr>

*The test was repeated under the same reaction conditions as before

Type 3-1: fatty amine/siloxane surfactant/surfactant

10 Epoxide bonds

Table 6: Percentage of sodalite precipitated (%)

<tr><td colspan="6"><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>140</p></td><td><p>120</p></td><td><p>100</p></td><td><p>80</p></td><td><p>40</p></td><td><p>20</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>1</p></td><td></td><td><p>3</p></td><td><p>37</p></td><td></td><td><p>X</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>0.2</p></td><td></td><td><p>4</p></td><td><p>22</p></td><td></td><td><p>Y</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>3</p></td><td><p>4</p></td><td><p>8</p></td><td><p>13</p></td><td><p>28</p></td><td><p>58</p></td><td><p>Y*</p></td></tr>

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<tr><td><p>0.4</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>1.5</p></td><td><p>15</p></td><td></td><td><p>Y*</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>5</p></td><td></td><td><p>13</p></td><td><p>27</p></td><td></td><td><p>Z</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>3</p></td><td></td><td><p>3</p></td><td><p>52</p></td><td></td><td><p>ZA</p></td></tr>

*The test was repeated under the same reaction conditions as before

Type 4-1: Fatty amine/siloxane surfactant.

Siloxane/amine binder/epoxide binder

Table 7: % sodalite precipitated

<tr><td colspan="6"><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>140</p></td><td><p>80</p></td><td><p>60</p></td><td><p>40</p></td><td><p>20</p></td><td><p>10</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>4</p></td><td><p>11</p></td><td></td><td><p>57</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>AA</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0.1</p></td><td><p>4</p></td><td></td><td><p>25</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>BB</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0.7</p></td><td><p>45</p></td><td></td><td><p>78</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>CC</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td><p>12</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>DD</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>18</p></td><td><p>73</p></td><td><p>90</p></td><td><p>DD*</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>9</p></td><td><p>59</p></td><td></td><td><p>84</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>EE</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td><p>49</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>FF</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>9</p></td><td><p>46</p></td><td><p>85</p></td><td><p>93</p></td><td><p>FF*</p></td></tr>

<p dir="rtl">5 *The test was repeated under the same previous conditions.</p>

Results: Method of testing the vial according to Test 2

Test 2 conditions were similar to those in Test 1 but was designed to evaluate the effect on the initial formation of DSP solids from solution. As a result, this method used a shorter detention time in the precipitation step and an increased initial concentration (“spike”) of silica in 10% of the slurry solution. The data are again presented as mass percent The precipitate compared to the control sample that did not contain the dose .

Type 4-2: Fatty amine/siloxane surfactant.

Siloxane/Pentamine binder/Epoxide binder

Table 8: % sodalite precipitated

<tr><td colspan="3"><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>50</p></td><td><p>45</p></td><td><p>25</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>36</p></td><td></td><td><p>JJ</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td><p>40</p></td><td><p>DS</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td><p>18</p></td><td><p>E.S</p></td></tr>

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<tr><td><p>24</p></td><td></td><td><p>55</p></td><td><p>FS</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>12</p></td><td></td><td><p>50</p></td><td><p>GS</p></td></tr>

Table 9: % sodalite precipitated

<tr><td colspan="11"><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>400</p></td><td><p>200</p></td><td><p>100</p></td><td><p>80</p></td><td><p>60</p></td><td><p>50</p></td><td><p>45</p></td><td><p>40</p></td><td><p>30</p></td><td><p>25</p></td><td><p>20</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>62</p></td><td><p>71</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SA</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>1</p></td><td><p>1.8</p></td><td><p>41</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SB</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2.5</p></td><td><p>36</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SC</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>7</p></td><td><p>59</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SD</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>3.4</p></td><td><p>23</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SE</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2.3</p></td><td><p>12.8</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SF</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>45</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SG</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>57</p></td><td><p>78</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SH</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SI</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0.3</p></td><td><p>26</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>S.J</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>27</p></td><td><p>70</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SK</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>2</p></td><td><p>7</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SL</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>77</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SM</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>37</p></td><td><p>156</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SN</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>14</p></td><td><p>24</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SO</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>3.6</p></td><td></td><td><p>77</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>97</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SP</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>1.5</p></td><td></td><td><p>62</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>82</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SQ</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>28</p></td><td><p>69</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SR</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>2</p></td><td></td><td><p>33</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>78</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>ST</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td><p>77</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>74</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SU</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>4</p></td><td><p>30</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SV</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>0.5</p></td><td></td><td><p>27</p></td><td></td><td><p>56</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SW</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>2</p></td><td><p>41</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>SX</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>12</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>70</p></td><td></td><td><p>AS</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>3.3</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>40</p></td><td></td><td><p>BS</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>32</p></td><td></td><td><p>CS</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>40</p></td><td></td><td><p>DS</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>18</p></td><td></td><td><p>E.S</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>24</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>55</p></td><td></td><td><p>FS</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>12</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>50</p></td><td></td><td><p>GS</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>31</p></td><td><p>HS</p></td></tr>

Type 4-3: Fatty amine/siloxane surfactant.

