Untitled record

Full description

Sister Ar'a's background

The technologies disclosed herein relate to broadband satellite communications links, and more specifically to satellites that use optical links to perform broadband communication.

satellite access nodes between satellite access nodes broadband communication 5

And satellites.

General description of the invention

Satellite communications systems provide a means of transmitting data - including audio, video and other types of data - from one place to another.

<p dir="rtl">10 The use of these satellite communication systems has gained popularity with the increasing need for broadband communications. Hence, there is a need for more capacity across each individual satellite.</p>

In satellite systems, the information generated by a station (in some cases terrestrial, but it may also be air, sea, etc.) is referred to as a satellite access node

<p dir="rtl">15 SAN (Satellite Access Node), and is sent to a satellite. In some application embodiments, the satellite is a geostationary satellite. Geostationary satellites have orbits that coincide with the Earth's rotation, such that the satellite remains In an essentially fixed position relative to the Earth, the satellite is instead in an orbit around the Earth that causes the satellite's footprint to move around the Earth's surface</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 When a satellite exceeds its orbital path.</p>

The information received by the satellite is retransmitted to the user's beam coverage area on Earth, where it is received by a second station (such as a user terminal). The communication may be unidirectional (such as from a node

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Satellite access to the user end device), or bi-directional (i.e. the satellite access node and the user device originate at each node and then bypass the path through the satellite to the other). By providing a relatively larger number of satellite access nodes Satellite SANs 5. Creating a frequency reuse plan that allows the satellite to communicate on the same frequency with different satellite access nodes, it may be possible to increase the capacity of the system. Spot beams are antenna patterns that direct signals to a specific user coverage area (such as a multi beam antenna in which multiple feeds illuminate a common reflector, with each feed producing a different spot beam). However, Each of the 10 satellite access nodes is expensive to build and maintain, so it is desirable to find technologies that can provide high capacity with a small number of satellite access nodes.

Moreover, as the capacity of the satellite communication system increases, we face many problems. For example, while spot beams allow for increased frequency reuse (and thus increased power), spot beams may not provide a good fit with the actual power need, such that some spot beams are oversubscribed and some are not subscribed.15

Other point packages. Increased power also entails a need to increase the feeder link bandwidth. However, the bandwidth allocated to feeder links may reduce the bandwidth available to user links. Hence, it is desirable to have improved technologies to provide broadband and high-capacity satellite systems.

20 US Application No. 1A2005100339 relates to optical communications, and more specifically, this invention relates to free-space optical communications

.communications

US Patent No. 1B6404398 relates generally to antenna systems. More precisely, the present invention relates to an improved method and device for providing a configurable and detectable communication 25 beam.

US Patent No. 1B6,246,498 is directed to the field of optical communications

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More precisely, US Patent No. 1B6246498 applies to optical communication systems via intersatellite and satellite-to-ground communications systems.

Brief explanation of the drawings

<p dir="rtl">5 The technologies disclosed herein are described, in accordance with one or more application embodiments, by reference to the following figures. The graphics are included for illustrative purposes only and to illustrate examples of some application examples of the disclosed technologies. These drawings are provided to facilitate the reader's understanding of the techniques described. They should not be considered to limit the breadth, scope or applicability of the invention described. It should be noted that these drawings are not necessarily adjusted to scale for the purpose of clarity</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 And facilitate explanation.</p>

Figure 1 is an illustration of an example of a satellite communication system using radio frequency signals to communicate with a satellite and having a relatively larger number of satellite access nodes (known as satellite access nodes and also known as “gateways”). This is to create a high capacity system.

<p dir="rtl">15 Figure 2 is an illustration of a simplified satellite that uses RF signals to communicate with satellite access nodes.</p>

Figure 3 is an illustration of an example of repeaters used in the forward link

.link

Figure 4 is a simplified illustration of one example of the first of three system structures in which an optical link is used to make a feeder connection.

Figure 5 is an example of the relationship between intermediate frequency signals and channels

Optical channels and optical bands used by the system in some application embodiments.

Figure 6 shows an example of an optical transmitter used to perform optical modulation

<p dir="rtl">25 By binary data stream to optical signals.</p>

Figure 7 is an illustration of an example return path for the system in Figure 4.

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Figure 8 is a simplified illustration of an example of a third system architecture in which the optical link is used to communicate with the feeder link.

Figure 9 is an illustration of one example of the relationship between subchannels, carriers, and optical signals within the system in Figure 8.

<p dir="rtl">5 Figure 10 is a simplified illustration of an example of a satellite access node. Figure 11 is an illustration of an example of a return link for the system in Figure 8. Figure 12 is a simplified illustration of an example of a system architecture in which the satellite has the satellite beamforming capability.</p>

Figure 13 is a simplified functional diagram of a weight/combiner model

.module 10

Figure 14 is a simplified diagram of an example of a system architecture in which an optical signal is an RF radio frequency modulated at the satellite access node and transmitted to a satellite with beamforming capability on the satellite.

<p dir="rtl">15 Figure 15 is an example illustration of a forward link for a satellite communications system</p>

Industrial using ground-based beamforming and includes an optical forward uplink and an RF forward downlink.

Figure 16 is an example of a forward beamformer used in a system 20 that performs beamforming at ground stations.

Figure 17 is a more detailed illustration of an example of a return link component in the example scope. Figure 18 is a simplified illustration of the components of a satellite used to receive and transmit the forward link of a typical system in which beamforming is used at ground stations.

<p dir="rtl">25 Figure 18 shows an example of the components of a satellite, in more detail.</p>

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Figure 19 is an illustration of one example of user beam coverage areas configured across the entire United States.

Figure 20 is an illustration of an example of an optical transmitter that has a timing module to adjust the timing of the beam element signals and the timing of the pilot signal.

.timing pilot signal 5

Figure 21 is a system in which each of the forward beam K input signals contains wide sub-channels with a frequency of 500 S MHz. Figure 22 is a simplified functional diagram of the beamforming model.

Figure 23 is an illustration of an example of a satellite access node.

<p dir="rtl">10 Figure 24 is an example illustration of a dedicated return link for a system that can form beams at ground stations.</p>

Figure 25 is an example illustration of one of the return link satellite access nodes.

Figure 26 is an example of a sample illustration of a return package component

.beamformer 15

The figures are not intended to be comprehensive or limit the invention described to the specific form illustrated. It should be understood that the techniques disclosed herein can be practiced with modifications and modifications, and that the invention is limited to protective elements only and their equivalent.

Detailed description:

<p dir="rtl">20 First, we discuss a system that uses RF communication links between satellite access nodes and a satellite. After this introduction comes an explanation of several optical transmission technologies for satellites with broadband capabilities. After the introductory explanation of systems that have an optical feeder link, three techniques for modifying signals on an optical feeder link are discussed. In addition, it is available</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 Three architectures for applying these techniques.</p>

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Figure 1 is a satellite communications system 100 in which a relatively large number of stations (herein referred to as “satellite access nodes,” also referred to as “gateways”) 102 communicate with a satellite 104 using RF signals. On both the user link and the feeder link to create a system with a relatively larger capacity 100 is transmitted

<p dir="rtl">5 Information from the satellite access nodes 102 via the satellite 104 to the user packet coverage area in which there are a plurality of user terminals 106. In some embodiments, the system 100 contains thousands of user terminals 106. In some such embodiments In practice, each satellite access node 102 is capable of establishing a feeder uplink 108 to the satellite 104</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 and receiving a feeder downlink 110 from the satellite 104. In some application embodiments, the feeder uplinks 108 from the satellite access node 102 to the satellite 104 have a bandwidth of 3.5 GHz. In some application embodiments, the feeder uplink signal may be modulated using 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 Quadratic amplitude modulation is about 3 bits per second per hertz. By using a bandwidth of 3.5 GHz per spot beam, each individual spot beam can provide capacity of about 10 to 12 gigabits per second. By using 88 satellite access nodes, each capable of sending a message with a bandwidth signal of 3.5 GHz, the system has a bandwidth of about 308 GHz or a capacity of about 1,000</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 Gigabit per second (about 1 Tbit per second).</p>

Figure 2 is an illustration of a simplified satellite that can be used in the system of Figure 1, where the satellite uses RF signals to communicate with satellite access nodes. Figure 3 is a simplified illustration of the repeaters 201 used in the forward link (i.e. receiving the RF uplink and transmitting the RF uplink).

<p dir="rtl">25 The user's RF downlink) in the satellite shown in Figure 2. It receives feed 202, in the range of the feeder link antenna (not shown).</p>

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For the satellite 104, an RF signal from the satellite access node 102. Although not reviewed in detail, a user link antenna can be either: one or more multi beam antenna arrays (such as multiple feeds illuminating a common reflector) or direct radiating feeds 5 Or other appropriate configurations. In addition, the feeder link antennas and the user may share feeds (such as by receiving or transmitting a dual-band combiner), reflectors, or both. In one application embodiment, the feeder 202 may receive signals at two orthogonal polarizations (That is, one of them should be right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and the other should be left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), or they should be two polarizations, one horizontal and the other arc). In one such application embodiment, the output 203 is provided from a single polarization (such as right circular polarization) to a first repeater 201. The output is coupled to the input of a low noise amplifier (LNA) 304 (see Figure 3). At the input of the diplexer 306. 15 The dual transmitter splits the signal into a first output signal 308 and a second output signal 310. The first output signal 308 is on a first radio frequency. The second output signal 310 is on a second radio frequency. Each of the output signals 308 and 310 are coupled to one of the frequency converters 312 or 314. The local oscillator (315 oscillator) is coupled to both the frequency converters 312 and 314. The frequency converters 20 transfer the frequency of the two output signals to the downlink transmission frequency. In some application embodiments, the same local oscillator frequency is applied to both frequency converters 312 and 314. The output of the frequency converters 312 and 314 is coupled via a channel filter 316 and 318 to a hybrid unit 320. The hybrid unit 320 combines the output of channel filters 316 and 318 and couples the combined signal with a linearizing channel booster.

.322 channel amplifier 25

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Signal collection within the hybrid module 320 allows signals to be enhanced by one of the traveling wave tube amplifiers 324 (TWTA). The output of the linear channel booster 322 is coupled to traveling tube amplifiers 324. The traveling tube booster 324 enhances the signal and couples the amplified output to the input of the high 5 pass filter and duplexer 326. The dual transmitter and high-pass filter 326 split the signal back into two outputs based on the frequency of signals, such that the higher portion of the signal frequency is coupled to a first antenna feed 328 and the lower portion of the signal frequency is coupled to a second antenna feed 330. The first antenna feed 328 sends the user downlink beam to the coverage area of the first user beam U1.

<p dir="rtl">10 The second antenna feed 330 transmits the user's downlink beam to the second user's beam coverage area U3.</p>

The output 331 of the feed 202 of the second polarization (e.g. left circular polarization) is coupled to a second arm 332 of the repeater. The second arm 332 operates in a manner similar to the first 201, however, the output frequencies sent to the user beam coverage areas U2 will be

<p dir="rtl">15 U4 is different from the frequencies transmitted to the user beam coverage areas U1 to U3.</p>

In some application embodiments, an optical link may be used to increase the bandwidth of the uplink feeder 108 from each of the satellite access nodes 102 to the satellite 104, and the downlink feeder 110 from the satellite to the satellite access node 102. This would provide many advantages, including increased spectrum availability for links

<p dir="rtl">20 the user. In addition, by increasing the bandwidth of the feeder links 108 and 110, the number of satellite access nodes 102 can be reduced. The number of satellite access nodes 102 can be reduced by increasing the bandwidth of each individual feeder link to/from each node of Satellite access nodes 102 reduce the overall system cost without reducing system capacity. However, one of the challenges associated with using optical transmission signals is</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 optical transmission signals in that optical signals are subject to attenuation when passing through the atmosphere. In particular, if the sky is not clear along the path from the satellite</p>

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To satellite access nodes, the optical signal will experience significant propagation loss due to signal attenuation.

In addition to the dilution caused by reduced visibility, flashing occurs under adverse weather conditions. Techniques can then be used to mitigate the effects of optical signal fading due to conditions

<p dir="rtl">5 Air. In particular, and as we will explain in more detail below, the lenses used by the satellite to receive optical signals and the lasers used by the satellite to send optical signals can be directed to one node among multiple satellite access nodes. Satellite access nodes are distributed across the Earth's surface such that they are exposed to weather conditions at different times (i.e. when dimming is most likely to occur over</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 The path connecting a satellite to a particular satellite access node is relatively unlikely to be on the path connecting the satellite to other satellite access nodes.)</p>

When we take into account the differences in weather conditions in different parts of the country, a decision can be made when the atmosphere between the satellite and the satellite access node is not specific.

