Untitled record

full description

invention background

Hydraulic fracturing increases the flow of desirable fluids such as oil and gas from a subterranean formation and involves placing a fracturing fluid within a subterranean formation or region at a rate and pressure sufficient to impart pressure in the formation or region accompanied by the production of a fracture in the subterranean formation or region.

<p>5 configuration or region. Some fracturing fluids contain a viscosity or gel-transforming agent such as a polysaccharide that causes fracturing immediately before or after placement in the formation.</p>

After the fracture is formed, the fracturing fluid also transports a proppant inside the fracturing. The proppant is supposed to keep the fracture open after the hydraulic pressure is released

<p>10 pressure. Furthermore, the proppant material begins to form conductive channels through which the desired fluids flow into the borehole. Since the proppant material provides a higher conductivity than the surrounding rock, the fracture has a greater potential to produce hydrocarbons. However, some fracturing fluids fracture before the fracture closes, and the proppant material separates from the fracturing fluid and precipitates at the bottom of the fracture. In this case, it is deposited</p>

<p>15th Proppants are deposited at the bottom of the fracture, thus impairing the fracture geometry and well yield.</p>

Accordingly, there is a great need for formulations and methods that provide relatively high permeability and that enhance the production of hydrocarbons from crushed formations.

US Patent No. 0211580/2006 discloses a well treatment composition containing

<p>20 Super water-absorbent polysaccharide-based, applicable as a thermal insulation fluid</p>

insulating, breaking down or stimulating acid stimulation.

٥٨٧٩

-٣-

US Patent No. 6776235 discloses methods for increasing well productivity by sequentially injecting into a wellbore alternating phases of fracturing fluids varying in their ability to transport propping agents or in the amount of support agents transported.

5 US Patent No. 0032633/2006 discloses methods and compositions for carrier fluids containing water-absorbent fibers.

US Patent No. 0305247/2012 reveals a method for placing a particulate blend into a formed fracture in a subterranean formation. The method comprises injecting a first treatment fluid containing a particulate mixture slurry

10 particulate blend slurry to start or propagate the fraction; Injection of a second treatment fluid that has a different viscosity than the first treatment fluid, and the formation of particulate-rich clusters separated by particulate-free regions, forming open channels.

International Patent Publication No. 071584/2010 discloses a superpolymer composite material

15th Superabsorbent polymer composite contains a superabsorbent polymer and cellulosic nanofibrils.

The present invention reveals a super absorbent polymer having a dispersed phase incorporating an elastomeric material. Super absorbent polymers are useful in disposable personal care articles .

20 General description of the invention

The above and other deficiencies were overcome, in one embodiment, by a hydraulic fracturing composition comprising: a superabsorbent polymer

superabsorbent polymer in expanded state and designed to break in response to breaking condition; A group of proppant particles

٥٨٧٩

-٤-

deposited in the superabsorbent polymer before releasing an array of the superabsorbent polymer backing material particles in response to the cracking of the superabsorbent polymer; A fluid for expanding the superabsorbent polymer to the expanded state.

A process for preparing a hydraulic cracking composition includes: contacting a superabsorbent polymer with a fluid 5 to expand the superabsorbent polymer in an expanded state; and deposition of a group of particles of the filler material

support in superabsorbent polymer for preparation of hydraulic fracturing formulation.

In another embodiment, a hydraulic cracking composition comprises: a superabsorbent polymer in an expanded state and designed to cleave in response to a cracking condition; A collection of proppant particles deposited in the superabsorbent polymer prior to the release of a collection of proppant particles from the polymer

10 superabsorbent in response to superabsorbent polymer cracking; An additive comprising a surfactant, a viscous polymer, or a combination thereof and a fluid for expanding the superabsorbent polymer to the expanded state.

A process for depositing a range of proppant particles into a fracture includes: Deposition of a hydraulic fracturing formulation in a downhole environment Hydraulic fracturing formulation including: a superpolymer

15th The adsorption is in an extended state and designed to break in response to a cracking condition, such that a decomposed polymer is formed from the cracking of the superabsorbent polymer; A collection of proppant particles deposited in the superabsorbent polymer prior to the release of a collection of the proppant particles of the superabsorbent polymer in response to the cracking of the superabsorbent polymer; a fluid for expanding the superabsorbent polymer into the expanded state; formation of a fracture in the environment down the well; deposition

20 hydraulic fracturing composition in the fracture; cracking of the superabsorbent polymer after fracture formation; and releasing a group of proppant particles from the superabsorbent polymer to precipitate a group of proppant particles in the fracture.

In one embodiment, a process for depositing a group of proppant particles into a fracture includes:

٥٨٧٩

-٥-

A superabsorbent polymer in an expanded state and designed to break in response to a cracking condition, such that a fragmented polymer is formed from the cracking of the superabsorbent polymer; A collection of proppant particles deposited in the superabsorbent polymer prior to the release of a collection of the proppant particles of the superabsorbent polymer in response to the cracking of the superabsorbent polymer; and additive material

5 comprising a surfactant, a viscous polymer, or a combination thereof; a fluid for expanding the superabsorbent polymer into the expanded state; formation of a fracture in the environment down the well; deposition of hydraulic fracturing composition in the fracture; cracking of the superabsorbent polymer after fracture formation; and releasing a group of proppant particles from the superabsorbent polymer to precipitate a group of proppant particles in the fracture.

10 In another embodiment, a process for depositing a group of proppant-containing fluid particles into a fraction includes: injection of a proppant-free fluid and a proppant-containing fluid fluid in alternating arrangement into a subterranean formation; wherein the fluid free of the support filler comprises an anaqueous carrier comprising water, brine, an acid, or a base; a lubricant lubricant; The fluid containing the proppant contains a polymer

15th Super absorbent in an expanded state and designed to break in response to a crushing condition; A collection of proppant particles deposited in the superabsorbent polymer prior to the release of a collection of the proppant particles of the superabsorbent polymer in response to the cracking of the superabsorbent polymer; A fluid for expanding the superabsorbent polymer to the expanded state.

In yet another embodiment, a process for depositing a group of proppant particles into a fracture comprises

20 ON: injection of a proppant-free fluid and a fluid containing proppant in alternating arrangement into a subterranean formation; wherein the fluid free of the proppant material comprises an aqueous carrier comprising water, parane, acid, and base; a lubricant; A proppant containing fluid comprises a superabsorbent polymer in an expanded state and is designed to fracture in response to a fracturing condition; . A group of proppant particles deposited in the superabsorbent polymer before releasing a group of

25 Superabsorbent polymer backing material particles in response to superpolymer cracking

٥٨٧٩

-٦-

absorption; A fluid for expanding the superabsorbent polymer to the expanded state.

Brief explanation of the drawings

The following terms of description should in no way be considered a limitation. With reference to the attached drawings, similar elements are numbered with the same numbering:

5 Figure 1 shows the particles of the proppant deposited in a superabsorbent polymer in an expanded state according to an embodiment;

Figure 2 shows the particles of the proppant deposited in a superabsorbent polymer in an expanded state according to an embodiment;

Figure 3 shows a superabsorbent polymer in an unexpanded state;

10 Figure 4 shows a disintegrated polymer and support filler particles;

Figure 5 shows a hydraulic fracturing composition deposited in a fracture prior to a fracturing chuck;

Figure 6 shows the response of the hydraulic fracturing assembly from Figure 5 to a fracturing condition;

Figure 7 shows a separate fluid and proppant particles deposited in a fracture prior to fracture closure;

Figure 8 shows the effect on the fracture size of the proppant particles that precipitate before closing

15th fracture;

Figure 9 shows particles of proppant deposited in guar or superabsorbent polymer as a function of time at 100°C (180°F);

Figure 10 shows the addition of a breaker to a guar or superabsorbent polymer at 100

Celsius (180 Fahrenheit);

20 Figure 11 shows a fracturing cell during injection of a hydraulic fracturing assembly;

٥٨٧٩

-٧-

Figure 12 shows a fracturing cell after water is injected into a hydraulic fracturing assembly deposited in the fracturing cell;

Figure 13 shows the viscosity difference of the strength proppant particle fluid fluid strength proppant SPP (particle) alone and the strength proppant particle fluid fluid aggregated with linear gel systems

linear gel systems 5 .;

Figure 14a shows the appearance of sample K and sample L at time 0 and Figure 14b shows the appearance of sample K and sample L after storing samples at room temperature for 24 hours;

Figure 15 shows a cracking cell after replacing an injection fluid containing a proppant material by force comprising a forcible proppant particulate fluid, a proppant particle, a fluid for forcibly expanding the proppant fluid particulate fluid 10, and a fluid without a proppant containing water and a lubricant; And

Figure 16 shows a cracking cell after replacing a proppant-free injection fluid that includes a proppant particle fluid fluid and a proppant-containing fluid comprising water, a lubricant, and proppant particles.

Detailed description:

15th Detailed descriptions of one or more embodiments are provided in this document by way of example and without limitation.

It has been discovered that the hydraulic fracturing composition described herein forms fractures in the formation and transport of proppant particles within the fractures without changing the geometry of the fractures so that hydrocarbon transport through fractures and extraction is improved. Filling material particles remain

20 Support is suspended in the hydraulic fracturing assembly without sedimentation to the bottom of the fractures, which enhances production from the well.

As shown in Figure 1, the hydraulic fracturing composition 10 comprises a superabsorbent polymer 12 (for example, an array of superabsorbent polymer particles).

٥٨٧٩

-٨-

12 superabsorbent polymer particles), a group of filler particles 18 embedded in the superabsorbent polymer 12, and a fluid (not shown) to expand the superabsorbent polymer 12 into the expanded state. In the expanded state, the superabsorbent polymer 12 is engineered to break in response to a cracking condition, and a Disintegrated polymer from superabsorbent polymer cracking 12. During superabsorbent polymer cracking 12, a group of support filler particles 18 are released from the superabsorbent polymer 12.

The superabsorbent polymer 12 comprises a group of 13 polymer chains having internal crosslinks 14 internal crosslinks between the polymer chains 13 with the superabsorbent polymer 12. In one embodiment, the support filler particles 18 are embedded in the 10 22 space between the superabsorbent particles 12. Contiguous absorption . In some embodiments,

Stabilization of the filler particles 18 in space 22 and their confinement between intra-particle crosslinks 26 to the superabsorbent polymer particles 12. The fluid is expected to surround the outer space 24 of the superabsorbent polymer 12, or its outer space 22, within the particles 12, or a combination Of which.

15th The superabsorbent polymer 12 is a crosslinked, neutral or partially neutral polymer that is capable of adsorbing large amounts of aqueous liquids, such as water, parine, acid, or base, with swelling and forming a gel or viscous material, The absorbed fluid is retained under a certain pressure or temperature. The super absorbent polymer has internal crosslinks, surface crosslinks, or

20 combination thereof. The superabsorbent polymer particles are superabsorbent polymer compositions. The abbreviation SAP (superabsorbent polymer) may be used in place of superabsorbent polymer, superabsorbent polymer composition, and particle or fibers (and the like) herein.

٥٨٧٩

-٩-

The superabsorbent polymer has a hydrophilic network that retains large amounts of aqueous liquid relative to the weight of the superabsorbent polymer. In one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) herein are a variety of organic polymers that react with or absorb water and swell on contact 5 with an aqueous fluid. Non-exhaustive examples of such superabsorbent polymers are the polysaccharide (where, for example, in a dry state, it absorbs and retains a significant weight of water equal to or greater than its own weight), poly2-hydroxyethyl acrylate - hydroxyethylacrylate, polyalkyl acrylate, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyvinyl acetate. In one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a copolymer of acrylamide with, for example, maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, acrylonitrile thereof, or a combination thereof. The production of superabsorbent polymers is, for example, from acrylamide 15 (AM) or acrylic acid and its salts.

In one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is polymerized from nonionic, anionic, cationic monomers, or a combination thereof. The polymerization to form a superabsorbent polymer can be by free-radical polymerization, solution polymerization, gel polymerization, emulsion 20 polymerization, dispersion polymerization, or suspension polymerization.

polymerization. Furthermore, the polymerization can be carried out in an aqueous phase, in an inverse emulsion, or in an inverse suspension.

