Engineered fuel feed stock useful for displacement of coal in coal firing plants

[0001] The invention relates to alternative fuels. The invention relates in particular to converted fuel raw materials with a correspondingly high calorific value comprising at least one constituent of recycled municipal solid waste that can displace or partially supplant the use of fossil coal in coal-fired power plants for generating electricity, and which when incinerated gives a better emission profile compared to a combusted one. with fossil coal.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Sources of fossil fuels suitable for heating, transport and production of chemicals, as well as petrochemicals, are becoming rarer and more and more expensive. Areas of industry such as energy and the petrochemical industry are actively looking for economic alternatives to refined fuel raw materials for use in the production of their products and many others. In addition, due to the continuously growing costs of fossil fuels, transport costs for transporting processed fuel raw materials for energy production and petrochemicals are growing rapidly.

[0003] Energy and the petrochemical industry and other industries have relied on the use of fossil fuels such as fossil coal, oil and natural gas, in the combustion and gasification processes for energy production for heating and electricity, and the production of syngas used for the further production of chemicals and liquid fuels, as well as an energy source for turbines.

[0004] Combustion and gasification are thermochemical processes used to release energy stored in fuel. Combustion takes place in the reactor in the presence of excess air or excess oxygen. Combustion is usually used to generate steam, used to drive turbines for the production of electricity. However, the forceful nature of fuel combustion results in the generation of significant amounts of impurities in the gas being generated. For example, burning in an oxidizing atmosphere, such as fossil fuels such as fossil coal, oil and natural gas, releases nitrogen oxides, a precursor to ozone occurring at the surface of the earth and capable of triggering asthma attacks. Combustion is also the largest source of sulfur dioxide, which in turn gives sulphates that are very fine dust. Contamination with fine particles from a power plant in the United States shortens the lives of more than 30,000 people a year. Hundreds of thousands of Americans suffer from asthma attacks, heart problems and problems with upper and lower respiratory tracts associated with small particles coming from the power plant.

Effect of fossil fuel combustion on the natural environment [0005] Global energy demand is expected to increase by 60% by 2030 (<a href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/weo2004.pdf">http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/weo2004.pdf</a>). The total number of active coal power plants in the world is over 50,000 and is constantly growing, so the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that in 2030 fossil fuels will still be responsible for 85% of the energy market (<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071114163448.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071114163448.htm</a>). Organizations from around the world and international agencies such as IEA are concerned about the impact of burning fossil fuels on the environment. Coal-fired power stations are the least efficient type of coal-fired power plant in terms of the level of carbon dioxide produced per unit of electricity produced. Combustion of fossil fuels contributes to acid rain, global warming and air pollution due to pollution and chemical composition of fuel (electricity production accounts for 41% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in the United States) (<a href="http://www.epa.gov/climate-change/emissions/co2_human.html">http://www.epa.gov/climate-change/emissions/co2_human.html</a>). Acid rain is caused by the emission of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide into the air. In themselves these compounds are only slightly acidic, however, in reaction with the atmosphere they generate acidic compounds, such as sulfuric acid (VI), nitric acid (V), which dissolve in rain, hence the term "acid rain". Stricter emission laws have reduced the environmental risks associated with this problem in Europe and the United States.

[0006] Fossil carbons also contain small amounts of uranium, thorium and other radioactive isotopes of natural origin whose release into the environment leads to radioactive contamination. Although these substances are present as trace contaminants in very small amounts, enough fossil coal is burned to release significant amounts of these substances. A 1000-MW coal-fired power plant can emit up to 5.2 t / a of uranium (containing 74 pounds [approximately 33.6 kg] of uranium-235) and 12.8 t / a year. Radioactive emission from such a power plant is 100 times higher than from a comparable nuclear power plant with the same efficiency of electricity production; including the yield from processing, the emission of radiation from a coal-fired power plant is over three times higher (<a href="http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html">http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html</a>).

[0007] There are traces of mercury in fossil and other fossil fuels (<a href="http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/power-systems/pollutioncontrols/overview_mercu">http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/power-systems/pollutioncontrols/overview_mercu</a> rycontrols.html). When burning these fuels, toxic mercury is released, which accumulates in the food chains and is particularly harmful to aquatic ecosystems. The global emission of mercury from both natural and anthropogenic sources was estimated at 5,500 tonnes in 1995. In the United States, coal-fired power plants emit an estimated 48 tonnes of mercury per year, which is approximately 1/3 of the total mercury emissions to air resulting from human activities in the US.

[0008] Gasification also takes place in the reactor, albeit in the absence of air or in the presence of sub-stoichiometric amounts of oxygen. Thermochemical reactions occurring in the absence of oxygen or in the presence of sub-stoichiometric amounts of oxygen do not lead to the formation of nitrogen oxides or sulfur oxides. Gasification, therefore, can eliminate many of the contaminants generated during the combustion of fuels, especially sulphated fuels such as fossil coal.

[0009] Gasification gives a gaseous fuel-rich product known as synthesis gas. During gasification, two processes take place, transforming the fuel source into a useful gas fuel. In the first stage, pyrolysis releases volatile components of fuel at temperatures below 600 ° C (1112 ° F) - this process is known as degassing. Pyrolysis also produces decolourising carbon, which consists mainly of elemental carbon or charcoal and ash. In the second gasification stage, elemental carbon remaining after pyrolysis is reacted with water vapor, hydrogen or pure oxygen. Gasification with pure oxygen gives a high quality mixture of carbon monoxide (II) and hydrogen due to the lack of dilution with nitrogen from the air.

[0010] Many different types of gas water generators have been constructed. They can be divided into four main classes: with a fixed bed with an upward direction of flow, with a fixed bed with a downward flow direction, with a fluidized bed with bubbling and a circulating fluidized bed. This distinction is based on the means of supplying fuel to the reactor vessel, the flow direction of the fuel as well as the oxidant, and the method of providing heat to the reactor. The advantages and disadvantages of these gas engine designs are well documented in the literature, for example in the work of J. Rezaiyan and Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Gasification Technology. A Primer for Engineers and Scientists [Gasification technology. Introduction for Engineers and Researchers], Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2005 [0011] A gas-fired gas boiler with an upward flowing direction, also known as a counter-current gas pump, is the oldest and the simplest version of a gas-fired boiler; it is still used for gasification of coal. Fuel is introduced at the top of the reactor and the grate at the bottom of the reactor supports the reaction bed. The oxidant in the form of air or oxygen and / or water vapor is introduced under the grate and flows up through the bed of fuel and the decolorizing carbon. Total combustion of decolourising carbon takes place at the bottom of the deposit, with the separation of CO2 and H2O. These hot gases (~ 1000 ° C) pass through a bed located higher, where they are reduced to H2 and CO, and cooled to about 750 ° C. By flowing further up the reactor, the reducing gases (H2 and CO) pyrolyze the falling dry fuel and finally dry any moist fuel entering the reactor, leaving the reactor at a low temperature (~ 500 ° C). Gasification of the upward flowing direction is a simple, cheap process, where you can process highly damp fuel and a high content of inorganic substances. The main disadvantage of gasification of the upward direction of the flow is that the synthesis gas contains 10-20% by mass. tar, which requires its careful purification before use in engines, turbines or for synthesis.

[0012] The downcomer, also known as a co-current gas pump, has the same mechanical configuration as the up-stream gasifier, except that the oxidant and the resulting gases flow down the reactor, in the same direction as the fuel, and they can burn up to 99.9% of the resulting tar. Fuel with low humidity (&lt;20%) and air or oxygen are ignited in the reaction zone at the top of the reactor, generating a pyrolysis gas / fume that burns intensely, leaving 5-15% de-charring and hot fumes. These gases flow down and react with the decolorizing carbon at 800-1200 ° C, generating more CO and H2 when cooled to below 800 ° C. Finally, unconverted de-charring coal and ash pass through the bottom of the grate and are sent for recycling. The advantage of gasification with a downward flow direction is that that up to 99.9% of the resulting tar is consumed, thus tar purification is minimal or unnecessary. The minerals remain in the decolorizing carbon / ash, they reduce the need for a cyclone. The disadvantage of gasification with a downward flow direction is that it requires drying the feed to a low moisture content (&lt;20%). The synthesis gas leaving the reactor has a high temperature, which requires an additional heat recovery system; and 4-7% of elemental carbon remains unconverted. which requires an additional heat recovery system; and 4-7% of elemental carbon remains unconverted. which requires an additional heat recovery system; and 4-7% of elemental carbon remains unconverted.