<p dir="rtl">15 Desirable for transmitting an optical signal, the decision is made to use an access node to different satellites whose weather conditions are more favorable. For example, the skies of the entire southwestern United States are relatively clearer. Therefore, satellite access nodes could be placed in these clear locations in the country in order to provide a gateway for data that would otherwise be sent through other satellite access nodes located in other areas of the United States when the celestial path is obstructed.</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 between these satellite access nodes and the satellite.</p>

Besides directing the satellite to communicate with those satellite access nodes whose atmospheric path to/from the satellite is more favourable, signals received/transmitted by the satellite can also be routed via multiple optical receivers/transmitters to an antenna One of multiple custom antennas

<p dir="rtl">25 To transmit to a user packet coverage area that is picked up. Combining flexibility in determining the source from which optical signals can be received on the optical uplink and the ability to...</p>

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Selection of the antenna through which signals received from the source will be transmitted allows the system to mitigate the negative impact of varying weather conditions between the satellite access nodes and the satellite.

As disclosed herein, at least three different technologies may be used to deliver information from satellite access nodes via satellite to user beam coverage areas that

<p dir="rtl">5 User peripherals may be located there. We will now describe these three techniques. Here we provide a very brief summary of each, followed by a more detailed explanation of each structure.</p>

Briefly, the first technique is based on the use of a binary modulated optical signal on the uplink. Many satellite access nodes receive information intended to be sent to user terminals located within beams coverage areas

<p dir="rtl">10 the user. The visual signal is modified by digital information. In some application embodiments, each satellite access node transmits this binary optical signal</p>

Modified to the satellite, the digital information may be a representation of information intended to be transmitted to the user's beam coverage area in which the user's terminals are located. The signal is detected in the satellite using an optical detector, such as a diode

<p dir="rtl">15 photodiode. In some application embodiments, the resulting digital signal is used to provide binary encoding, such as by including binary phase shift keying (binary phase BPSK) that modulates an intermediate frequency signal. The intermediate frequency signal is then converted to the link carrier frequency The satellite's RF downlink carrier frequency can be modified by including the phase shift</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 The binary is relatively simple given the satellite's small size, energy, and thermal condition. However, using binary phase shift modulation as the primary conversion of the user downlink RF signal 114 may not provide maximum system power. In other words, the full potential power of the user's RF downlink 114 is reduced from its potential value when using a dense modulation scheme, such as 16 square amplitude modulation instead of phase shift modulation</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 Duo on the user's downlink at RF 114.</p>

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The second technique also modulates the optical signal on the uplink using a binary modulation scheme. The modulated optical signal is detected by an optical diode. The resulting digital signal is coupled to a modem. The modem encodes digital information onto an intermediate frequency signal using a modulation scheme that is relatively bandwidth efficient, such as modulation

<p dir="rtl">5 squared expanse. Quadrature modulation is used here to indicate modulation formats compared to encoding a number greater than 2 bits per symbol, including, for example, QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying), shift-specific quadrature phase shift modulation, and octal modulation with Phase shift, 16-state quadratic amplitude modulation, 32-state quadratic amplitude modulation, and amplitude phase shift keying</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 (APSK) and related modulation formats. While it allows the use of a modulation scheme</p>

To make more efficient use of the user's RF downlink, the use of such an encoder on the user's RF downlink 114 would require a relatively complex digital/intermediate frequency conversion block (such as a modem). Increases size, mass, cost, energy consumption and heat

<p dir="rtl">15 It is necessary to dissipate it.</p>

The third technology uses a modulated optical signal with an RF frequency (in contrast to the modulated binary optical signals of the previous two techniques). In this model, instead of modifying the optical signal with digital information to be sent to the user’s beam coverage area, the RF signal is directly modulated (i.e. modulated in terms of intensity) on the optical carrier

<p dir="rtl">20 optical carrier. The satellite then only needs to detect the RF message modified from the optical signal (i.e. detect the intensity of the optical signal) and raise the frequency of this signal to the user’s downlink frequency, thus relieving the satellite of the need for a complex modem. The use of a modulated optical RF signal can increase the overall capacity of a communications system by allowing the intensity of a link's RF signal to be adjusted.</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 user, while reducing the complexity of satellite installation. Because of the bandwidth available in an optical signal, many RF carriers can be multiplexed</p>

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Optical carrier wave. However, optical signals whose intensity is modulated by an RF signal are subject to errors due to many factors, including optical signal fading.

Each of these three technologies suffers from the fact that there is an unreliable optical channel from the satellite access nodes to the satellite. In addition, we discuss three system architectures

<p dir="rtl">5 To alleviate the problems related to unreliable optical feeder link channels. In each configuration, additional satellite access nodes are used to offset the inherent unreliability of optical links to the satellite. Signals can be routed from any of the satellite access nodes to any of the user beam coverage areas. The use of additional satellite access nodes would</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 It ensures the availability of a preferred number of satellite access nodes that have a high-quality optical link to the satellite. In addition, the flexibility of satellite path routing (what we refer to here as “feeder link diversity”) allows data to be sent from those satellite access nodes that have a high-quality optical channel to the satellite on the feeder link or To the user's point beams on the user's link in a flexible manner.</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 These three techniques will now be explained in detail. Each of these three technologies is explained in the context of application models that have a specific number of elements (i.e., satellite access nodes, lasers for each satellite access node, transponders within the satellite, etc.). However, these are provided In addition, there are a variety of application models specified for the sake of clarity and ease of explanation</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 Of intermediate frequency and/or RF frequencies, optical wavelengths, a number of satellite access nodes and a number of satellite transponders within the scope of application embodiments disclosed herein. Therefore, the determination of frequencies, wavelengths, antenna array elements, number of similar parallel channels, elements, devices, and user beam coverage areas should not be understood as</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 A restrictive definition of the manner in which the disclosed systems may be implemented, unless restricted by a formula</p>

Explicit in the protection elements attached to this patent.

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Figure 4 is a simplified diagram of the first of the three techniques mentioned above. The system 600 for implementing the first technology includes a multitude of satellite access nodes 602 and a satellite 604 that has one feed for each of the beam antennas 638, 640, as well as a multitude of user terminals 606 in the user beam coverage areas 1801.

<p dir="rtl">5 (See Figure 19). Alternatively, any antenna may be used that has multiple inputs so that each can receive a signal that can be transmitted in a user-specific spot beam to a user beam coverage area, such as direct radiating antennas and the like, which may be 638 The 640 is a direct-radiating array or part of an antenna/reflector system and in some application embodiments, the system 600 has M access nodes to 10 satellites 602. In system embodiment 600, and for each of the system embodiments described throughout this disclosure, M is equal to 8. However, none of the systems disclosed herein can be understood by restricting them to this number. The number M = 8 is just a convenience example, and in other application models, M can be equal to 2, 4, 10, 12, 16, 20, 32, 40, or any other appropriate value. In some application embodiments, satellite access nodes 602 receive “forward traffic” that is delivered through the system from a source (such as a core node, not shown), which can receive information from an information network (15). Such as the Internet. The data being communicated to the satellite access node 602 may be provided from a primary node in any form that permits efficient data communication to the satellite access node 602, including conducting a binary data stream. In some application embodiments 20, the data is provided as a binary data stream that is modulated onto an optical signal and transmitted to the satellite access node over an optical fiber. Forward traffic is received in flows that are identified by a particular user packet 1801 coverage area. In some application embodiments, the data may also be associated with a particular user terminal or plurality of terminals to which the user decides to send the data. In some application embodiments, the data 25 is attached to a peripheral device based on the frequency and/or timing of the signal carrying such data. Instead, it may</p>

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A data address or other identifier is provided with the data, is included in the data, or is within the data itself.

Once received, the forward traffic is a binary data flow 601. In other words, according to some applied embodiments, the forward traffic is a binary representation, such as

<p dir="rtl">5 In the form of an intensity or phase modulated optical signal. In alternative application embodiments, the forward traffic can be decoded into any other binary representation.</p>

Figure 5 illustrates the relationship between intermediate frequency signals 903, optical channels 915, and optical bands 907, 909, 911, and 913 used by the system in some application embodiments. Specific choices of broadbands, frequencies, channel quantities, and wavelengths are express

<p dir="rtl">10 These are just examples to facilitate understanding of the concepts discussed here. Alternative modulation layouts can be used, as well as other optical wavelengths, channel quantities, frequencies and other wide bands at intermediate frequency and/or RF. The purpose of the diagram shown is therefore merely an explanation of a particular diagram that can be used. As shown, a multitude of 3.5 GHz binary modulated intermediate frequency signals (such as 64) 903 carry the required binary data.</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 Send it to one of the user's raster packages. Other broadband models that can be used include 500 MHz, 900 MHz, 1.4 MHz, 1.5 MHz, 1.9 MHz, 2.4 MHz, or any other suitable bandwidth.</p>

The modulated binary (i.e. digital) content of each of the 3.5 GHz binary modulated intermediate frequency signals 903 is used to perform binary intensity modulation of one of the 16 optical channels within

<p dir="rtl">20 The four optical bands 905. In some embodiments, the four bands 907, 909, 911, and 913 of the optical spectrum are 1100 nm, 1300 nm, 1550 nm, and 2100 nm. However, bands that lie anywhere in the useful optical spectrum (i.e. that part of the optical spectrum that is available in at least reduced form without excessive dilution through the atmosphere) can be chosen. In general, optical bands are chosen that do not have any</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 Excessive dilution of the selected ranges. In other words, many optical scopes may have attenuation</p>

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Less than other ranges. In these applied models, a subset of those optical bands is selected. Many of these selected ranges could be subject to very similar dilution.

In one example, each optical channel is individually defined by the wavelength at the center of the channel and each optical channel is separated from the other optical channel by a distance of about

<p dir="rtl">5 0.8 nm (i.e. 100 GHz wide). Although the RF signal is 903</p>

Modulated on the optical channel, it is 3.5 GHz wide, and the spacing allows optical signals to effectively reduce their multiplexing. In some application embodiments, the wavelength section of the satellite access node 602 multiplexes multiple (e.g. 64) 3.5 GHz optical signals 903 (e.g. 4 x 16) over the output optical signal.

<p dir="rtl">10 optical output signal. Therefore, the digital content of the optical channel 64 can be transmitted from one of the nodes of the satellite access node 602.</p>

Figure 6 shows an example of an optical transmitter 607 used to perform binary data stream optical modulation 601 to optical signals. According to an application embodiment in which the scheme shown in Figure 5 is implemented, the optical transmitter 607 includes four optical band modules

<p dir="rtl">15 optical band modules 608a to 608d (only two are shown for simplicity) and an optical combiner 609. Each of the four optical band modules 608 includes 16 optical modulators 611 (only two are shown for simplicity) out of a total of 64 modulators 611. A modulator of the 64 modulators 611 outputs an optical signal inhabiting one of the 64 optical channels 915 (see Figure 5). The channels are divided into 4 optical bands, namely 907 and 909</p>

20 And 911 and 913.

The modulator 611 selects the optical channel 915 based on the wavelength λ1 of a light source 654 producing an optical signal. The MZM density 652 652 embeds the output of the first light source 654 with a density proportional to the amplitude of the binary data stream 601 and the binary data stream 601 is combined with a direct current bias (DC) in a summer collector 656.

<p dir="rtl">25 Since the binary data stream 610 is a digital signal (of only two amplitudes), the resulting optical signal is a dual modulated optical signal. The output is coupled</p>

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The modulated optical output is from a 652 MZM modulator with an optical combiner 609. In the case of a system using a modulation scheme such as the one shown in Figure 5, each of the 16 optical sources 654 in the same optical band module 608 optical band module outputs an optical signal at One of the 16 different wavelengths λ1. The 16 wavelengths 5 correspond to 16 optical channels 915 in the same first optical band 907. Likewise, optical sources 654 in optical modulators 611 in each band one out of every two other optical bands 608 output an optical signal that has a wavelength of λ1 equal to the wavelength of the channels in the corresponding optical band 909, 911, and 913. Hence, the 64 optical outputs 915 of the four optical band modules 608a - 608d have a different wavelength, and 10 are located within the 16 optical channels of the four optical bands defined by the wavelengths λ1 of the signals generated by the 64 optical sources 654. The optical combiner 609 outputs an optical signal 660 based on wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) such that it is composed of each signal 915 separately.