Examples of nonionic monomers for the preparation of the superabsorbent polymer include nonionic monomers such as acrylamide, N-methacrylamide, N,N-methacrylamide-di (C1-C8 25 alkyl) acrylamide such as N,N-di(C1-C8 alkyl)acrylamide ,N-dimethylacrylamide -N,N

٥٨٧٩

-١٠-

dimethylacrylamide, vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, allyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, and derivatives thereof. Such derivatives include, for example, acrylamide derivatives, in particular alkyl-substituted acrylamides or derivatives of

5 Acrylamide is replaced by aminoalkyl-substituted derivatives or methacrylamide, with more specification of acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N, N-methylacrylamide, N,N, N-methylmethacrylamide-N,N-dimethylacrylamide

N, dimethylacrylamide- N,N-ethylacrylamide-N,N-ethylacrylamide-N-diethylacrylamide-N,N,N-diethylacrylamide-N-cyclohexylacrylamide N,N-cyclohexylacrylamide-benzyl

10 N,N,N,N-benzylacrylamide-dimethylaminoethylacrylamide-N,NN,N,dimethylaminopropylacrylamide-N,NN,dimethylaminoethylacrylamide-N,N-tert-butylacrylamide-N-tert-butylacrylamide-vinyl acrylamide N-vinylformamide, N-vinylacetamide, acrylonitrile,

methacrylonitrile, or a combination thereof.

15th Examples of anionic monomers for the preparation of the superabsorbent polymer include ethylenically unsaturated anionic monomers containing acidic groups including a carboxylic group, a sulfonic group, a phosphonic group, a salt derived from it, a salt of which is derived. , or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the anionic monomer is

20 acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, -chloroacrylic acid, -chloroacrylic acid, - -cyanoacrylic acid, -methylacrylic acid (crotonic acid), -phenylacrylic acid -

25 phenylacrylic acid, -acryloyloxypropionic acid, -acryloyloxypropionic acid

٥٨٧٩

-١١-

Sorbic acid, -chlorosorbic acid, 2'-methylisocrotonic acid, cinnamic acid, p-chlorocinnamic acid, -stearyl acid acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid

5 glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid, allyl sulfonic acid, vinyl sulphonic acid, allyl phosphonic acid, vinyl phosphonic acid, or a combination thereof.

Examples of cationic monomers for preparing a superabsorbent polymer include

10 N,N-di-C1-C8 alkyl amino -C1-C8 alkyl acrylate N-di- C1-C8 alkylamino- C1-C8, alkylacrylate (eg, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate N,N-dimethyl N,N, (amino ethyl acrylate-di-C1-C8 alkyl amino-C1-C8 alkyl methacrylate-N,N-di C1-C8 alkylamino- C1-C8 alkylmethacrylate (eg, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate (N,N-dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate), including tetramer (on

15th For example, methyl chloride quaternary forms), N,N,diallyldimethylammonium chloride-diallyldimethylammonium chloride-C1-C8 alkyl amino

<p>-C1-C8 alkyl acrylamide N,N-di- C1-C8 alkylamino- C1-C8 alkylacrylamide, and its tetramer as acrylamidopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride</p>

.ammonium chloride

<p>20 In one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is an anisotropic superabsorbent polymer, containing both cationic substituents and anionic substituents. Cationic replacement groups and ionic replacement groups appear in different stoichiometric proportions, including one to one, or there is one greater stoichiometric amount</p>

25 from the second substitution group. The representative anisotropic superabsorbent polymers include

٥٨٧٩

-١٢-

Terpolymers are made up of nonionic monomers, anionic monomers and cationic monomers.

In one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer comprises guar gum and carrageenan. Appropriate material includes that disclosed in a patent application

5 Japanese No. 2003-154262a, whose entire contents are included in this document for reference.

According to one embodiment, the guar gum used in the superabsorbent polymer comprises natural guar gum as well as enzyme treated guar gum; The latter is obtained by treating natural guar gum with galactosidase, mannosidase, or another enzyme. can be gum

10 Guar is also a galactomannan derivative prepared by treating natural guar gum with chemicals to introduce carboxyl groups, hydroxyl alkyl groups, sulfate groups, phosphate groups, and the like. Additionally, in one embodiment, a natural polysaccharide, other than guar, is included.

15th Walla arginine. Typical natural polysaccharides include starch

starch, cellulose, xanthan gum, agar, pectin, alginic acid, tragacanth gum, pluran, gellan gum, tamarind seed gum, cardlan gum arabic , glucomannan, chitin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid

20 hyaluronic acid, and the like.

Ca-arginine is an ionic linear polysaccharide comprising repeating galactose units that can independently be sulfated or unsulfated. Special types of carrageenan include kappa, ota, meda, and the like. In some embodiments, a mixture of ca-arginine species is used. In a particular embodiment,

<p>25 Carrageenan or a carrageenan-like substance is used to form a gel. In addition</p>

٥٨٧٩

-١٣-

To natural carrageenan, suitable types of carrageenan include enzyme-treated substances from natural carrageenan or a derived carrageenan, for example, those prepared by processing natural carrageenan (for example, using a chemical) to introduce a group of functional (eg, a carboxyl group

<p>5 carboxyl group, hydroxyl alkyl group, sulfate group, phosphate group, and the like).</p>

The superabsorbent polymer comprises a group of crosslinking compounds between the polymer chains of the superabsorbent polymer. According to one embodiment, the crosslinkers are covalent and result from crosslinking a superabsorbent polymer with a crosslinker. In one embodiment, it is

<p>10 The crosslinking compound is an ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing, for example, two ethylenic unsaturation sites (that is, two ethylenically unsaturated double bonds), an ethylene double unsaturated functional group reactivity towards a functional group (eg, amide group) of the polymer chains of the superabsorbent polymer, or</p>

<p>15th Multiple functional groups that are reactive towards the functional groups of the polymer chains of the superabsorbent polymer. In one embodiment, the degree of crosslinking in the superabsorbent polymer is chosen in this case to control the amount of swelling (that is, fluid absorption or volume expansion) of the superabsorbent polymer.</p>

Typical crosslinking compounds include diacrylamide or methacrylamide

<p>20 methacrylamide from diamine as diacrylamide from piperazine; acrylate or methacrylate ester of a di,tri,hydroxy tetrahydroxy tart including ethyleneglycol diacrylate,polyethyleneglycol diacrylate,trimethylpropanetarymethacrylate ethylglycol diacrylate,trimethyleneglycol diacrylate,trimethylene teremethacrylate ethyloxyrylated ethyl estere</p>

25 trimethylol triacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerythritol

٥٨٧٩

-١٤-

tetracrylate, and the like; A divinyl or diallyl compound separated by an azo group such as the diallylamide of 2,2'-azobis(2,2'-azobis)isbutyric acid or a vinyl or an allyl ester of an acid Di or tertiary functional groups Additional crosslinking compounds include soluble diacrylates

5 water soluble diacrylates such as poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (for example, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate) (PEG) poly(ethylene glycol)

200 Diacrylates) or poly(ethylene glycol) 400 diacrylates and polyvinyl derivatives

Such as polyalcohol, polyfunctional vinyl derivatives, functional groups

20-9 ethoxylated (ethoxylated) trimethylol triacrylate.

<p>10 Examples of crosslinking also include aliphatic unsaturated amides, such as methylenebisacrylamide or ethylenebisacrylamide; aliphatic esters of polyols or polyols</p>

ethylenically unsaturated with alkoxylated polyols

acids, such as di(meth)acrylates or tari(meth)acrylates

<p>15th tri(meth)acrylates of butanediol, ethylene glycol, polyglycols, trimethylolpropane; Day-Water-Acrylate</p>

where (trimethylolpropane from di- and triacrylate esters)

oxyalkylated (as ethoxylated) treatment with alkylene oxide as ethylene oxide); acrylates and methacrylate esters

<p>20 methacrylate esters of glycerol or pentaerythritol; acrylate and methacrylate esters of glycerol and pentaerythritol oxyethylated with, for example, ethylene oxide; Allyl compounds (such as allyl (meth) acrylate, alkoxylated allyl (meth) acrylate</p>

allyl(meth)acrylate reactive with, eg, ethylene oxide, triallyl

25 cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, maleic acid diallyl ester, poly-allyl esters, oxyethane

٥٨٧٩

-١٥-

tetraallyloxyethane, triallylamine, tetraallylethylenediamine, diols, polyols, hydroxy allyl or acrylate compounds and allyl esters of phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid or phosphorous acid) are capable of On

<p>5 Crosslinking, such as N-methylol compounds from unsaturated amides</p>

unsaturated amides, such as methacrylamide or acrylamide, and ethers derived from them. A combination of crosslinking compounds can also be used.

In one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is a particle (or fiber or other formulation) comprising surface crosslinks, appearing outside the inner space of the superpolymer

<p>10 absorption. Surface crosslinking compounds, for example, result from the addition of a surface crosslinker with a superabsorbent polymer particle and heat treatment. Surface crosslinking compounds increase the crosslink density of the superabsorbent polymer near its surface relative to the crosslink density of the inner space of the superabsorbent polymer. Some surface crosslinking compounds have a functional group that is reactive to a group of polymer chains from a superpolymer</p>

<p>15th Absorbent, eg, acid or amide group. The surfactant crosslinking compound comprises one of the crosslinking compounds mentioned above and includes a functional group such as an alcohol, an amine, an aldehyde, or a carboxylate group. In one embodiment, the surfactants have various different functional groups such as polyols, polyamines, polyaminoalcohols, and alkylene carbonates.</p>

<p>20 carbonates. Ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, polyglycerol, propylene glycol, diethanolamine can be used</p>

diethanolamine, triethanolamine, polypropylene glycol, block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene

<p>25 propylene oxide, sorbitan fatty acid esters, ethoxylated</p>

٥٨٧٩

-١٦-

ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid esters, trimethylolpropane, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, ethoxylated pentaerythritol, polyethylene ethoxylated pentaerythritol, polyethylene ethoxylated alcohol, carbonyl sorbitol, phenylcarbon

<p>5 Propylene carbonate. Surfactant crosslinking compounds also provide the superabsorbent polymer with a chemical property where the polymer chains of the superabsorbent polymer do not have surface pre-crosslinking and control the chemical properties of the superabsorbent polymer, for example, non-hydrophilic, hydrophilic, or adhesion of the superabsorbent polymer to other materials such as metallic materials. (for example, silicates) or other chemicals such as petroleum</p>

<p>10 compounds (eg, hydrocarbons, asphaltene, and the like). Other crosslinking compounds include borate, titanate, zirconate, aluminate, chromate, or a combination thereof. Boron crosslinkers, eg. For example, on boric acid, sodium tetraborate, encapsulated borates, and the like.In some embodiments,</p>

15th The crosslinking compounds of borate crosslinkers are used with buffers and pH control agents such as sodium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium carbonate, amines (such as hydroxyalkyl amines, hydroxyalkylamines). anilines, pyridines, pyrimidines,

20 quinolines, pyrrolidines, carboxylates (such as acetates and oxalates), delay agents such as sorbitol, aldehydes, sodium gluconate, and the like. Crosslinkers of zirconium, for example zirconium crosslinkers, are used. zirconium lactates (for example, sodium zirconium

25 lactate(,2,2-triethanolamines,triethanolamines'-iminodiethanol-2,2'

٥٨٧٩

-١٧-

iminodiethanol, or a combination thereof in certain embodiments. Crosslinking titanates include, for example, lactates, triethanolamines, and the like.

In one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer comprises a repeat unit comprising acrylate, acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl ester (eg.

5 For example, vinyl acetate, a vinyl alcohol, a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. According to one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is polyacrylamide.

polyacrylamide with crosslinking compounds that are polyethylene glycol diacrylate. In some embodiments, the superabsorbent polymer is a polyacrylic acid, wherein the crosslinking compounds are an oligomer

10 vinyl ester oligomer. In one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is bait poly(acrylic acid) poly(acrylic acid (partial sodium salt graft poly(ethylene glycol), which is commercially available from Sigma Aldrich. The superabsorbent polymer can be in a number of formulations, including particle (eg, powder), fibres, strips, braid, and the like, or a combination thereof.

