Electromagnetic device with reversible generator and motor operation

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an electromagnetic device operable to reversible work as a generator and the motor, i.e., a device configured to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy and vice versa.

BACKGROUND

In many areas of industry frequently arises the need to install reversible electrical machines into systems comprising a rotary member, so that, depending on the operating conditions of the system, which sets the machine, it is possible either to use the movement of such member to generate electric energy for supplying other system components, or feed the machine with electric power to drive the rotation of the rotating member.

The general requirements for such machines, especially for applications in vehicles such as land vehicles or aircraft are compact and lightweight, and cheap.

An example of this type of machine is known from document US 6832486. This document discloses a reversible electrical machine for aeronautical applications that connects to turbine aircraft engine to generate electric energy for various purposes by utilizing the turbine rotation or, conversely, to start the engine. The rotor is formed by machine magnetised, radially outwardly facing end of the blade ring in the turbine vane. Ring stator within which the rotor moves, is provided with coils. In one embodiment, the stator consists of a continuous ring or a set of discrete horseshoe-shaped members, and defines a channel within which the rotor rotates. In this case, the coils are wound on opposite stator extensions and facing the both poles of the same magnet.

A drawback of this known technical solutions lies in the fact that the width of the channel defined between the extending outwardly of the ring of the stator or the individual horseshoe-shaped cores is fixed and can not become smaller than a certain minimum value which depends on the thickness of the rotor and the need to compensate for possible rotor oscillations . Thus, for a given stator and a given rotor air gap between the stator and the magnets is fixed and can not be smaller than a certain value. Therefore, it is impossible to adjust and optimize the position of the stator and the rotor so as to obtain the maximum efficiency and the maximum operating flexibility.

Document US 5514923 discloses a reversible electrical machine that can be used as a flywheel, and that has two rotor discs equipped with magnets and symmetrically arranged relative to a stator bearing a plurality of coils offset relative to the magnets. In this case, two magnets are used to induce an electric field into a coil located therebetween. The magnetic circuit is not closed, but it entails a great loss of energy and leads to strong electromagnetic interference.

Document BE 867 436 discloses an electrical device having a rotor comprising two aluminum wheels, connected by steel ring and each carrying a plurality of magnets distributed at regular intervals around its periphery. The rotor rotates between two stator plates, each of which carries a ring of U-shaped magnetic yokes with axially directed arms (machine with projecting poles), wherein each yoke faces a pair of magnets in the rotor disk, and magnets installed - towards the yokes - as a sequence of alternating opposite poles. This machine is not reversible, and works only as a synchronous motor. Furthermore, the air gap between the stator and the rotor is fixed, so that the considerations given in this regard with respect to document US 6832486, and are applicable to this device. Additionally, the materials used result in very high losses at high frequencies and significant Foucault currents and hysteresis losses, which cause very high temperatures in the disc and can lead to demagnetisation of the magnets and even to the aluminum disk overcooking.

Document US 6137203 discloses a brushless axial motor with two stators and a rotor rotatably mounted between the stators in response to magnetic fields generated by the stators. This machine is a multiphase machine "winding" type, i.e. Each phase coil is wound around a plurality of adjacent pole extensions in the absence of any other phase coil therebetween. The stators are axially adjustable during operation to alter the air gap of the motor to provide a motor can generate a large torque at low speed, and a small air gap, and continuous torque generation when the air gap becomes larger at a high speed. Adjustment of the stator takes place only in the axial direction, and it is not possible to cope with any deformations arising because of the high temperatures reached during operation, especially in the preferred applications in hydraulic turbines, nor with a possible overheating of the coils and the stator.

Document US 4710667 discloses a Dynamo-type winding machine, wherein the gap between the rotor and the stator is controlled only axially and only in the assembly phase. The rotor includes a magnet of hard magnetic ferrite, while the stator comprises cores of coils magnetically soft ferrite.

In all known documents discussed above are disclosed rigidly assembled structure, which structure can not be changed in a simple manner to adapt to different applications with different requirements and / or to provide a simple and effective assembling and maintenance of devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The task of the invention is to provide a reversible device of the type with protruding poles, which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art and which can be used in a wide range of applications, such as in land vehicles, ships and aircrafts, and preferably - in applications in which the device is integrated in a turbine or generally in the impeller device actuated by movement of the fluid.

To solve this problem, an apparatus having a stator and a rotor rotating in front of the stator. The rotor carries a plurality of magnets distributed at regular intervals and with alternate orientations in a ring-shaped structure of the rotor. The stator comprises at least one set of magnetic yokes, each of which has a pair of arms extending towards the rotor and bearing a coil for an electrical connection using a device or a power driver, and a magnetic yoke in the or each set is part of the same a closed magnetic circuit, along with a pair of magnets of opposing shoulders of the yoke at a predetermined timing, and an air gap separating the yoke from the magnets. Magnetic yoke in the or each set of installed independently in axial and radial directions are adapted to the static and dynamic adjustment of the yoke relative to the provisions of the magnets.

Regulation may advantageously also provide for rotational movement about at least one axis, and the yoke is preferably arranged to regulate through the translational motion along three mutually perpendicular axes and rotary motion about the three mutually perpendicular axes. Due to the installation of independent, each yoke can be formed as a stator cell which can be repeated a desired number of times and in any desired position relative to other cells. Thus, the invention provides extremely high flexibility. Other advantages include the following:

simplified assembly of the device;

it is possible to optimize the relative positions of the yokes and magnets when assembling the device, thus ensuring the maximum efficiency of the device;

it is possible to compensate for fluctuations simple vibration and deformation of the rotor during operation;

in the case of poor performance or a short circuit in one cell, it is possible to exclude from the operation of only the cell, and the rest of the device continues to operate at the same time;

in the case of a modular machine having modules and a generator and a motor, there is the possibility of independent adjustment of operating parameters of the generator and motor modules, i.e. when you start, you can increase the distance between the yokes of the generator modules to temporarily disable the generator or the job for her limited value or even use save circuits electrically open to facilitate the start-up, while the yoke of the motor modules can pull together with magnets to increase acceleration.

It is possible to provide a single set yokes and the magnets then form the sequence of alternate poles on one surface of the rotor. The rotor may be made of a ferromagnetic material, in which case the magnetic circuits comprise a pair of magnets and one yoke and are closed through the air gap and the rotor. If the areas not occupied by the magnets, the rotor is made of non-ferromagnetic material, the magnets facing a same yoke will be connected by ferromagnetic elements, and a magnetic circuit is closed through the air gap and the ferromagnetic member.

In an alternative embodiment, when the rotor is in areas not occupied by the magnets, is made of non-ferromagnetic material, the stator can include two sets of magnetic yokes symmetrically arranged relative to the rotor. In this case, a pair of successive magnets forms a closed magnetic circuit with one magnetic yoke in the first set and one magnetic yoke in the second set (plus, of course, correspond to the air gap). Yokes in each set are supported regardless of the yokes in the other set.

The or each set yokes can be turned around to the ring magnets, or can be converted to a single arc or discrete arcs of such ring.