[0013] The fluidized bed with bubble formation consists of fine inert particles of sand or aluminum oxide, which have been selected for size, density and thermal characteristics. When gas (oxygen, air or water vapor) is pressed by inert particles, a point is reached where the frictional force between particles and gas balances the mass of solids. At this gas velocity (minimum fluidization velocity), the solid particles are suspended and the gas may be bubbled through the medium so that the particles remain in the reactor and appear to be "boiling". The minimum fluidization velocity is not equal to the minimum bubbling speed or gas velocity. In the case of coarse particles, the minimum bubbling speed and the speed of gas entry are similaror almost equal, but the speed of gas ingress can be quite different due to the problem of gas distribution. Fluidized particles tend to decompose the fuel fed into the bed and ensure good heat transfer throughout the reactor. Advantages of gasification with fluidized bed with bubble boiling consist in that it gives a homogeneous gas product and shows almost uniform temperature distribution in the whole reactor. In addition, it can use a wide range of fuel particle sizes, including finely divided particles; ensures a high heat flow rate between inert material, fuel and gas.

Circulating fluidized bed reactors operate at gas velocities greater than the so-called lifting velocity, i.e. the velocity of the circulating fluidization gust, at which the entrainment of the bed particles drastically increases, so that continuous feeding or recycling of entrained particles to the bed is required to keep the bed stable gas-particle system. - Gasification with a circulating fluidized bed is suitable for quick reactions, giving high heat flow rates due to the high heat capacity of the bed material. High conversion rates with low tar content and unconverted elemental carbon are possible.

[0015] Typically, these gas bottles use a homogeneous fuel source. The constant invariant source of fuel enables the gasifier to be calibrated in such a way that it produces the constantly desired product. Each type of gas machine will work satisfactorily in terms of stability, gas quality, efficiency and pressure drop only within specific ranges of fuel properties. Some of the fuel properties to be considered are the energy potential, moisture content, volatiles, ash content and chemical composition of ash, reactivity, granulometric size and composition, bulk density and charring characteristics. Before choosing a gasifier for any fuel, it is essential to ensure that the fuel meets the requirements of the gasifier or that it can be processed to meet these requirements.

[0016] Typically, gas driers use a homogeneous fuel source to produce synthesis gas. The constant invariant source of fuel enables the gasifier to be calibrated in such a way that it produces the constantly desired product. Each type of gas machine will work satisfactorily in terms of stability, gas quality, efficiency and pressure drop only within specific ranges of fuel properties. Some of the fuel properties to be considered for combustion and gasification are: higher calorific value (HHV), carbon content (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), BTU value, moisture content, volatile content, ash content and chemical composition ash, sulfur content, chlorine content, reactivity, granulometric size and composition, and bulk density. Before choosing a gasifier for any fuel, it is necessary to ensure that that the fuel meets the requirements of the gasifier or that it can be processed to meet these requirements. If the fuel has not been successfully gasified yet, practical tests are needed.

[0017] One of the potential sources of a large amount of gasification gas is waste. Waste, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), is usually removed or used in combustion processes to produce heat and / or steam for use in turbines. Burning defects have already been described above - they include the production of impurities such nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, solid particles and chlorine compounds that can harm the environment.

Michael Frost in "TIRES AS FUEL SUPPLEMENT: FEASIBILITY STUDY" [Tires as fuel supplement - feasibility study], 1992 (1992-01-01), pages 1-120, XP55246538, California assesses the possibility of using tires as fuel.

SAMI MI WSP .: "Co-firing of coal and biomass fuel blends", PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND

COMBUSTION SCIENCE, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands, volume 27, no. 2, January 1, 2001 (2001-01-01), pp. 171-214, XP027356588, ISSN: 0360-1285 [downloaded 2001-01-01] is a review of the literature on the co-combustion of fossil coal with biomass fuels.

The impact of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion on the natural environment [0018] The most serious threats facing the natural environment today are emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere from the burning of fuels such as fossil fuels . GHGs such as carbon dioxide, methane, dinitrogen monoxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide (II), nitric oxide (II), nitric oxide (IV) and ozone absorb heat from incoming solar radiation, but prevent long-wave radiation from reverting back to outer space. GHG in the atmosphere cause entrapment of absorbed heat and heating of the Earth's surface. In the United States, GHG emissions mostly come from energy consumption, mainly caused by economic development, fuels used for the production of electricity and weather changes affecting heating and cooling needs. The energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from oil and gas account for 82% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions in the United States. Another greenhouse gas, methane, comes from landfill sites, coal mines, oil and gas processing and agriculture; it accounts for 9% of total emissions. In contrast, dinitrogen oxide (5% of total emissions) is emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels and the use of certain fertilizers and industrial processes. Global carbon dioxide emissions are projected to grow by 1.9% per annum between 2001 and 2025. Most of the growth of these emissions is expected to be borne by developing countries such as China and India, in which the growing economy is based on development using fossil fuel energy. Emissions of developing countries are projected to exceed the global average, growing by 2.7% annually in 2001-2025, and outstripping industrialized countries by around 2018.

[0019] Landfills are also significant sources of GHG emissions, mainly due to methane released during the decomposition of such waste, such as the Ministry of the Interior. Methane is 22 times more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, and landfills are responsible for about 4% of anthropogenic emissions. A significant reduction in methane emissions can be achieved by burning waste and collecting methane from landfills. Methane collected from landfills can be used either directly for energy production or incinerated in flares, i.e. eliminated by incineration without energy production (Combustion Of Waste May Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emission), ScienceDaiIy, December 8, 2007 ).

[0020] One measure of the impact of human activities on the natural environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced is the carbon footprint, expressed in carbon dioxide (CO2) units. The carbon footprint can be understood as the total amount of carbon dioxide and other GHG emitted over the full life cycle of the product or service. Typically, a carbon footprint is expressed as CO2 equivalent (usually in kilograms or tons) that corresponds to the same global warming effect of different GHGs. Carbon footprints can be calculated by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) or can be reduced to directly identifiable emissions from the use of fossil fuels for energy production.

[0021] An alternative definition of a carbon footprint is the total amount of CO2 that can be attributed to a person's actions (mainly by consuming energy) within one year. This definition underlies the operation of personal carbon calculators. The term owes its origin to the idea of ​​a trace left by the actions of a given person. Carbon footprints can either consider direct emissions (usually from energy used at home and in transport, including journeys by car, plane, rail and other mass media), or they can include indirect emissions that take into account CO2 emissions from consumption of goods and services, along with accompanying this waste generation.

[0022] The carbon footprint may be effectively and efficiently reduced before taking the following steps: (i) assessing the life cycle to accurately determine the current carbon footprint; (ii) identification of 'hot spots' in terms of energy consumption and related CO2 emissions; (iii) optimization of energy consumption, and thus reduction of CO2 emissions and reduction of emissions of other GHGs related to production processes; and (iv) identification of solutions to neutralize CO2 emissions that can not be eliminated by saving energy. The last step involves offsetting coal emissions and investing in projects aimed at reducing CO2 emissions.

[0023] Another way to reduce the carbon footprint is to buy carbon reduction. One carbon reduction unit corresponds to an emission reduction of one tonne CO2 equivalent. Firms selling carbon reductions invest in such projects as research on renewable energy sources, gas capture from agriculture and landfills, and tree planting.

[0024] Emissions trading (emission credits) also takes place, which creates a connection between a voluntary and regulated coal market. Emission trading plans are an incentive for organizations and corporations to reduce their carbon footprint. Such plans exist in cap-and-trade systems, where total carbon emissions for a given country, region or sector are limited to a certain value and organizations receive permits to issue individual fractions of total emissions. Organizations that emit less carbon than their target emissions can sell their "surplus" emissions.

[0025] For many types of waste, the materials removed are remnants of a long series of steps, including: (i) mining and processing of natural resources; (ii) manufacture of products; (iii) transport of materials and products to the market; (iv) consumer use and (v) waste management. In practically every stage of this "life cycle" there is the possibility of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Waste management affects GHG, affecting energy consumption (specifically the combustion of fossil fuels) related to the production, transport, use and disposal of produced material that becomes waste, and emissions from waste at landfills for which waste has been removed.