<p dir="rtl">15 The satellite access node 602 transmits the optical signal 660 to the satellite 604 via an optical uplink 108 (see Figure 4). The optical signal emitted by optical transmitter 607 is received by a lens 610 on the satellite 604. In some application embodiments, the lens represents 610 Part of a telescope inside the 622 optical receiver. In some application embodiments, the lens 610 is steerable (i.e., it can be directed to a point at any 20 of the plurality of satellite access nodes 602 in the system or any node in a subset). By allowing the lens 610 to be directed to more than one of the satellite access nodes 602 Satellite access 602 The lens 610 can be directed to a satellite access node 602 that has an optical path to the satellite such that this optical path is not currently subject to signal fading. The lens 610 can be oriented using 25 mechanical 2-axis positioning mechanisms. Lens orientation can be achieved by measuring the reception strength of signals sent through an optical channel and using the signal strength to identify where to direct it.</p>

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lens to a satellite access node with an optical link of sufficient quality (i.e., above the preferred quality limit). Either ground commands or actions performed by the satellite can provide guidance to lens positioning mechanisms to properly point lens 610 at the access node To 602 favorite satellites.

<p dir="rtl">5 The optical receiver 622 also includes an optical 650 demultiplexer, such as a filter or prism. The optical receiver 622 has a plurality of outputs, each individual output being analogous to one of the optical wavelengths. As shown in Figure 4, optical receiver 622 has 64 outputs. However, as mentioned above, a specific frequency or number of optical bands and bouquet are provided</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 The selected wavelengths as well as the outputs of the optical receiver 622 are provided here by way of example and are not intended to limit systems, such as system 600, to a specific number.</p>

In some application embodiments, each wavelength is in one of the four optical bands of 907, 909, 911, and 913. Each optical wavelength is at the center of an optical channel. The optical channels within each band are spaced about 0.8 nanometers (i.e., 100 GHz).

<p dir="rtl">15 Spacing the optical channels makes it easier to provide an optical demultiplexer 650 that can optically de-multiplex the optical signal in order to provide each of the 64 optical channels on a separate output. In some application embodiments, an additional lens 613 is provided to focus the output of the optical demultiplexer 650 into the input of the optical detector, such as the photodiode 612. The photodiode 612</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 By generating an electrical signal by detecting the intensity curve of the optical signal 660 provided at the optical input to the photodiode. In some embodiments in which the optical signal 660 is intensity modulated to one of two intensity levels, the first intensity level representing the logical connection "1" is produced as an electrical signal having a first amplitude that also represents the logical connection "1". It produces the second density level, which represents...</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 The logical "0" connection is in the form of an electrical signal that has an amplitude representing the logical "0" connection. Therefore, the electrical signal is placed in a first state when the intensity of the optical signal 660 is in the represented state</p>

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The logical connection is “1” and is placed in a second state when the optical signal intensity is 660 in a state representing the logical connection “0”. Therefore, the optical receiver has an abundance of digital outputs 615. The electrical signal output from the digital output 615 of the photodiode 612 is coupled to a modulator 614, such as a bi-phase modulator -bi.

<p dir="rtl">5 phase modulator. In some application embodiments, such as the application embodiment of Figure 4, a low-noise booster 617 is provided between the photodiode 612 and the biphasic rectifier 614. The output of the biphasic rectifier 614 is an intermediate frequency signal modulated to form a “binary phase shift modulation” (i.e., a signal Analog signal (analog signal) and has two phases. The binary phase shift modulation rate No. 614 outputs a signal that has a first phase representing the logical connection “1” in response to a signal</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 The electrical input signal is at the first amplitude (i.e. in the first case). When the input of the rectifier 614 has an amplitude that represents a logical connection “0” (i.e. in the second case), the output phase of the binary phase shift modulation modulator No. 614 moves to a second phase that differs For the first phase, the output of the modulator 614 is coupled to the input of the switch matrix 616.</p>

In the simplified layout of Figure 4, the satellite access node 602 is coupled to a second

<p dir="rtl">15 lens 610, optical receiver 622, and a plurality of bi-phase modulators 614 (i.e., 64) in the switching matrix 616. While two satellite access nodes 602 are shown in Figure 4, it should be understood that the satellite can receive optical signals from Multiple satellite access nodes 602 (eg: 8).</p>

In some implementation embodiments, the permutation matrix 616 of Figure 4 has a plurality (which may be 64

<p dir="rtl">20 (for example) of inputs to each lens 610. In other words, if the satellite 604 has 8 lenses 610, the switching matrix 616 has 512 inputs, each of which is associated with one of the rates 614. The switching matrix 616 allows existing signals The outputs of the switching matrix 616 can be selectively coupled to the inputs of the switching matrix 616. In some embodiments, any input may be coupled to any output. However, in some embodiments</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 In practice, only one input can be associated with any one output. Alternatively, inputs and outputs are grouped together so that only inputs can be associated with outputs within</p>

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Same group. Restricting the number of outputs that can be coupled to an input reduces the complexity of the switching matrix 616 at the cost of decreased flexibility in the system.

Each output of the switching matrix 616 is coupled to an upconverter 626. The upconverter 626 converts the signal frequency to reach the carrier frequency of the special downlink

<p dir="rtl">5 By user. For example, in some application embodiments, the signal output from switching matrix 616 is a 3.5 GHz-wide intermediate frequency signal. The frequency of an intermediate frequency signal with a width of 3.5 GHz is converted to the frequency of an RF carrier that has a center frequency of 20 GHz. The output of each step-up transformer 626 is individually coupled to a corresponding power amplifier 630. The output of each amplifier 630 is individually coupled to one antenna input of</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 redundant inputs, such as the inputs (as antenna feeds, not shown) of one of the antennas 638 and 640. Accordingly, each switch matrix output 616 is effectively coupled individually to a corresponding single antenna input. In some implementations, each Each of the antennas 638 and 640 individually inputs a user-specific spot beam into one of the user beam coverage areas 1801 (see Figure 19). The switching matrix 616 is capable of</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 On selecting the input (i.e., two-phase transformer 614) and choosing the output (i.e., stepless transformer 626) to which this input is coupled. Accordingly, when (or before) the signal from one of the nodes of the satellite access node 602 fades and before the errors become non- Addressable, the switching array 616 can be coupled to the input of the upconverter 626 (i.e., attached antenna feed) to one of the satellite access nodes 602 which transmits an optical signal that is not subject to significant attenuation.</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 In some application embodiments, the switching matrix 616 allows the content available to the antenna inputs to be time-division multiplexed so that the content from a particular satellite access node can be distributed to more than one user spot beam (i.e., antenna feed).</p>

In other words, when each lens 610 receives a signal from the satellite access node 602 toward which it is directed, each of the 64 outputs will have an output from the associated optical receiver 622

<p dir="rtl">25 There is some sign in the lens 610. In an application embodiment in which each antenna input to antennas 638 and 640 transmits a user-specific spot beam to a user-specific coverage area 1801,</p>

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All user coverage areas 1801 will receive a signal (with the positioning ground of the switching matrix 616 so that each individual output can be coupled to a single output). The switching matrix 616 selects the analog output, from the two-phase converter 614, to be coupled to each individual antenna input. (As if it is sent to each feed of the antenna 638 and 640 with a single feed for each beam) (i.e. in a beam

<p dir="rtl">5 However, when the optical signal from a specific satellite access node 602 fades, the signal continues to be provided to all antenna inputs to ensure that none of the user coverage areas 1801 lose coverage. Doubling the transmission time of signals from One of the satellite access nodes to more than 64 antenna inputs allows one of the satellite access nodes 602 to provide signals to more than 64</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 User coverage area 1801. While the overall system capacity is reduced, system availability is enhanced to provide content to each user coverage area. This is useful for systems that have an optical feeder connection. In some application embodiments, the transmission time is doubled for a short period while the lens 610, which is directed to one of the satellite access nodes 602 that has a weak optical link, is redirected to the satellite access node</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 Others, to which a stronger visual connection is directed. In general, the array 616 can be used to time-double the transmission of the analog signals output from the optical receiver 622 into more than one of the user's spot beams, so that during the first time slot the analog signal can be coupled to a first antenna input (such as in Feed image (sends a user-specific spot beam directed to the coverage area of the first user beam. Within a period of time</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 Second time, the analog signal is coupled to a second antenna input (which may be in the form of a feed, for example) that sends a user-specific spot beam directed to the coverage area of the second user beams.</p>

Once each lens 610 receives a sufficiently strong optical signal, the switching matrix 616 can again locate each output at a unique output in monocular correspondence between each input and output. In some application embodiments, control of the switching matrix 616 is available through a telemetry signal

<p dir="rtl">25 telemetry signal issued by a control station. In most application embodiments, since all 64 intermediate frequency signals originating from the same access node</p>

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Satellites 602 will underperform together, the switching matrix 616 only needs to be able to choose between 64/K outputs, where K is the number of user spot beams and 64 is the number of photo diodes 612 in one of the optical receivers 622. As noted above, the process of controlling the satellite path guidance to determine the position of satellite access nodes 5 602 to the user's spot beams is referred to herein as “feeder link diversity.” As we discuss below, feeder connection diversity can be provided in three different ways.

In some application embodiments, the satellite 604 has a greater number of antenna inputs than transponders (i.e., paths from the optical receiver down to switches 10 634 and 636). In other words, a limited number of transponders can be used, which

They include power amplifiers 630 (PAs), upconverters 626, etc., in order to transmit signals to a relatively larger number of user beam coverage areas. By sharing the transponders between the antenna inputs, the transmission duration of the output from each individual photodiode 612 can be doubled in order to provide service 15 to a number of user beam coverage areas that are larger in number than the number of transmitters

and response on the satellite 604. In this embodiment, RF switches 634 are used to route the power amplifier (PA) output 630 to different inputs of one or both antennas 638 and 640 at different times. These times are coordinated so that the information available on the signal is decided to be sent to the user beam coverage area 20 to which the input is directed (i.e. the feed is directed). Therefore, a single transponder can be used to provide information to several user packet coverage areas in such a way that the transmission time is doubled. By setting the switches 634 and 636 to direct the signal to a specific antenna 638 and 640, the signal received at each of the lenses 610 can be directed to a specific spot beam. This provides flexibility in determining system capacity dynamically.

<p dir="rtl">25 Switches 634 and 636 direct the signal to inputs to either antenna 638 and 640 mounted on the satellite. In some application embodiments, a special output may be directed</p>

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with switches 634 and 636 to a subset of antennas. Each antenna, 638 and 640, is a single-feed antenna directed at a particular user beam coverage area, thus producing a spot beam. In alternative application embodiments, the power boosters 630 may be connected directly to the antenna inputs, such that the matrix switch 616 selects the signals, detected by all photodiodes 612, to be transmitted to user beam coverage areas. In addition, even in application embodiments in which there are equal numbers of satellite antenna and transponder inputs, having switches 634 and 636 can reduce the complexity of the switch matrix 616. In other words, a combination of switch matrix 616, switches 634 and 636, and a switch matrix 616 does not need to be used.