15th The size of the superabsorbent polymer is from 10 μm to 100,000 μm, especially 50 μm to 10,000 μm, and with an assignment of more than 50 μm to 1,000 μm. As used herein, “size” refers to the largest linear dimension, for example, diameter in a spherical particle. Superabsorbent polymer particles can be of any shape including spherical, spherical, and polyhedral. according to one

20 embodiments, the superabsorbent polymer is a particle with pores or voids between the polymer chains of the superabsorbent polymer into which a fluid or particulate support material is allowed to enter. A hydraulic fracturing composition comprises a group of superabsorbent polymer particles (or another formulation such as fibers or strands) that fuse together to form a single block of superabsorbent polymer, herein referred to as a superabsorbent polymer.

25 Figure 1 shows the superabsorbent polymer as a group of superpolymer particles

٥٨٧٩

-١٨-

12 However, the superabsorbent polymer is a group of 12 superabsorbent polymer fibers as shown in Figure 2 in some embodiments. A combination of different formulations of the superabsorbent polymer is expected for some embodiments.

The superabsorbent polymer with crosslinking compounds is useful as a fluid carrier or

5 proppant particles. In a fracturing operation (eg, hydraulic fracturing), the proppant particles precipitated in the superabsorbent polymer remain in the fracture and support fracture opening when the pressure used to form the fracture is released as the superabsorbent polymers fracture in response to fracturing conditions. The proppant particles have Size from 1 μm to 2000 μm, especially 10 μm to 1000 μm,

10 And by allocating more 10 micrometers to 500 micrometers. Moreover, particles of the support filler have any shape including spherical, icosahedral, and polyhedral and are unimodally or polyhedral with an average particle size distribution that is uniform in shape or polyhedron, eg, dimorphic.

In one embodiment, due to the relative size of the superabsorbent polymer and filler particles

15th The support filler particles are fixed between adjacent superabsorbent particles (Fig. 1 item) 12 or fibers (Fig. 2 item 12), for example, in holes or channels formed by the gaps or voids 22 between those superabsorbent particles 22 Contiguous or fibers or fixed within independent superabsorbent polymer particles or fibers in the expanded state of the superabsorbent polymer.

20 Particles of the backing material include ceramic, sand, mineral, nut shell, gravel, glass, resinous particles, polymeric particles, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the proppant particles are selected based on the specific application of the hydraulic fracturing composition. Examples of a ceramic material include an oxide-based ceramic material, a nitride-based ceramic material.

25 ceramic, carbide-based ceramic material, boride-based ceramic material

٥٨٧٩

-١٩-

based ceramic, a silicide-based ceramic material, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the oxide-based ceramic material is silica (SiO2), titania (TiO2), aluminum oxide, boron oxide, potassium oxide

potassium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, 5-calcium oxide, lithium oxide, phosphorous oxide, and/or titanium oxide, or a combination thereof. The oxide-based ceramic, nitride-based ceramic, carbide-based ceramic, boride-based ceramic, or silicide-based ceramic contains a nonmetal (for example, oxygen, nitrogen, boron, carbon, or silicon). silicon, and the like

10 that), a metal (for example, aluminum, lead, bismuth, and the like), a transition metal (for example, niobium, tungsten, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, yttrium, and the like), alkali metal (for example, lithium, potassium, potassium, and the like), alkaline earth metal (for example, calcium, 15 magnesium, strontium, and the like) , earth metal rare earth (for example, lanthanum, cerium, and the like), or a halogen (for example, fluorine, chlorine, and the like).

Typical ceramics on zirconia, zirconia, stabilized zirconia, mollite

mullite, zirconia toughened alumina, spinel, alumina

20 aluminosilicates (eg, mullite, cordierite),

perovskite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, aluminum carbide

carbide, aluminum nitride, zirconium carbide, zirconium nitride, iron carbide, aluminum oxynitride

<p>25 oxynitride, silicon aluminum oxynitride, aluminum titanate</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٢٠-

aluminum titanate, tungsten carbide, tungsten nitride, steatite, and the like, or a combination thereof.

Examples of sands suitable for proppant particles include, but are not limited to, Arizona sands, Wisconsin sands, Badger sands, Brady sands, and Ottawa sands. In one embodiment, you are

<p>5 Particles of a backing material made of a mineral material such as bauxite are sintered to obtain a solid. In one embodiment, sintered bauxite or sintered bauxite has a relatively high permeability as the bauxite material disclosed in US Patent No. 4,713.203, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.</p>

Particles of naturally occurring proppant include coconut nut shells such as wood

<p>10 walnut, coconut, pecan, almond, ivory nut, brazil nut, and the like; seed shells of fruits such as plum, olive, peach, cherry, apricot, and the like; seed husks from other plants such as maize (for example, to weigh corn cobs or corn kernels); wood materials such as those derived from oak, continental</p>

<p>15th hickory, walnut, poplar, mahogany, etc.</p>

Like. These materials are particles formed by crushing, grinding, cutting, peeling, and the like.

In one embodiment, the particles of the proppant are coated, for example, with a resin. Therefore, the independent proppant particles have a coating applied to them. In this

<p>20 In the method, if the particles of the filler support material are compressed during or after, for example, fracturing, at a pressure large enough to produce fine particles of them, the cohesive fine particles remain within the coating so that they are not released into the formation. Fine particles are expected to reduce the conductivity of hydrocarbons (or other fluid) through fractures or pores in fractures and are avoided by coating the support filler particles.</p>

<p>25 Backing fillers on cured, partially cured, or uncured coatings</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٢١-

coatings, eg, of heat-hardening or thermoplastic resin. Hardening of the coating on the proppant particles occurs before or after the proppant particles are deposited in the superabsorbent polymer or before or after the hydraulic fracturing formulation is deposited down the well, for example.

<p>5 In one embodiment, the coating is an organic compound comprising an epoxy, phenolic, polyurethane, polycarbodiimide, polyamide, polyamide imide, furan resins, or a combination thereof. A phenolic resin is, for example, phenol formaldehyde resin produced by the reaction of phenol, bis</p>

<p>10 Bisphenol, or derivatives thereof with formaldehyde. Typical thermoplastic materials include polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, fluoroplastics, polysulfide, polypropylene, nylon acrylonylpropylene, fluoroplastics. phenylene oxide. Hardened materials include</p>

<p>15th Typical thermosets on epoxy, phenolic, real thermosetting resin</p>

becomes thermoplastic resin or resole such as thermosetting resin

Heat hardened by a hardening agent, polyester resin, polyurethanes, epoxy-modified phenolic resin, and derivatives thereof.

<p>20 In one embodiment, the curing agent for the coating is nitrogen-containing compounds such as amines and their derivatives; compounds containing</p>

carboxylic acid such as oxygen-containing compounds on oxygen

Polyesters, polyesters, anhydrides, phenol formaldehyde resins, amino-formaldehyde resins, phenol

25 phenol, bisphenol AA and cresol novolacs, phenolic resins

٥٨٧٩

-٢٢-

phenolic-terminated epoxy resins; sulfur-containing compounds such as polysulfides, polymercaptans; catalytic curing agents such as tertiary amines, Lewis acids, Lewis bases; or a combination thereof.

<p>5 In one embodiment, the particles of the proppant comprise a crosslinked coating. Cross-linking coating typically provides crush strength, or resistance, to the filler particles and prevents the build-up of the filler particles even under conditions of high pressure and temperature. In some embodiments, the proppant particles have a curable coating, which solidifies below the surface, eg under the well or in a fracture. The paint hardens</p>

<p>10 Hardens under conditions of pressure and high temperature in the subsurface reservoir. Hence, particles of proppant having hardenable coating are used for high temperature and pressure conditions.</p>

According to one embodiment, the coating is fixed on the proppant particles by mixing in a vessel, eg, a reactor. Independent components are assembled, for example

<p>15th For example, particles of fillers and resin materials (for example, reactive monomers used to form, for example, an epoxy or polyamide coating) are in the vessel to form a reaction mixture and are shaken to mix the components. In another embodiment, the coating is deposited onto a particle by spraying such as by coming into contact with particles of a material</p>

<p>20 Backing with spray paint. The coated proppant particles are heated to induce paint cross-linking.</p>

In addition to the proppant particles and the superabsorbent polymer, the hydraulic fracturing composition includes a breaker in some embodiments. The crushing material contacts the superabsorbent polymer to break up the superabsorbent polymer. In one embodiment, the breaker material contacts the polymer

25 Super absorbent and breaks the bonds in the polymer chain molecular chain of the super polymer

٥٨٧٩

-٢٣-

Absorbents, no bonds in the crosslinking compound, no bonds between the crosslinking compound and the polymer chains of the superabsorbent polymer, or a combination thereof. Thus, superabsorbent polymer cracking includes the fragmentation, disintegration, or dissolution of the superabsorbent polymer such as by cracking the bonds in the superabsorbent polymer chain, cracking crosslinking compounds between the superabsorbent polymer chains, changing the

<p>5 The engineered structure of the superabsorbent polymer, or a combination thereof. In this way, the viscosity of the hydraulic fracturing composition is reduced. In some embodiments, the cracker breaks the superabsorbent polymer to form a fragmented polymer such as a group of fragments having a lower molecular weight of the superabsorbent polymer. After the superabsorbent polymer is broken down, a group of filler particles are released from the superabsorbent polymer.</p>

<p>10 According to one embodiment, the cracker comprises an oxidizer such as superoxide</p>

peroxide, persulfate, perphosphate, perborate, percarbonate, persilicate, oxyacid of halogen, oxyanion of halogen, peracid, a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof.

<p>15th In one embodiment, the cracker is a supersulfate, such as sodium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate (Caro acid), or a combination thereof. For example, an oxygenic acid or an oxygen anion of a halogen, for example, hypochlorous acid</p>

<p>20 acid, hypochlorite, chlorous acid and chlorites, chloric acid and chlorates, perchloric acid and perchlorate, a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof.</p>

In one embodiment, a peroxide breaker has oxygen-oxygen single bonds in its molecular structure. 25 The peroxide breaker is hydrogen peroxide or

٥٨٧٩

-٢٤-

Another material to provide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide to break down the superabsorbent polymer. Metal peroxides such as sodium peroxide, calcium peroxide, zinc peroxide, magnesium peroxide, or other peroxides such as superoxides, peroxides can be used.

5 organic organic peroxides, and the like.

Further, in one embodiment, the peroxide breaker is a stabilized peroxide breaker with hydrogen peroxide bound, inhibited, or the like by another compound or molecule before contact with, for example , an aqueous fluid such as water that forms or releases hydrogen peroxide

<p>10 Upon contact with the aqueous fluid. Typical peroxide crackers include excess hydrogen peroxide with another molecule and include carbamide peroxide or C(=O)(NH2)2.H2O2 (urea peroxide), percarbonate (eg, 2Na2CO3). sodium percarbonate (3H2O2), potassium percarbonate, ammonium percarbonate, and the like.</p>

<p>15th Fixed peroxide crackers also include compounds that undergo hydrolysis in water to hydrolyze hydrogen peroxide, for example, sodium perborate. In one embodiment, hydrogen peroxide stabilized using suitable surfactants is used. Also in the form of a cracking material of peroxide installed.</p>

According to one embodiment, the breaker is peracid, for example,

<p>20 peracetic acid, perbenzoic acid, a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. Additionally, a different group of peroxycarboxylic acids are used as the peracid breaker. Peroxycarboxylic acid includes ester peroxycarboxylic acid, alkyl ester.</p>

<p>25 peroxycarboxylic acid, sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid, or</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٢٥-

combination thereof. Peroxycarboxylic acid (or percarboxylic acid) are acids with the general formula R(CO3H)n. In one embodiment, the R group is saturated or unsaturated with or without substitution. As described herein , R is an alkyl group, alkenyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl,

<p>5 A cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aromatic, or heterocyclic, ester, or combination thereof (for example, an alkyl ester group), when n is 1, 2, or 3. The ester groups include model on</p>

aliphatic ester groups, such as R¹OC(O)R², where R¹ and R² Independently is a group (eg, an alkyl group) described above for R such that R¹ and R² she,

<p>10 For example, small carbon chain alkyl groups independently, such as the C1-C5 alkyl group.</p>

Someone skilled in the art will realize that peroxycarboxylic acids cannot be stable as carboxylic acids, and their stability can increase with increasing molecular weight. Thermal decomposition of peracids is progressed, for example, by radical and non-slit pathways, by photo decomposition or radical-induced decomposition, or by the influence of metal ions or complexes. In one embodiment, superacids are prepared from percarboxylic acid by the direct, acid-catalyzed equilibrium effect of hydrogen peroxide with carboxylic acid, by autooxidation of aldehydes

<p>20 of aldehydes, acid chlorides, hydrides, or carboxylic anhydrides with hydrogen or sodium peroxide.</p>

Typical peroxycarboxylic acids include peroxyformic, peroxyacetic, peroxypropionic, peroxybutanoic, peroxypentanoic, peroxyhexanoic,

25 peroxyheptanoic, peroxyoctanoic, peroxynonanoic

٥٨٧٩

-٢٦-

peroxynonanoic, peroxydecanoic, peroxydecanoic

peroxyundecanoic, peroxydodecanoic, peroxylactic, peroxycitric, peroxymaleic, peroxyascorbic, peroxyhydroxyacetic (peroxyglycolic)

5 peroxyhydroxyacetic (peroxyglycolic, peroxyoxalic, peroxy

manolic peroxymalonic, peroxysuccinic, peroxyglutaric, peroxyadipic, peroxypimelic, peroxysuberic, peroxysebacic, and the like.