[0026] Combustion usually reduces the volume of the Ministry of Internal Affairs by about 90%, with the remaining 10% of the primary volumes of the Ministry of the Interior still having to be sent back to the landfill. This combustion process generates large amounts of GHG CO2. Usually the amount of energy produced per CO2 equivalent emitted during combustion is very small, which makes the combustion of the Ministry of the Interior for energy production one of the biggest culprits in the generation of GHG released into the atmosphere. Therefore, if GHG is to be avoided, new solutions are needed for the disposal of waste such as MSW, other than storage and incineration.

[0027] Any material removed as waste has a different GHG effect, depending on the method of production and disposal. The most important GHG in the case of the possibility of waste management are: carbon dioxide, methane, dinitrogen monoxide and perfluorocarbons. Of these, carbon dioxide (CO2) is by far the most commonly emitted GHG in the United States. Most of the carbon dioxide emissions come from the use of energy, especially from the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide is a reference for the measurement of heat uptake potential (also known as global warming potential, GWP). By definition, GWP one kilogram (1 kg) of carbon dioxide is 1. Methane has GWP 21, which means that 1 kg of methane has the same heat uptake potential as 21 kg of CO2. The dinitrogen oxide has GWP 310. Perfluorohydrocarbons are the strongest GHGs, having GWP 6500 for CF4 and 9200 for C2F6. Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, dinitrogen monoxide and perfluorocarbons are usually expressed in "carbon equivalents". Due to the fact that CO2 contains 12/44 (mass fraction), one metric ton of CO2 is equal to 12/44, or 0.27 tons of metric ton of carbon equivalent (MTCE). The MTCE value for one metric ton of individual other gases is determined by multiplying the GWP of gas by factor 12/44 (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change [Substrate scientific climate change], 1996, pp. 121). Methane (CH4), stronger GHG, it is produced during the decomposition of organic waste in an anaerobic environment, such as a landfill. Methane from landfills is the largest source of methane in the United States.

[0028] Larger GHG emission reductions are usually obtained when recycled wastes are processed and used as a substitute for fossil fuels. If the replaced material is biogenic (it comes from living organisms), achieving emission reduction is not always possible. Even other factors, such as waste treatment and the fate of products after their use, affect the emissions balance. For example, the recycling of fat-absorbent papers made of recycled fabrics leads to a reduction in emissions compared to the use of new plastic. In another example, it has been found that the use of recycled plastic as a structural raw material is better than using impregnated wood. This is because burning plastic causes more emissions than impregnated wood. If the replaced material was based on fossil fuel,

[0029] Given the influence of GHG, authorities at various levels consider and in some cases have introduced certain programs to reduce the amount of GHG released into the atmosphere during conversion of fuels into energy. One such initiative is the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). RGGI is a market program created for the purpose of reducing pollution causing global warming, emitted from power plants in the North East. Other such initiatives are considered in various parts of the United States

United and at the federal level. RGGI is a Government-enforced GHG emissions trading system in the Northeastern United States. This program will require, for example, that coal-fired power plants aggressively reduce GHG emissions by an average of 2.5% per year. One way to achieve this is to change the fuel source used or flush the exhaust to remove impurities. The alternative is to buy carbon credits generated by other institutions to offset your own emissions to the atmosphere.

[0030] Other emissions to avoid are emissions of sulfur compounds as well as chlorine emissions. Avoid using fuels and wastes containing significant amounts of sulfur or chlorine for combustion and gasification. Significant amounts are defined as the amount that, when added to the final fuel raw material, causes it to contain more than 2% sulfur or more than 1% chlorine. Materials such as fossilized coal, used tires, mats and rubber when burning produce unacceptable amounts of gases containing sulfur and chlorine.

There is therefore a need for alternative fuels that burn efficiently and cleanly and that can be used to produce energy and / or chemicals. At the same time, there is a need for waste management systems that apply methods to reduce GHG emissions from waste by utilizing such waste. In particular, there is a need to reduce the carbon footprint of materials by influencing their management in the final phase of the life cycle. By mastering and harnessing the energy potential of waste, it is possible to reduce the GHG emissions generated during waste treatment and to effectively use waste generated by commercial and individual consumers.

The object of the invention is to provide a engineered fuel (EF) having a defined chemical molecular characteristic, such as carbon content, hydrogen content, oxygen content, sulfur content, ash content, moisture content and HHV, for heat conversion of materials coal, such as fossil coal. The processed fuel raw material described here is useful for many purposes, including, inter alia, compensating or replacing fossil coal as a raw material in coal-fired power plants. The object of the invention is also to provide new raw materials that, when incinerated, provide a better emission profile compared to burning fossil coal.

<a name="caption1"></a>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0033] The invention is defined by the appended claims. The present disclosure discloses a processed feedstock containing at least one component derived from a stream of treated MSW waste, which raw material has a chemical molecular characteristic that makes it useful for various purposes related to combustion and gasification. Goals have been described such as energy production using as a substitute for coal or fossilized coal as well as a source of raw material for use in gasification and production of syngas. This raw material may be in the form of bulk material, compressed cubes, briquettes, pellets or other suitable shapes and forms. The process of production of the processed fuel raw material is described, which process involves the processing of many waste streams, including solid and liquid, and, where necessary, separation of materials in the recovery center for the inventory of components that make up the waste streams. In some embodiments, materials comprising a waste stream in a material recovery plant are inventoried for chemical molecular characteristics, without separation, and this inventoried material can be stored for later use in the production of a desired processed fuel raw material having a defined chemical molecular profile. In other embodiments, the materials constituting the waste stream entering the material recovery installation are separated according to their chemical molecular characteristics and inventoried separately for use in the production of the processed fuel raw material. These waste material materials entering the material recovery facility can be subjected to positive or negative selection for, for example, BTU of fuel, elemental carbon content, hydrogen content, ash content, chlorine content or any other suitable feature, for gasification or combustion . Also described are methods of producing the processed fuel raw material discussed herein.

[0034] The algorithms for producing HHV fuels are disclosed. HHV fuels can be designed, for example, to obtain the highest possible calorific value with the ash content allowed to prevent the formation of slag. These fuels have a density of energy (BUT / lb) comparable to fossil carbon, but without problems with the formation of slag, fusion and sulfur contamination, and can serve as a substitute for fossil coal or a supplement to fossil coal. In addition, the processed fuel raw materials can be designed, for example, to produce high quality synthesis gas, by optimizing the C, H, and O content in the feedstock prior to gasification. Such refined fuel feedstocks yield high quality HHV synthesis gas, if the synthesis gas is to be used in energy production applications, or in terms of H2 / CO ratios, the amounts of CO and H2 present in the synthesis gas obtained, if it is to be used in chemical synthesis applications. In addition, the processed fuel raw materials can be designed to minimize harmful emissions, for example as processed raw materials containing less than 2% sulfur. The various components of the waste stream, including recyclable materials and the recycled residue, can now be used to produce the desired processed fuel raw material. However, at any time during the life cycle of the waste entering the recovery facility, it can be determined that the best use of some or all of the components of the waste streams is their recycling. when it is to be used in applications related to chemical synthesis. In addition, the processed fuel raw materials can be designed to minimize harmful emissions, for example as processed raw materials containing less than 2% sulfur. The various components of the waste stream, including recyclable materials and the recycled residue, can now be used to produce the desired processed fuel raw material. However, at any time during the life cycle of the waste entering the recovery facility, it can be determined that the best use of some or all of the components of the waste streams is their recycling. when it is to be used in applications related to chemical synthesis. In addition, the processed fuel raw materials can be designed to minimize harmful emissions, for example as processed raw materials containing less than 2% sulfur. The various components of the waste stream, including recyclable materials and the recycled residue, can now be used to produce the desired processed fuel raw material. However, at any time during the life cycle of the waste entering the recovery facility, it can be determined that the best use of some or all of the components of the waste streams is their recycling. The various components of the waste stream, including recyclable materials and the recycled residue, can now be used to produce the desired processed fuel raw material. However, at any time during the life cycle of the waste entering the recovery facility, it can be determined that the best use of some or all of the components of the waste streams is their recycling. The various components of the waste stream, including recyclable materials and the recycled residue, can now be used to produce the desired processed fuel raw material. However, at any time during the life cycle of the waste entering the recovery facility, it can be determined that the best use of some or all of the components of the waste streams is their recycling.