<p dir="rtl">10 Switch 616 means having the ability to make a connection between each input and each output. Alternatively, the array inputs, outputs and antenna inputs can be combined into groups such that any input in the group can only be coupled to any output from the same group. Switches 634 and 636 can switch between antenna inputs (e.g., feeds) to allow the outputs of one group to be coupled to an output in another group.</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 The switching matrix 616 can be operated statically or in a dynamic time division multiple access mode. During static mode of operation, the configuration of paths through switching matrix 616 remains essentially constant for relatively long periods of time. The configuration of the switching matrix 616 changes only to accommodate relatively long-term changes in the amount of flow transmitted as well as long-term changes in the quality of a particular link, etc. In contrast, in setting</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 Dynamic time division multiple access switching matrix 616 is used to multiplex the data transmission time between different forward downlink antenna inputs. The switching matrix 616 then selects an input to pair with the output of the switching matrix 616. This selection is contingent on whether the input signal is strong enough to ensure that the number of errors encountered when demodulating the signal can be handled at the user's terminal 842, 844. And in some</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 In these implementation embodiments, doubling the transmission time of the analog outputs of the optical receiver 622 to different antenna inputs would allow one of the nodes to access the satellite</p>

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<p dir="rtl">602 By serving more than one area of user packages coverage. During the first time period, the one or more signals emerging from the optical receiver 622 may be individually coupled through one or more unique outputs from a first set of antenna outputs (i.e., directed to one unique area of a first set of beam coverage areas user). Within a second period of time, a procedure can be performed</p>

<p dir="rtl">5 Coupling of one or more of the same signals across different antenna outputs (ie coverage areas).</p>

These analog outputs 615 can be double transmitted from the optical receiver 622 in the form of a response to one of the lenses 610 of the optical receiver 622 directed at a “weak” satellite access node 602 (i.e., a satellite access node 602 that has a link visual quality that is less than the minimum quality). In this application model,

<p dir="rtl">10 A first data flow, which is initially intended for the weak satellite access node 602, may be forwarded by the primary node to another strong satellite access node 602 (i.e., the satellite access node 602 has an optical link that is higher than the minimum quality). The powerful satellite access node 602 doubles the transmission time of this information so that, for a period of time, the powerful satellite access node 602 transmits .</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 Information directed to a first set of packet coverage areas to which the user decides to send the first data stream. During a second time period, the satellite access node 602 transmits a second data stream directed to a second set of user beam coverage areas. Therefore, within a single period of time, information that would otherwise be blocked from reaching the satellite 604 can be transmitted through the weak optical link between the access node to the satellites.</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 The weak satellite 602 and the satellite 604, to the satellite 604 via the strong satellite access node 602. During this time, the lens 610, directed at the weak satellite access node 602, may be redirected to the strong satellite access node 602 that is not actually transmitting to the satellite 604. As mentioned above, the process of forwarding information from the access node is To weak satellites to a node</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 Access to powerful satellites is an element of the diversity of feeder links.</p>

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By determining when the feeder uplink signal experiences unacceptable attenuation, the data path can be directed away from the satellite access node 602 that is using an unacceptable feeder uplink and to the satellite access node 602 that has an uplink signal that is level Its signal is acceptable. And through the process of diversifying connections

<p dir="rtl">5 Feeding, the signal transmitted through the selected satellite access node 602 may be routed so that it passes through the switching matrix 616 to the spot beam to which the data was to be transmitted.</p>

System 600 is relatively simple to implement on satellite 604. Converting the modulated optical data into a modulated intermediate frequency signal to form a “binary phase shift modulation” using photodiodes 612 and biphasic modulators 614 is a relatively simple process 10. These two-phase rectifiers are relatively easy and inexpensive to construct, and require quantity

Relatively low energy and can be built in a relatively smaller size and lighter weight. However, the use of “binary phase shift modulation” modulation on the RF user downlink 114 does not represent the most efficient use of the limited RF spectrum. In other words, greater capacity can be obtained for the user's RF downlink 114 (see Figure 1) by

<p dir="rtl">15 Use of a condensed modulation scheme, such as 16 square amplitude modulation instead of including the binary phase shift on the user's RF downlink 114.</p>

For example, in an alternative application embodiment of system 600 in which the second of the three techniques mentioned above is applied, the analog signal 618 to be transmitted on the user's downlink is modulated with a condensed modulation scheme. Generating the complex modulation of the analog signal 20 618 requires the modulator to be a highly complex modulator and to be capable of taking the digital data stream and converting the data stream into one or more complex modulated signals. The complex modulated 618 signal may be of high-order modulation such as 64-squared amplitude modulation and 8psk modulation and quadruple phase shift modulation, for example. Alternatively, any other modification schemes can be used such that:

<p dir="rtl">25 Be able to modulate symbols into an intermediate frequency carrier, where the symbols represent more than two logic states. In other words, binary intensity modulation of the optical signal results in the output</p>

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615 The optical receiver 622 provides an electrical signal that has a binary modulation representing the basic content. To modulate the analog signal 618 with a more complex modulation scheme, such as 16 squared amplitude modulation, the rate 614 is a squared amplitude modulation rate and then performs a squared modulation of the intermediate frequency signal based on the digital content output 5 of the photodiode 612.

Hence, in some application embodiments, the two-phase modulation rate 614 of the system 600 is replaced by a quadratic amplitude modulation rate 614 (i.e., a rate in which each symbol represents more than two bits). Accordingly, instead of specifying the modulation of intermediate-frequency signals to a binary modulation scheme ( (i.e. two logical states), such as including a binary phase shift, the modulator 614 allows signals with 10 intermediate frequencies 618 to be modulated with a condensed modulation scheme (i.e. a scheme in which the symbols are capable of representing more than two values, such as a quadratic amplitude modulation). While the more complex RCM provides more efficient modulation of intermediate-frequency signals 618 (square Amplitude modulation vs. two-phase shift modulation), it is more complex, requires more power, is heavier, and is more expensive than a two-phase modulator.

<p dir="rtl">15 Figure 7 is an illustration of the return path for the system 600. User terminals 606 transmit the binary modulated signal to the satellite 604. Switches 402, which are coupled to each antenna element (i.e., single feed antennas for each beam) 404 and 406), with a choice of satellite transponders consisting of a low-noise booster 408, a frequency converter 409, and a digital decoder.</p>

410 decoder. The frequency converter 409 downconverts the received signal from the user uplink frequency to the intermediate frequency. 410 digital decoders decode the binary modulation of the received intermediate frequency signal. Therefore, the output of each decoder 410 is a digital signal. Decoders 410 are coupled to inputs 25 to a switching matrix 416. The switching matrix 416 allows signals received through each of the user's spot beams to be modulated on different optical links (i.e., sent to

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Satellite access nodes 602) depending on whether there is significant attenuation on the downlink optical link of each satellite access node 602. The outputs of the switching matrix 416 are coupled to the inputs to the optical transmitters 607. Each individual optical transmitter 607 is substantially identical to The optical transmitter 607 shown in Figure 6 and discussed above.

<p dir="rtl">5 In some embodiments in which the optical spectrum is used in the same manner as it is used on the feed-forward link (see Figure 5), each of the four optical band units 608 receives 16 outputs from the matrix switcher 416 for a total of 64 inputs to the optical transmitter 607. In some application embodiments in which optical signals can be received from 8 satellite access nodes 602, there are 8 transmitters</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 Optical 607 which can receive a total of 512 outputs from the switching matrix 416. Each of the optical transmitters 607 outputs an optical signal 660. The optical signal 660 is received by a lens 412 within an optical receiver 414 at the satellite access node 602. The optical receiver 414 and lens 412 are substantially identical to the optical receiver 622 and lens 610 on the satellite 604, as described.</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 above by reference to Figure 4. Accordingly, the output of the optical receiver 414 is a binary data stream. The output of the optical receiver is sent to an information network, such as a network that provides forward flow to the satellite access node 602.</p>

In an alternative application embodiment representing the return link of the system 600, the modification used on the overhead return link from the user terminals 606 to the satellite 604 is

<p dir="rtl">20 The modulation scheme is more efficient than binary modulation. Hence, binary modulation 410 is a more complex modulator 410. The binary data output from the demodulator 410 is the result of decoding the modulated symbols which are modulated to the intermediate frequency signal by the user peripheral 606. For example, if 16 squared expansion modulation is used on the user uplink, the signal output from</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 The demodulator is a digital stream of values represented by a 16-digit quadratic symbol. The binary signal output from the switching device 502 is coupled to an input</p>

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With permutation matrix 416. The binary demodulator and complex demodulator 410 each output the digital data stream to be used to binary modify the optical signal sent down the feeder link by the optical transmitter 607.

<p dir="rtl">5 Figure 8 is a simplified diagram of a system 800 intended to implement the third technique. In some application embodiments of the system 800, one of the satellite access nodes 802 receives forward traffic in the form of “baseband” signals 809 coupled to the inputs of a baseband to an intermediate frequency converter 1605. In some application embodiments, 7 frequency subchannels 500 are installed Wide baseband 809 GHz into a 3.5 GHz intermediate frequency signal 811.</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 Transmitting each of the 3.5 GHz intermediate frequency signals 811 to a single user coverage area 1801. Figure 9 shows the relationship between baseband subchannels 809, intermediate frequency signals 811, and optical signals within the system 800.</p>

Wideband models that can be used include 500 GHz (i.e. a single 500 GHz subchannel), 900 GHz, 1.4 GHz, 1.5 GHz, or 1.9 GHz.

<p dir="rtl">15 GHz, 2.4 GHz, or any other suitable bandwidth.</p>

Figure 10 is a simplified illustration of a satellite access node 802, such as the satellite access node 802 shown in Figure 8. In some application embodiments, there are 64 baseband to intermediate frequency converters 1605, shown organized into four intermediate frequency combiners 1602 comprising Each unit consists of 16 transformers 1605. The transformer assembly is not reviewed from

<p dir="rtl">20 The baseband to intermediate frequency 1605 in intermediate frequency transformers 1602 is shown in Fig. 8 to simplify the figure. Each of the 64 baseband to intermediate frequency converters 1605 has S inputs, where S is the number of subchannels 809. In some embodiments where subchannel 809 has a bandwidth of 500 GHz and signal 811 has a bandwidth of 3.5 GHz , S equals 7. Each input pairs one of the sub-channels</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 809 with a corresponding frequency converter 1606. The frequency converters 1606 provide a frequency shift that allows for the combination of</p>

A subgroup (e.g. S = 7 in Figure 10) of subchannels 809 in a combination device

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<p dir="rtl">1608. Therefore, in some application embodiments, such as the application embodiment shown in Figure 10, the satellite access node 802 processes 64 channels that are each 3.5 GHz wide. In some embodiments, the 3.5 GHz-wide signal may be centered at DC (i.e., using zero modulation of the intermediate frequency). Alternatively, signal 811 may be centered at an RF frequency.</p>

<p dir="rtl">5 specific. In a particular application embodiment, an RF carrier 811 is centered at the RF downlink frequency (a condition in which the satellite will not need any of the upconverters 626, as described below). Output 811 is from each summation circuit summing circuit 1608 individually is an intermediate frequency signal 811 coupled to one of 64 optical modulators 611. The 64 optical modulators 611 are grouped into 4 optical band modules 608. Each modulator operates</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 Optical 611 Essentially in the same way as the optical modulator 611 of Figure 6 that we discussed above. However, because the input 811 of each optical modulator 608 is an analog signal, the optical signal output from each individual optical modulator 611 is a modulated optical signal.</p>

The amplitude envelope follows its amplitude curve, intensity modulated optical signal

Intermediate frequency signal 811.

<p dir="rtl">15 An optical combiner 609 combines the outputs from each of the 64 optical modulators 611 in order to generate an optical signal 1624 based on wavelength division multiplexing. The number of basebands to intermediate frequency converters 1605 and the number of optical modulators 611 in the optical band module 608 may vary. As shown in Figure 9, four optical modulators 611 can be designed to output optical signals with wavelengths centered at 1100 nm, 1300 nm, and 1550 nm.</p>

20 1 nm and 2100 nm.

In system 800, the optical transmitter 607 (similar to the optical transmitter 607 of Figure 4) emits a modified RF composite optical signal 1624. The modified RF composite optical signal 1624 is received at the satellite 804 by one of the lenses 610 (see (Figure 8). The lens 610 can be directed to any of the nodes

<p dir="rtl">25 Access to abundant satellites 802 capable of transmitting an optical signal to satellite 804. The lens output 610 is coupled to the input of an optical detector, which may be</p>

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It is a photodiode 612 (eg, dual diodes). The photodiode 612 detects the curve (i.e., the closed intensity curve) of the optical signal and converts the curve of the optical signal into an electrical signal. Because the optical signal is intensity modulated by an intermediate frequency signal 811 , the output of the electrical signal generated by the photodiode 612 is

<p dir="rtl">5 The same intermediate frequency signal 811 is modulated by the satellite access node 802 into the composite optical signal 1624. The photodiode 612 is coupled to the booster 808. The signal output from the booster 808 is then coupled to the input of the matrix switcher 616. The matrix switcher 616 operates in the same manner as the matrix switcher 616. Annotated in relation to Figure 4 above. Then, the switching matrix 616 selects an input to associate with the output of the switching matrix</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 616 . The matrix switch output 616 is treated in the same manner as in systems 600</p>

described above in applied embodiments in which the signal 811 has a zero intermediate frequency. In application embodiments where the signal output 811 is from the baseband to the intermediate frequency unit 607 at the satellite access node at a frequency transmitted directly from the satellite 804, the handling is similar, but upconverters 626 are not required.

<p dir="rtl">15 Figure 11 is an illustration of the system return link 800. The system return link 800 is essentially the same as that shown in Figure 7. However, instead of the user terminals 606 transmitting a binary-modulated signal, the user terminals 606 transmit a more efficient modulated signal (e.g. 16 quadrature amplitude modulation rather than including the quadruple phase shift). Hence, the 410 output digital decoder is not required. The downconverter</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 The 850 down-converts the RF frequency used on the user uplink down to a suitable intermediate frequency. In some application embodiments, the intermediate frequency signal is a zero intermediate frequency signal with a width of 3.5 GHz. The output of each down-converter 850 is coupled to downconverter separately at the input of the switching matrix 416. Accordingly, the input of the 652 MZM rectifier (see Figure 6) receives an analog signal from the switching matrix 416. Therefore, the</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 The output of each individual optical modulator 611 is an intensity-modulated optical signal in which the density curve captures the signal output from the downconverter 850. In some embodiments</p>

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In application, the optical modulator 611 directly modulates the frequency of the user's RF uplink to the optical signal. Therefore, frequency converter 850 is not required. In applied embodiments in which the downconverter 850 reduces the user's uplink frequency to a signal with a zero intermediate frequency, the combined optical signal 5 660 is treated in the same manner as shown in Figure 7. In applied embodiments in which the signal is modified

Optical with the user uplink frequency, the downconverter may be included in the modem 418 or before coupling the signal from the optical receiver 414 to the modem 418.