In one embodiment, the super acid comprises a combination of several peroxycarboxylic acids.

10 According to one embodiment, the composition includes C2-C4 peroxycarboxylic acid, C8-C12 peroxycarboxylic acid, C8-C12 peroxycarboxylic acid, ester peroxycarboxylic acid, alkyl ester or peroxycarboxylic acids, Mono or di-peroxycarboxylic acid having up to 12 carbon atoms.

15th More 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, peroxycarboxylic acid comprises peroxyacetic acid POAA (i.e., peracetic acid of the formula CH3COOOH) or peroxyoctanoic acid POOA (i.e., peroctanoic acid, eg. For example, n-peroxyoctanoic acid 6COOOH(CH2(CH3):n-peroxyoctanoic acid).

20 In one embodiment, the super acid is a peroxycarboxylic ester. As used herein, peroxycarboxylic ester ester refers to a molecule with the formula:

OO

R² OCR¹ CO OH

where R¹ and R² It is independently an organic group (for example, alkyl, linear or cyclic, aromatic or saturated) or a substituted organic group (for example, using an atom

٥٨٧٩

-٢٧-

heterogeneous or organic group). In one embodiment, the peroxycarboxylic ester is prepared by using methods used to prepare peroxycarboxylic acid such as combining the corresponding ester carboxylic acid with an oxidizing agent, for example, hydrogen peroxide.

5 Typical alkyl esterperoxycarboxylic acids include monomethyl monoperoxyglutaric acid, monomethyl monoperoxyadipic acid, monomethyl monomethyl monoperoxyperoxyadipic acid and monomethyl monoperoxyperoxymalic acid, , monomethyl mono حمض

10 monomethyl monoperoxysuccinic acid, monomethyl monoperoxypimelic acid, monomethyl monoperoxysuberic acid, monomethyl monoperoxysebacic acid; mono ethyl monoperoxyoxalic acid, monoethyl monoethyl monoperoxymanolic acid

15th monoperoxymalonic acid, monoethyl monoperoxysuccinic acid, monoethyl monoethyl monoperoxysuccinic acid

monoperoxyglutaric acid, monoethyl . monoethyl

monoperoxyadipic acid, monoethyl . monoethyl

monoperoxypimelic acid, monoethyl

20 monoperoxysuberic acid, monoethyl monoperoxysebacic acid; monopropyl monopropyl oxalic acid

monoperoxyoxalic acid, monopropyl monoperoxymalonic acid, monopropyl monoperoxysuccinic acid

monoperoxysuccinic acid, monopropyl

25 monoperoxyglutaric acid, monopropyl

٥٨٧٩

-٢٨-

monoperoxyadipic acid, monopropyl

monoperoxypimelic acid, monopropyl

monoperoxysuberic acid, monopropyl

monoperoxysebacic acid, in which propyl is n- or isopropyl;

5 monobutyl monoperoxysuccinic acid, monobutyl monoperoxymalonic acid, monobutyl monoperoxysuccinic acid, monobutyl monoperoxyglutaric acid, monobutyl monoperoxyglutaric acid, monobutyl monobutyl monoperoxy acid

<p>10 monobutyl monoperoxypimelic acid, monobutyl monoperoxysuberic acid, monobutyl monoperoxysebacic acid, where butyl is n-, iso-, or t-butyl t-butyl; and the like.</p>

In some embodiments, the peracid breaker is an acid

<p>15th sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid. Sulfoperoxycarboxylic acids, also referred to as sulfonated peracids, comprise the peroxycarboxylic acid form of sulfonated carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the sulfonated peracid is a mid-chain sulfonated supersulfonated acid.</p>

<p>20 peracid, that is, a super acid comprising a carbon-bonded sulfonate group having at least one carbon atom (for example, at least three positions) of the carbon in the percarboxylic acid group in the carbon backbone of the percarboxylic acid chain, where Carbon is at least not in the terminal position As used herein, the term “terminal position” refers to an atom</p>

<p>25 Carbon on the chain of carbon molecules with percarboxylic acid that is furthest from the pyrr group</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٢٩-

percarboxyl group. Thus, in one embodiment, sulfoperoxycarboxylic acid has the following formula:

SO3^-X⁺ O

R³ CR⁴ CO OH

H

where R³ are hydrogen or alkyl groups with or without substitution; R⁴ is an alkyl group or

<p>5 have no replacement; X is a hydrogen, cationic group, or ester forming moiety; or salts or esters thereof.</p>

In some embodiments, R³ is a Cm alkyl group with or without substitution; X is a hydrogen, cationic group, or ester forming part; R⁴ is a Cn alkyl group with or without substitution; 1=m to 10; 1=n to 10; n+m is less than 18; or salts, esters, or a combination thereof. in a

<p>10 Some incarnations, R³ It is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R³ It is an alkyl group with or without substitution. In some embodiments, R³ An alkyl group with or without substitution that does not include a cycloalkyl group. In some embodiments, R³ It is a substituted alkyl group. In some embodiments, R³ It is a C1-C9 alkyl group with no unsubstituted C1-C9 alkyl group. In some embodiments, R³ It is C7 or C8 alkyl unsubstituted. In other embodiments, R³ she</p>

<p>15th C8-C10 alkyl group substituted C8-C10 alkyl group. In some embodiments, R³ C8-C10 is a substituent alkyl with at least 1, or at least 2 substituent, hydroxyl groups. In other embodiments also, R³ It is a substituted C1-C9 alkyl group. In some embodiments, R³ It is a C1-C9 substitutionalized alkyl group with a substitution of the SO3H–group. In other embodiments, R³ is a group -C9</p>

<p>20 C10 has a replacement. In some embodiments, R³ A C9-C10 substituted C9-C10 alkyl group with at least two carbon atoms on the carbon chain of the heterocyclic group. In some embodiments, the heterogeneous cyclic group is an epoxide group.</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٣٠-

In one embodiment, R⁴ It is a C1-C10 alkyl group with a C1-C10 substitution alkyl group. In some embodiments, R⁴ It is a substituted C8-C10 alkyl C8-C10 alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁴ It is a C6-C9 alkyl without the unsubstituted C6-C9 alkyl substitution. In other embodiments, R⁴ sheThe C8-C10 alkyl group has a substitution using at least a hydroxyl group. In some 5 incarnations, R⁴ It is a C10 substitution alkyl group using at least two hydroxyl groups.

In other embodiments, R⁴ It is a C8 alkyl group substituted with at least an SO3H–group. In some embodiments, R⁴ A C9 substitution group, where at least two carbons are on the chain of the carbon molecules of a heterocyclic group. In some embodiments, the heterogeneous cyclic group is an epoxide group. In 10 some incarnations, R⁴ C8-C9 is alkyl with or without substitution, and R⁴ Is it C7-C8 with or not

It has an alkyl substitution.

According to one embodiment, in a hydraulic fracturing formulation, the fracturing material is encapsulating in an encapsulating material to prevent the fracturing material from coming into contact with the superabsorbent polymer. The encapsulated material is designed to release the crushing material in response to crushing conditions. The crushing material is 15 solid or liquid. For a solid, the crushing material is, for example, a crystalline or granular material. In one embodiment, the solid is coated or primed with a coating to delay release or contact with the superabsorbent polymer. The packing material is the same or different from the coating material mentioned above with respect to the particles of the proppant. The methods for depositing the coating onto the breaker are similar to or different from those for depositing the coating onto particles of the proppant. In one embodiment, a cracker is dissolved

Liquid in aqueous solution or other suitable solvent.

In one embodiment, the coating material is a polymer that releases the breaker in a controlled manner, eg, at a controlled rate or concentration. This is a polymer that deteriorates over a period of time to release the cracker and is selected based on the required release rate. 25 The polymer degradation of the encapsulation material polymer occurs, for example, by

٥٨٧٩

-٣١-

Hydrolysis, solvent decomposition, smelting, and the like. In one embodiment, the polymer of the coating material is a homopolymer or a copolymer of glycolate and lactate, polycarbonate, polyanhydride, polyorthoester, polyphosphacene, or a combination thereof.

<p>5 According to one embodiment, the coated cracker is a coated hydroxide peroxide</p>

encapsulated hydrogen peroxide, encapsulated metal peroxides (eg, sodium peroxide, calcium peroxide, zinc peroxide, etc.) or any of the super acids or other crackers herein.

<p>10 In a hydraulic fracturing formulation, the fluid comprises contact and expansion of the superabsorbent polymer to the expanded state. The fluid is an aqueous fluid comprising water, brine, an acid such as a mineral acid, an organic acid, or a base. The brine, for example, is sea water, produced water, a complete brine, or a combination thereof. The properties of prines can depend on the identity and components of prines. Sea water contains, for example</p>

<p>15th For example, it contains various components such as sulfate, bromine, and trace metals, other than typical halide-containing salts. In some embodiments, the water produced is water extracted from a production reservoir (for example, a hydrocarbon reservoir) or a product of the earth. Produced water is also referred to as reservoir brine and contains components such as barium, strontium</p>

<p>20 strontium, heavy metals. In addition to parabens of natural occurrence</p>

Naturally occurring brines (sea water and produced water) are synthesized from fresh water by adding different salts such as KCl, NaCl, NaCl, MgCl2, ZnCl2, such as 1.27 kg/L (10.6 pounds per gallon) of CaCl2 Barine Complete pararine compounds typically provide improved hydrostatic pressure to counteract the pressures of the reservoir

<p>25 reservoir pressures down the well. In one embodiment, the above paraffin compounds are modified to include</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٣٢-

On extra salt. In one embodiment, the additional salt included in the pararines is NHCl, ZnBr2, CaBr2, CaCl2, MgCl2, NaBr, KCl, NaCl, sodium formate, cesium formate, and the like. Salt is present in the bars in an amount from about 0.5 wt% (wt%) to about 50 wt%, in particular about 1 wt% 5 to about 40 wt%, and with more specification about 1% wt% to about 25% wt%, on a fluid weight basis. .

According to one embodiment, the fluid is a mineral acid comprising hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, boric acid, hydrofluoric acid, 10 hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, or combination containing

At least one of the above. In some embodiments, the fluid is an organic acid comprising carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, or a combination thereof. Typical carboxylic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, 15-dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and tetrafluoroacetic acid.

trifluoroacetic acid, proprionic acid, butyric acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic acid (including ortho-, meta- and para-isomers) Typical sulfonic acids include 20 alkyl sulfonic acid or aryl sulfonic acid Alkyl sulfonic acids, for example, include methane sulfonic acid. Aryl sulfonic acids include, for example, benzene sulfonic acid or toluene sulfonic acid. In one embodiment, the alkyl group may be branched or unbranched and contain from one to about 20 atoms of 25 carbons with or without substitution. In one embodiment, the aryl group is a substitution

٥٨٧٩

-٣٣-

an alkyl, i.e., an aryl alkylaryl group, or attached to a sulfonic acid moiety via an alkylene group (that is, an aryl alkyl group). In one embodiment, the aryl group has a heterocyclic atom substitution. It has an aryl group of 3 y Carbon is reduced to 20 carbon atoms and includes, for example, a polycyclic ring . structure

.structure 5

In addition to this super absorbent polymer, the hydraulic cracking composition includes a viscose polymer in some embodiments. The viscous polymer includes guar gums, high-molecular weight polysaccharides consisting of mannose and galactose sugars, xanthan gum, guar,

10 starch or guar derivatives such as hydropropyl guar (HPG), carboxymethyl guar (CMG), carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG), carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG), galactomannan gumlumannan gummannan gums, galacto guar guars, derived guars, cellulose derivatives, or a combination thereof.