[0035] Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention provides refined fuel feedstock comprising an ingredient derived from a stream of treated MSW waste, which feedstock contains about 70 wt .-%. up to about 80% by weight carbon, from about 5% by mass up to 10% by weight hydrogen, from about 5% by mass up to 20% by weight moisture, less than 2% by mass sulfur and less than 5% by weight ash, and where the raw material contains not more than 0.01% glass, metal, fine mechanical impurities and non-flammable substances.

[0036] In some embodiments, the feedstock comprises from 5 wt .-%. up to 10% by weight Moisture and has HHV from about 20934 kJ / kg to about 34890 kJ / kg. In some embodiments, the feedstock contains from about 40% to about 80% volatiles. In some embodiments, the feedstock has an HHV from about 2,260 kJ / kg to about 32,564 kJ / kg. The fuel feedstock has an O / C ratio of from about 0.01 to about 0.05. In some embodiments, the fuel feed at gasification at 850 ° C and the air equivalent (ER) of 0.34 results in synthesis gas containing from about 25 vol%. up to about 30% vol. H2; from about 42% vol. up to around 48% vol. N2, from about 12% vol. up to about 17% vol. CO, from about 2% vol. up to about 5% vol. CH4; from about 5% vol. up to about 10% vol. CO2 and has HHV from about 5961 kJ / m³ up to approximately 7452 kJ / m³. In some embodiments, the feedstock contains from about 40% to about 80% volatiles. The recycled fuel raw material does not essentially contain glass, metal, small mechanical impurities or non-flammable substances (other than necessary to give the fuel refused to be processed).

[0037] In some embodiments, the feedstock contains about 75 wt .-%. elemental carbon.

[0038] In some embodiments, the feedstock comprises from about 4 wt .-%. up to about 8% by mass hydrogen. In some embodiments, the feedstock contains from about 6 wt.%. up to 7% by mass hydrogen.

[0039] In some embodiments, the feedstock comprises from 12 wt .-%. up to 20% by weight moisture. In some embodiments, the feedstock contains from 18% by weight up to 20% by weight moisture.

[0040] In some embodiments, the feedstock contains less than 4% ash. In some embodiments, the feedstock contains less than 3% ash.

[0041] In some embodiments, the feedstock has HHV from about 934 kJ / kg to about 34.890 kJ / kg. In some embodiments, the feedstock has an HHV from about 2,260 kJ / kg to about 32,564 kJ / kg. In some embodiments, the feedstock has HHV from about 25586 kJ / kg to about 30238 kJ / kg. In some embodiments, the feedstock has an HHV of about 2,260 kJ / kg.

[0042] In some embodiments, the feedstock contains from about 50% to about 70% volatiles. In some embodiments, the feedstock contains about 60% volatiles.

[0043] In some embodiments, the processed feedstock has an H / C ratio from about 0.09 to about 0.14. In some embodiments, the processed feedstock has an H / C ratio from about 0.10 to about 0.13. In some embodiments, the processed feedstock has an H / C ratio of from about 0.11 to about 0.12. In some embodiments, the processed feedstock has an H / C ratio of about 0.13. In some embodiments, the processed feedstock has an H / C ratio of about 0.08.

[0044] In some embodiments, the converted fuel feedstock at gasification at 850 ° C and the air equivalent (ER) of 0.34 results in synthesis gas containing from about 6% vol. up to about 30% vol. H2; from about 14% vol. up to about 25% vol. CO, from about 0.3% vol. up to about 6.5% vol. CH4, from about 6.5% vol. up to about 13.5% vol. CO2 and about 44% vol. up to about 68% vol. N2.

[0045] In some embodiments, the converted fuel feed at gasification at 850 ° C and at ER 0.34 yields a synthesis gas having a H 2 / CO ratio of from about 0.3 to about 2.0. In some embodiments, the converted fuel feed at gasification at 850 ° C and at ER 0.34 yields a synthesis gas having a H 2 / CO ratio of about 0.5 to about 1.5. In some embodiments, the processed fuel feed at gasification at 850 ° C and at ER 0.34 yields a synthesis gas having a H 2 / CO ratio of from about 0.8 to about 1.2. In some embodiments, the processed fuel feed at gasification at 850 ° C and at ER 0.34 yields a synthesis gas having a H 2 / CO ratio of about 1.0.

[0046] In some embodiments, the converted fuel feed at gasification at 850 ° C and at ER 0.34 yields a synthesis gas containing about 20 vol.%. H2; about 46% of volume N2; about 25% vol. WHAT; about 1% vol. CH4; about 8% vol. CO2; and about 5961 MJ / m³.

[0047] In some embodiments, the processed fuel feed at combustion produces less harmful emissions compared to the combustion of fossil coal. In some embodiments, the converted fuel feedstock produces less sulfur emissions compared to burning fossil coal. In some embodiments, the converted fuel feedstock produces less HCl emissions compared to the combustion of fossil coal. In some embodiments, the converted fuel feedstock produces less emissions of heavy metals, such as mercury, than the combustion of fossil coal. In some embodiments, the processed feedstock is designed to avoid emissions of particulate matter, NOx, CO, CO2, volatile organic compounds,

[0048] In some embodiments, the processed feedstock is designed to have reduced emission profiles with respect to greenhouse gases (GHGs) compared to GHGs emitted by the fossil carbon being burned. In some embodiments, the converted fuel feed is designed to have reduced emission profiles with respect to GHG emitted from the combustion of biomass such as, for example, wood, switch millet and the like.

[0049] In some embodiments, the raw material is free-flowing, non-compressed. In some embodiments, the feedstock is compressed. In some embodiments, the die is a compressed form. In some embodiments, the compressed form is a cuboid. In other embodiments, the compacted form is cylindrical. In some embodiments, the compacted form is spherical. In some embodiments, the form is compressed with a briquette. In other embodiments, the form is compressed with a pellet. In some embodiments, the compressed fuel is sliced ​​into sheets of varying thicknesses. In some embodiments, the thickness is from about 0.48 cm to about 1.91 cm. In some embodiments, the processed fuel feed further comprises in addition to the component obtained from the MSW waste stream treated at least one waste material improving the gasification of the fuel pellet. In some embodiments, the processed fuel feed further comprises in addition to the component obtained from the MSW waste stream treated at least one waste material improving the gasification of the fuel pellet. In some embodiments, the improvement consists in reducing the amount of ash. In other embodiments, the improvement consists in assisting temperature control. In still other embodiments, the improvement consists in reducing the sulfur emissions produced. In still other embodiments, the improvement consists in reducing the chlorine emission produced.

[0050] In some embodiments, the converted fuel feedstock is inactivated. In some embodiments, the processed feedstock includes at least one additive that inactivates the feedstock. In some embodiments, the additive may be admixed to a stream of treated MSW waste that may inactivate the resulting raw material. Some types of wet MSW contain a relatively large number of viable bacterial cells that can produce heat and hydrogen gas during fermentation under humid conditions, e.g. during long storage or transportation. To prevent the decay of food waste and to accelerate the drying of solid waste into the Ministry of Interior, an additive such as calcium hydroxide can be added. In some embodiments, the additive that inactivates the feedstock is CaO.

[0051] Alternatively, the Ministry of the Interior may be inactivated biologically by any known method of inactivating biological material. For example, X-ray radiation before or after processing can be used to deactivate the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Drying can be used to remove the water necessary for the development of organisms such as microbes. The treatment of the Ministry of the Interior with heat and, possibly also with heat under pressure (autoclaving) will inactivate biologically the Ministry of Interior. In one embodiment, the excess heat generated by reciprocating engines or turbines fed with processed pellets may be redirected through the system and used to inactivate the Ministry of the Interior. In other embodiments, the feedstock is inactivated by means such as microwave radiation.