After explaining the three different techniques that modify the signals on the feeder link, each of which uses a first system structure in which a satellite uses a 616 matrix switch.

<p dir="rtl">10 To allow flexible assignment of received carriers to user spot beams, an explanation of the second and third system architectures is now given. The second system architecture includes a satellite on which the beams are formed. The third system architecture uses ground station-based beamforming.</p>

Figure 12 represents a simplified block diagram of one of the systems 1000 using the technique shown in Figure 4 (i.e., modulating the optical uplink with binary modulation and using that binary content to modulate 15 RF user downlinks). However, system 1000 uses a second system architecture in which the satellite The satellite 1004 is capable of beamforming into satellites and the system 1000 operates similarly to the system 600 described above. However, the intermediate frequency output of each two-phase rectifier 614 is coupled to a summation/weight unit 1006 rather than coupled to a switching matrix 616.

<p dir="rtl">20 Figure 13 is a simplified functional block diagram of a stacker/weigher 1006 in which the k-signals of the forward beams 1002 are received at the stacker/weigher 1006 by a beamformer input module 1052. The signal path 1002 K is directed by the input module 1052 to an N-way splitting module 1054. The N-way splitter 1054 divides each K signal 1002 into N ways.</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 of copies of a forward beam signal, where N is the number of elements in the antenna array to be used to form K user spot beams.</p>

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In the example system described above in Figure 4, there are 8 satellite access nodes active, each of which individually transmits an optical signal consisting of 64 optical channels. Each of the 64 optical channels carries a signal with an intermediate frequency of 3.5 GHz (i.e., a forward beam signal). Hence, there are 512 forward beam signals (i.e., 8 satellite access nodes

<p dir="rtl">5 (N = 512) The satellite has a 1008 antenna array with 512 elements. Therefore, N = 512.</p>

Each output of the N-way partition unit 1054 is coupled to one input corresponding to one of the 512 aggregation and weighting units 1056. Each of the 512 aggregation and weighting units 1056 consists of 512 weighting circuits 1058. Each of the 512 districts places a weight of 1058 on

<p dir="rtl">10 Add a weight (i.e., change in phase and boost) to a corresponding output of the 512 signals coming out of the N-way splitter 1054. The weighted outputs from the weighting circuits 1058 are combined by a summing unit 1060 to form 512 beam element signals. 1062. Each of the 512 beamformer signals 1062 is an output via the beamformer output module 1064. Returning to Figure 12,</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 Each of the beam element signals 512 1062 is connected to the output from the summing/weighting unit 1006 to one of the corresponding 512 thinner transformers 626. The transformers are coupled</p>

The booster 626 is coupled to the power booster 630. The outputs of the power booster 630 are coupled to the corresponding 512 antenna elements that make up the array 1008. The antenna array may be any of: a direct radiating array (in which each element radiates

<p dir="rtl">20 antenna directly in the desired direction), an array fed reflector (in which each antenna element illuminates a reflector common to all antenna elements), or any other suitable antenna configuration. The combination of the antenna array 1008 and the summing/weighting unit 1006 is also referred to as An antenna that operates in phases.</p>

The relevant signal weights assigned to the elements at each of the 25 individual locations within a phased array antenna would

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1008 To produce a large number of weighted signals, which are superimposed on one another and then combined coherently to form one of the user's beams.

Therefore, by applying the required weighting to the multitude of signals 1002 to generate the packet element signals 1062 emerging from the aggregation/weighting unit 1006, the packets can be routed

<p dir="rtl">5 1002 which each applies to each input of the summation/weighting unit 1006 to</p>

One area of abundant user packages coverage. Due to the fact that the satellite 1004 can use the summation/weighting unit 1006 and the array antenna 1008 to direct any of the received signals to any of the user beam coverage areas, the information can be directed to one access node of the other satellites instead of being sent over a link feed

<p dir="rtl">10 A specific uptrend is vulnerable to an unsustainable decline. Accordingly, information may be transmitted to the satellite 1004 via the satellite access node 602 that is not subject to intolerable fading in order to allow diversity of feeder links, as described above in the context of matrix switcher 616 . A multiplexing similar to time division transmission may be performed to transmit signals received by one of the lenses 610 in several special spot beams.</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 to the user as described above.</p>

By using a non-beamforming satellite 1004, there is flexibility to allow diversity of feeder links for signals received from the multitude of satellite access nodes 602.

Using beamforming on satellites would eliminate the need for the switching matrix 616 shown in Figure 4. A similar structure could be employed on return paths (i.e. the user link

<p dir="rtl">20 Uplink and downlink. In other words, the user ground terminals 606 send an RF signal up to the satellite 1004 on the user uplink. The receiving elements in the antenna array 1008 receive the RF signal. The summing/weighting unit 1006 weights the received signals that are received by each of the receiving elements of the antenna 1008 to form a beam.</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 receive beam. The output from the summing/weighting unit 1006 is down-converted from the radio frequency to the intermediate frequency.</p>

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In some application embodiments, the thin transformers 626 are placed at the input of the summing/weighting unit 1006 rather than its output. Then, the RF signals (such as 20 GHz signals) are weighted and summed. The beam element signals are then transmitted through each element of the antenna array.

<p dir="rtl">5 In some application embodiments, the satellite has multiple weight/combiner modules (not shown for simplicity). The inputs to each weight/combiner module are coupled to one or more optical receivers 622. In some application embodiments, all outputs from One optical receiver 622 with the same summation/weighting unit, and each summation/weighting unit generates N outputs and couples the N outputs from each unit</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 Individually summing/weighting the elements of the N antenna array (only one is shown for simplicity). Hence, there is a one-to-one relationship between the antenna arrays 1008 and the summing/weighting units 1006.</p>

In some application embodiments, the second structure shown in Figure 12 (i.e., beamforming on satellites) is used with a quadratic amplitude modulation converter (614), as is the case with the system

<p dir="rtl">15 600. However, satellite 1104 has the ability to perform beamforming on the moon</p>

Industrial.

Figure 14 represents a simplified diagram of one of the systems 1200 using the technique of Figure 8 in which the RF frequency of an optical signal is modulated at the satellite access node 802. However, the system architecture is similar to that of Figures 12 and 11 in which the satellite has

<p dir="rtl">20 1204 Ability to perform beamforming on the satellite. The nodes are the access node to the satellites</p>

Industrial 802, lenses 810, optical detectors (such as photodiodes 812), boosters 613, and thin transformers 626 are all similar to those described in Figure 8. However, the summing/weighting unit 1006 and array antenna 1008 are similar to those described in Figures 10, 10a, and 11. As is the case with the structure shown in Figure 12,

<p dir="rtl">25 The summation/weighting unit 1006 and array antenna 1008 allow the satellite 1004 to transmit the content of signals received from one or more satellite access nodes 802 to any of the</p>

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Covers user packages, thus providing versatility for feeder connections. Hence, if one or more feeder uplinks from the satellite access nodes 802 to the satellite are subject to irreversible dimming, the content, instead of being transmitted on the feeder uplink, may be transmitted over one of the satellite access nodes The other 802 using an uplink

<p dir="rtl">5 Not subject to a fade that cannot be contained.</p>

Figure 15 is an illustration of a forward link of a satellite communication system 1400 using third system technology (i.e., beamforming at ground stations) and includes an optical forward uplink 1402 and an RF forward downlink 1404. In some implementation embodiments, the system 1400 includes A beamformer 1406 at ground stations with a forward link,

<p dir="rtl">10 and satellite 1408, and a relatively larger number (M) of nodes 1410 to create a relatively larger capacity, highly reliable system for communicating with user terminals 806 located within 512 of the user beam coverage areas 1801 (see Figure 19 detailed below). During the explanation of the system 1400, The value of (M) = eight (8) satellite access nodes (1410) as shown in the example. However, M = 8 is merely an example for ease of understanding, and is not intended to limit the disclosed system.</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 Here, as in system 1400, with a specified number of satellite access nodes 1410. Similarly, optical channels 64 are shown in the example of system 1400. Likewise, an antenna array of 512 elements is shown. As stated above, the limitation of frequencies, wavelengths, antenna array elements, number of similar parallel channels, elements and devices, and user beam coverage areas should not be understood as a restrictive limitation of the manner in which the disclosed systems may be implemented, except</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 If it is expressly restricted in the protection elements attached to this patent.</p>

Forward traffic (i.e., forward packet input signal 1407), intended to be delivered through the system 1400, is initially provided as packet component 1406 from a source, such as the Internet, and through distribution equipment, such as a core node or similar entity (this Not shown). Distribution equipment can manage the frequency assignment and/or time slots for transmissions

<p dir="rtl">25 to individual user terminals, and can also combine data, destined for transmission into packets</p>

specific, in groups, as well as the possibility of performing other functions. The input signals 1407 can

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The packet component 1406 (or part of the information carried by the forward packet input signal 1407) represents the data streams (or modified data streams) directed to each of the 512 user packets. In one application embodiment, each of the 512 signals is The front beam input 1407 is a 3.5 GHz wide intermediate frequency signal and in some embodiments 5 the front beam input signal 1407 is a 3.5 GHz wide carrier.

Coupled with a packet component input 1406.

Each of the forward beam input signals 1407 is “directed” to the user beam coverage area 1801 by the beamformer 1406. The beamformer 1406 directs the forward beam input signal 1407 to a specific user beam coverage area 1801 by applying 10 beam weights to the 512 A signal from the front beam input signals 1407 for configuration

A set of N-element signals from beams 1409 (as described below in Figure 16). In general, N is greater than or equal to K. In some embodiments, N = 512 and K = 512. The 512 signals are boosted From the beam element signals 1409 and converting their frequency to form radio frequency beam element signals 1411, each of these signals is transmitted

<p dir="rtl">15 From an element of an antenna array with N number of elements (i.e. 512 elements) 1416. The signals of the radio frequency beam elements 1411 superimpose one on the other in the coverage area of the user beams 1801. The superposition of the signals of the transmitted beam elements with The radio frequency 1411 ensures that the user packets are in the coverage areas of the user packet 1801.</p>

In some application embodiments, the beam element signals 1409 (numbering 512 signals) are divided between 20 multiple satellite access nodes 1410. Accordingly, a subset of the beam element signals is coupled

Beams 1409 (e.g. 8/512) are sent to each satellite access node 1410, where “8” indicates the number of satellite access nodes 1410. Thus, a combination of 8 satellite access nodes 1410 would transmit 512 signals from the beamformers 1409 from the beamformer 1406 to the satellite 1408. In some application embodiments, the

<p dir="rtl">25 The beams 1406 are co-located with one of the satellite access nodes 1410. In the alternative, the beam component 1406 is co-located at another location. In addition, in some applied models,</p>

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The packaging component 1406 may be distributed among multiple sites. In one such application embodiment, a portion of the packet component 1406 is co-located with each of the satellite access nodes 1410. Each of these portions of the packet component 1406 receives the entire forward traffic 1407, but applies packet weighting only to those 64 (i.e. 8/512) The packet 1409 is scheduled 5 to be sent to the satellite access node node 1410 which is co-located with this

Part of the beamformer 1406. In some application embodiments, multiple beamformers are available (not shown for simplicity). Each beamformer generates N outputs (i.e., beamformer signals). It is intended that N From the beam component signals on a one-to-one basis to the elements of the N-element antenna array on the 10 satellite 1408 (only one is shown for simplicity). Hence, there is a one-to-one relationship between the antenna arrays 1416 and the beam components 1406. In some application embodiments in which all beam elements from one beam component 1406 are transmitted to the satellite 1408 via a single satellite access node 1410, there is no need to coordinate the timing of transmissions from the different satellite access node nodes 1410. Alternatively, in application embodiments 15 in which beam elements emanating from the same beam component 1406 are transmitted to the satellite 1408 via different satellite access nodes, the timing of the beam element signals is taken into account using timing controls as described. Below.

