Electric vehicle

The invention relates to transport, in particular for use in the city bus transportation, and as a personal vehicle.

The analog of the invention is a car, a prototype electric vehicle.

The main advantages of the car: mobility; the possibility of a fairly long motion from filling to filling.

The main disadvantages of the car: the high cost of the fuel used; pollution harmful components of exhaust gases; large loss of thermal energy obtained from the combustion of fuel into the environment; a large energy loss during braking; loss of energy when parked with the engine running; noise.

The main advantages of electric: quiet operation; no release into the environment of hazardous substances (apparent as to charge the batteries of electric vehicles using electric power generated mainly by thermal power stations that the atmosphere is still pollute).

The main disadvantages of electric: low mileage on the battery charge before recharging; a long time is required for charging the battery; the high cost of electric power required for charging the battery; limited ability to regenerate the electrical energy generated during braking electric.

Summary of the Invention. Operation of the proposed electric lead to a drastic reduction of fuel consumption per 100 kilometers. Essential attributes to achieve this result are as follows: recovery of almost all electricity produced reversible electric wheels during braking; the use of the generator motor-generator to charge the battery with a decrease or cessation of electricity consumption of electric wheels, as well as stopping and parking with the engine running; reduction of losses in transmission because of its simplicity.

For the recovery of electrical energy generated by the reversible electric wheels when braking electric vehicle, it is proposed to use an electrical capacitor (power electrical capacitor). Choosing an electric capacitor for this purpose it is justified by two main factors: the ability of the electric capacitor almost instantly to take the energy of a large electric current, which is inevitable during emergency braking electric vehicle, moving at maximum speed, the current that the battery container is not acceptable; it is possible to design such that the voltage across it after two or three emergency braking was much lower than the voltage at the output terminal of the generator motor-generator unit.

After two consecutive electric emergency braking, moving at maximum speed, the voltage across the capacitor should rise by about 20% of the voltage at the output terminal of the generator motor-generator unit. It is necessary for the efficient electric braking, because this efficiency directly depends on it. When the voltage at the output terminals of the electric wheels while braking operates as a generator, and the voltage across the capacitor will be equal, braking stops, as the electric current stops. Thus, the electric braking in an electric capacitor will concentrate the electrical energy reduced compared with the voltage at the output terminal of the generator unit motor-generator voltage. The capacitor is connected in series with the generator motor generator unit, and when it rises the voltage at the same value will increase the output voltage of the generator due to their series connection. In this case, stabilization and regulation of the output voltage of the generator motor-generator unit reduces fuel flow to the engine and will increase the voltage to a predetermined value. The capacitor also through the winding of the generator motor-generator unit will be discharged to the battery and when the electric wheel motor mode, and their food, ie stored in the capacitor electric energy will be recovered immediately. Discharged, the capacitor is ready to receive electrical power, which will be developed during the next braking.

The drawing shows an exemplary circuit diagram of power, charge-discharge and stabilization systems and electric control circuits. Switchgear in the scheme is in a position to move forward with all-wheel drive version.