[0052] In some embodiments, the compressed form of a processed fuel feedstock has a diameter of from about 0.64 cm to about 3.81 cm. In some embodiments, the compressed form of the converted fuel feedstock is from about

1.27 cm to about 15.2 cm. In some embodiments, the compressed form of a processed fuel feedstock has a surface to volume ratio of from about 20: 1 to about 3: 1. In some embodiments, the compressed form of the converted fuel feedstock has a bulk density of about 160.2 kg / m³ up to approximately 1201.4 kg / m³. In some embodiments, the compressed form of a converted fuel feedstock has a porosity of about 0.2 to about 0.6. In some embodiments, the compressed form of the converted fuel feedstock has an elongation from about 1 to about 10. In some embodiments, the compressed form of the converted fuel feedstock has a thermal conductivity of about 0.0398 W / (m ^ ° C) to about 1.0 W / (m- ° C). In some embodiments, the compressed form of the converted fuel feedstock has a specific heat of about 0.2 J / (m ° C) to about 2.0 J / (m ° C). In some embodiments, the compressed form of the converted fuel feedstock has a thermal diffusivity of about 1.00 mm²/ s up to 2.01 mm²/ S.

[0053] In some embodiments, at least one waste material that improves gasification of the fuel pellet is selected from fats, oils and grease (FOG). In some embodiments, the at least one waste material that improves the gasification of the fuel pellet is a sludge. In some embodiments, the compressed form of the processed fuel is essentially encapsulated with the FOG component. In some embodiments, the casing layer is punched. In yet other embodiments, punching the encapsulated compressed form of the processed fuel feedstock results in more effective degassing of the fuel during the gasification process than in the case of fuel without punching.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES [0054] The invention is illustrated by the embodiments shown in the drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 shows the commonly available raw materials, such as fossil coal, FOG, wood, sludge, black liquor, rubber and MSW streams, given their hydrogen content ratio is carbon (H / C) content (kg / kg) and the ratio of oxygen content is carbon (O / C) content (kg / kg).

Fig. 2 shows some new processed fuel raw materials produced by selecting known processed fuel feedstocks within a dotted line and directly mixing selected raw materials, and in some cases increasing or reducing moisture.

Fig. 3 is a diagram of a direct incineration of a raw material.

Fig. 4 shows a diagram of direct combustion of a moist raw material, without reducing its moisture content.

Fig. 5 shows the predicted influence of moisture on the gasification temperature, the conversion of elemental carbon and the rate of H2 + CO production for a typical coal raw material with a constant air equivalent (ER) (ER = 0.34).

Fig. 6 shows the expected variability of the synthesis gas composition for raw materials with different moisture content for a typical wooden raw material at 800 ° C.

Fig. 7 shows the predicted effect of the moisture content of the fuel on elemental carbon conversion, the cold gas capacity and the rate of CO + H2 production for a typical coal feed at 850 ° C.

Fig. 8 shows the predicted effect of the moisture content of the fuel on elemental carbon conversion, the cold gas capacity and the rate of CO + H2 production for pure elemental carbon at 1000 ° C.

Fig. 9 shows the predicted total and external water reserve required to produce a synthesis gas with H2 / CO = 2.0 at 850 ° C for a typical wood raw material.

Fig. 10 shows the predicted CO + H2 production rate, cold gas capacity and H2 / CO ratio at 850 ° C and ER = 0.30 for a typical wood raw material.

Fig. 11 provides a graphical representation of Equation 2, showing the mass fraction of individual products as a function of the α chain growth parameter.

Fig. 12 provides the predicted C / H and C / O ratios needed in the raw material for the production of synthesis gas with different H2 / CO ratios.

Fig. 13 provides a graph showing the diameter of the cylinder as a function of sphericity, cylinder length and specific surface area.

Fig. 14 provides a graph of the gasification of the feedstock having different contents of elemental carbon and hydrogen and the expected production of CO and H2 for gasification in air.

Fig. 15 provides a graph of the gasification of the feedstock having different contents of elemental carbon and hydrogen and the expected production of CO and H2 for gasification in the air / steam mixture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0055] The invention is defined by the appended claims. New refined fuel raw materials have been provided that contain at least one component of the waste stream obtained from the Ministry of Interior, such as a recycled residue, which is an irrevocable part of recyclable materials, which raw materials are processed to have predetermined chemical molecular characteristics. These raw materials can have favorable fuel characteristics with high BTU numbers, such as fossil coal, without negative fossil carbon features, such as harmful sulfur emissions.

[0056] Highly variable and heterogeneous waste streams can now be processed in a controlled manner and many of the resulting components can be recombined into a processed fuel raw material that behaves like an unchanging and homogeneous fuel for use in subsequent conversion processes. These processes include pyrolysis, gasification and combustion. The recycled fuel can be used individually for the production of thermal energy, electricity, biofuels or chemicals, or it can be used as a supplement with other fuels and for other purposes. Methods and processes for producing homogeneous processed fuel raw material are described in a natural way of heterogeneous and variable waste streams having various physical and chemical characteristics for different conversion processes as well as various raw materials themselves.

[0057] The resulting processed fuel raw materials can be given chemical properties suitable for the conversion process to which the fuel will be used. Raw materials can be processed for use as various types of fuels, including synthetic fuels, high BTU fuels (HHV fuels) and fuels useful in the production of high quality synthesis gas. For example, refined fuels can be designed to have the same or similar chemical molecular composition as known solid fuels, such as wood, fossil coal, coke, etc., and act as a replacement or supplement to fuels for combustion and gasification. It is possible to design and synthesize other fuels with chemical molecular characteristics different from those of natural origin. For example, fuels with a high BTU number can be designed like to obtain the highest possible calorific value with the ash content allowed to prevent the formation of slag. These fuels have energy density (such as carbon content, hydrogen content) comparable to fossil carbon, but without problems with the formation of slag, melting and sulfur contamination (ash content, sulfur content and chlorine content), and can serve as a replacement for fossil or supplementary coal coal. Fuels can be designed to give high quality synthesis gas, optimizing, for example, the content of C, H, O, moisture and ash in the processed fuel feed. Such fuels provide high quality synthesis gas in terms of, for example, the calorific value of the syngas, the H 2 / CO ratio and the amounts of CO, H 2, CO 2 and CH 4. Fuels that give high-quality synthesis gas enable stable operation of gas-fired vessels due to the lack or minimum amount of slag produced and the smallest tar formation (at the appropriate temperature of the gas-fired boiler). The technique describes thermal conversion devices adapted to correspond to specific fuels of natural origin; in these cases, there are often problems with operation or modifications of the equipment are necessary when co-firing other fuels than the fuels for which the device is designed. The invention provides an optimal conversion fuel that will best match known thermal conversion devices and will not require modification of these devices. The technique describes thermal conversion devices adapted to correspond to specific fuels of natural origin; in these cases, there are often problems with operation or modifications of the equipment are necessary when co-firing other fuels than the fuels for which the device is designed. The invention provides an optimal conversion fuel that will best match known thermal conversion devices and will not require modification of these devices. The technique describes thermal conversion devices adapted to correspond to specific fuels of natural origin; in these cases, there are often problems with operation or modifications of the equipment are necessary when co-firing other fuels than the fuels for which the device is designed. The invention provides an optimal conversion fuel that will best match known thermal conversion devices and will not require modification of these devices.

[0058] The remanufactured fuel feed described herein provides an effective way to mitigate operating conditions of thermal conversion devices, such as, for example, by reducing the operating temperature, by reducing the need for oxygen or water vapor, by allowing mitigation of emission control measures. The methods described herein provide powerful means for improving low quality fuels, such as sludge, green waste, food waste, and the like, by processing them into high quality fuels.

[0059] The invention will be described in more detail below.

Definitions [0060] The term "air ratio" (ER) means the ratio of the amount of air supplied to the gas-fired unit to the amount of air required for the complete combustion of the fuel. The ER air balance can be represented by the following equation:

__ _ Air supplied to the gas cylinder

ER - Air required for total fuel combustion The term "British Thermal Unit" (BTU) means the amount of thermal energy needed to increase the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit (° F).

[0062] The term "carbon limit" means the temperature obtained when an amount of oxygen is sufficiently sufficient to achieve full gasification, i.e. the conversion of elemental carbon. Above this temperature, solid elemental carbon does not occur.

[0063] The term "elemental carbon content" means all elemental carbon contained in bonded elemental carbon (see below) as well as in all volatile substances in the raw material.

[0064] The term "carbon conversion" means the conversion of solid elemental carbon in a fuel feed into carbonaceous gases, such as CO, CO2 and CH4 in most gasification operations.

[0065] The term "commercial waste" means solid waste generated by stores, offices, restaurants, warehouses and other non-production and non-productive objects. Commercial waste does not include domestic, processing, industrial or special waste.