The phase relationship between each RF beamformer signal 1411 transmitted by each of the N elements of the antenna array 1416 20 and the relative amplitude of each determines whether the beamformer signals will be appropriately combined to form beams within the desired user beam coverage areas 1801. In some application embodiments in which there are 8 satellite access nodes 1410 (i.e., M = 8), each satellite access node 1410 receives 64 beam element signals 1409.

In order to maintain the phase and amplitude relationship between each of the 512 signals of the 25 radio frequency beam components 1411 and each other, the beam component 1406 outputs 8 start timing signals 1413, such that each signal goes out to each satellite access node. Industrial

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1410 separately, in addition to the N (1409) beamform element signals. Each timing start signal 1413 is aligned with other timing start signals when transmitted from the beamformer 1406 to each satellite access node 1410 individually. In addition, the amplitude of each pilot timing signal 1413 is equal.

<p dir="rtl">5 Figure 16 is a detailed illustration of the forward packet component 1406. The forward packet component 1406 receives 512 forward packet signals 1407 that represent forward traffic to be sent through the system 1400. The signals 1407 are received by the matrix multiplier 1501. The matrix multiplier 1501 includes a beamforming input unit 1502, a 512-way division unit 1504 and a 512 summation and weighting unit 1506. Arrangements can be used</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 Or other applications or configurations of the matrix multiplier. Each of the 512 forward beam signals 1407 is intended to be received in a corresponding 512 active user beam coverage area 1801. Accordingly, there is a one-to-one relationship between the 512 user beam coverage areas 1801 and the forward beam signals 512 1407. In some application embodiments, the distribution equipment (such as a core node) that provides forward traffic to</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 The packet component 1406 must ensure that information to be transmitted to a particular user packet coverage area 1801 is included in the forward packet input signal 1407 corresponding to that user packet coverage area 1801.</p>

The 512-way splitter (1504) divides each of the 512 front-beam signals 1407 into 512 identical signals, which results in an image of 512 x 512 (ie: × N

<p dir="rtl">20 K) is a signal coming out of the 512-way division unit (1504). When the number N is</p>

512 If the number K is 512, the dividing unit (1504) outputs a number of signals amounting to 512 x 512 = 524,288 signals. 512 unique signals coming out of the dividing unit 1504 are coupled with each of the 512 summing and weighting units 1506. The signals associated with all the weighting and summing units 1506 are weighted (i.e. the phase is changed and the amplitude is modified) accordingly.

<p dir="rtl">25 For beam weights calculated through the forward beam weight generator</p>

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1508 generator. Each of the 512 weighted signals, corresponding to the same number of antenna elements (N), is collected in one of the 512 summing units 1512.

Because each set of 64 outputs from the collectors 1512 will be associated with a different node among the eight different satellite access nodes 1410

<p dir="rtl">5 It will be sent by a 1514 timing module. The timing unit 1514 adjusts the timing of transmission of beamform signals 1409 from the beamformer to ensure that each set of 64 RF beamform signals 1409 arrives at the user beam coverage area 1801 at the appropriate time to ensure that the signals are compounded. 1409 Resulted as the appropriate configuration for user packages. Alternatively, forward beam weights can be generated with consideration</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 Differences exist in the lengths and characteristics of the paths connecting each satellite access node 1410 to the satellite 1408. Accordingly, the signal 2122 will be coupled to the forward beam weighting generator 1508. In some application embodiments, the timing unit 1514 generates a pilot timing signal 1413 sent from a component Forward beam 1406 to each satellite access node 1410. In some application embodiments, a single pilot timing signal 1413 is generated and divided into</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 8 copies of equal amplitude, and each copy is sent to each of the satellite access nodes</p>

Industrial 1410. Alternatively, the copy amplitude can be in the form of a predetermined ratio. As long as the ratio between the timing start signals 1413 is known, the signals of the radio frequency beam elements 1411 can be equalized to ensure that they overlap with each other to form the user's preferred spot beams. In some application models, alignment corrections are made with the timing unit

<p dir="rtl">20 1514Within the packet component 1406, each node returns access to the satellites 1410.</p>

One of the signals 2122 extracted from the timing correction signal from the satellite access node 1419 is individually referred to as a timing control input to the beamformer to allow the forward beamformer 1406 to determine corrections to the signal alignment for each of the satellite access nodes 1410. In some applied embodiments, it is used

<p dir="rtl">25 Satellite access node timing correction signals 1419 are used by the timing unit 1514 to adjust the timing of beam element signals 1409. In other embodiments, a correction signal is used</p>

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The satellite access nodes 1419 are timed by the forward beam weighting generator 1508 to adjust the beam weights responsible for variations in the paths from the beam component 1406 through the satellite access nodes 1410 to the satellite 1408. As mentioned above, corrections to the alignment can also be made At each node the satellites 1410 5 are accessed alternatively.

Once the beam element signals 1409 are weighted and any necessary timing adjustments are made, each of the 512 signals (1409) is coupled to one node of the satellite access node 1410. In other words, each of the 8 satellite access nodes receives 1410 64 signals from Al-Hazm components 1409 (i.e. 8/512) from Al-Hazm component 10 front 1406. At each satellite access node (1410), the optical transmitter 1401 receives, multiplexes, and modulates those 64 beam element signals 1409 that are received on the optical carrier.

Figure 17 is an illustration of an optical transmitter 1401 used in some application embodiments of the system 1400. The optical transmitter 1401 is similar to the optical transmitter 607 shown above 15 of Figure 10. However, the input signals 1409 are different, as they are beam weighted by the beamformer 1406 . In addition, the pilot timing signal 1413 provided by the beamformer 1406 is coupled to an optical rate 611 and modulated to the optical carrier in the same band as the other optical rates 611 in the same optical band unit 1403 as determined by the wavelength of the optical source 654 at that optical rate. 608. In some applied embodiments 20, the optical scope units 1403 are identical. However, modification may be needed

The pilot timing signal 1413 is only in this optical scope unit 1403. And in the alternative. As shown in Figure 17, only one optical scope unit 1403 is configured to modulate a pilot timing signal 1413. Other optical scope units 608 may be similar to the optical scope unit 608 shown in Figure 6 as discussed above. In any application model, in 25 systems in which each of the 8 satellite access nodes (1410) receives 64

1409 beam element signals and modulated into 16 optical channels in 4 different optical bands

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As shown in Figure 5, there are four optical bands within the optical transmitter frame 1401 at each satellite access node (1410).

The pilot timing signal 1413 follows the same path to the satellite as the intermediate frequency beam element signals 1409. Then, by comparing the arrival time of the timing signals

<p dir="rtl">5 By transmitting the pilot data from each satellite access node (1410) to the satellite 1408, variations in the arrival times of RF beam element signals can be determined and correction signals can be generated and sent to each satellite access node ( 1410). Similar to the optical transmitter 607, the optical channels 915 output by each optical modulator 611, shown in Figure 17, are combined into an optical combiner 609. The optical signal is emitted</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 The component 1624 includes an optical lens 2002 inside the optical transmitter 1401. The optical lens 2002 functions as an optical signal transmitter capable of sending an optical signal to the satellite 1408.</p>

A composite optical signal 1624 is sent from each satellite access node (1410) along with 64 beam element signals 1409 and a timing pilot signal 1413 to

<p dir="rtl">15 The satellite 1408 is on the forward optical uplink 1402 and is received by one of the 8 optical receivers 1412 within the satellite 1408. Each of the 8 optical receivers 1412 on the satellite 1408 de-multiplexes the 64 optical channels 915 from the composite optical signal 1624. .</p>

Figure 18 shows the components of one of the 1408 satellites (see Figure 15).

<p dir="rtl">20 the details. The satellite 1408 receives and transmits the forward link according to some application embodiments of a system using beamforming at ground stations, as mentioned above by referring to Figure 15. The satellite forward link components 1408 include 8 optical receivers 1412, 8 conversion/booster units 1414, and a 512-element antenna array 1416. In some application embodiments of the system 1400, and similarly to application embodiments</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 As shown in Figures 9, 13, and 16, in which there are 8 satellite access nodes (i.e., M = 8), the received composite signal 1624 includes 64 split optical channels</p>

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It is divided into 4 bands, each of which consists of 16 channels, and each of them carries an intermediate frequency channel with a width of 3.5 GHz. In addition, K is equal to 512 user beam coverage areas 1801 while N is equal to 512 elements in the antenna array. As mentioned elsewhere in the present discussion, these numbers are provided in abstract form as an example and for ease of explanation.5

Each optical receiver 1412 is associated with a corresponding conversion/booster unit 1414 . Each optical receiver 1412 includes a lens module 1701 and a plurality of optical detectors, such as photodiodes 1703. The lens module 1701 includes a single lens 1702 (which in some application embodiments may be similar to the lens 610 described above in Figure 4), as well as 10 optical demultiplexers 1704, a plurality of optical demultiplexers 1706, and a plurality of output lenses 1708.

When operational, the composite optical signal 1624 is received from the eight satellite access nodes 1410. A lens 1702 is provided to receive each composite optical signal 1624. In some application embodiments, the lenses 1702 may be focused (and in some application embodiments 15 mechanically directed) on the access node To the 1410 satellites from which it is decided to receive the lens

1702 Composite optical signal 1624. The lens 1702 can later be refocused to direct it to a different satellite access node (1410). Because the lens 1702 can be focused to receive the composite optical signal 1624 from one of the multiple satellite access nodes (1410), it is possible to The satellite 1408 can receive signals from 8 of the 20 nodes to access the satellite (1410) selected from a larger number of 8 + X number of nodes.

Satellite access (1410). In some application embodiments it is , only eight of the 32 25 satellite access nodes (1410) are selected to receive the transmitted information and it is received by the 1408 satellite.

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We now provide a detailed description of the signal path of one signal from the composite optical signal 1624 over the satellite's forward link 1408. It should be understood that each of the eight signal paths followed by the eight composite optical signals 1624 over the satellite's forward link 1408 operates identically. . The received composite optical signal 1624 is directed by

<p dir="rtl">5 lens 1702 to an optical demultiplexer 1704. In one system, which uses the illustration of Figure 9, the optical demultiplexer 1702 divides the composite optical signal 1624 into four bands, 907, 909, 911, and 913 (see Figure 9). The optical demultiplexer 1704 splits the composite optical signal 1624 into four optical wavelengths to which a beam element signal 1407 is modulated by</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 The satellite access node (1410) that transmits the composite optical signal 1624.</p>

Each of the optical outputs from the optical demultiplexer 1704 has a corresponding optical demultiplexer 1706. Each optical demultiplexer 1706 outputs 512 (4 x 8) optical signals for a total of 4 x (512/(4 x 8) = 8/512 = 64 optical signals. Each of the 16 optical signals emerging from Duplicate cancellation devices

<p dir="rtl">15 The four optical transmitters 1706 to the output lens 1708. Each output lens 1708 focuses the corresponding optical signal onto a corresponding photodetector, such as a photodiode 1703. Each photodiode 1703 detects the amplitude curve of the optical signal at its input, and outputs an RF transmitter beam element signal 1418 which is Corresponding to the revealed amplitude curve. Therefore, the signals of the transmission beam elements are of the same frequency</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 The RF signals 1418 emerging from the visual receptors 1412 are essentially composed of element signals.</p>

Beams 1409 are modulated into optical signals by satellite access nodes (1410).