<p>15th Cellulose derivatives are used such as hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), carboxymethylcellulose (HPC), carboxymethylcellulose (HPC), and carboxymethylcellulose.</p>

CMHEC (carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose); hydropropyl starch; or also lignosulfonate.

<p>20 In one embodiment, the viscous polymer comprises a repeater comprising acrylate, acrylamide, vinyl</p>

vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl ester (eg, vinyl acetate), vinyl alcohol, 2-acrylamide methylpropanesulfonic acid, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments. The viscous polymer is polyacrylic acid

٥٨٧٩

-٣٤-

In an embodiment, the viscous polymer includes a linear polymer such as polyacrylamide, guar, a guar derivative, glycerol, a polysaccharide such as cellulose and starch, or a combination comprising at least one of the above. Without wishing to be theoretical, it is believed that the presence of a viscous polymer in the hydraulic fracturing formulation increases the viscosity, and thus the ability of the proppant to suspend the formulation. The presence of the viscous polymer also helps reduce friction pressure. When the hydraulic fracturing composition is a foam fluid, the viscous polymer also stabilizes the foam fluid by improving the foam quality and foam half-life.

The viscous polymer forms a viscous gel due to contact with the fluid from the hydraulic fracturing assembly (or another fluid such as water, barine, or other down-well fluid). When the viscous polymer includes glycerol,

<p>10 A linear polymer such as linear polyacrylamide, guar, a guar derivative, a polysaccharide such as cellulose and starch, or a combination thereof, a viscous gel formed may be referred to as a linear gel. In some embodiments, a combination of fluids is used, a first fluid to expand the superabsorbent polymer and a second fluid to convert the viscous polymer to a gel. Without wanting to stick to theory, it is believed that the viscous polymer has an increased viscosity due to its long polymer chains.</p>

<p>15th that become tangled. Entangled polymer chains of viscous polymer form networks, which give complex viscoelastic behaviour. In one embodiment, the viscous polymer is a copolymer containing two or more different monomers that have been prepared randomly or in molds. Moreover, the viscosity of the viscous polymer is increased by crosslinking the polymer chains of the viscous polymer. The crosslinking compounds of the viscous polymer include borate, titanate,</p>

<p>20 zirconate, aluminate, chromate, or a combination thereof. Boron crosslinked viscosepolymers, for example, include guar and crosslinked guar compounds with boric acid, sodium tetraborate, or encapsulated borates; Boart's crosslinking compounds can be used with buffers and pH control agents such as sodium</p>

<p>25 sodium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, sodium sesqui</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٣٥-

use of sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium carbonate, amines (such as hydroxyalkyl amines, anilines, pyridines, pyrimidines, quinolines, pyrrolidines, pyrrolidines, pyrrolidines, carboxylates and delaying agents such as carboxylates and delay agents such as carboxylates and oxalates)

<p>5 agents such as sorbitol, aldehydes, and sodium gluconate. Viscous zirconium crosslinked viscosepolymers, for example, include those crosslinked by zirconium lactates (eg, sodium zirconium lactate), taryethanolamines</p>

2 2,triethanolamines'-iminodiethanol,2,2'-iminodiethanol, or a combination thereof. Include

10 Titanates for crosslinking, for example, on lactate, triethanolamines, and the like.

In one embodiment, the hydraulic cracking composition comprises the superabsorbent polymer, eg a superabsorbent polymer having crosslinked polymer particles such as polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polysaccharide, or a combination thereof; a group of

15th proppant particles; A fluid for expanding the super absorbent polymer, a viscous polymer. Once the superabsorbent polymer is combined with the fluid, it expands while retaining its shape. A viscous polymer is a linear polymer that hydrates in a fluid and has a viscosity limited by crosslinking of a hydrated linear polymer. It is expected that entangled linear polymers can crosslink in situ to form a crosslinked gel.

20 Thus, the hydraulic fracturing composition has useful rheological properties including adjustable viscosity and fracturing properties.

The hydraulic fracturing composition may also include a surfactant. Useful surfactants include fatty acids up to 22 carbon atoms such as stearic acids, esters and polyesters thereof, poly (alkylene glycolate).

25 alkylene glycols) as poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide)

٥٨٧٩

-٣٦-

poly(propylene oxide), molded and random copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) such as those sold in the brand

PLURONIC by BASF. Other surfactants include polysiloxanes, such as homopolymers or copolymers.

5 of poly(dimethylsiloxane), including those with functionalized end groups, and the like. Other useful surfactants include those with a polymeric dispersant with poly(alkylene glycol) chains poly(alkylene glycol) side chains, fatty acids, or fluorinated groups such as 4-perfluorinated C1-perfluorinated C1-acids

10 sulfonic acids are grafted onto the chain of polymer molecules. Polymer molecular chains include

backbones on those based on polyester, poly(meth)acrylate

poly(meth)acrylate, polystyrene, poly(styrene-(meth)acrylate)

(poly(styrene-(meth))acrylate, polycarbonate, polyamide, polyimide, polyimide, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, or copolymer including

15th at least one of these polymeric molecular chains. Additionally, the surfactant is anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, or non-ionic.

Cationic surfactants include, without limitation, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkylamines, alkanolamides, quaternary ammonium salts, alkylated imidazolium, and pyridinium salts.

20 pyridinium salts. Additional examples of cationic surfactant include primary to tertiary alkyl amine salts such as, for example, monostearylammonium chloride, distearyllammonium chloride, tristearylammonium chloride; quaternary alkylammonium salts such as, for example, monostearyltrimethyl

25 monostearyltrimethylammonium chloride, distearyl dimethyl chloride

٥٨٧٩

-٣٧-

ammonium distearyldimethylammonium chloride, stearyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, monostearyl-bis (polyethoxy) methylammonium chloride monostearyl-bis(polyethoxy) chloride; N

5 N, cetylpyridinium chloride- stearylpyridinium chloride; N-stearylpyridinium chloride; N,N-dialkylmorpholinium salts; fatty acid amide salts such as, for example, polyethylene polyamine; and the like.

Typical anionic surfactants include 10 alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, fatty acids, sulfosuccinates.

sulfosuccinates, phosphates. Examples of anionic surfactants include anionic surfactants with a carboxyl group such as the sodium salt of alkylcarboxylic acid, the potassium salt of alkylcarboxylic acid, the ammonium salt of alkylcarboxylic acid, the sodium salt of alkylcarboxylic acid.

<p>15th alkylbenzenecarboxylic acid, potassium salt of alkylbenzene carboxylic acid, ammonium salt of alkylbenzene carboxylic acid, sodium salt of polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether carboxylic acid, potassium salt of polyoxyalkylenecarboxylic acid Ammonium salt of polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether carboxylic acid, sodium salt of N-acyl sarcoisin-N</p>

<p>20 acylsarcosine acid, potassium salt of N-acylglutamic acid, ammonium salt of N-acylsarcosine, sodium salt of N-acylglutamic acid, potassium salt of N-acylglutamic acid, ammonium salt of N-acylglutamic acid; anionic surfactants having a sulfonic acid group; anionic phosphonic acid surfactants; and the like.</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٣٨-

In one embodiment, the non-ionic surfactant is, for example, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, alkyl phenol polyethoxylates, fatty acid esters, glycerol esters, glycol esters, polyethers, alkyl 5 polyglycosides, amine oxides, or a combination thereof. Surfactants include

Typical nonionic surfactants on fatty alcohols (for example, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, and the like); ethers) eg, octaethylene glycol

<p>10 monododecyl ether, octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, and the like); polyoxypropylene glycol alkyl ethers (for example, monoene glycol monododecyl ether, polyoxypropylene glycol alkyl ethers) ethers); glucoside alkyl ethers (eg, decyl glucoside, lauryl</p>

<p>15th lauryl glucoside, octyl glucoside); polyoxyethylene glycol octylphenol ethers (eg, Triton 100-X (octyl phenol ethyl ethoxylate in polyethylene ethyloxylate); glycol alkylphenol ethers (for example,</p>

-9-nonoxynol; glycerol alkyl esters (for example, glycerol alkyl esters)

<p>20 For example, glyceryl laurate); polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan alkyl esters (for example, polysorbate).</p>

polysorbates such as sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, sorbitan monooleate, and the like);

<p>25 sorbitan alkyl esters (eg, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٣٩-

polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, and the like); cocamide ethanolamines ethanol (eg, cocamide, cocamide, cocamide

<p>5 cocamide diethanolamine, and the like); amine oxides (for example, dodecyldimethylamine oxide, tetradecyldimethylamine oxide, hexadecyl dimethylamine oxide, or octadecylamine oxide, and the like); block copolymers of polyethylene glycol</p>

<p>10 polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol (eg, poloxamers available under the trade name Pluronics, available from BASF); polyethoxylated amines (eg, polyethoxylated tallow amine); ethart polyoxyethylene alkyl</p>

ethers such as polyoxyethylene stearyl ether; Polyoxy

<p>15th polyoxyethylene alkylene ethers such as polyoxyethylene oleyl ether; polyoxyalkylene alkyl vinyl ether polyoxyalkylene</p>

polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl as alkylphenyl ethers

ether; polyoxyalkylene glycols such as polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene glycol; polyoxyethylene

<p>20 polyoxyethylene monoalkylates such as polyoxyethylene monostearate; bispolyoxyethylene alkylamines such as bispolyoxyethylene stearylamine; bispolyoxyethylene alkylamides such as bispolyoxyethylene stearylamide; alkylamine oxides</p>

<p>25 oxides such as N,N-dimethylalkylamine oxide, N,N-dimethylalkylamine oxide; and the like.</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٤٠-

Zwitterionic surfactants (which have a cationic and anionic functional group on the same molecule), for example, include betaines, such as alkyl ammonium carboxylates (for example,

such as sulfonates (sulfo-betaines) or sulfonates (sulfo-betaines)^-(CH3)3N⁺-CH(R)COO]

<p>5 ]RN⁺(CH3)2(CH2)3SO3^-[, where R is an alkyl group). Examples include n-dodecyl -</p>

n-dodecyl-N-benzyl-N-methylglycine methylglycine -N-benzyl-N

<p>[N,]^-C12H25N⁺(CH2C6H5)(CH3)CH2COO-N-allyl N-benzyl N-methyl taurine -N-allyl N</p>

.] CnH2n+1N⁺(CH2C6H5)(CH3)CH2CH2SO3[ benzyl N-methyltaurines

In one embodiment, the surfactant is a 10 viscoelastic surfactant. Surfactants are viscoelastic because, in contrast to surfactants,

Multiple surface tension, which forms Newtonian solutions with a viscosity slightly higher than water even at a high concentration, is able to form viscoelastic fluids at lower concentration. This particular rheological behavior is mainly due to the types of surfactant aggregates present in the fluids. In low viscosity fluids, they accumulate

15th Surfactant molecules are found in spherical micelles whereas, in viscoelastic fluids, long micelles, which can be described as worm-like, thread-like or thread-like micelles, are found and interlocked.

The viscoelastic surfactant of the invention is usually ionic. It can be cationic, anionic or double charged depending on the charge of its head group. When the

20 A cationic surfactant, it binds with a negative counterion, which can be an inorganic anion such as sulfate, nitrate, perchlorate or a halide such as Br, Cl or an aromatic organic anion Such as salicylate, p-naphthalene sulfonate, m-chlorobenzoates, 3,5-chlorobenzoates,3,4,2,4-dichlorobenzoate,-2,4-dichlorobenzoate.

25 t-dichlorobenzoates, 2,6-butyl and ethyl phenate, 2,5-di

٥٨٧٩

-٤١-

2,4,5-trichlorophenate,2,5-dichlorophenates 2,4,5-trichlorophenate,3,5,6-trichlorophenate p,2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenate-methylphenate p-methyl phenate, m-chlorophenate, 3,5,6,m-chlorophenate-tarychloropicolinate -3,5,6

<p>4 3-,5,6-trichloropicolinate-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinate</p>

<p>5 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. When</p>

The surfactant is anionic, it binds with a positive counterion, eg, Na+ or K+. When it is doubly charged, it associates with both negative and positive ions, for example, Cl and Na+ or K+. Another viscoelastic, elastic surfactant is described in US Patent Nos. 7,081,439 and 7,279,446.