[0066] The term "construction and demolition rubble" (C &amp; D) means uncontaminated solid wastes arising during the construction, alteration, refurbishment and demolition of utilities, structures and roads; and uncontaminated solid wastes resulting from the treatment of the site. Such waste includes, among others: bricks, concrete and other masonry materials, soil, stones, wood (including wood and wooden products painted, stained and coated), debris from land clearing, wall cladding, gypsum, gypsum boards, plumbing fittings, non-asbestos insulation, shingles and other roofing materials, asphalt surface, glass, plastics, which are not enclosed in a way concealing other waste, empty 10-gallon buckets [approx. 38 l] or less and containing no more than one inch [approx. 2.5 cm] of residue on the bottom, wiring and electrical components that do not contain harmful liquids, and pipes and metals that are foreign matter in any of the above. Solid waste that is not C &amp; D debris (even if it comes from construction, remodeling, refurbishing and demolition of utilities, structures and roads, and land clearance) includes, among others: asbestos waste, waste, corrugated cardboard boxes, electric fittings containing harmful liquids, such as glow lamp ballasts or transformers, fluorescent lamps, carpets, furniture, appliances, tires, barrels, containers with a capacity of more than 10 gallons [approx. 38 l], any containers containing more than one inch [approx. 2.5 cm] bottoms and canisters. In particular, solid waste is excluded from the definition of construction and demolition debris (including those

[0067] The term "degassing" means a process that removes volatile materials from a processed fuel raw material, thereby increasing the relative amount of elemental carbon in the converted feed.

[0068] The term "bonded elemental carbon" means the material balance after determining the moisture content, ash and volatiles using approximate analysis.

[0069] The term "waste" means decaying solid waste, including animal and vegetable waste derived from the manipulation, storage, sale, preparation, cooking or serving of food. The waste is mainly made in home kitchens, warehouses, shops, restaurants and other places where food is stored, prepared or served.

[0070] The term "gasification" means a technology that uses a non-combustion thermal process for processing solid waste into pure fuel for the production of, for example, electricity, liquid fuels, and distillates of gas oil. Non-combustion means using sub-stoichiometric amounts of oxygen in the heat process or running it in the absence of air or oxygen.

[0071] The term "hazardous waste" means solid waste exhibiting one of the four characteristics of hazardous waste (reactivity, corrosivity, inflammability and / or toxicity) or is specifically designated as such by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) according to 40 CFR part 262.

[0072] The term "calorific value" is defined as the amount of energy emitted by total fuel combustion in a steady-state process and the products are restored to this state as they had substrates. The calorific value depends on the state of water concentration in combustion products. If H2O is in the liquid state, the calorific value is called HHV (higher calorific value). When H2O is in a vapor state, the heating value is called LHV (lower calorific value).

[0073] The term "higher calorific value" (HHV) means the calorific value for total fuel combustion with liquid water being produced. Calculated on the HHV dry mass of any fuel can be calculated using the following equation:

HHVFuei = 146.58C + 568.78H + 29.4S - 6.58A - 51.53 (0 + N).

where C, H, S, A, O and N are, respectively, elemental carbon content, hydrogen content, sulfur content, ash content, oxygen content and nitrogen content, all in percent by mass.

[0074] The term "municipal solid waste" (MSW) means solid waste generated in dwellings, commercial or industrial facilities and institutions, and includes all recyclable together with all components of construction and demolition debris that are recyclable, but excluding hazardous waste, scrap automotive and other wastes from motor vehicles, wastes containing infectious agents, asbestos waste, contaminated soil and other absorbents, and ash other than ash from domestic ovens. Worn tires are excluded from the MSW definition. The municipal solid waste components include, but are not limited to, plastics, fibers, paper, green waste, rubber, leather, wood, and residues from recycling, a residual component that contains an irretr able part of recyclable materials,

[0075] The term "non-treatable waste" (known as non-combustible waste) means waste that does not easily gasify in gasification systems and does not give any significant contribution of elemental carbon or hydrogen to the syngas generated during gasification. Non-wastable waste includes, but is not limited to: batteries such as dry batteries, mercury batteries and car batteries; refrigerator; microwave; freezers; the dishwasher; dryers; mattress springs; parts of the vehicle body; crank cases; gearboxes; engines; lawn mowers; snow blowers; bikes; filing cabinets; air conditioners; water radiators; water tanks; water softeners; furnaces; oil tanks; metal furniture; propane tanks; and green waste.

[0076] The term "processed MSW stream" means that the Ministry of the Interior has been processed, for example, at a material recovery facility, by sorting the MSW components according to types. MSW types include, among others: plastics, fibers, paper, green waste, rubber, leather, wood, as well as residues from recycling, residual component containing the non-recoverable part of recyclable materials, remaining after treatment of municipal solid waste with separation many ingredients from them. The processed Ministry of Internal Affairs is essentially free of glass, metal, minor mechanical impurities or non-flammable substances. Minor mechanical impurities include dirt, dust, pelletized waste, such as coffee grounds and sand, and as such processed MSW essentially do not contain coffee grounds.

[0077] The term "recyclable waste" means waste that is easily gasified in gasification systems and provides a significant contribution of elemental carbon or hydrogen to the synthesis gas generated during gasification. Recyclable waste includes, among others: newspapers, unwanted post (leaflets and advertising newspapers), corrugated cardboard, office documents, magazines, books, cardboard, other types of paper, rubber, textiles and leather exclusively from residential, commercial and institutional sources, wood, food waste and other combustible parts of the MSW stream.

[0078] The term "pyrolysis" means a process performed using heat in an oxygen deficient or anaerobic environment for the chemical decomposition of solid waste.

[0079] The term "recycled residue" means a residue after a recycling facility has recycled recyclable materials from incoming waste; this residue has no economic value from the point of view of recycling.

[0080] The term "sludge" means any solid, semi-solid or liquid body produced in a wastewater treatment plant or in a municipal, commercial or industrial wastewater treatment process, a water treatment plant, an air pollution control facility, or any other such waste with similar characteristics and effects.

[0081] The term "solid waste" means undesirable or discarded solid materials with too low a liquid content to be free flowing, including but not limited to: garbage, waste, waste, junk, inactive fillers and wastes from fieldwork, but excludes waste Hazardous biomedical waste, sewage sludge from fermentation chambers, or agricultural waste, but does not include manure and litter absorbing soil enrichment or solid or dissolved in industrial emissions. The fact that solid waste or components of this waste may have value, be useful, have other uses, or be sold or exchanged, does not exclude them from this definition.

[0082] The term "steam / carbon ratio ratio" (S / C) means the ratio of the total moles of water vapor injected into the gasifier / incineration furnace to the total number of moles of elemental carbon in the feed. The steam / element carbon ratio can be represented by the following equation:

S / c = total number of moles of water vapor total number of moles of elemental carbon in the raw material [0083] The term "thermal efficiency" (also known as cold gasification efficiency) means the ratio of total HHV of the product gas formed to the total HHV of the fuel feed. Thermal efficiency (Eff) can be represented by the following equation:

Eff = total HHV of synthesis gas total HHV of fuel introduced The term "volatile substances" (also known as volatile organic compounds) means organic compounds having a sufficiently high vapor pressure under normal conditions to evaporate to a large extent and enter the atmosphere. Non-limiting examples of volatile substances include aldehydes, ketones, methane and other light hydrocarbons.

[0085] A substantial source of remanufactured fuel is the Ministry of the Interior. MSW means solid wastes generated in dwellings, commercial or industrial facilities and institutions, and covers all recyclable including all components of construction and demolition debris that are recyclable, but excluding hazardous waste, car scrap and other waste from motor vehicles, waste containing infectious agents, asbestos waste, contaminated soil and other absorbents, and ash other than ash from domestic ovens. These include waste, garbage and other discarded materials that arise in operations in residential, commercial, industrial and municipal facilities. The composition of the Ministry of the Interior can be very diverse, depending on the time of the meeting, the season, the type of clients from which the Ministry of the Interior is received on a given day, etc. The Ministry of the Interior may contain a wide variety of waste materials or discarded materials. These wastes may include, for example, biodegradable waste, non-biodegradable waste, ferrous materials, non-ferrous metals, paper or cardboard in a wide variety of forms, a wide range of plastics (some of which may contain traces of toxic metals used as catalysts, stabilizers or other additives) , paints, varnishes and solvents, fabrics, wooden products, glass, chemicals including medicines, pesticides and the like, solid waste of various types and a wide range of other materials. Waste includes household waste and industrial waste. The industrial waste contemplated here contains a small amount of toxic or harmful materials.