When the yoke is addressed to all ring magnets, the rotor may carry a certain amount of magnets, twice the number of yokes (ie, the number of magnets is equal to the number of speakers or shoulder pole extensions), and can carry a number of magnets, wherein the number of pole extensions. In the latter case, there are periodically given geometrical phase relationship between the magnet and the opposed yoke. These configurations are suitable for the construction of multi-phase machines. In such configurations, coils for receiving or supplying electric power wound on arms having the same geometrical phase relationship with the opposing magnet may be connected to each other within the device and have a common connection with a power driver, or using a device. You can also connect with each other every second coil among the coils wound on his shoulders, having the same geometric phase relationship with the opposing magnet and join the group received two coils with a power driver or use the device as electrical phases thus shifted by 180 °.

The device can find several applications, especially in connection with the impeller device actuated by movement of a fluid, in particular air generators or aircraft or naval turbine engines or propellers, for example, in aeronautical or naval applications can use this device, say , as a generator integrated into a turbine or as a motor or a motor trigger feedback turbine or as a motor associated with the propulsion of ships or aircraft. Other applications are possible in the pump for gas pipelines.

In accordance with another aspect, the invention also relates to an impeller device actuated by movement of a fluid, such as air generator, a gas turbine engine for aircrafts or ships, a screw propellers of ships or aircraft, a pump for gas pipelines and the like, having integrated therein a device according to the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention is further explained by description of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

1 is a perspective view of the device according to the first embodiment thereof with an axial installation;

Figure 2 is a perspective view of the rotor of the device shown in Figure 1, with a pair of yokes and the associated coils;

3 is a schematic representation of the magnetic circuit;

4 schematically represents the spatial relationship between magnets and yokes during rotation of the rotor;

5 and 6 are views similar to Figures 2 and 3, relating to a variant embodiment, providing for an axial installation;

7 is a schematic view of the embodiment of Figures 1-3, with yokes located just in front of discrete sectors of the ring magnet;

8-12 are schematic views according to some embodiments providing radial installation of the magnets and the yokes;

13-15 are schematic views illustrating structures of a number of magnets and yokes used in multiphase machines;

16 (a) and 16 (b) are enlarged axial section of the shoulder yoke and the yoke, respectively, used in multiphase machines according to Figures 13-15;

17 (a) - 17 (d) represent different kinds of magnet double bevel;

18 and 19 are views of a portion of a radial machine with external and internal rotor, respectively, illustrating a possible installation of the magnets;

fig.20-22 represent different types of a yoke associated with means for adjusting its position;

the yoke 23 is formed in the resin layer;

24 is the yoke together with the instructions of management options, providing translational and rotational movement;

Figure 25 is a diagram of the magnetic permeability of the ferrite;

26 is an application of the invention to the mover of the ship or aircraft;

27 is a schematic diagram of a stator cell; and

Figure 28 is a schematic diagram illustrating the use of the device as an electromagnetic flywheel.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to figures 1-3 mentioned, there is shown a first embodiment of a device 10 intended for insertion in an axial machine.

The apparatus 10 comprises mainly two different designs.

The first structure is a disc or a ring 12 (for simplicity, the following text will be referred to the disc), which is or forms the rotor of device 10 and is mounted (a) on shaft 13. The main surface of disc 12 bear a ring of identical permanent magnets 14 distributed in such a way that they are equally spaced along its circumference near the outer edge of the disc. Magnets 14 are arranged so as to form on each surface of disc 12 opposite poles alternating sequence. In the embodiment shown in Figures 1-3, the disk 12 in the areas not occupied by magnets 14, made of non-ferromagnetic material.

The central part of the disc 12 is formed by a plurality of blades 15 having a propulsion function and conducting cooling air to the magnets 14 as well as to the coils, discussed below, for receiving or supplying electric power generated by the device or intended for it.

Magnets 14 may have circular cross-section as shown in Figure 2, or other curvilinear cross-section or even polygonal cross section, either convex (in particular square or rectangular) or concave.

The magnets preferably made of a material with high field intensity (e.g. about 1.5 Tesla for the performance of modern technology). The choice of material will depend on the type of application and hence on the operating conditions, in particular of fluid temperature. Materials commonly used in such machines are NdFeB, that guarantee the operation at temperatures up to 150 ° C, or Sm-Co (or - in general - a compound of rare earth metal and cobalt), which guarantee the operation at temperatures up to 350 ° C, or AlNiCo, that guarantee the operation at temperatures up to 500 ° C. Depending on the materials, magnets 14 can consist of magnetised areas of disc 12, or they can be magnetic bodies inserted into seats formed in the disc.

The second structure consists of two sets of yokes 16, the magnets 18, which are arranged around the respective crown wheel 12 symmetrically with respect thereto and form the stator unit. In the example shown, the yoke 16, the magnets 18 are distributed so that they appear equally spaced apart around the disc 12, in front of magnets 14. The yokes have substantially C- or U-shaped, or - in general - a concave shape, open toward the disk 12 with two substantially parallel arms or pole extensions, designated numerals 17a, 17b for yokes 16 and reference numerals 19a, 19b for yokes 18 (see Fig. 3). Shoulders 17a, 17b and 19a, 19b bear coils 20a, 20b and 22a, 22b, respectively, of electrically conductive material (e.g., copper or aluminum, the latter being preferred in aeronautical applications due to its lower specific weight), with respective individual connections either with the use devices for generating electric power or to power supply devices (more particularly, a pulse generator or brushless power driver), depending on the application of the proposed device. Coils 20, 22 may advantageously be made of a thin sheet wound on the respective arm, to reduce hysteresis losses, Foucault currents on the horizontal surface and skin effect. Of course, opposite coils are connected with opposite polarities.

Like magnets 14, arms 17a, 17b, 19a, 19b of the yokes 16, 18 may have a circular cross section, or other curvilinear cross-section or even polygonal cross section, either convex (in particular square or rectangular) or concave. Irregular shapes of magnets and / or shoulders of the yokes and / or other cross-sectional shapes for the magnets and the yokes can also reduce jaggedness, which, as is known, on the contrary, very favorable symmetrical design. Whatever the form of cross-sections of the yokes and the magnets, it is important that their size have dimensions that are similar or substantially identical. Similarity or substantially the same size area of ​​the magnets and the yokes is necessary to guarantee the uniformity of magnetic flux density passing in the yokes 16, the magnets 18 and 14.

By use of yokes and magnets with circular cross section obtained by a sinusoidal behavior of the overlap of the magnet and the end surfaces of the yoke (see FIG. 4) during rotation of the rotor, and that - in the case of using the device as a generator - will lead to an almost pure sinusoidal electromotive force (emf ). However, considerations of commercial availability of components and reduce jaggedness may result, for example, the use of magnets with circular cross section and yokes having arms with square cross-section whose side is substantially equal to the diameter of the magnet. In this case the emf generated will also be almost sinusoidal, but - with the higher harmonics, which do not substantially cause losses, taking into account the large bandwidth of the materials used for the design of the yokes. It should be noted that in view of the transverse dimensions of which can be assumed for the magnets and yokes (for example, a few centimeters), the requirement of similarity areas of magnets and yokes are still satisfied.