10 The hydraulic fracturing composition can be liquid or foam. A fluid comprising a surfactant based fluid, linear gel fluid, or crosslinked gel fluid. A fluid-based surfactant can refer to a hydraulic fracturing formulation that includes a viscoelastic surfactant. Linear gel fluid can refer to a hydraulic fracturing composition that includes a linear gel. Similarly, a cross-linked gel fluid refers to 15 hydraulic fracturing formulations that include a cross-linked gel.

A foam fluid is a stable mixture of a gas or liquid. It is generally described by the quality of its foam, ie the ratio of gas volume to volume of foam. The half-life of the foam is another important variable for assessing the stability of foam fluids. The half-life of the foam fluid is the time required for the fluid half-life to generate foam to break up the foam under atmospheric conditions. The foam 20 foam system is used for fracturing low pressure or water sensitive formations.

Water soluble polymers, such as guar gums, high molecular weight polysaccharides consisting of mannose and galactose, or guar derivatives such as hydropropyl guar, carboxymethyl hydropropyl guar, can be used to prepare the liquid phase of foam fluids. Crosslinking agents based on complexes can be used

٥٨٧٩

-٤٢-

Boron, titanium, zirconium or aluminum to increase the effective molecular weight of the polymer and make it better suitable for use in high-temperature wells.

A liquid, polymer-free phase may be obtained from foam fluids using viscoelastic elastic surfactants. These fluids are prepared in a moderate manner by mixing, in appropriate quantities,

5 Suitable surfactants such as anionic, cationic, non-ionic and doubly charged surfactants in aqueous solutions. The viscosity of the viscoelastic surfactant is due to the three-dimensional structure formed by the components in the fluids. When the concentration of surfactants in a viscous fluid greatly exceeds a critical concentration, in most cases in the presence of an electrolyte, surfactant molecules accumulate in types such as

10 Mounds, which can be overlapped to form a network that exhibits a viscoelastic and elastic behavior for additional fixation of foamed systems. At the same time, the surfactant also acts as a foaming agent to form the stable dispersion of gas in a viscous liquid.

In one embodiment, various auxiliary additives are included in the hydraulic fracturing composition.

Typical additives include a lubricant, a non-emulsifier

15th emulsifier, non-emulsifier, biocide, acid, corrosion inhibitor, pH adjusting agent, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the unemulsified additive is a combination of the above surfactants or a combination of a surfactant with short chain alcohol or a polyol such as lauryl sulfate with isopropanol

20 or ethylene glycol. The non-emulsifier prevents the formation of emulsions in the hydraulic fracturing composition.

In one embodiment, the additive is a lubricant such as polyacrylamide, petroleum distillate, hydrotreated light petroleum distillate, short-chain alcohol (for example, methanol), or polyol

٥٨٧٩

-٤٣-

(for example, ethylene glycol or glycerol). These lubricants reduce friction and also include, for example, a polymer such as polyacrylamide, polyisobutyl methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, or polyisobutylene In addition to a water-soluble lubricant

5 soluble lubricants such as guar, guar derivatives, polyacrylamide, and polyethylene oxide. In one embodiment, the lubricant includes guar, guar derivative, glycerol, polyacrylamide, polysaccharide such as cellulose and starch, or a combination comprising at least one of the above.

10 The clay stabilizer is an additive that prevents downhole clay from swelling under contact with the hydraulic fracturing fixture or applying fracturing pressure. in one

embodiments, the clay stabilizer includes a quaternary amine, pararine (eg, KCl pararine), choline chloride, tetramethyl ammonium chloride, and the like.

In one embodiment, the additive is a pH adjusting agent, whereby 15 adjusts the pH of the hydraulic fracturing composition. The pH adjusting agent is

An organic or inorganic base, an organic or inorganic acid, or a buffer solution, which represents any appropriate combination of an associated acid and base. Typical inorganic bases include those represented by MOH, where M is a group 1 or 2 metal of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a group 13, 14, or 15 metalloid; 20 carbonate salt; bicarbonate salt; or a combination thereof. Contains acids

Inorganic typical inorganic acids on HBr, HCl, fluoroboric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, methanesulfonic acid, propionic acid, chloroacetic or dichloroacetic acid, citric acid, 25 glycolic acid, lactic acid, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, a factor is selected

٥٨٧٩

-٤٤-

Adjusting the pH to avoid imparting preferred properties to the hydraulic fracturing formulation. In one embodiment, a pH-adjusting agent is chosen to avoid damage to surface equipment containing a hydraulic fracturing composition or to avoid damage to the wellbore or the aquifer.

5 In one embodiment, the additive to the hydraulic fracturing formulation is a biocide that prevents the injection of a microbe (for example, bacteria) down the well. The biocide kills, removes, or reduces bacteria in the hydraulic fracturing formulation such as water (for For example, when using river water as a fluid. In this way, the introduction of live bacteria into the formation is prevented, thus reducing the production of, for example, sour gas.

<p>10 According to one embodiment, the biocide does not interfere with other components of the hydraulic fracturing composition</p>

It may not be dangerous to health. In one embodiment, the biocidal is an aldehyde such as glutaraldehyde. Examples of biocides include non-oxidizing and oxidizing biocides. Typical oxidizing biocides include hypochlorite bleach (for example, calcium hypochlorite and lithium).

<p>15th lithium hypochlorite), peracetic acid, potassium monopersulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate, bromochlorodimethylhydantoin, dichloroethylmethylhydantoin, trichloroethylchloroisoianoisocyanuric acids, chlorochloroacetic acids acids</p>

<p>20 dichloroisocyanuric acids, chlorinated</p>

hydantoins, and the like. Additional oxidizing biocides include, for example, bromine products such as: stabilized sodium hypobromite, activated sodium bromide, or brominated hydantoins. Includes oxidizing biocides

25 oxidizing other biocides on chlorine dioxide, ozone, sulfate

٥٨٧٩

-٤٥-

inorganic persulfates such as ammonium persulfate, or peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxide

.organic peroxides

Typical non-oxidizing biocides include 5-dibromo-5-netfilopropionamide, dibromonitfilopropionamide, thiocyanomethyl, thiobenzothalazole.

thiocyanomethylthiobenzothlazole, methyldithiocarbamate, tetrahydrodimethylthladiazonethione, tetrahydrodimethylthladiazonethione, tributyltin oxide, bromonitropropanediol, ethylene bromo-nitromethyrosoethyl chlorobutyltin oxide

10 chloromethylisothlazolone, methylisothiazolone, benzisothlazolone, dodecylguanidine hydrochloride

hydrochloride, polyhexamethylene biguanide, arches tet

(Hydroxymethyl) tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate, glutaraldehyde, alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (hydroxymethyl)

15th ammonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride

chloride, poly[oxyethylene-(dimethylimino) ethylene (dimethylimino) ethylene di

poly[oxyethylene-(dimethyliminio) ethylene (dimethyliminio) ethylene]chloride

[dichloride, decylthioethanamine, terbutylazine, and the like. Additional non-oxidizing biocides are quaternary ammonium salts

20 quaternary ammonium salts, aldehydes and quaternary phosphonium salts. In one embodiment, quaternary biocides have a fatty alkyl group and three methyl groups, but in phosphonium salts the methyl groups are replaced, for example, by hydroxymethyl groups without much effect on biocidal activity. In one embodiment, it has

25 Also replaced by an aryl group. Examples include formaldehyde, glyoxal

٥٨٧٩

-٤٦-

furfural, acrolein, methacrolein, propionaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, pyridinium biocides, benzalkonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, cetyl chloride, trimtrimchloride, ammoncetylchloride

5 benzethonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride

chlorphenoctium amsonate, dequalinium acetate, dequalinium chloride, domiphen bromide, laurolinium acetate, methylbenzethonium chloride, gamma-picristyl chloride, myristyl-chlorin

10 - 1-Azonia adamantane 1-(3-chloroallyl)-chloride.3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane, or a combination thereof.

15

In one embodiment, the biocidal is encapsulated or coated as discussed above for particles of the proppant or breaker. In one embodiment, the biocidal is encapsulated or coated by any suitable packaging method using any suitable packaging material. A packaging material is any substance that does not negatively interact or chemically react with a biocidal to destroy its usefulness. In one embodiment, the biocide is released from the coating at a specified time.

In a hydraulic fracturing composition, the proppant particles are present in an effective amount to support the fracture opening

20 Without altering the fracture geometry during formation deposition when the support filler is released from the superabsorbent polymer. In a preferred embodiment, the proppant particles are present with a mass concentration of 0.1 kgham/L (0.1 lb gal) to 2.39 kg ram/L (20 lb/gal), particularly 0.0299 kgham/L (0.25 lb/gal) to 1.9 kgarm/L (16 lb/gal), with an over allocation of 0.0299 kgarm/L (0.25 lb/gal) to 1.43 0.0299

25 kgram/L (0.25 lb/gal) (12 lb/gal), based on total formula volume.

٥٨٧٩

-٤٧-

Embodiments, the superabsorbent polymer is present with a mass concentration of 0.45 kg (1 lb) of superabsorbent polymer per 3.78 m3 (thousand gallons) of fluid (ppm) to 200 ppt, in particular 5 ppt to 100 ppt, and with a more specification 15 . to 50 ppt, depending on the total formulation volume

<p>5 The ratio of the amount of proppant particles to the amount of the superabsorbent polymer as long as the proppant particles are suspended in the gel formed by the superabsorbent polymer.</p>

In one embodiment, the cracker is present in the hydraulic fracturing composition at a mass concentration from 0 ppt to 20 ppt, in particular 0 ppt to 15 ppt, and more specifically, 0 ppt to 10 ppt, based on the total volume

<p>10 composition. In some embodiments, the biocide is present in an amount from 10 parts per million (ppm) to 2,000 ppm, in particular 50 ppm to 1,500 ppm, and with an assignment of more than 50 ppm to 1,000 ppm. The amount of viscous polymer, if any, is From 0.94 liters (0.25 gallons) of viscous polymer per 3785 liters (1,000 gallons) of fluid (gallons per thousand gallons) to 38 liters (10 gallons per thousand gallons), especially 1.9 liters (0.5 gallons)</p>

<p>15th per 3785 liters (1,000 gallons) to 30 liters (8 gallons) per 3785 liters (1,000 gallons), with a greater allocation of 1.9 liters (0.5 gallons) per thousand gallons to 15 liters (4 gallons) per 3785 liters (1,000 gallons), based on Total volume of hydraulic fracturing installation.</p>

The hydraulic fracturing composition can be prepared in various ways. In one embodiment, a process for preparing a hydraulic fracturing composition comprises contacting a superabsorbent polymer with a fluid to expand

<p>20 The superabsorbent polymer is in an expanded state and a group of proppant particles is deposited in the superabsorbent polymer to prepare the hydraulic fracturing formulation. As shown in Figure 3, the superabsorbent polymer (eg, particle 12 or fiber 50) is in a non-expanded state 20 with internal crosslinks 14 and has a diameter of D2 prior to contact with the fluid (not shown). In Figures 1 and 2, once in contact with the fluid, it expands</p>

25 super absorbent polymer (12 or 50) to a diameter of D1 (where D1 is greater than D2) where the

٥٨٧٩

-٤٨-

Fluid adsorption in a superabsorbent polymer (12 or 50). Additionally, in the case of a fiber superabsorbent 50 or a main axis superabsorbent polymer, the length of the superabsorbent 50 can be stretched during the broadening caused by the fluid absorption. Interlacing 14 constrains volumetric expansion and the final volume of the polymer

5 Superabsorbent 12. In the expanded state (Figure 1 or Figure 2), the filler support particles 18 are fixed in the superabsorbent polymer (12 or 50). The superabsorbent polymers (12 or 50) shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, represent Figure 3 is a single particle, fibres, etc. of the superabsorbent polymer 12 or a group of such items as well as the aggregates of the polymer chains that make up the superabsorbent polymer (12 or 50).

10 Depending on an embodiment, the breaker is added to the fluid before or after superpolymer precipitation

Absorbent (12 or 50) and proppant particles 18. Optionally, additive is added to the superabsorbent polymer and proppant particles.

In one embodiment, the components of the hydraulic cracking composition are assembled in a vessel such as a mixer, blender mixing unit, and the like. In some embodiments, the hydraulic fracturing composition is injected

15th Without mixing, eg they are injected "while in the process". The ingredients are mixed, shaken, stirred, and the like. In one embodiment, the components are combined with the hydraulic fracturing composition deposited down the well.