[0086] The processed Ministry of the Interior is sorted, i.e. an inventory of the application to the types of MSW components. MSW types include, among others: plastics, fibers, paper, green waste, rubber, leather, wood, as well as residues from recycling, residual component containing the non-recoverable part of recyclable materials, remaining after treatment of municipal solid waste with separation many ingredients from them. The processed Ministry of Internal Affairs is essentially free of glass, metal, minor mechanical impurities or non-flammable substances. Minor mechanical impurities include dirt, dust, pelletized waste, such as coffee grounds and sand, and as such processed MSW essentially do not contain coffee grounds. The term "substantially free" as used herein means

[0087] Another fuel source for use in refined fuel feed is FOG. FOGs are common in such materials as meat, sauces, dressings, frozen foods, baked goods, cheese, butter and the like. Many different companies produce FOG waste by processing or serving food. These include: food and drink serving areas, food suppliers, hospitals, retirement homes, day care homes, schools and grocery stores. FOGs have become a serious problem for municipal authorities. Research has shown that FOGs are one of the main causes of clogging of sanitary sewerage, leading to sanitary sewer system overflow (SSO) in sewage systems. SSOs cause numerous problems in some cities, including leaks from sewers through sewer manholes and spills to storm sewers. Water from storm water channels flows into watercourses and eventually into the ocean. SSOs pose a threat to public health, have harmful effects on aquatic organisms, and their removal is expensive. The most common reason for SSO is the accumulation of FOGs in small and medium sewer lines serving food delivery sites. Therefore, using them as a fuel is ensured by means of FOG removal without overlapping of most SSO occurring as a result of FOG removal to wastewater.

[0088] Current disposal methods for FOG, in addition to direct disposal into the sewage system, include landfills. While this type of waste is generally considered a drawback, it has a high elemental carbon content so that it can be converted into a fuel source.

[0089] Other types of oils and lubricants useful for the invention include petroleum-derived waste. Non-limiting examples of petroleum waste include used engine oil.

[0090] Yet another type of waste useful in the production of processed fuel is waste biomass, also known as biogenic waste. The term "biomass" refers to live and recently dead biological material that can be used as a fuel or for industrial production. More commonly, biomass means plant matter grown for use as biofuel, but it also includes plant and animal matter used for the production of fibers, chemicals or heat. Biodiesel may also include biodegradable waste that can be burned as fuel. It does not include organic material transformed by geological processes into substances such as fossil or petroleum. The non-limiting types of waste biomass include: wood, green waste, plants, including miscanthus, switch millet, hemp,

[0091] Still another type of waste useful in the production of processed fuel is sludge. Sewage sludge is a mixture of solid waste and bacteria removed from wastewater at various stages of treatment. It can be divided into "sediment from preliminary settlers" and "sediment from secondary settling tanks". The sludge from pre-settlers contains about 4% solids and 96% water. It consists of a material that precipitates from sewage in pre-settling tanks before being fermented by bacteria.

The sludge from secondary settling tanks, i.e. the activated sludge, contains much more liquids - about 1% solids and 99% water. The sludge from the secondary settling tanks consists of bacteria and organic materials that the bacteria feed on. About 30% of the produced sludge from secondary settling tanks is recycled to the aeration chambers to support the biological wastewater treatment process. The remaining 70% must be removed.

[0092] The sludge contemplated for use in the invention is an urban sewage sludge, also known as organic solid waste. Municipal sewage sludge does not include sewage sludge from paper mills or other industrial / agricultural sewage sludge. The key indicators of the calorific value or BTU of sewage sludge are its dryness expressed by the total solids content (Total Solids, TS) calculated on the wet mass (or vice versa as the water content) and the content of volatile solids (Total Volatile Solids, TVS) , on a dry weight basis). There are two different types of sewage sludge: 1) fresh sludge (sewage sludge treated only in an oxygen primary settling tank and oxygen secondary sludge) and 2) a fermented sludge (sludge from point 1) additionally subjected to anaerobic digestion). Anaerobic sewage sludge usually contains 60% TVS, and fresh sludge - 75-80% TVS. TS sludge cake (dehydrated sewage sludge) depends on the sludge dewatering method used in the treatment plant and it is in the range from 10% to 97 +%. One pound [approx. 0.4536 kg] of volatile solids is about 550,600 660.7 kJ, e.g. requires 1266,1 kJ to strip 0.4536 kg of water as steam.

[0093] Other types of materials useful in the production of the feedstocks described herein are animal waste, such as natural fertilizers, animal biomass (meat and bone tissue), bird husbandry, fossil fuels such as fossil coal, coal by-products, petroleum coke, lye black and soot.

[0094] It is known that the chemical composition of the fuel affects the operation of the reactor, both during combustion and gasification, and thus the production and quality of the synthesis gas. Most gas boilers are built in such a way that they are able to efficiently burn one type of fuel - a homogeneous fuel, such as wood pellets or fossil coal. Although natural fuels, such as wood or fossil coal, are homogeneous and provide the reactor with a constant supply of predictable fuel, they do not allow optimal reactor performance due to suboptimal chemical molecular characteristics.

[0095] Furthermore, the synthesis gas resulting from the gasification process can be used to produce, for example, diesel oil distillates and liquid fuels. Synthesis gas useful in the production of such products should contain at least a certain amount of energy, usually expressed in BTU / ft³so that it can be used efficiently in the production of liquid fuel, while other requirements for syngas in this process can also include the appropriate ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide (II) (H2 / CO), as well as the purity of the syngas.

[0096] Described herein is a processed fuel raw material that contains at least one component derived from the MSW recycled waste stream and has a predetermined chemical molecular characteristic that causes the fuel to perform optimally in a given thermal conversion process. By selecting waste components from the Ministry of the Interior in such a way as to remove contaminants that do not contribute to the gasification process or generate harmful emissions (such as dioxins, mercury, sulfur and chlorine, etc.), and possibly adding other materials that improve the process gasification or combustion, a material is obtained that is useful for the production of processed fuel oil with appropriate chemical molecular characteristics.

[0097] Fig. 1 shows the commonly available raw materials, such as fossil coal, FOG, wood, sludge, black liquor, rubber and MSW streams, given their hydrogen content ratio is carbon (H / C) content (kg / kg) and the ratio of oxygen content is carbon (O / C) content (kg / kg). When these natural resources are surrounded by a continuous line in the chart, an area indicating the H / C and O / C range for natural materials is created. Fig. 1 also shows a plot of carbon dependence on the O / C ratio, with H / C changes in the marked oblique area. The term "carbon limit" means the temperature obtained when enough oxygen has been added to achieve full conversion of elemental carbon. In the case of biomass gasification, the typical temperature is around 850 ° C, and in the case of dry coal fossil coal - about 1500 ° C. Fuels such as anthracite, half-lattice, high and low-volatilite bituminous coals have low H / C ratios of about 0.03 to 0.07 and low O / C ratios of about 0.05 to about 0.12. . These fuels require high temperatures due to the low O / C ratio and usually require steam injection to support full conversion of elemental carbon during gasification. Other raw materials, such as different types of wood, magazines, mixed paper and corrugated board have relatively high H / C ratios of from about 0.1 to about 0.14 and an O / C ratio of from about 0.8 to about 1.0, which in practice requires low gasification temperatures. In the case of raw materials undergoing full gasification at about 850 ° C in Fig. 1, it can be seen that the O / C ratio in the raw material should be from about 0.55 to 0.6. In the case of woody biomass having an O / C ratio of from about 0.75 to 0.90 at this temperature, excessive oxidation (i.e. increased oxidation) may occur, and thus a higher content of CO 2 in the synthesis gas is to be expected. Therefore, the advantage of the processed raw material is that the O / C and H / C ratios in the fuel can be adjusted to allow the achievement of the optimum course and gasification efficiency. 8 to about 1.0, which in practice requires low gasification temperatures. In the case of raw materials undergoing full gasification at about 850 ° C in Fig. 1, it can be seen that the O / C ratio in the raw material should be from about 0.55 to 0.6. In the case of woody biomass having an O / C ratio of from about 0.75 to 0.90 at this temperature, excessive oxidation (i.e. increased oxidation) may occur, and thus a higher content of CO 2 in the synthesis gas is to be expected. Therefore, the advantage of the processed raw material is that the O / C and H / C ratios in the fuel can be adjusted to allow the achievement of the optimum course and gasification efficiency. 8 to about 1.0, which in practice requires low gasification temperatures. In the case of raw materials undergoing full gasification at about 850 ° C in Fig. 1, it can be seen that the O / C ratio in the raw material should be from about 0.55 to 0.6. In the case of woody biomass having an O / C ratio of from about 0.75 to 0.90 at this temperature, excessive oxidation (i.e. increased oxidation) may occur, and thus a higher content of CO 2 in the synthesis gas is to be expected. Therefore, the advantage of the processed raw material is that the O / C and H / C ratios in the fuel can be adjusted to allow the achievement of the optimum course and gasification efficiency. In the case of woody biomass having an O / C ratio of from about 0.75 to 0.90 at this temperature, excessive oxidation (i.e. increased oxidation) may occur, and thus a higher content of CO 2 in the synthesis gas is to be expected. Therefore, the advantage of the processed raw material is that the O / C and H / C ratios in the fuel can be adjusted to allow the achievement of the optimum course and gasification efficiency. In the case of woody biomass having an O / C ratio of from about 0.75 to 0.90 at this temperature, excessive oxidation (i.e. increased oxidation) may occur, and thus a higher content of CO 2 in the synthesis gas is to be expected. Therefore, the advantage of the processed raw material is that the O / C and H / C ratios in the fuel can be adjusted to allow the achievement of the optimum course and gasification efficiency.