Considering - for simplicity of description - magnets and the yoke have the same circular cross section, and denoting the diameter symbol D, note that to guarantee the symmetry of the resulting waveform signal, it is necessary that the shoulders of each yoke 16, 18 are spaced by a distance D, whereby the length each yoke is 3D. In accordance with the yokes 16, 18, rotor 12 will therefore have a circumference whose length is 4D'N, where N - number of yokes in a ring. Thus, it becomes possible to create rotors guaranteeing setting the desired amount of yokes or, conversely, the number of yokes will be determined by the size of the rotor. Moreover, for a given rotor diameter can also vary the number of yokes by varying the diameter of the circle defined by the yokes and the magnets (i.e. - in practice - by varying the distance from the edge of rotor 12 and magnets).

Number M of magnets 14 is related with number N of the yokes and depends on the type of device that is to be created. For example, a synchronous machine is used the ratio of M = 2N so that the distance between consecutive magnets 14 is equal to their diameter D, and in a static configuration of device 10, a pair of consecutive magnets 14 may be exactly in front of both arms of a yoke 16 or 18. On the contrary, in the case of asynchronous machines used the ratio M ≠ 2N, where M is an even number, and the distance between successive magnets 14 is less or greater than D, depending on whether the ratio of two - M> 2N or M <2N observed.

The shoulders of the yokes 16, 18 end with plane surfaces parallel to the surfaces of rotor 12 and magnets 14. Each pair of yokes 16, 18 forms a magnetic circuit with the facing pair of magnets 14 is closed through the air gaps separating the yokes from the magnets. A pair of yokes 16, 18 with the respective coils 20, 22 will be referred to hereinafter as "magnetic pliers".

As best shown in the diagram of Figure 3, the ends of the arms 17a, 17b, 19a, 19b of the yokes 16, 18 are slightly spaced apart from the facing poles of the respective pair of them magnets 14, thereby forming air gaps 24a, 24b and 26a, 26b, respectively, intended to ensure, on the one hand, the rotation of the disk by preventing the contact between magnets and yokes, and on the other hand - to prevent saturation of the magnetic circuit. As the rotor 12 and stator 16, 18 have flat surfaces, machining allows you to receive a very small air gaps, so - and high efficiency. Note, for clarity, that the gap between the arms of the yoke is shown in the drawing excessively large.

Returning to Figure 1 noted that the outer casing 28 adapted to ensure the transmission and the rotation shaft 13 supports the rotor and the stator of device 10 assembled. Furthermore, a yoke installed in the individual supports, not shown in the drawing and discussed in detail below, to provide independent control of the provisions of the yokes 16, 18 relative to magnets 14 through a translational movement along three mutually perpendicular axes x, y, z and a pivotal movement, indicated by arrows Ω1, Ω2, Ω3, around the same perpendicular axes (see. Figure 24).

This ensures easy mounting of the yokes and the optimization of their positions when assembling the device, as well as maximizing the efficiency of the device.

The possibility of independently regulating axial positions of the yokes allows not only minimizing the widths of air gaps 24, 26 and thereby maximize efficiency, but also changing such air gaps during operation in order to adapt the action of the magnetic pliers to the requirements of the different phases of operation, as will be apparent from It describes some applications of the invention. Furthermore, in case of the modules and the generator and the motor to temporarily disable the oscillator on startup or adjust it to achieve some limited value to facilitate starting, and the motor modules can bring together with the magnets to increase the acceleration. In addition, an increase in the air gap can be use as a structural feature that provides security in case of re overheating: such increase in the air gap causes an increase in magnetic resistance of the circuit, so that the associated reduced stress on the coils, and hence the temperature. In general, it is possible to exclude one or more yokes that do not operate properly, and the remainder of the device thus continues to operate.

Possibility of adjusting in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, is also a structural feature providing security that can be used as an alternative to increasing the air gap in case of overheating: indeed, the loss of alignment of yokes and magnets also cause an increase in magnetic resistance of the circuit, leading to a decrease in the associated voltage and hence the temperature of the conductors.

Furthermore, in case of machines intended to generate an almost constant power with important variations in the number of turns, radially and axially adjusting the position of the yokes can be used to control the value associated with this power.

As will be discussed below, the bearing stator advantageously include devices rolling, such as rollers or balls, arranged to rolling on the outer circumference of the disc 12 for maintaining the air gaps 24, 26 between yokes 16, 18 and magnets 14 constant and compensating axial and radial oscillations of rotor 12 as well as thermal expansion. This is of interest particularly in large machines may be important where radial or axial displacements, oscillations, resonance and mechanical and thermal deformations of the rotor.

Each yoke with its coils, its supports and the means controlling the displacements of supports, including any necessary position and temperature sensor, can be considered as an elementary stator cell that is repeated many times to form a whole unit, which therefore has a modular construction. Thus, it is possible to receive a number of different configurations which will become apparent from the following description.

The material of the yokes 16, 18 of the magnets may depend on the application of the device.

For high-frequency applications, preferred materials are ferrites with a high permeability, low residual magnetization and low magnetic resistance (ferrokeramicheskie materials). Use of ferrites is advantageous for the following reasons:

ferrites allow high flux density (about 1/2 Tesla);

ferrites are materials that can be sintered, and hence they provide structures and shapes suitable for maximizing efficiency;

ferrites exhibit efficiency curves, the peaks of which are within a wide frequency range, even up to several MHz, and is therefore preferably compatible with the frequencies of the magnets in the applications envisaged for the invention;

at a given high electrical resistivity of the material forming the ferrites, and the low value of residual magnetization with a narrow hysteresis loop at high frequencies, there is very little loss in ferrokeramicheskom material and very low electromagnetic losses, thereby increasing efficiency;

ferrites enable converting the energy obtained from spurious harmonics of the waveform signals, and it is particularly useful for applications requiring larger diameters and greater speed;

ferrites have a low specific weight (accounting for about half the proportion of iron), and this is important in aircraft applications;

ferrites have a capability of self-protection in the event of overheating because their Curie temperature, Tc, is low - about 250 ° C. As is known, the magnetic permeability of the ferrites at temperature exceeding Tc is substantially equal to 0 (see. Figure 25): thus, if the yoke temperature reaches Tc, the overall magnetic resistance of the circuit considerably increases and takes a value substantially corresponding to the value for chain in the air, so that an appropriate voltage is reduced to very small values. This property can use as an alternative to the displacement of the yoke.

At relatively low operating frequencies - from a few Hertz to several kHz (for example, 3 kHz), - the yoke can be made from thin sheets of silicon steel, for example, 5-10 hundredths of a millimeter thick. For frequencies from 1 kHz to several tens kHz (e.g. 20 kHz), may be used instead Zn0-Ni-ferrite, such as N27 from EPCOS company. Ni-Zn-materials are characterized by high operating temperatures, very high electrical resistivity (of the order of 100 k / m) and reduced hysteresis loss. May be suitable as Mn-Zn-ferrites, such as the Ferroxcube materials, described above, for example, MnZn 3C90-6, or Mn-Ni-material.