The hydraulic fracturing composition in this case has distinctive properties as it includes suspending the proppant particles in the superabsorbent polymer for an extended period of time or at high temperature or 20 high pressure. The length of time, the temperature, or the pressure under which the proppant particles remain suspended in the superabsorbent polymer is determined by the polymer chains that make up the superabsorbent polymer as well as the crosslinking compound, the degree of crosslinking, the amount of proppant particles present, the superabsorbent polymer concentration Absorption, fluid identity.

٥٨٧٩

-٤٩-

Accordingly, the hydraulic fracturing composition includes the highly crosslinked superabsorbent polymer, the lightly crosslinked superabsorbent polymer, or a combination thereof. In a hydraulic fracturing formulation, the superabsorbent polymer is designed to break and release proppant particles in response to fracturing conditions. The crushing conditions include temperature, pH, and material contact

5 Cracking and the superabsorbent polymer, the time between the superabsorbent polymer in the expanded state and the cracking of the superabsorbent polymer. In one embodiment, the time for which the proppant particles are deposited into the superabsorbent polymer before being released from the superabsorbent polymer is greater than or equal to 48 hours at a temperature greater than or equal to 83.3 °C (150 °F), in particular greater than From or equal to 36 hours, allocate more

10 greater than or equal to 24 hours, with an assignment of more than or equal to 18 hours, and also with an assignment of more than 10 minutes to 18 hours.

In one embodiment, the pH for cracking the superabsorbent polymer is the pH effective for cracking the bonds in the superabsorbent polymer, the crosslinking compound, between the superabsorbent polymer and the crosslinking compound, or a combination thereof. Similarly, in one embodiment, the number causes

15th pH The dissociation between the superabsorbent polymer particles so that the proppant particles are released from them. In one embodiment, the pH is so acidic or basic that the ionic groups of the polymer chains are neutralized in the superabsorbent polymer, affecting the amount of fluid present in the superabsorbent polymer and causing the superabsorbent polymer to shrink and expel particles of the proppant. According to one embodiment, the pH is from 1 to

20 12, in particular 3 to 12, and allocating more 5 to 11.5.

In one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer breaks due to fracturing conditions even in the absence of fracturing material. Thus, in one embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer is broken at temperature, pH, elapsed time, and the like without contact with the breaker.

In one embodiment, the viscosity of the superabsorbent polymer in the expanded state is 0.001-1

25 Pascals.sec (1 centiboys (centiboys) to 1000 centboys), in particular 0.001 -

٥٨٧٩

-٥٠-

0.3 Pa.s (1 centipoise to 300 centipoise), as measured by a rheometer

Ofite M900 less than 0.01 Pa.sec (100 cP) viscosity or Grace M5500 rheometer for more than Pa.sec (100 cP) viscosity at 100°C (180°F).

5 A hydraulic fracturing composition is useful, for example, for transporting and depositing proppant particles in a fracture without the superabsorbent polymer fracturing it even after the proppant particles have been deposited to prevent the proppant particles from precipitating and therefore increasing the total fractured surface area. According to one embodiment, a hydraulic fracturing compound is used to form the fracture. In one embodiment, a process for depositing a set of filler material particles comprises

10 Supportive fracture on deposition of a hydraulic fracturing composition in the downhole environment. The hydraulic fracturing formulation includes the superabsorbent polymer in an expanded state and is designed to break in response to a fracturing condition, such that a disintegrated polymer is formed from the superabsorbent polymer. The hydraulic fracturing composition also includes a set of proppant particles deposited in the superabsorbent polymer before releasing a set of proppant particles from the superpolymer.

15th The adsorption is in response to cracking the superabsorbent polymer and a fluid to expand the superabsorbent polymer to the expanded state. In this method, a fracture is formed in the downhole environment by applying a hydraulic force to the environment down the well from the hydraulic fracturing composition, deposition of the hydraulic fracturing composition in the fracture, cracking the superabsorbent polymer after fracture formation, and releasing a group of proppant particles from Super absorbent polymer for precipitation

20 A group of particles of the proppant material in the fracture. In this method, the proppant particles are not deposited on the fracture bed. The environment below the well is, for example, reservoir temperature, formation water, formation rock, sand, and the like, which, for example, contains holes or cavities of various sizes in those rocks, sand, and the like.

٥٨٧٩

-٥١-

As shown in Figure 4, after cracking conditions occur, the superabsorbent polymer is in a broken state 30 such that the superabsorbent polymer forms, for example, a disintegrated polymer 32 with the filler support particles 18 liberated from the superabsorbent polymer. Although the disintegrated polymer 32 is presented as separate fragments (for example, oligomers, monomers, molecules, zt, and the like, where they are charged or neutrally charged), in one embodiment, the fragmented polymer is formed The disintegrated polymer from the superabsorbent polymer by breaking all or some of the crosslinking compounds so that the polymer chains of the superabsorbent polymer remain intact.

10 In one embodiment, crosslinking compounds or the superabsorbent polymer are degraded by conditions such as temperature or pH. Degradation lowers the degree of crosslinking in the superabsorbent polymer by breaking ligands in the crosslinking compound or ligands between the crosslinking compound and the polymer chains of the superabsorbent polymer. In general, decreasing the degree of crosslinking of the superabsorbent polymer increases or increases the amount of fluid that is absorbed by the superabsorbent polymer.

15th The volume increase of the super absorbent polymer due to fluid absorption. In one embodiment, the aforementioned conditions lead to the cleavage of the bonds in the crosslinking compounds without significant degradation of the main molecular chain of the superabsorbent polymer. In some embodiments, these conditions also degrade the main molecular chain of the superabsorbent polymer.

In addition to the deposition of the hydraulic fracturing composition into the environment below the well for hydraulic fracturing

20 For formation, the method also comprises the deposition of other components such as water, a downhole fluid (eg, barine or the other fluids mentioned above), a viscous polymer, or a combination thereof. Thus, in one embodiment, the method also comprises the deposition of water, a polymer Viscous, or a combination thereof in the downhole environment and fracture formation using the combination of hydraulic fracturing, water, viscous polymer, or a combination thereof.The order of addition can change and the injection times of each may be the same or different.

25 embodiments, for hydraulic fracturing of a formation, a proppant-free and fluid-free filler fluid is injected

٥٨٧٩

-٥٢-

It contains a support filler in alternating arrangement in an in vivo formation. The proppant-free fluid may be injected first, followed by a proppant-containing fluid. Alternatively, a fluid containing proppant was injected first, followed by fluid free of proppant.

In an exemplary embodiment, the fluid free of the proppant material comprises a 5 aqueous carrier comprising water, parine, an acid, or a base and a lubricant. Substance can include

Lubrication on polyacrylamide, guar, guar derivative, glycerol, polysaccharide such as cellulose and starch, or a combination thereof. When the lubricant includes polyacrylamide, eg MaxPerm 20A, MaxPerm 20A is present in an amount of 0.9-56.8 L (0.25 to 15 gallons per thousand gal) of proppant-free fluid. When the lubricant contains guar, the lubricant is present

10 In an amount of 0.00011-0.0006 kilograms/gallon (1 to 50 pounds per thousand gallons) of the proppant-free fluid. A proppant-containing fluid comprises a proppant particulate fluid by force, a group of proppant particles deposited in a particulate fluid Forced proppant, fluid for forcibly expanding particulate fluid proppant fluid forcibly expanded to the expanded state, optionally a linear gel or viscous polymer comprising guar, guar derivative, polyacrylamide, glycerol, poly

15th A polysaccharide, or a combination that includes at least one of the above. A proppant containing fluid may be the hydraulic fracturing composition disclosed herein. Using the method, high conductivity channels are formed inside the top of the filler. The effects are illustrated in Figure 15.

In another embodiment, the proppant-free fluid comprises a forcible proppant 20 particulate fluid, a fluid for force-forced proppant particle fluid expansion, and optionally a viscous polymer comprising guar, guar derivative, polyacrylamide, glycerol, polysaccharide, or a combination comprising At least one of the above. For a proppant-free fluid, 9–27 kg (20–60 lb) of SPP (strength proppant particles) are normally prepared in one thousand gallons of proppant-free fluids.

25 Fluids containing a proppant include an aqueous carrier comprising water, barine,

٥٨٧٩

-٥٣-

Acid, base, backing, and lubricant. The lubricant may include polyacrylamide, guar, guar derivative, glycerol, polysaccharide, or a combination thereof. When the lubricant includes polyacrylamide, eg MaxPerm 20A, MaxPerm 20A is present in an amount of 0.25 to 15 gallons per thousand gallons of proppant-free fluid. when it includes

5 Lubricant on a guar, the polymer is present in an amount of 0.00011-0.0006 kgham/gallon (1 to 50 pounds per thousand gallons) of a proppant containing fluid. Heterogeneous proppant distribution can be achieved by this method. The beneficial effects are illustrated in Figure 16.

In one embodiment, the injection of the starting water (or parain) and the viscous polymer is, for example, 15 minutes each with the difference in the length of the injection time in some embodiments. The injection time is

<p>10 For hydraulic fracturing composition similar or different from water or viscous polymer, for example,</p>

In two hours. The injection period is expected to vary and is selected based on the formation conditions and properties of the hydraulic fracturing composition, other fluids (eg, parane), viscous polymer, and the like.

The advantage of the hydraulic fracturing structure is that the proppant particles remain deposited in

<p>15th Super Absorbent Polymer Until the crushing condition breaks the super absorbent polymer. as</p>

Shown in Figure 5, the configuration 100 is transverse by a tubular assembly 104 installed in the casing 102 although there is only the casing 102 or only the tubular assembly 104 in some embodiments. The hydraulic fracturing assembly 120 is moved from an inner space of the 104 tubular assembly to contact the configuration 100 through an orifice (not shown) in the 104 tubular assembly.

<p>20 Hydraulic fracturing composition 120 (where similar or identical to those of Figure 1 or Figure 2) to fracture the composition 100 to a fracture formation 106. Particles of the proppant 18 are fixed in the superabsorbent polymer 12 until fracturing conditions occur at which point the superabsorbent polymer breaks 12 to form a disintegrated polymer 122 and release the support filler particles 18 as shown in Figure 6. In this case, the superabsorbent polymer 12 does not break or does not release</p>

25 Particles of the backing material 18 of the super absorbent polymer 12 before the fracture is closed 106.

٥٨٧٩

-٥٤-

Therefore, particles of the proppant 18 do not precipitate to the bottom of the fracture 106 before the fracture is closed 106 so that the geometry of the fracture 106 is not adversely affected by the fracture of the superabsorbent polymer 12. Therefore, before the fracture is closed 106, it has a height of H1. After closing, the fracture has a height of H2. After the fracture closure is initiated, the superabsorbent polymer 12 is broken down, and a

5 Disintegrated polymer 122. Due to the high degree of suspension of the proppant particles 18 in the superabsorbent polymer 12, the height H2 of the fraction 106 does not change significantly from the original height, before closing H1, so that the height of H2 (after closing) is approximately the same as the volume of the original height H1 (before closing).

During the crushing of the superabsorbent polymer 12, formation pressure causes squeezing

10 In situ proppant particles from sedimentation to the fracture bed by infused fracturing fluids. In this way, the hydraulic fracturing assembly achieves enhanced proppant particle transfer and RC distribution in the fracture. Accordingly, the conductivity of hydrocarbons or other fluids of formation 100, through fraction 106, is increased in tubular group 104 (or space between tubular group 104 and casing 102) for incomplete or incomplete deposition of proppant particles

15th 18, which is shown in Figures 7 and 8. Therefore, the 120 hydraulic fracturing combination leads to the transfer of

and deposition of the proppant particles 18 to ensure that the proppant particles 18 support the fracture 106 open with the same or substantially the same geometry as the fracture design 106 is initially formed and thus provides a greater crushed surface area than if the proppant particles were deposited to the bottom of the fracture as shown In Figures 7 and 8. In this method, a transmission path appears

20 High for transfer of hydrocarbons and other fluids between formation and wellbore when hydraulic fracturing installation is used in this case.