The RF output signals are then coupled to the conversion/booster unit 1414. The conversion/booster unit 1414 includes 8/512 signal paths. In some applied embodiments, it includes:

<p dir="rtl">25 Each signal path includes a low-noise booster (1710), a frequency converter 1712, and a power booster 1714. In other embodiments, the signal path includes a frequency converter 1712 and a booster device</p>

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power 1714. However, in other application embodiments, the signal path includes a power booster 1714 (and the frequency converter 1712 can be omitted if the feeder signals produced by the satellite access nodes are at the preferred forward downlink frequency). The frequency converter 1712 converts The RF transmission beam elements 1418 indicate the link carrier frequency

<p dir="rtl">5 Anterior descending. In some application embodiments, the output of each upconverter 1712 is an RF carrier at a center frequency of 20 GHz. The outputs from the eight converter/booster units 1412 1412 are coupled to the 512 elements comprising the antenna array 1416. The antenna array 1416 then transmits 512 signals from the forward downlink beam elements 1718.</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 Figure 19 is an illustration of user packet coverage areas 1801 configured across the entire United States according to some applied embodiments. In other embodiments, user beam coverage areas may be located at different locations and with varying spacings and patterns. In some implementations, such as those shown in Figures 4, 8, and 12, each antenna feed is focused on directing a user-specific spot beam into a user beam coverage area. And in</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 Other application embodiments, as shown in Figures 10, 11, 12, 14 and 14a, combine the 512 signals from the forward downlink beam elements 1718 with each other to form user beams directed to the user beam coverage areas 1801. As shown in Figure 19, they are distributed User beam coverage areas across the satellite's service area that are substantially larger than the user beam coverage areas 1801 . The antenna array consists of 512 elements</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 1416 by sending radio frequency beamform element signals 1411 via the forward downlink.</p>

1404 To each area 1801 of the user packets coverage area 512. User terminals 806 located in user beam coverage areas 1801 receive user beams directed to this specific user beam coverage area 1801 by overlaying the signals of the RF beam elements 1411 transmitted by each of the 512 elements of the antenna array composed

25 Of 512 items 1416.

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In addition to the intermediate frequency beam element signals 1418 exiting each optical receiver 1412 individually, each optical receiver 1412 de-multiplexes the satellite timing signal 1415 from the composite optical signal 1624. One satellite timing signal 1415 is an output from each Receiver 1412 and is coupled to the corresponding conversion/booster unit

<p dir="rtl">5 1414. A low-noise booster (1710) in the corresponding conversion/booster unit 1414 enhances</p>

Satellite timing signal 1415. The output 1416 of the low-noise booster (1710) is coupled to a satellite timing signal 1417. In some embodiments, the satellite timing module 1417 compares the satellite timing signal 1415 received by each optical receiver 1412 to determine the range Aligned and based on satellite timing unit 1417

<p dir="rtl">10 By outputting 8-node timing correction signals from the satellite access nodes (1419), so that</p>

One signal is returned to each satellite access node (1410). In some application embodiments, each satellite access node timing correction signal (1419) is coupled to an input to a return conversion/booster unit 1904 (see Figure 24). Each time correction signal is boosted by the satellite access node individually, and the frequency is converted into frequency.

<p dir="rtl">15 The forward downlink is coupled to an input for one of the eight optical transmitters 1401 on the satellite 1408, analogous to the optical transmitter 1401 available at the satellite access node node (1410). In some application embodiments, the transmitter of one of the eight transmitters is a reference for the seven Accordingly, no correction is made to the timing of the signals sent from the satellite access node 1410 from which the satellite timing signal is transmitted.</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 Reference. Therefore, no satellite access node timing correction signal (1419) is transmitted to the satellite access node (1410). The satellite access node timing correction signals (1419) are modified on each composite optical signal transmitted by the satellite. 1408 to each satellite access node (1410).</p>

Each of the 1419 time correction signals with nodes provides access to the satellites

<p dir="rtl">25 Time alignment information from which it is inferred how far the guide time signal 1413 is out of alignment with other guide time signals (such as a reference satellite time signal</p>

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<p dir="rtl">1415). In some application embodiments, timing information is sent via the nodes of the satellite access node (1410) to a timing module 1514 (see Figure 16) in the beamforming component 1406. The timing module 1514 initializes the alignment of the beamforming elements before sending it to each of the beamforming nodes. Access to satellites (1410). Alternatively, timing alignment information is used</p>

<p dir="rtl">5 by each satellite access node (1410) to adjust the timing of transmissions from the satellite access node (1410) to ensure that RF beam element signals 1411 from each satellite access node (1410) reach the satellite 1408 in Complete alignment Figure 20 is an illustration of an optical transmitter 1460 that has a timing unit 1462 for timing beam element signals 1409 and timing start signals.</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 1413. The timing unit 1462 receives a timing control signal 1464 from</p>

The satellite 1408 via the return downlink (which we describe in detail below). The timing unit applies an appropriate delay in the signals 1409 and 1413 to achieve alignment of the signals sent by the satellite access node (1410) with the signals sent by the satellite access nodes (1410) Other system 1400.

<p dir="rtl">15 In an alternative application embodiment, timing adjustment can be performed on the satellite's RF beam element signals 1411 based on control signals generated by the satellite's timing unit 1417. In some of these application embodiments, control signals control programmed delays placed in the signal path between the optical receiver 1412 and the antenna array 1416 for each of the RF beam element signals 1411.</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 In an alternative application embodiment, at least two of the satellite timing signals 1415 are transmitted from the satellite back to each of the satellite access nodes 1410. The first is a normal timing signal 1415 that is sent back to all satellite access nodes. In other words, one of the received satellite time signals 1415 is chosen as the standard to which all other signals are aligned. The second one is:</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 Retrieval of the satellite timing signal 1415. By comparing the normal satellite timing signal 1415 with the feedback satellite timing signal 1415, each node can</p>

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From the satellite access nodes (1410) determine the amount of adjustment required to align two signals and then align the signals of the intermediate frequency beam elements 1418 from each satellite access node (1410) into the satellite 1410.

Figure 21 is a system 1450 in which each of the forward beam signals 1452 (K) contains

<p dir="rtl">5 500S MHz sub-channels. In some application embodiments, S is equal to 7 and K is equal to 512. For example, in some application embodiments, seven 500 MHz-wide subchannels are transmitted to one user coverage area 1801. Figure 22 is an illustration of a beamforming component 1300 which Therein, the front beam input signals 1452 consist of seven 500 MHz subchannels, each of which is associated with a unique input to the beamformer 1300. Accordingly,</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 As mentioned above, subchannel beams can be formed after summing into an intermediate frequency carrier, as shown in Figures 14 and 15. Alternatively, as shown in Figures 14a and 13, the subchannel beams 1452 can be formed before being combined using the beamformer 1300. Thus, the beamformer 1300 outputs beamform element signals in the number S × N, such that it transmits the number S × N)/M). From the signals of these beam elements to each of the satellite access nodes (1410).</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 A model for System 1450 is: S = 7, N = 512, and M = 8. As stated above, these numbers are provided only as a simplifying example, and are not intended to limit systems, such as System 1450, to these specific values.</p>

Figure 22 is a simplified functional diagram of a beamformer 1300 in which each carrier consists of S subchannels 1452, such that S = 7. Each subchannel 1452 is available

<p dir="rtl">20 As an independent input to the matrix multiplier 1301 in the beamforming component 1300. Hence, the number of 512 x 7 subchannels (1452) is an input to the matrix multiplier 1301, where there are 512 user-specific spot beams to be configured, and 7 is also the number subchannels in each carrier; in other words, K = 512 and S = 7. The 512-way splitter 1304 receives each of the 512 x 7 subchannels 1407, such that</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 512 is the number of elements in the antenna array 1416. Alternatively, N may be any number of antenna elements. Each 1452 subchannel is divided into 512 ways. Hence, the signals are</p>

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(which are 512 × 512 × 7 signals) are an output from the division unit 1304 in a three-dimensional matrix. Signals 1, 1, 1 are weighted and summed via 1, K, 1 (i.e. 1, 512, 1, where 512 = K) in a summation unit. And weighting 1306. In the same way, signals 1, 1, and 7 are weighted and combined through 1, 512, and 7 in a summing and weighting unit 1313

<p dir="rtl">5 Each unit aggregates and weights the outputs from the partition unit 1304, as well as weights and aggregates the outputs. A number of 512 x 7 outputs from the summation and weighting units 1306 and 1313 are coupled to the inputs of the timing unit 1514 . The timing module functions essentially the same as the timing module 1514 of the packet component 1406 described above. The beamformer 1300 outputs 512 x 7 number of beamformer signals 1454 to the satellite access nodes.</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 (1410). Each satellite access node (1410) consists of eight (8)</p>

Intermediate frequency summing unit 1602.

Figure 23 is an illustration of the satellite access node (1456) of the system 1450. In some application embodiments, the first baseband of the intermediate frequency converter 805 operates in the same manner as the baseband of the intermediate frequency converter 805 described above in Figure 10.

<p dir="rtl">15 The converter 805 outputs a signal 811 which combines seven beam element signals 1454 with a frequency of 500 MHz. In addition, in some application embodiments, at least one baseband connected to the intermediate frequency converters 1605 includes an auxiliary frequency converter 1607. The auxiliary frequency converter 1607 receives the pilot timing signal 1413 from the beamformer 1300. The pilot timing signal 1413 is integrated with the subchannels of the elements 1452 packets and are coupled to the optical transmitter</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 607. Each of the intermediate frequency signals 811 coupled to the optical transmitter 607 is collected in</p>

The optical combiners 609 of each satellite access node (1410) form the transmitted composite optical signal 1624. The pilot timing signal 1413 is coupled to a frequency converter input 1607. The frequency converter 1607 places the pilot timing signal at a frequency that allows it to be combined with beam element signals 1454 By the assembly unit 1608. Alternatively, the timing signal can

<p dir="rtl">25 The guide 1413 is to be directly coupled to an additional optical modulator 1610 intended to modulate the timing signal</p>

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Pilot 1413. The auxiliary modulator output 1610 is coupled to the summing unit 609 and combined with other signals into a unique optical channel that is dedicated to the pilot timing signal.

Figure 24 is an illustration of a return link of the system 1400 which can form beams at ground stations. The 806 user peripherals are located in abundance

<p dir="rtl">5 From 512 user beam coverage areas 1801 sends RF signals to the satellite 1408. The 512-element antenna array 1902 on the satellite 1408 (which may/may not be the same as the antenna array 1416) receives the RF signals of user peripherals 806. 8/512 of the 512-element antenna array outputs (1902) are coupled to each of the eight conversion/booster units 1904.</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 In other words, each antenna array element 1902 is coupled to one low-noise booster 1906 into one low-noise booster 1904. The output of each low-noise booster 1906 is coupled to the input to the frequency converter 1908 and advanced amplifier device 1910. Down-conversion is performed. The frequency of the booster (amplifier) output of the low noise booster (1906) is reduced from the user's radio uplink frequency to the intermediate frequency.</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 In some application embodiments, the intermediate frequency signal has a bandwidth of 3.5 GHz. In some application embodiments, the advanced amplifier 1910 provides additional gain before modulating an optical carrier. The outputs of each conversion/booster unit 1904 are coupled to the corresponding inputs of each of the 8 optical transmitters 1401, similar to the optical transmitter 607 of Figure 4. Each of the 8 optical transmitters 1401 outputs and transmits</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 Optical signal to the satellite access node (1410). The satellite access node (1410) receives the optical signal. The satellite access node (1410) outputs 8/512 returned packet element signals 1914 to the packet component of the link Downlink 1916. The downlink packet component 1916 processes the returned packet element signals 1914 and outputs 512 packet signals 1918, each of which is corresponding to</p>

25 For one user package coverage area 1801.

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Each intermediate frequency signal available to the optical transmitter 607 from the conversion/booster unit 1904 is coupled to one of a number of 8/512 optical modulators 611. For example, if there are 512 elements in the antenna array 1902 (ie: = 512 N) and there are 8 satellite access nodes (1410) in system 1900, then 8/512 = 64. In a system 5 in which intermediate frequency signals are modulated into wavelengths divided into 4 bands, as shown in Figure 9, optical modulators 611 are grouped together in optical band module 608 and have 512 (4 x 8) elements Optical 611.

Each optical modulator 611 is essentially the same as the uplink optical modules 611 of the satellite access node (1410) shown in Figure 10, as discussed 10 above. Each optical modulator 611 in the same optical range module 608 has a light source 654 that produces an optical signal. It has one of the 16 wavelengths λ, so the output of each optical modulator has 611 different wavelengths. These optical signals generated in the same optical band unit 608 will have wavelengths that are in the same optical band (i.e., in the case of Figure 9, for example, the optical bands are 1100 nm, 15 1300 nm, 1550 nm, and 2100 nm). One of these optical signals has 16 optical channels in the same band based on 2 λ wavelengths and the optical outputs from each optical modulator 611 are individually coupled to an optical combiner 609. The output of the optical complex 609 is a composite optical signal sent through an optical lens 2016 to one of the satellite access nodes (1410). The optical lens 2016 can be directed to one of many 20 satellite access nodes (1410). The eight optical transmitters send one of the 8 optical signals to one of the 8 satellite access nodes (1410). The group of 8 satellite access nodes can be selected from a larger set of candidate satellite access nodes based on the quality of the optical link between the satellite and between each candidate satellite access node for selection.