The apparatus of the invention can act as a wireless generator and a brushless motor.

To describe the principle of operation of the device 10 as a generator, it is useful to recall the operation principle of the transformer. In a transformer, a dynamic voltage scaling circuit of the primary winding causes a flux variation in the coil through which current flows, and this change is induced in the whole closed magnetic circuit. Changes in the magnetic flux in the closed magnetic circuit generates a secondary emf, proportional to the number of turns in the secondary winding.

In the case of the present invention, the change in magnetic flux occurs due to driving disc 12 with magnets 14 rotate between the yokes 16, 18 of the magnets. In this case, a pair of end magnetic yokes 16, 18 sense changes of magnetic flux due to the interleaving passage of permanent magnets 14 with opposite polarities between the same yokes, which leads to the induction of the coils 20, 22 emf generating voltages V1-V4 (Fig. 3). In other words, by applying a torque to the disk 12, each coil 20a, 20b and 22a, 22b, respectively, induced electromotive force attributable to changes in the magnetic flux of the alternating polarities of permanent magnets 14. Looking at the relative positions of the magnets 14 and the end surfaces of the yokes in a ring For example, yokes 16, shown in Figure 4, it can be seen that during rotation of the rotor end region 12 progressively overlap resulting in a substantially sinusoidal increase of the flux, so - and induced voltage.

The generated voltage is equal -ΔF / Δt, where ΔΦ - changing magnetic flux; Δt - time between the passage of the magnets in front of a yoke arm, depends on the size of rotor 12, number M of the magnets (and therefore - and the number N of dipoles) and the peripheral speed of the rotor. With large rotor discs, providing a large number M, a high frequency of magnet passage, and a high voltage can be obtained even at relatively low speeds.

More specifically, in the case of a synchronous machine, each coil 20, 22 generates a waveform signal in phase with the waveform signal of other coils and forms an independent generator. As is known, depending on whether series or parallel connected coils, one can obtain a voltage in 2N times exceeding the voltage of a single coil but with the same current, or - after straightening - a current equal to the sum of the currents, but when the same voltage , respectively. In this case, a suitable filter can be required.

In case of an asynchronous machine, each coil generates an electromotive force, which is shifted in phase by ± 2π / 2N relative to the adjacent coils and in one period of rotation of the disc 12 - after rectification of the signal - to be received 4N half waves with the ripple, which is 4N times smaller than single phase ripple signal, so that the filtering and smoothing operations are required. Note that in asynchronous machines the number of magnets and yokes will advantageously be such as to ensure obtaining a sinusoidal or similar waveform (i.e., the combination can be avoided when M = N).

To evaluate the performance parameters of the device, refer to the following examples relating to aviation applications. It is assumed that the ring of magnets 14 has a radius of about 1 m and the magnet pitch is about 10 cm (and hence D is about 5 cm). If the circumferential length somewhat larger 6 m, the ring can comprise about sixty magnets 14. If the apparatus is mounted on a compressor stage in a turbine, the rotation speed is generally about 12,000 rev / min, i.e. About 200 / sec. Accordingly, the frequency of the passage of the magnets is approximately 12,000 Hz, and Δt is approximately 80 microseconds. Since the shorter transition time Δt, the higher the induced voltage, energy will be obtained, characterized by high voltage with high frequency and low current. This feature offers additional advantages since the high voltage and high frequencies allow the use of copper wires with reduced cross-sectional dimension for the coils 20, 22, and furthermore, the amount of ferromagnetic material for transmitting and conditioning energy become very small: this results in a weight reduction that It is particularly important for many applications, as will be evident from the following text.

The apparatus 10 may be used in reversible manner as a brushless motor by applying a voltage variation with phase rotation. Receive changes to the opposite polarity produces a force applied to the permanent magnets 14, which sequentially cause the disc 12 to rotate. In this case, the voltage applied to the coils creates a pair of magnetic fluxes with opposite polarities, making the disc move so as to provide location of the magnets 14 opposite the yokes 16, 18 in a linear manner and with opposite polarities. In case of a synchronous motor is provided for all the coils gradual increase phase in order to start moving. In the case of an induction motor, control is simplified thanks to the phase shift between the rotor and the stator is the result of design, and this will be sufficient to unbalance any of the coils to drive the machine in rotation.

Like a conventional brushless motor detects the position of the magnets 14 relative to stator 16, 18. Thus, as soon as the system reaches a stability condition, the control circuit starts to phase rotation which again causes displacement of the rotor to find a new point of stability. The gradual increase in the frequency of the control pulses causes the acceleration of the rotor.

Characteristic features in the case of operation as an engine are:

high torque acceleration: in fact, a force is applied to the periphery of the disc 12, which can have a large radius (moment arm); as mentioned, a large radius enables the installation of a large number of magnetic dipoles cooperating in the operation of the electric motor, which results in a large total force;

large number of revolutions, depending on the excitation frequency of the device (see., e.g., considerations regarding the operating parameters given in connection with the operation as generator).

In addition, as discussed in relation to the generator, since the rotor and the stator are two parallel surfaces, mechanical machining allows obtaining very small air gaps and consequently - high efficiency.

Note that due to the modular construction of the device and the independence of the various magnetic circuits in the same device at a time may be present and the motor generator functions, in particular, a striped cell can operate as a generator or as a motor. Thus, cell-generators can be used as position detectors to provide the feedback for the motor function. In fact, cell generator delivers a voltage that is proportional to the magnet position, passing in front of him, and as the relative position of the cell-cell generators and electric motors, you know, you can immediately receive the position of the rotor relative to the cell-cell and the generator-motor. This provides regulation of the cell-pulse motor so that it has a precise phase required for the movement in the brushless machine.

Alternatively, it is also possible to provide position feedback via the Hall effect detectors or by an auxiliary winding; however, given the fact that Hall effect detectors do not properly operate at temperatures exceeding 150 ° C, may be preferable to the latter solution.

Figure 5 and 6 are representations similar to Figures 2 and 3, relating to one embodiment in which rotor 12 is made of a ferromagnetic material. Identical elements in both pairs of drawings like numerals. In this case, the stator comprises a single ring of yokes 16, with respective coils 20a, 20b, located opposite magnets 14 that, in turn, glued to the surface of rotor 12 facing yokes 16 (see FIG. 6). A suitable material for gluing magnets 14 to rotor 12 is for example loktithizol 9466. Moreover, to facilitate bonding, the rotor 12 may be provided with a guide of aluminum or resin (not shown) adapted to determine the positions of magnets 14 and having the function localization hardening and prevention of saturation. If gluing is insufficient to withstand the effects of centrifugal forces at high rotation speeds, other measures may be employed retain the magnets in position, which will be described further below. In this embodiment, the magnetic circuit between the pair of magnets 14 and one yoke 16 through disc 12 are closed and the air gaps 24a, 24b. More specifically, as shown in Figure 6, the magnetic circuit comprises: N-pole of the first magnet 14; air gap 24a; yoke 16 with coils 20a and 20b; air gap 24b; S-pole of second magnet 14; N-pole of the second magnet 14; disc 12; An S-pole of the first magnet. The operating principle of this variant embodiment is the same as for the embodiment shown in Figures 1-3, and the difference is due only to the different number of coils.