Exemplary circuitry of power, charge-discharge and stabilization systems and electric control circuit includes: a motor unit 1 motor-generator is a heat engine, whose power is to match the power of the drive it into rotation of the generator; generator unit 2 motor-generator generator of direct current, the power of which should correspond to an electric destination. Generator voltage must match the voltage of the battery is fully charged, and it should provide an electric current electric acceleration and possible congestion. The generator must be equipped with a stabilization system and regulate the voltage on its output terminal. The stabilization system and regulating the voltage on the output terminal of the generator includes a voltmeter, the voltage sensor 3 to the generator output terminal is connected to the generator output and unintegrated capacitor affects the voltage regulator 4. The voltage regulator is a proportional-integral type, acts on an actuator 5. The actuator 5 acts on the regulator 6, which controls the fuel supply to the engine. Regulator 6 depending on the voltage on the output terminal of the generator changes the fuel flow to the engine. When the voltage rises above the set, the fuel supply is reduced, and if it decreases, increases. The ammeter 7 is designed to control the electric current generator. Contactor 8 is designed to turn off the generator when the engine is stopped. Battery 9 is in parallel with the generator motor-generator unit for electric power supply of electric wheels, and for starting the engine and operate the lighting and other equipment on board the electric vehicle. Another of its important appointment in the proposed electric vehicle is the adoption of a surplus of electricity, which will appear in the generator 2 units motor-generator electric wheels when braking electric, t. E. When the drive wheels are switched to generator mode, and when the electric is a engine running. For this discharge of the battery is provided in the first stage of the movement to electric permissible value, which can be seen on the voltage at its terminals. Obviously, when the battery is fully charged, tense at its terminal must match the rated voltage of the generator unit motor-generator and full electric vehicle is powered the wheels will be carried out mainly by the battery, and as it is discharging this power will be to shift more and more to the generator unit 2 motor-generator. It will continue as long as the voltage at the battery terminals drops to the permissible value. To this end, a system for automatic control of the terminal voltage of the battery, which comprises: a voltmeter sensor 10 voltage at the battery terminals, acting on the control voltage 11; a pressure regulator of proportional type, acting on the actuator 12; the actuator 12 acting on the regulator 13; the regulator 13, which determines the ratio of electric currents in parallel supplying electric wheel electric vehicle battery and the generator motor-generator unit. When the voltage at the battery terminals drops to the allowable size, power electric wheel electric vehicle should be carried out only by the generator unit motor-generator and battery in this situation would only take excess electrical energy, when they appear in the generator unit motor-generator electric wheels as well as charging, and hence increase the voltage at its terminals, automatic voltage control system, it is again connected parallel to the electric power supply of electric wheels. Zero-current meter 14 is in circuit the battery and is designed to control the magnitude and direction of electrical current passing therethrough. Contactor movement 15 for applying a voltage to resistor 16 movement. Its inclusion interlocked with pedal that moves the slider rheostat 16 movement. Management is carried out foot pedal driver. Rheostat 16 movement for adjusting the electric current supplied to the drive wheels of an electric vehicle, and hence its speed. Ammeter 17 is designed to control the electric current flowing through the electric wheel when it moves. Contactor 18 direction. Managing them is supposed to hand the driver handle which has two positions: forward and backward movement. Zero-current meter 19 is designed to control the magnitude and direction of the electric current flowing through the electric rear wheel electric car when it moves or braking. Zero-current meter 20 is designed to control the magnitude and direction of the electric current flowing through the electric front-wheel electric vehicle when driving or braking. Contactor 21 is designed to power down power front wheel electric vehicle, if the need arises. Contactor 22 for power-off electric rear wheel electric car, if the need arises.

Contactors 21 and 22 may be selected by an electric drive. If the contactors 21 and 22 are closed, the electric wheel-drive. If the contactor 21 is closed and the contactor 22 is opened, the electric front-wheel drive. If the contactor 21 is open and the contactor 22 is closed, the electric rear-wheel drive.

There are reversible electric right front wheels 23, 24 of the left front wheel, right rear wheel 25 and 26 of the left rear wheel.

To ensure the same rotational speed actuators 23 and 24 as well as 25 and 26 are connected in series (circuit Ward-Leonard). Contactor 27 braking for switching electric wheel electric vehicle when braking in generator mode and connecting them to an electrical capacitor 30. Turning contactor 27 interlocked with the brake pedal, move the slider rheostat 28 inhibition. Management brake pedal foot of the driver is carried out electric. Braking resistor 28 for adjusting the electric current generated by the electric actuators of the wheels, which at its brake operates as a generator and consequently braking performance. Ammeter 29 is designed to control the electric current generated by the electric wheels during braking, when they work in the generator mode and sends an electrical capacitor 30. Electric capacitor 30 is designed to receive an electric power generated by the electric wheel electric braking when they work in the generator mode. In this case, the capacitor voltage will begin to rise, but since it is connected in series with the generator motor-generator unit, then the same value will increase the voltage at the output terminal of the generator. In this case, work stabilization and regulation of the voltage on the output terminal of the generator motor-generator unit and reduce the fuel supply to the engine, not allowing the voltage to rise above a predetermined value. Electrical energy, adopted by the condenser, will be immediately out of it spent through the winding of the generator motor-generator unit to charge the battery and switching mode electric wheel motors, and their food, ie the electrical energy generated during braking and electric adopted in electrical capacitor will be reclaimed. Discharged, the capacitor is ready to receive electrical power, which will be developed during the next electric braking.