Siloxane/Pentamine binder/Epoxide binder

Table 10: % Sodalite Precipitated

<tr><td><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr>

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<tr><td><p>40</p></td><td><p>20</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>42</p></td><td><p>44</p></td><td><p>LL</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>41</p></td><td><p>47</p></td><td><p>MM</p></td></tr>

Test 2- Surfactant based molecules vs. Gen2 and Gen3

Table 11: % sodalite precipitated

<tr><td colspan="11"><p dir="rtl">Dosage (ppm)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>1200</p></td><td><p>1100</p></td><td><p>800</p></td><td><p>500</p></td><td><p>40 0</p></td><td><p>20 0</p></td><td><p>100</p></td><td><p>50</p></td><td><p>30</p></td><td><p>25</p></td><td><p>20</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><p>37</p></td><td><p>40</p></td><td><p>39</p></td><td></td><td><p>76</p></td><td><p>114</p></td><td><p>106</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>Gen2</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>32</p></td><td></td><td><p>32</p></td><td></td><td><p>55</p></td><td><p>81</p></td><td><p>92</p></td><td><p>88</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>Gen3</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>1</p></td><td><p>41</p></td><td><p>79</p></td><td><p>103</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>DD</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><p>0</p></td><td><p>16</p></td><td><p>58</p></td><td><p>HS</p></td></tr>

The results in Table 11 above demonstrate the striking difference between the inhibitory effects of previously identified small molecule inhibitors (2 Gen and 3 Gen products) and surfactant-based products (DD and HS). The latter are effective in eliminating DSP formation at lower doses. than 30 ppm. However, for Gen2 and Gen 3 products some DSP precipitation still occurs under these test conditions even at doses greater than 1000 ppm. Given the effectiveness of the Gen 2 and Gen 3 products under Test 1 conditions, this result is not unexpected.

10

15

20

And new.

Results: Test using a metal strip according to Test 3

Test 3 conditions were similar to those in Test 2, however, metal strips were embedded in bottles and trace amounts of DSP were deposited on the metal surface. As shown in Figure 6, a scanning electron microscope analysis of the metal strip tests using the invention shows that large amounts of DSP have been deposited on the untreated metal strip, as well as those treated with large doses D (1000 ppm) of products GEN2 and GEN3. However, on a metal strip that was exposed to a thin solution treated with a surfactant-based inhibitor (KK) at a relatively low dose (100 ppm), substantially less DSP was deposited. This indicates a surprisingly high efficiency For the small molecule that Its surfactant is based on inhibiting the formation of scales from DSP.

Table 2-15 Treatment of liquid solution exposed to metal strips in Test Method 3.

<tr><td><p dir="rtl">Dosage</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">the product</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">Product Type</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">Slide</p></td></tr>

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<tr><td><p dir="rtl">(ppm)</p></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">not available</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">not available</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">Without processing</p></td><td><p>1</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>1000</p></td><td><p>GEN2</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">Type D product</p></td><td><p>2</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>1000</p></td><td><p>GEN3</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">Type E product</p></td><td><p>3</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>100</p></td><td><p>KK</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">Product type 4.2</p></td><td><p>3</p></td></tr>

While this invention may be embodied in many different forms, specific preferred embodiments in accordance with the invention are described in detail here. The present invention is an example of the essentials of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments shown. All patents, patent applications, scientific papers, and any other reference materials mentioned in this statement have been incorporated in their entirety for your reference. Furthermore, the invention includes any possible combination of some or all of the various embodiments mentioned herein, described herein and/or incorporated herein. In addition, the invention includes any possible combination that also specifically excludes any one or more of the various embodiments mentioned herein, described herein and/or incorporated herein.

The above disclosure is intended to be illustrative and not specific. In this description, 10 many changes and modifications will be suggested for the person experienced in this technique. All such alterations and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the protection elements, where the term “including” is intended to mean “including, without limitation.” Those skilled in the technology should be aware of other equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein and such equivalents are also intended to be included in the appended safeguards.

15 It is understood that all extensions and arguments disclosed herein include any and all subterms

Listed here, each number falls between the final points. For example, the range indicated “1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all subranges between “and including” the lower value of 1 and the upper value of 10; Thus, all subranges begin with a lower value of 1 or greater (for example, 1 to 6.1), and end with a higher value of 10 or less (for example, 2.3 to 9.4, 3 to 8, 4 to 7), and finally 20 refers to each number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are located within the range. It expresses all lineages

Percentages, ratios and dimensions here are in weight unless otherwise specified.

This description of preferred and alternative embodiments of the invention continues. Those with technical expertise will recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiment described herein as such equivalents are intended to be included in the appended safeguards.

7892

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