By connecting the magnets facing a same yoke, thin ferromagnetic sheets for closing the magnetic circuit between the arms of the yoke and a pair of magnets, it is also possible to use an embodiment with a single ring of yokes in the case of a rotor made of non-ferromagnetic material.

This variant embodiment enhances the lightness characteristics of the device. 7 shows another embodiment in which yokes 16, 18 are not distributed over the entire circumference of the disc 12, but only one or more of its discrete arcs in the illustrated example - two. The ability to have a smaller set yokes is one of the advantages provided by the modular structure of the invention. Each set may even include a single yoke. This embodiment is suitable for applications in which the power (functions as a generator and motor) receives a set of elementary cells extending the whole circumference would be excessive. Of course, even if this variant and shows a device of the type which is shown in Figures 1-3, with a set yokes on each side of the rotor 12, it is also applicable to the case of a single yoke set shown in Figures 5 and 6.

8-12 relate to the embodiment of the invention with a radial arrangement of the magnets and the yokes. Elements already discussed with reference to the previous drawings are denoted by the same reference numerals with the addition of the sign of the stroke.

In an exemplary embodiment, providing for a radial arrangement, the rotor 12 'is a cylindrical body bearing magnets 14' with alternate orientations on its side surface. Like the exemplary embodiment, comprising an axial arrangement, it is possible to provide two sets of yokes 16 ', 18' (Figure 8) or only one set 16 'or 18' (Figures 9 and 10), depending on the material of rotor 12 '. The yokes have radially directed arms on which coils are wound 20 ', 22'. In the solution with a single set yokes, the yoke may be arranged either outside or inside the rotor 12 ', as shown in Figures 9 and 10, respectively, the arrangement shown in Figures 9 and 10 will be referred layouts "inner rotor" and "external Rotor ", respectively. In an exemplary embodiment, providing for a radial arrangement, the end surfaces of the rotor and the yoke arms will have the same curvature at any point to guarantee the constancy of the air gap.

The outer rotor arrangement and in the arrangement with a double set of yokes, rotor 12 'is formed on the surface of a large hollow cylindrical chamber within which is mounted the or each set yokes. In the internal rotor arrangement, rotor 12 'will still be a ring or disc carried by a shaft 13'. Furthermore, in an embodiment providing for a radial arrangement, the yoke 16 'and / or 18' can be distributed in front the whole ring of magnets or in front of only one or more arcs of such ring.

In the embodiment shown in Figures 11 and 12, the lateral surface of rotor 12 'can bear two adjacent and parallel row of magnets 14'a, 14'b (twin magnet arrangement), with a magnet in one row has an opposite orientation relative to an adjacent magnet in another row. The shoulders of the yoke 16 'and / or 18' face one magnet 14'a, 14'b in each ring. As shown in Figure 12, yokes 16 '(only one of which is shown) may be arranged obliquely relative to generator rotor rings, both series of magnets are offset from each other so that the pair of magnets 14'a, 14'b, facing one and the same yoke are also positioned obliquely relative to generator rotor ring. This feature also contributes to the reduction of jagged edges.

It should be understood that in a dual arrangement of magnet pairs of magnets are always in the same radial plane extending through the shoulders of the yoke as in the configuration of a synchronous machine, and the configuration of the asynchronous machine and the plane of rotation are always shared for both magnets, so and yokes. In this case, a magnetic flux is present on the yoke arms since the magnets are in front of the yokes, or no flow occurs stream since no front of the yoke of the magnet. This gives the important advantage that spurious Foucault losses (i.e. a flow of one arm of the yoke is still present and generates dispersion in the rotor through the other arm) are eliminated, since between the shoulders have a phase shift. In all other arrangements, on the contrary, there is always a little phase shift between a plane passing through the transverse axis of the magnet and the planes radially crossing the shoulder yoke as a yoke lie in planes between which there is a phase shift by a certain angle: thus, there are always some Foucault parasitic losses.

All considerations about the yoke adjustability are given above with reference to exemplary embodiments, providing an axial arrangement are also applicable to the embodiment, providing radial arrangement, given the fact that the air gap is now a radial gap instead of axial. For example, to adjust power associated radial displacement of the yokes allows variation of the air gap and longitudinal displacement of the yokes relative to the axis of rotation provides a change in the areas in which the magnets and yokes overlap.

Note that even if the number and arrangement of magnets paired yokes inclined relative to the magnets are shown only for one of the radial arrangements, they could be applied for the other radial arrangements disclosed herein, as well as other embodiments centreline layout.

In the embodiments described so far, it was assumed that the yoke coils are independent from each other and from the other yoke coils, and separately connected to the power driver or use the device. A large number of cells can result in a large number of connections to external means, namely at least two connections for each coil and this can be a disadvantage in the context of the complexity of the device. To reduce the number of connections with the external apparatus can use the modular construction of the device, while maintaining independent coils on each arm. Considering the geometric aspect of the device in the car with N yokes (and, therefore, P = 2N shoulders or pole extensions) and M magnets, you can generally see a situation in which a given geometric phase between the poles and opposing magnets occurs at intervals pole extensions , wherein

X = P / node (P, M),

where "node" refers to the greatest common divisor. Each coil in the group of the X coil generates electromotive force, the phase-shifted relative to the other coils in the group phase and the electrical coils identical repeated for all groups. Coils with the same phase may be connected with each other in parallel or in series in a star or triangle inside the machine, and their common points will be connected to the external apparatus. Thus, the number of connections to the external equipment is reduced to the number of different phases. Therefore modular multiphase machine is obtained, where each module includes X polar extensions and Y = M / node (P, M) magnets. One can also connect with the external equipment coils alternate modules with inverted phases, so it can be obtained an X-phase or a 2X-fahnaya machine with a given pair of values ​​M, P. Of course, when the modular multiphase arrangement is applied to an embodiment with twin-magnet synchronous advantage flow in both arms of a cell is still maintained. By a parallel or series connection of the modules with the same phase, you can optionally increase or decrease the tension, thereby achieving the same effect as provided by the displacement of the yokes.

13-15 show several possible arrangements with different pairs of values ​​P, M, where M - is an even number less than P-2. These figures relate to the embodiment, comprising a radial arrangement, but, of course, the same considerations apply to the embodiment, comprising an axial arrangement.

13, P = 64 and M = 48, so that X = 4. This provides machines with either four or eight phases, depending on whether the coils in every second group of four coils of the same phase or phase inverted with respect to the corresponding coils in the adjacent group of four coils.

14, P = 48 and M = 40, so that X = 6. This provides machines with either six or twelve phases, depending on whether the coils in every second group of six coils of the same phase or phase inverted with respect to the corresponding coils in the adjacent group of six coils.