Choosing an electric capacitor for this purpose due to the fact that it is able to almost instantly take the energy of a large electric current, imminent braking electric vehicle, moving at maximum speed. Theoretically possible electric instantaneous stop and no seat belts are not necessary, as the energy force of inertia is almost completely converted into electrical energy. The main characteristic of an electric capacitor is its capacity. The greater the capacitance, the more effective will be electric braking, but the more time is required for the recovery of electrical energy during braking it stored. The capacity of an electric condenser should be such that after two emergency braking electric vehicle, moving at maximum speed, increase the voltage across it would amount to about 20% of the rated voltage at the output terminal of the generator motor-generator unit. This is to ensure the efficiency of the electric braking, because with decreasing speed, the voltage produced by its electric wheel acts as a generator, will be reduced and there will come a time when it is equal to the voltage across the capacitor. When this happens, the brake will stop, because the electric current stops. Thus in the condenser and will focus at the same time immediately consumed electric energy generated when braking the electric actuators of the wheels, reduced compared to the voltage at the output terminal of the generator unit motor-generator voltage. Since the generator is connected in series with the capacitor, then when the voltage across the capacitor, the same amount it will increase the output terminal of the generator motor-generator unit, but the system voltage stabilization control and it does not allow. It will reduce the supply of fuel to the engine and will result in the voltage at the output terminal of the generator to its predetermined value. Electrical energy is stored in an electric capacitor immediately, but gradually, will be spent on charging the battery, and switching electric wheel electric mode engines and their power, t. E. All of it, except for losses on the electrical the resistance will be reclaimed. The semiconductor diode 31 is designed to prevent leakage of electric power to the node minus terminal 33. When no electric capacitor voltage, the generator motor-generator unit through the diode has an electrical circuit to the node 33 negative terminal. The semiconductor diode 32 is designed to prevent leakage of electricity from the condenser through the electric wheel electric vehicle, if the stop pedal electric contactor 27 will be pressed. Voltmeter 34 for monitoring the presence or absence of voltage on the capacitor. 35 terminals are used to connect external power sources such as battery chargers, solar panels, etc. and the use of electric energy for the needs that have to be left behind.

The procedure for managing electric vehicle. Include contactor 8 and start the engine 1.

Contactors 21 and 22 to choose the electric drive.

Contactor control lever 18 to select the direction of movement forward or backward.

The foot pedal to enable the contactor 15 and a voltage is applied to the reversible electric drives the wheels. A further gradual pressing the pedal to put into operation a rheostat 16 movement, electric wheels join in work and electric start moving.

If necessary, braking or deceleration rearranged foot pedal braking rheostat 28. In this case, the contactor 27 is closed and electric wheel electric car will switch to the generators and will generate an electric current that will flow in an electrical capacitor 30. The effectiveness of braking is adjusted pedal 28 braking resistors, ie, the amount of force of the electric current charging the capacitor 30. The voltage across the capacitor will begin to rise, but will immediately start capacitor and discharged. Initially, through the winding of the generator to charge the battery, and the resumption of traffic and to power electric wheel electric vehicle.

There shall be a lock that prevents simultaneous operation of the contactors 15 and 27.

Gears, machinery, power, charge-discharge and stabilization systems and control circuits shall be designed and manufactured specifically.

To achieve maximum efficiency in the operation of the proposed electric vehicle as well as its environmental friendliness, it must be supplemented TENTEROM special charger, which for purposes of generating electrical energy using a low temperature thermal energy is useless, but an injury to the nature ejected modern heat engines, heat energy of exhaust gas and cooling systems.