For Figure 7 and Figure 8, when using certain fracturing systems that do not have a hydraulic fracturing composition in this document, such as proppant 130 particles suspended in fluid 132 without the benefit of the superabsorbent polymer to suspend the proppant particles

25 130, particles of proppant 130 precipitate from fluid 132 and collect on the bottom of the fracture 106

٥٨٧٩

-٥٥-

Before closure of the fracture 106 (Fig. 7). Even though the fracture 106 has an original height of H2 before closure (Fig. 7), the height of H2 is reduced to a small height of H4 after closure because particles of proppant 130 deposit to the bottom of the fracture 106 before closure of the fracture 106.

The hydraulic fracturing structure and processes are also illustrated herein by the following non-exclusive 5 protections.

Example 1. The three samples (B, A, and C) of the proppant systems were prepared as follows. For sample A, 20 ppt of guar was cross-linked in fresh water to prepare 20 ppt of crosslinked guar. Garm B, 1.92 (g) Poly taste (acrylic acid) Partial sodium salt Poly(acrylic acid)

To 400 mm (mL) water was added partial sodium salt graft poly(ethylene oxide) 10

A tap to produce the superabsorbent polymer with a particle size distribution from 10 μm (μm) to 850 μm from 40 ppt superabsorbent polymer. oxide) was added to 400 ml tap water to produce the superabsorbent polymer with a particle size distribution of 10

15th µm to 850 µm of 50ppm super absorbent polymer.

For each CarboProp® sample (A, B, and 0.5 ppa) CarboProp® medium strength proppant particles (intermediate strength ISPPs (proppant particles)) with an average particle diameter of 658 µm with 20 parts per thousand of corresponding crosslinked guar, 40 ppt superabsorbent polymer, or 50 ppt polymer

20 Super absorbent. For samples B, A, and C, no cracking material was used. Samples B, A, and C were prepared at room temperature with stirring to suspend the medium strength filler particles in the superabsorbent polymer. Figure 9 shows samples B, A, and C after preparation at room temperature at different times (15 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours) at 100°C (180°F). It should be noted that samples (B, A, and C) Do not get agitated after preparation.

25 Thus, if the medium strength proppant particles are released from the pre-hydrated polymer

٥٨٧٩

-٥٦-

(eg, guar or super absorbent polymer) During testing, the proppant particles are collected with medium force at the bottom of the container.

At room temperature, samples B, A, and C appear to suspend medium strength proppant particles so that medium strength proppant particles do not precipitate to the bottom of the container. 5 During heating to 100°C (180°F), the interlocking guar system does not get stuck

crosslinked guar system (Sample A) Medium strength proppant particles for 15 minutes. Sample B (40ppm superabsorbent polymer) partially suspends proppant particles medium strength at 1 hour but encounters medium strength proppant particles precipitation after 24 hours .

10 Medium strength proppant particles remain suspended in sample C (containing 50ppm superabsorbent polymer) at 100°C (180°F) for &gt;24 hours. As shown in Figure 9, the concentration of the superabsorbent polymer is adjusted For suspending proppant particles of several meters.

Example 2. The three samples (D, E, and F) were prepared for the proppant systems as follows. For 15 sample D, 20 ppt of guar was mixed in fresh water to prepare 20 ppt of

Tangled guar. For the sample, E, 1.92 g poly(acrylic acid) bait poly(ethylene oxide) partial sodium salt (ethylene oxide) was added to 400 ml tap water to provide the superabsorbent polymer with a particle size distribution from 10 µm to 850 µm of 40 ppt superabsorbent polymer. Similarly, for the sample F,2.4 g poly (acrylic acid) bait poly (acrylic acid) 20 partial sodium salt (poly(ethylene oxide) was added to 400 ml tap water to provide the superabsorbent polymer with a particle size distribution from 10 µm to 850 µm of 50 ppt polymer Super absorbent.

For each CarboProp® sample (D, E, and 0.5 ppa), medium strength proppant particles (medium strength proppant particles were collected with an average particle diameter of 658).

٥٨٧٩

-٥٧-

µm with 20ppm crosslinked guar corresponding, 40ppm superabsorbent polymer, or 50ppm superabsorbent polymer. Samples E, D, and F were prepared at room temperature with stirring to suspend a medium strength filler particle in a superabsorbent polymer.

5 Figure 10 shows samples E, D, and F after preparation at room temperature. It should be noted that the samples (E, D, and F) are not agitated after their preparation. Thus, if the medium strength filler particles are released from the pre-hydrated polymer (for example, guar or superabsorbent polymer) during the test, the particles of the medium strength filler are released from the pre-hydrated polymer (eg guar or superabsorbent polymer) Medium strength support padding at container bottom.

10 At room temperature, samples E, D, and F suspend medium strength proppant particles so that medium strength proppant particles do not precipitate to the bottom of the container. An ammonium persulfate breaker was added to samples E, D, and F and during heating to 100°C (180°F) for 5 hours, the crosslinked guar system (sample D) was broken up and much residue was produced. Sample crushing (40ppm E) polymer

15th superabsorbent) and sample F (50ppm superabsorbent polymer) as well but with much less residue formation, as it shows a superabsorbent polymer that can be easily cracked with the addition of a conventional gel cracker.

Example 3. A proppant system (sample G) is prepared as follows. For sample G, 16.8 g bait poly (acrylic acid) partial sodium salt poly (ethylene oxide) was added to 4000 ml 20 tap water with 7.5 L-3.78 m3 (2 gallons per thousand MaxPerm 20A). Superabsorbent polymer with a particle size distribution from 10 µm to 850 µm to prepare 35 ppt superabsorbent polymer.

Next, 0.5 ppa of Medium strength CarboProp® proppant particles (medium strength proppant particles with an average particle diameter of 658 µm) were aggregated with 35

٥٨٧٩

-٥٨-

ppt of the corresponding superabsorbent polymer in sample G. Sample G was prepared at room temperature with stirring to suspend medium strength filler particles in the superabsorbent polymer. No cracker was added to sample G during testing.

Figure 11 shows the injection of sample 206 G through the injection port of 202 injection port into a cracking cell

5 . 200 has dimensions of 20” (in) x 10” x 0.625” during testing, if not

Release any medium strength proppant particles from the G 206 sample superabsorbent polymer, medium strength proppant particles can be collected at the bottom of the crushing cell 200. Effluent flows through the 204 outlet port.

For the duration of the injection, the sample 206 G shows a suspension of intermediate strength proppant particles 10 in the superabsorbent polymer so that the medium strength proppant particles do not precipitate to the bottom of the crushing cell 200. 30 minutes after the start of the injection of the sample 206 G into the crushing cell 200, the Inject 800 ml of 208 tap water (see Figure 12) into the crushing cell 200, and the medium strength filler particles remain suspended in the superabsorbent polymer from the 206 G sample.

As shown in Figure 12, injection of tap water 208 leads to the formation of channel 210 with high permeability

15th Through sample 206 G, channel 210 extends from injection port 202 to outlet port 204. Sample 206 G was divided into top 212 and bottom 214 of the cracker cell 200 by water channel 210. However, particles of medium strength proppant remain suspended in the polymer Super absorbent from the sample 206 G.

Example 4. The three samples of fluid systems were prepared as follows. Sample H is a 20 particulate fluid The force filler is a single fluid, comprising 40 ppm (psi) 1051-Aqualic CA QX A from Nippon Shokubai in Tomball tap water. For Sample I, 15 liters per 3,785 were collected Liters (4 gallons per thousand gallons (gallons per thousand gallons) of polyacrylamide, commercially available from Baker Hughes Incorporated as MaxPerm-20A® with 40ppm FFLP particle force filler backing from sample H. For sample J, . was collected

٥٨٧٩

-٥٩-

3.75 gallons per thousand GW-3LDF GW-3LDF equals 15 parts per thousand guar, commercially available from Baker Hughes Incorporated as GW-3LDF with 151 liters per 3,785 liters (40 gallons per thousand gallons) by force of the sample

.H

5 The viscosities of samples I, H, and J were measured at ambient temperature using an Ofite M900 rheometer at 300 revolutions per minute (rpm) according to the American Petroleum Institute standard 39-API RP. The viscosity results are presented in Figure 13 when treatments are shown 1 , 2, and 3 viscosities of samples I, H, and J, respectively.As shown in Fig. 13, addition of linear polymers such as polyacrylamide or guar increases the viscosity of a particulate fluidic fluid forcibly the support filler 10.

Example 5. This example illustrates the effect of force filler particles and a linear gel on foam quality and the half-life of foam fracturing fluids. Sample K was prepared by forcibly adding 40 ppt support filler (viscosity 0.068 Pa.sec (68 cP) at 511 sec-1) 1051-Aqualic CA QX A from Nippon Shokubai to 9.4 L per 3785 L (15 2.5). Gallons per thousand gallons (Fluid is commercially available as FAW-22 22-FAW from

Baker Hughes Incorporated. Sample L was prepared by adding 68 liters per 3,785 liters (18 gallons per thousand gallons GW-3LDF) linear guar gel (viscosity 0.072 Pas.sec (72 cP) at 511 sec-1) available from Baker Hughes Incorporated to 9.4-3785 liters (2.5 gallons per thousand gallons 22-FAW). Initial foam quantity, foam quantity at 12-20 hours, and foam half-life of samples K and L are presented in Table 1. The foam quality of samples K and L are also shown in Figures 14a and 14b. As shown in Table 1, the amount of initial foam generated by sample K is 46% and decreases slightly to 44% after 24 hours. The half-life of sample K is longer than 24 hours. In contrast, the initial foam amount in the sample is 35% L and decreases to 23% over the half-life. The half-life of sample L is about 18 hours. The results indicate that the fluid

٥٨٧٩

-٦٠-

The force filler particle is more effective in improving foam quality and fluid half life

Foam breaks down compared to a linear guar gel.

Table 1.

<tr><td><p>half life</p><p>foam</p></td><td><p>Foam amount at 12</p><p>hour</p></td><td><p>Initial foam quantity</p></td><td><p>the sample</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>&lt;24 hours</p></td><td><p>٪44</p></td><td><p>٪46</p></td><td><p>K</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>18 hour</p></td><td><p>٪23</p></td><td><p>٪35</p></td><td><p>L</p></td></tr>

Although one or more embodiments are shown and described, modifications and replacements may be made

5 Without deviating from the content and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it shall be understood that the present invention is described by way of illustration and not for limitation. Embodiments in this document may be used independently or may be combined.

All ranges disclosed in this document include endpoints, and endpoints are independently aggregated to each other. Domains are connected and therefore contain

10 contains all values ​​and their sub-values ​​in the range. Unless otherwise noted or not applicable to the context, all percentages, when expressing a quantity, are weight percentages. The suffix "s" as used in this document is intended to include both the singular and plural expressions of the expression you specify, and thus include one or more of that expression (for example, color substance(s) that include at least one color substance). The expression “optional” or “optionally” indicates that the description of

15th The next event or condition may or may not occur, and the description includes states in which the event occurs and states in which it does not. As used herein, the term “combination” includes mixtures, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, and the like.

٥٨٧٩

-٦١-

As used herein, “combination thereof” means a combination that includes at least one of the listed ingredients, constituents, compounds, or elements.

All references are included in this document for reference.

The use of the terms “disclaimers,” “identifiers,” and similar references should be construed in the context of

5 Describe the invention (particularly in the context of the following claims) as covering both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise stated in this document or clearly omitted in context. Furthermore, it should also be noted that the expressions “first”, “second” The grammatical predicate 'about' used in conjunction with a quantity includes the given value, 'primary', 'secondary', and the like in this document. And it has the meaning indicated

10 to it by context (for example, include degrees of error associated with the measurement of a particular quantity). The conjunction “or” is used to connect two things from a list or alternatives and is not stratified; otherwise the items can be used separately or can be grouped together under certain situations certain.

relay list:

15th min at 83.3 °C (150 .)

degrees Fahrenheit(

“B” time = 0, room temperature

24 hour at 100°C (180 .)

degrees Fahrenheit(

1 hour at 100°C (180 .)

"Dr"

degrees Fahrenheit(

Addition of 5-GBW at 100 °C

"H"

(180 degrees Fahrenheit)

and viscosity at 511 seconds - (1 centipoise)

g time (minutes)

"H" left: sample k; sample for

<p>"I" room time = 0, at a temperature of degrees</p>

<p>j time = 24 hours at 100°C</p>

٥٨٧٩

-٦٢-

180 degrees Fahrenheit(

٥٨٧٩

-٦٣-