In Figure 15, P = 48 and M = 32, so that X = 3. It is possible to obtain three-phase or six-phase machines depending on whether the coils in every second group of three coils of the same phase or phase inverted with respect to the corresponding coils in the adjacent group of three coils.

Other configurations of asynchronous machines are achievable with M even and greater than R.

This simplification of the external connections can be applied also in case of a synchronous machine, where M = P, so that it is possible to receive the coils of the same phase, or P / 2 coils with one phase and P / 2-inverted phase and necessarily only in one of two connections to external means.

13-15 also show the shape of the pole extensions, here designated numeral 7, advantageously in particular for multiphase machines. Referring also to an enlarged type on 16 (a) and 16 (b). Pole continuation 7 has the enlarged head 7a facing the magnets, an intermediate stem 7b with reduced cross-sectional dimension, on which is wound a coil (designated herein at 21) and a base or foot 7c for securing polar extension 7 to the support (e.g., connecting elements, described above). This form has the advantage that the active ferromagnetic section of the machine is increased with decreasing exposure coils exposed rotating magnets. Stem 7b, substantially has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped, having the largest surfaces perpendicular to the direction of rotation of the rotor. Leg 7c the pole extensions may also have a larger size than stem 7b. Pole extension 7 can be individually fastened to a stator support by fastening means 7d, a yoke, denoted here numeral 6, as shown in Figure 16 (b), will comprise two adjacent extension 7 connected in line with their feet 7c. Individual installation is advantageous because it simplifies the winding coils. However, the side surfaces of feet 7c are slightly inclined, for example, a few degrees, so that between the axes of stems 7b in the yoke there is a certain angle to the rotor opening. Tilting the axes of stems 7b in a yoke 6 provides space for winding coils of relatively large size.

A further solution for reducing the number of external connections by using the device as a generator could be rectification waveform signals of all coils within the machine, and a parallel connection of the positive poles and the negative poles within the machine so that it will take only two output conductors. However, such a solution could make use of the machine as a motor impossible or extremely difficult, since all coils are connected with each other. However, the phase modularity disclosed with reference to Figures 13-15, could be advantageous to leave some of the cells not connected to the rectifier structure and to use such cells to perform the function of the motor. For example, considering the car with 48 pole extensions, one would assume the following sequence: three pole continuation 7, connected by a rectifier and one pole sequel, independent and reversible, thereby providing alignment in thirty-three pole extensions of and connected to each other, and twelve independent polar extensions are distributed circumferentially with a pitch X = 4.

FIG. 17 (a) - 17 (d) shows an example of the magnets, suitable to withstand the centrifugal forces at high rotational speeds, such as those which have to be considered when the magnets are mounted on the turbine impeller. The magnet is a rectangular plate 140, the bases of which form the N- and S-pole of the magnet, and its side surface has a double taper: more particularly, two opposite sides of the magnets are chamfered, for example, from top to bottom and the other two sides have a reverse taper. In other words, the sections according to two planes perpendicular to one of the magnet bases, such as the planes passing through lines CC and DD in Figure 17 (b), are the two mutually inverse trapezoids, as shown in Figure 17 (c) and 17 (d). This form ensures the transfer of the tangential or radial stress of compression to use a lot of resistance to compression.

If necessary, in case of magnets adjacent to each other between adjacent magnets transversally to the magnetic ring may be provided locking members (not shown) having a complementary, in relation to the end faces of the magnets, bevel, and in the case of double arrangement of magnets, said elements can be and provided longitudinally between the magnets in the two rows.

Note that in the embodiment 17 according to the embodiment (a) - 17 (d), can be tilted only one pair of side faces, so that the plate is substantially wedge-shaped. In addition, the same effect wedge or performed with two bevels plate can be obtained by plates in the shape of truncated cones or pyramids.

As shown in Figure 18 for the device with the installation of magnets and radial arrangement of the outer rotor, wherein the yoke 6 is used according to Figure 16 (b), resistance to centrifugal force can be increased by the use of the resilient locking member 60 running in the tangential direction, located between adjacent magnets 140 and adapted to the application of mechanical stress to the compression side of the magnet to compensate for dimensional changes due to the tangential stress. Element 60 may include, for example, a leaf spring having a central portion 60a fastened to rotor 12 'and two U-shaped side walls 60b, extending from the central portion to the corresponding magnet 140 so that the ends of the letter U, depart from the central portion 60a, are tilted to the magnets. Clearly, it is possible to provide, either two rows of retaining elements 60 - one for each row of magnets or a single row of elements 60. Figure 18 further shows that adjacent yokes 6 could be separated by a gap 77 providing a degree of freedom in communication to possible mechanical interference, e.g., due to thermal expansion. The same effect could be obtained also by the use of fixing elements made from an elastomeric material, e.g., such as Teflon®.

19 shows a detailed embodiment of the machine with an internal rotor, which uses the tapered magnets 140 with strongly inclined walls. This solution is designed for very large numbers of turns. The magnets 140 are placed in the seats 62 formed in the edge of the rotor and having, for example, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor 12 'is substantially trapezoidal cross-section complementary with respect to the corresponding cross sectional shape of the magnets and are wrapped in a non-conductive sheet 66 . The other two sides of magnets 140 incorporated into engagement with clips 64, transverse locking magnets.

Note that Figures 18 and 19 refer to the twin magnet arrangement and also illustrate the thin ferromagnetic sheets 61 connecting magnets opposed to the same yoke.

On fig.20-22 shows a possible design for the support yoke 16, which guarantees the offset of the cell and automatic compensation of deformations or changes in the position or height of the rotor. 20 and 21 are two schematic sectional fundamental species according to two mutually perpendicular planes, and Figure 22 is a perspective view, for clarity does not show some components shown in these sections.

This support structure comprises a number of rolling members 50 (four in the illustrate examples, two for each arm, see. Figure 22), such as balls, rollers, roller or ball bearings, etc. These elements are arranged to roll on the properly processed peripheral area 51 of the rotor, operating as a track for the rolling elements, and serve to maintain a constant air gap. To this end, the elements 50 rolling connected with the control unit 52 with mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuator, which in the calibration phase of the device are set such that in normal operating conditions, the elements 50 Rolling spaced from rotor 12 and are brought into contact with rotor 12 only when the latter is displaced from its proper operating position or deformed. Setting of rolling members 50 is performed so that they protrude somewhat with respect to the shoulders, and therefore it is desired air gap when they are rolling down the rotor. Elements 50 and roller regulating their blocks 52 together with the associated yoke 16 supported by a support structure 54, which is associated with springs 56 compress or other elements having the same functions, and are calibrated to oppose any displacement of the rotor, resulting in a change in the desired air gap.

To impart strength to this construction, the whole cell consisting of a yoke 16, 18 with its coils 20, 22, its supporting structure 54, means causing adjustment of the position and, in general, displacements of the yokes described above and the detectors causing such displacements , may be embodied in the resin layer, as shown at 70 in Figure 23 may be cased, not shown in this figure. The resin may, in an embodiment, be filled with powders of materials increasing electrical conductivity and / or thermal conductivity, such as boron carbide and silicon, aluminum or similar materials.