<p dir="rtl">25 Figure 25 is an illustration of one of the satellite access nodes 1410 in the return link. The optical receiver 622 consists of a lens 2102 that receives optical signals directed to a node</p>

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Accessing satellites (1410) from a satellite using a lens 2016. The optical beam demultiplexer 2104 separates the optical signals into optical bands. For example, in some embodiments in which there are four bands, each of the outputs is coupled The four optical channels 2106 have a de-multiplexing device for the optical channel 2108. The device

<p dir="rtl">5 De-multiplexing the optical channel 2108 by separating a number of 512/(4 x 8) signals collected in the satellite 1408. Each of the outputs from the optical channel de-multiplexing devices 2108 is coupled to a corresponding lens 2110 that focuses the optical output of the optical channel de-multiplexing devices 2108 on an optical detector, such as a photodiode 2112. The output signals 2116 from the photodiodes 2112 are coupled to one of 8/512 boosters.</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 The output of each low-noise booster (2114) is coupled to the return link beamformer 1916 (see Figure 24). In addition, a single channel output from the optical receiver 622 outputs a timing correction signal 1464 which These are essentially satellite access node time correction signals 1419 (see Figure 18) which are provided by the satellite's timing unit to the conversion/booster unit 1414.</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 In some implementation embodiments, time correction signals 1464 are coupled to the pilot time modem 2120.</p>

The pilot timing modem outputs a signal 2122 that is sent to the forward beamformer 1406. In other implementation embodiments, timing correction signals 1464 are coupled to a timing control input of the timing unit 1462 (see Figure 20) discussed above.

Figure 26 illustrates in more detail the reversibly packed component 1916 according to some applied embodiments given

<p dir="rtl">20 With the techniques disclosed. Each signal 2116 is received from 512 outputs by the inverse beamformer 1916 from each of the satellite access nodes (1410). The inverse beamformer consists of a beamformer input unit 2203, a timing unit 2201, a matrix multiplier 2200, and a beamformer output unit 2205. The matrices 2200 have a K-number of division units 2202 and 512 aggregation and weighting units 2204. The matrix multiplier 2200</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 By multiplying a vector of packet signals by a weighting matrix. Other arrangements, implementations, or configurations of matrix multiplier 2200 may be used. Each signal 2116 is received by a beamformer</p>

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1916 In the beamformer input module 2203 and coupled to the timing module 2201. The timing module 2201 ensures that any variations in the length or characteristics of the path from the satellite to the satellite access node (1410) and from the satellite access node (1410) to the reverse beamformer 1916 has been taken into account and in some applied embodiments, it may be

<p dir="rtl">5 This is accomplished by transmitting one pilot signal from the inverse beamformer 1916 to each of the satellite access nodes (1410) up to the satellite and retransmitting the pilot signal back via the satellite access node (1410) to the inverse beamformer 1916. Differences in the paths between the 1916 inverse beamformer and the satellite can be measured and taken into account.</p>

<p dir="rtl">10 The output of the timing module is coupled to a K-way splitter 2202 which divides each signal into 512 identical signals. 512 unique signals are employed for each of the 512 aggregation and weighting circuits 2204. Each of the 512 unique signals is weighted (i.e., the length and amplitude are configured) in a weighting circuit 2206, such that a return-link user packet is formed when aggregated in a circuit Sum 2208 with each of the other 512 weighted signals, at the beamformer output.</p>

<p dir="rtl">15 Reverse.</p>

Each of the structures described above exposes an optical uplink to the satellite. In addition, the optical downlink from the satellite to the satellite access nodes on the ground station works in the opposite way to the optical uplink described. For example, for the structure shown in Figure 4, it provides an optical downlink from the Moon

<p dir="rtl">20 The satellite 602 to the satellite access node 604 is a broadband downlink. Instead of lenses 610 intended for uplink optical reception, laser beams are provided for downlink optical transmission. Furthermore, instead of the biphasic modulator 614 generating a modulated signal with a biphasic shift modulation that is determined to be transmitted on the radio frequency carrier, the biphasic modulator modulates the optical signal using a bimodal modulation scheme.</p>

<p dir="rtl">25 Visual. Similarly, an optical downlink may be provided using an architecture similar to that shown in Figure 4. In this application embodiment, modulator 614 would be a demodulator</p>

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Quadrature Amplitude Receives an intermediate frequency or RF signal modulated with a quadrature amplitude modulation, demodulates the bits of each symbol, and uses binary optical modulation of an optical signal for transmission over the optical downlink. In the applied model of the structure shown in Figure 8, a similar structure can be used in which the downlink from the satellite to

<p dir="rtl">5 The satellite access node is an optical link, and directs RF signals</p>

Received from user terminals 842 and 844 by a matrix-to-laser switcher directed at a specific satellite access node selected to receive the signal. An RF signal is an RF signal modulated into an optical signal similar to the way an uplink optical signal is modulated by a baseband or frequency modem.

<p dir="rtl">10 Radio 811 in the satellite access node (802).</p>

In some application embodiments, the laser beams used to transmit an optical downlink signal are directed at one of several satellite access nodes. Satellite access nodes are selected based on the amount of signal attenuation in the optical path connecting the satellite to the available satellite access node, similar to the way

<p dir="rtl">15 The satellite access nodes shown in Figures 4, 8 and 12 are selected.</p>

Although we have described the technologies disclosed above in terms of providing numerous examples of embodiments and applications thereof, we must understand that the specific features, aspects and functionality described above in one or more embodiments of applications are not intended to be limiting. Hence, the breadth and scope of the innovation described is not limited by any of the examples provided in the description of applied models

<p dir="rtl">20 disclosed above.</p>

The terms and expressions used in this document and the variations contained herein shall be construed as open-ended and not restrictive unless expressly stated otherwise. As examples of the above: the term “including” is used to mean “including but not limited to” or similar; The term "example" is used to provide examples of instances of the item under discussion, and is not a detailed or restrictive list

<p dir="rtl">25 Examples include; Using the indefinite noun means “at least one,” “one or more,” or something similar; As for some adjectives, such as “facilitating,” “traditional,” “normal,” “standard,” and “known,” as well as the terms</p>

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10

which have similar meanings should not constitute a restriction on the described item for a specific period of time or for any item contained as being limited to a specific period of time, but rather should be read as facilitating, traditional, usual or standard techniques that may be available or known, either currently or at any time. future time. Likewise, when this document refers to technologies that are apparent or known to anyone with ordinary skill in the field, those technologies cover those that are apparent or known to skilled experts in the field either now or at any time in the future.

A group of items connected together by the conjunction “and” means that not every item of these items need be present in the grouping, but rather includes all or any sub-set of items unless explicitly stated otherwise. Likewise, a group of clauses linked together by the conjunction “or” need not be limited only to that group, but rather include all or any sub-group of clauses unless expressly stated otherwise. Furthermore, although items, elements, or components of the techniques described may be described or explained in the singular, the plural is included in the scope here unless expressly stated to adhere to the singular.

<p dir="rtl">15 The presence of broad words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but not limited to,” or similar phrases in some examples does not mean that a narrower situation is intended or required in examples that may not occur in them. Such broad statements. The use of the term “module” does not imply that the components and functions described or claimed as part of a module are all constituted into one common assembly. Rather, any or all of the several components can be combined into a unit, whether...</p>

<p dir="rtl">20 Logical control components or other components, in a single group or maintained separately, can be distributed to multiple groups or across multiple sites.</p>

In addition, the many application models presented here are described with the help of functional diagrams, process flow diagrams and other illustrations. As will become clear to any expert with ordinary skills in this field after reading this document, the models described25 and their many alternatives can be applied without limitation to the examples given. For example, functional diagrams and accompanying descriptions should not be construed as binding to a specific structure or configuration.

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Relay list:

RHCP"A"

LHCP"B"

<p dir="rtl">5 “C” feeder link antenna</p>

"D" satellite

Dipl"e"

RF"and"

IF"g"

Link RF"10"h

“i” Optical link based on WDM technology

"j" is a binary data stream

“K” Satellite Access Node (SAN)

"L" is an optical spectrum

<p dir="rtl">15 “M” is a 3.5 GHz wide middle frequency modulated to a 100 GHz optical channel</p>

“N” is an optical transmitter

“S” DC bias

"P" is a visual modifier

SAN "q"

20 "R" RF link

“Q” indicates a baseband

“R” is a 500GHz signal

"U" baseband to intermediate frequency

“T” antenna array

25 "W" rewind assembly unit

"x" of N/M elements M packets are associated with each node of the SAN's number of nodes

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"y" is a number of N bundle elements

"Z" front K signal packs

"A1" SAN to nodes

"B1" to satellite time unit

NIM "15" c

“D1” Satellite timing indication from the SAN node

E1 N/M packet elements are associated with each of M SAN nodes

"1" is N number of bundle elements

“G1” is the M number of timing start signals

10 "H1" Forward traffic

"1st Edition" 16 digital data flows

“Y1” is an optical link based on WDM technology

“K1” is a reflective conversion/boosting unit

"L1" of front conversion/booster units

xM"115"m

“N1” timing control signal

“S1” is a ground user terminal

"P1" to the SAN nodes

“F1” is the starting sender

20 "P1" TX Optical

"S1" RF complex

SN/M "1t"

"S1" of conversion/reinforcement units

"T1" is the number sx N of beam elements

25 “W1” front K x S packet signals

“K1” is the sender’s lens

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<tr><td><p dir="rtl">Pilot timing signal</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"y1"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">IF to BB multiplexer</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"Z1"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">From the satellite timing unit 1417 (see Figure 17)</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"A2"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>N/4M</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"B2"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Lens unit</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"C2"</p></td><td><p>5</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Optical link based on WDM technology</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"D2"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">To bundle component (N/M number of element bundles)</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"E2"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Optical future</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"and 2"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Frontal K beam signals</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"G2"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">K assembly unit</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"H2"</p></td><td><p>10</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>N,K</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"2nd ed"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">N/M number of beam elements ring each node out of M number of SAN</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"Y2"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Traffic in the reverse direction</p></td><td><p dir="rtl">"K2"</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>SAN</p></td><td><p>102</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>SAN 1</p></td><td><p>1456</p></td><td><p>15</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>UT's</p></td><td><p>106</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">202, 330 feed</p></td><td><p>،328</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">redundant</p></td><td><p>201</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>HF</p></td><td><p>326</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>TWTA</p></td><td><p>324</p></td><td><p>20</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Schematic channel booster</p></td><td><p>322</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>H</p></td><td><p>320</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>Ch. Fltr. 318</p></td><td><p>،316</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>LNA 1710</p></td><td><p>،304</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p>Dipl</p></td><td><p>306</p></td><td><p>25</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>LO</p></td><td><p>315</p></td><td></td></tr>

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SW 634

PA 1714, 630

U/C 1712, 626

614 an average

5 612, 1703 photodiode

610, 613, 412, 620, 2002, 1702 lens

622, 1412, 414 optical receiver

650 Deployed ground deduplication device

606, 806 ground user terminal

10 607, 1401 TX Optical

<p dir="rtl">16 Optical channel</p>

609, 1622 optical complex

608A, 1612A, 1403, 1612 Optical range unit

MZM 652

<p dir="rtl">15 64 digital data flow</p>

418 Binary data flow

410 Decoder

409 Frequency converter

LNA 2114, 408, 1710, 1906

SW 402 20

416, 616 permutation matrix

805 Baseband to intermediate frequency

<p dir="rtl">7, 448 baseband channels</p>

809 500 GHz baseband signal

D/C 850 25

624 Rate (x64)

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1064 Package component output

1054, 1504, 1304 partition unit with N ways

1052, 1502 Packet component input

1060, 1512, 1312 assembly units

<p dir="rtl">5 1508 Front beam weighting generator</p>

614 of rates

1006, 1406, 1300 Front beam component

1416, 1902 N array antenna with a number of elements

1904 Converter/enhancement unit

<p dir="rtl">10 1417 satellite timing unit</p>

1411 M Conversion/Enhancement Unit

SAN 1410

1300, 1406 Packet component (K outputs and N inputs)

1508 Front beam stabilizer generator

15 1314, 1462, 1514 timing unit

1704, 1706 Optical demultiplexer

1701 Lens unit

1414 Front conversion/booster unit

1416 An antenna array with N elements

20 1602 IF complex

622 Optical RX

1908 Frequency converter

1910 Advanced booster

2112 Photodiode

25 2120 daily time modem

2102 Lens

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<tr><td><p dir="rtl">An optical channel demultiplexer</p></td><td><p>2108</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Nasri demultiplexer</p></td><td><p>2104</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">To the package component</p></td><td><p>2122</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Hazm Ansi component</p></td><td><p>1916</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Assembly unit</p></td><td><p>2208 5</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">A partition unit with a number of K ways</p></td><td><p>2202</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Timing unit</p></td><td><p>2201</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Generator or counterbalance beams</p></td><td><p>2207</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Package component output</p></td><td><p>2205</p></td></tr><tr><td><p dir="rtl">Package component entrance</p></td><td><p>2203 10</p></td></tr>

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