Figure 27 shows a schematic embodiment of a cell and its means for the axial adjustment. The yoke, e.g., a yoke 16 is provided with a shoulder 17 at its two power coils 20 and two signal coils 200, which are surrounded by cooling coils 80. The cell is further provided with detectors 86, 88 and the position of the temperature with circuit 90 signal processing and control. For example, temperature detectors 86 may comprise a thermistor with positive or negative temperature control type, or a thermocouple. As stated above, the detectors 88 position (this term is to be understood as including also phase detectors and detectors speed) can be detectors Hall effect or auxiliary coils - the primary power source, used for detecting phases and amplitudes of currents and voltages in the coils various shoulders. Note that even if detectors 86, 88 and are shown outside the yoke for reasons of ease of understanding, they will in fact be inside the cell, for example, together with circuits 90 and control processing in a place which is indicated for the latter.

Inside the cylinder actuators or pistons 82 are mounted for sliding within the cylinders 92, the springs 56 are installed, opposing displacements of the rotor. When the apparatus is inactive, piston 82 fully retracted within the cylinders 92 by springs 84. In operating conditions, cylinders 92 cause extension of pistons 82 so that the latter occupy their static position. In case of dynamic adjustment, a suitable linear actuator, with an electronic control device modulates the push applied to piston 82 depending on the operating requirements. Due to differential exposure to both pistons 82, tilting of the cell can be obtained. Of course, you can use any device with a hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical drive, equivalent to the assembly of the pistons 82 and the cylinder 92.

Detectors 86, 88, circuit 90 of processing and control, as well as pistons and cylinders 82, 92 connected to the CPU (not shown) that, based on information received from the detectors and the model of the machine stored inside it, determines the actions which must be taken for both the regular operation of the machine, and for security procedures. Commands are sent via suitable bias power drivers and actuators, pistons and / or cylinders 82, 92 of which no other control unit are elements connected with the cell.

Cylinders 82, 92 or equivalent units will be provided to control the translatory movement or rotation of the cell along or around other axes.

50 shows one rolling element with its adjusting piston 52, and the remaining cells are shown in exploded form for clarity of the drawing. Rolling element 50 is associated with damping means, for example, with a spring 58, absorbs shock of the rolling element of the rotor.

The described characteristics of lightness and high efficiency, as well as - in the case of use as a motor - a large torque and high quality, provide several applications for the device, such as:

Aviation generator mounted on the turbine;

starter motor for the turbine;

feedback motor for turbine architecture;

an electric motor for propulsion of ships and aircraft;

Aircraft propulsion for vertical take-off;

motor for gas pipelines, etc .;

air generator;

Industrial generators General purpose;

control torque;

flywheel for automotive systems;

electromagnetic brake with energy recovery;

active brake.

Such applications are briefly discussed below

Air Generator

This application is prompted by the need to generate electricity on board the aircraft. The apparatus 10 may be mounted directly on the steps with the lowest operating temperature (in such case, blades 15 shown in Figure 2 will be the blades of the turbine stage) and allows replacement of the conventional alternators receiving mechanical energy through a speed reducer coupled to the turbine shaft . Therefore, the generator according to the invention is a solution that is compatible with modern technology the conversion of electrical energy by means of switching power supplies, which provide remote control devices and actuators and transducers through the full electrical distribution. The apparatus 10 is configured to generate electric power with high voltage and high frequency, without direct contact with the turbine ensures exclusion of many of the drawbacks of conventional methods. In particular, it is lightweight and highly reliable, has a long life, is easily scalable modular design and requires minimal maintenance. Moreover, it is relatively cheap, especially compared with the cost of the motor and gearbox.

Starting the electric motor for aircraft applications and turbines general

The device according to the invention, being wholly reversible, also provides a starting system for the engines on an aircraft, without additional weight and additional costs, apart from the costs of the electronic control units for the brushless motor. In contrast, the starting system for aircraft are now often not provided, because it is considered unwieldy and expensive, so that the ignition phase is limited to the aircraft parking phases when an external motor can be used. This range limits the flexibility and safety of the aircraft. The same characteristics of lightness and limited cost also allow use of the invention as starting motor for turbines in general and outside the field of aviation.

The motor feedback architectures turbine

Compressor low pressure or high pressure is brought up to speed, which is no longer associated with the rotational speed of the turbine shaft, but is determined by the electric motor and the compressor built around the outside of it (overcharge rate). It optimizes the speed and pressure in the compressor, regardless of turbine stages and leads to enhanced capabilities for control and optimization of operating parameters and energy consumption.

The electric motor for ship propulsion

Electrical traction for vehicles can make possible the use of machines of the type which is concerned by the invention since such machines have low noise, can be mounted externally on a hull, and, due to the rigid connection with the screw, such machines may undergo angular displacement with respect to the longitudinal axis hull, thus ensuring high maneuverability of the ship. Use of the invention in such applications is shown in Figure 26, which shows the installation and comprising a radial twin magnet embodiment of the apparatus 10 according to the invention, embedded in the periphery of screw 11 of the ship. The core body is not shown to show the arrangement of device 10. In such applications, the invention provides the following advantages:

high torque in case of great radii and a large number of poles thanks to the arrangement of the coils on the periphery of the motor rotor;

possibility of individual maintenance and regulation of the cell;

high reliability, since, even in case of failure of one cell, other cells can continue working independently of the failed;

ability to work in uncomfortable and hostile environments thanks to resin encapsulation of cells;

high immunity to vibrations of the screw with respect to the core through a peripheral rolling elements, which are equipped with a cell because the cell can be rotated relative to the screw, keeping the gap constant.

The electric propulsion for aircraft and jet engines for vertical takeoff

The benefits of high torque and high reliability allow to use the invention properly and in aircraft propellers. Structure aviation propulsion, which utilizes the invention is as shown in Figure 26. In such applications, the device according to the invention can work together with generator units associated with thermodynamic machines, with accumulators, fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, etc.

Moreover, since the screw and the ring of magnets / yokes can be oriented also in horizontal position, for example, parallel to the surface of the wing, there is the possibility of forming vertical flow for the vertical take-off; Then, after take-off, assembly screws and the rings can be set in rotation to gradually shift to horizontal flight. Using the invention in this application, it solves the problems associated with high temperature gas flows in the conventional turbines, whereas in the vertical arrangement of the turbine flow could damage the aircraft and the runways.

The electric motor for the gas pipelines, etc.

The application in the art based on the same principles as in the case of ship propellers. However, in this case, magnets are placed inside the pipeline and the yoke arranged on the outer ring. Thus, guaranteed the absence of any contact and complete electrical isolation between the yokes and propelled within the pipeline. Therefore, to achieve high reliability and its inherent high degree of protection, which are suitable in particular for pumping gas and hydrocarbons.

Hot Air Generator

For these applications, the blades 15 in the central part of disc 12 will form the vanes of the air generator. This application is possible because there is no problem with the construction of large disks that can comprise the vanes with the sizes typical for such applications, and at the same time ensure a reduced weight. Due to the large number of dipoles that can be mounted on a large disk, and low losses of the magnetic circuit, it is possible to reach an acceptable efficiency all wind conditions. The set of dipoles allows the use of the design to optimize the trade-off between cost and performance parameters.

Industrial Generator

The invention is suitable for use as a generator whenever there is a rotating shaft, since fixation of the rotor 12 to the rotating shaft (which thus forms shaft 13 of the device) is easy, and the ring of magnetic pliers 16, 18 can enter into the casing independently due to the lack of any kind In any case the mechanical connection with the rotating element. The invention is suitable in particular for use in connection with turbines for energy production, since the elements forming device 10 can be easily inserted into the turbine itself.

Torque regulator DC

This application also requires that all the yokes 16, 18 are rotatably mounted. If the device 10 is applied to the constant voltage polarity, the magnets 14 are located in a stable equilibrium state in front of magnetic yokes 16, 18. Thus, by rotating the external portion bearing yokes 16, 18, a similar rotation is formed in rotor module 12 bearing magnets 14 . This joint rotation of the stator and the rotor continues until until the maximum torque, which is given by the product of the tangential force jointly applied to the disc and the yokes by means of arm (radius of the ring magnet), after which the slide starts with a constant torque. In this case, when a large number of revolutions at constant torque, it is necessary to provide rotary collector to allow current flow during rotation.

By changing the voltage level, the associated force varies as long as there is no saturation of the ferromagnetic circuit.

Torque regulator AC

In this case, the device according to the invention operates as described in connection with the motor: in addition to the above, at the end of stroke driving the device stops and the applied torque is reset to zero - as in the case of torque control DC. In this case, however, by rotating collectors are not required to provide the current flow.

Regulators torque DC or AC, providing use of the invention can be used, for example, in machines for screwing caps of bottles, since these machines must operate with constant torque even when the thread is completely screwed. This requirement is strictly enforced, in particular in the area of ​​food production and in the chemical pharmaceutical industry.

Electromagnetic flywheel

An important application of the invention is the recovery of energy during deceleration is carried out by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, storing electrical energy into mixed accumulator systems (i.e., systems including devices that are triggered at different moments and having different recoil characteristics and storage) and return it - due to the reversibility of devices - as mechanical energy during the deceleration phase. The proposed device operates substantially as an electromagnetic flywheel.

Construction system in which a device according to the invention is used as an electromagnetic flywheel is schematically shown in Figure 28.

With this structure, the electromagnetic flywheel, i.e. device 10 is mounted on the drive shaft between the engine and the load 30 and stored in the kinematic chain to the gearbox 32. In such circumstances, the handwheel 10 directly rotates with the same speed as the drive shaft (generally from 1000 to 20000 rev / min or more ). Furthermore, the flywheel 10 can be positioned across the center axis of the motor car, thereby minimizing gyroscopic effects, which however are low since the moving member (rotor) has a low moment of inertia.

Flywheel 10 is connected on one side to the blocks, which - in general - form energy recovery assembly 33, and the other side - with blocks which - in general - forming assembly 35 power feeding. Nodes 33, 35 are connected to the input and output, respectively, the battery 40, which, as already mentioned, it can be a mixed accumulator system. Energy recovery assembly 33 comprises an inverter 34 which can be connected between flywheel 10 and a current generator 38 by brake control unit 36. Then generator 38 supplies current accumulator 40. Energy supply assembly 35 in turn comprises a phase regulator 42, connected to accumulator 40 and controlled by a flywheel position encoder 44, and the correction blocks 46 of the brushless motor, which can be coupled with the flywheel 10 through the block 48 accelerator control.

Non-operating (ie, when the brake control unit 36 ​​is not working), the coils 20, 22 (1-3) maintained under open circuit, and moved away from the rotor 12, thereby increasing the air gap, to cancel the impact of the brakes during normal operation, so that the counter-electromotive feedback force is substantially equal to 0. During braking or recovery phase, the electric circuit coils is closed on inverter 34, which causes the current flow and generating a counter-electromotive force on disc 12 of the flywheel 10. Furthermore, both rings of yokes 16, 18 are moved closer to disc 12 so that the device operates with the minimum air gap, and thus - with the maximum counter-electromotive force. That force causes a reduction in the kinetic energy, thereby braking the vehicle occurs and simultaneously generating high-frequency electric energy that is converted to a current generator 38 so that it can be stored in the accumulator 40.

During acceleration, activates the process of reverse flow. In this phase, the flywheel acts as a brushless motor. When activated by the accelerator control unit 48, changes the voltage to the phase rotation, and polarity inversion then induces a force on permanent magnets 14, which cause the disk 12 to rotate. For the rest of the work the considerations already set out in connection with the operation of the device as an electric motor. Modern technologies also provide a supply of large amounts of energy in a short time: it guarantees the achievement of - during the phase of supply - a very high torques and very steep acceleration response curves of the motor.

Electromagnetic brakes

The apparatus 10 according to the invention, mounted between a thermodynamic engine 20 and transmission units 32 of the vehicle, as shown in Figure 28, it can also work as an electromagnetic brake. In such an application, during normal operation, coils 20, 22 (Figures 1-3) are maintained in open circuit conditions and the yokes 16, 18 are kept at a great distance from the rotor as in the above case, so that the counter electromotive force feedback substantially equal to 0. When braking, the yokes are moved closer to the rotor than before, and the electric circuit coils is closed on a resistive load (not closed on an inverter, as in the flywheel case), and the braking energy is converted into thermal energy, counter-electromotive force acts on the brake disc.

Active Brake

Another possible application of the invention - as an active brake. The principle is a development of that described for the flywheel, and provided that in this case energy accumulation takes place also during the normal operation phase of the vehicle. During the braking phase, the circuit of coils 20, 22 not only is closed on a load, but also excited so that the device functions as a motor rotating in the opposite direction: energy then flows from accumulator 40 (28) to the brake device, thereby reducing the deceleration. By arranging the device 10 on the axis of each wheel can also prevent total blockage tire when braking, the active braking action can be independently distributed to each wheel due to the possibility of axial adjustment of the relative position of the rotor and stator, and the rotational resistance may be provided differentially, i.e. so that it would be appropriate to compensate for unbalanced loads typical of emergency braking. Benefits of a generator according to this application related to the high torque of the device, the speed of intervention and the low power consumption, because the energy in question is high, but - just for a short period.

It is clear that the above description is given only as a non limiting example and that within the scope of the invention described embodiments can make changes and modifications, especially - in connection with the shapes, sizes, materials, kinds of components and so on For example, also when the yokes, and hence - and cells that form a complete ring in front of the rotor, they do not necessarily have to be evenly distributed around the circumference of the rotor. This uneven distribution is useful in reducing the serration, and when the apparatus contains the modules and the generator and the motor, or has a multiphase structure. If necessary, the uneven distribution of the stator cells can be electrically compensated by the control system of the device. In addition to the above, other possible applications.