[0098] In figure 1 it can also be seen that the production of H2 / CO depends on the content of H / C, but only to a small extent to the growth of O / C. Fig. 1 also shows that the heating value and the rate of H2 + CO production are increased with an increase in the H / C ratio and with a decrease in the O / C ratio.

[0099] Due to the careful selection of refined fuel raw materials based on, for example, H / C ratio, O / C ratio, ash content and moisture content, the inventors have discovered new refined fuel resources that can both simulate natural fuels such as wood and fossil coal, as well as fill the carbon limit with previously unknown new processed fuel raw materials, having different gasification profiles compared to known processed fuel raw materials. Fig. 2 shows some new processed fuel raw materials produced by selecting known processed fuel feedstocks within a dotted line and directly mixing selected raw materials, and in some cases increasing or reducing moisture. These new raw materials are located in areas within the continuous line, within the temperature of the carbon boundary. The processed fuel raw material can be designed by selecting the types of raw material characteristics identified within the carbon boundary of the graph based, for example, on H2 / CO content in the produced synthesis gas, H2 + CO production rate and calorific value of syngas, which would indicate H / C ratio and O / ratio. C required for a particular refined fuel, which should fit best for a given application. For various applications, such as gasification for energy production, gasification for the production of Fischer-Tropsch fuel, pyrolysis and combustion, different HHVs, CO + H2 production rates or H2 / CO ratios may be required. selecting the characteristics of the raw material identified within the carbon boundary of the graph based, for example, on H2 / CO content in the synthesis gas produced, H2 + CO production rates and calorific value of syngas, as indicated by the H / C ratio and O / C ratio required for a given processed fuel that should fit best for your application. For various applications, such as gasification for energy production, gasification for the production of Fischer-Tropsch fuel, pyrolysis and combustion, different HHVs, CO + H2 production rates or H2 / CO ratios may be required. selecting the characteristics of the raw material identified within the carbon boundary of the graph based, for example, on H2 / CO content in the synthesis gas produced, H2 + CO production rates and calorific value of syngas, as indicated by the H / C ratio and O / C ratio required for a given processed fuel that should fit best for your application. For various applications, such as gasification for energy production, gasification for the production of Fischer-Tropsch fuel, pyrolysis and combustion, different HHVs, CO + H2 production rates or H2 / CO ratios may be required. which should fit best for your application. For various applications, such as gasification for energy production, gasification for the production of Fischer-Tropsch fuel, pyrolysis and combustion, different HHVs, CO + H2 production rates or H2 / CO ratios may be required. which should fit best for your application. For various applications, such as gasification for energy production, gasification for the production of Fischer-Tropsch fuel, pyrolysis and combustion, different HHVs, CO + H2 production rates or H2 / CO ratios may be required.

Chemical properties of fuels affecting gasification and combustion of fuel [0100] Combustion and gasification processes use a fuel containing a sufficient amount of energy, which when burning fuel releases stored chemical energy. This energy stored in fuel can be expressed as a percentage of elemental carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, along with the influence of other components such as sulfur, chlorine, nitrogen and of course moisture in the form of H2O.

[0101] As a potential fuel source, the MSW can be characterized by its molecular chemical composition, such as the amount of elemental carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and ash. However, usually MSW consists of various components that can be separately or jointly characterized for fuel needs using a variety of parameters, including, but not limited to, carbon content, hydrogen content, moisture content, ash content, sulfur content, chlorine content and HHV. Although the components of the Ministry of the Interior are inhomogeneous, many of them can serve as raw materials for the production of various processed fuel raw materials useful for various thermal conversion processes. Such materials can be made for the preparation of refined fuel raw materials having the chemical characteristics of known fuels, e.g. wood and coal, while other raw materials can be processed to obtain fuels that are not found in nature and provide unique combustion and gasification profiles. For example, the content of elemental carbon and hydrogen in the majority of biomass such as wood is given in Table 1. Table 1 also makes it clear that the element carbon compartment in biomass such as wood changes very little, as does the hydrogen content.

Table 1.

<td>Name</td><td>C</td><td>H</td><td>ABOUT</td><td>N</td><td>S</td><td>Ash</td><td>Volatile parts</td><td>HHV</td>

<td></td><td>%</td><td>%</td><td>%</td><td>%</td><td>%</td><td>%</td><td>%</td><td>kg / kJ</td>

<td>WOOD</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Beech</td><td>51.64</td><td>6.26</td><td>41.45</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.65</td><td>_</td><td>20380</td>

<td>Black locust</td><td>50.73</td><td>5.71</td><td>41.93</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.80</td><td>80.94</td><td>19711</td>

<td>Douglas Fir</td><td>52.30</td><td>6.30</td><td>40.50</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.80</td><td>81.50</td><td>21050</td>

<td>Hickory</td><td>47,67</td><td>6.49</td><td>43.11</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.73</td><td>_{_}</td><td>20171</td>

<td>Maple</td><td>50.64</td><td>6.02</td><td>41,74</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.00</td><td>1.35</td><td>_{_}</td><td>19959</td>

<td>Yellow pine</td><td>49.25</td><td>5.99</td><td>44.36</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.29</td><td>82.54</td><td>20020</td>

<td>Poplar</td><td>51.64</td><td>6.26</td><td>41.45</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.65</td><td>_{_}</td><td>20750</td>

<td>Red alder</td><td>49.55</td><td>6.06</td><td>43.78</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.40</td><td>87,10</td><td>19301</td>

<td>Sequoia evergreen</td><td>53.50</td><td>5.90</td><td>40.30</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.40</td><td>83.50</td><td>21029</td>

<td>West pine</td><td>50,40</td><td>5.80</td><td>41,10</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.10</td><td>2.20</td><td>84,80</td><td>20050</td>

<td>Pine</td><td>52.60</td><td>7.00</td><td>40.10</td><td>0.00</td><td>0.00</td><td>1.31</td><td>_-</td><td>22299</td>

<td>California fir</td><td>49.00</td><td>5.98</td><td>44.75</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.25</td><td>83.17</td><td>19950</td>

<td>White oak</td><td>49.48</td><td>5.38</td><td>43,13</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.01</td><td>1.52</td><td>81.28</td><td>19420</td>

<td>Chruścin</td><td>48,94</td><td>6.03</td><td>44.75</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.20</td><td>87.80</td><td>19510</td>

[0102] Similarly, the carbon content of most fossil carbons does not change strongly as can be seen in Table 2, and most examples of fossil coal have similar, if not identical, carbon and hydrogen contents.

Table 2.

<td>Name</td><td>C</td><td>H</td><td>ABOUT</td><td>S</td><td>parts volatile</td><td>Entalpia, kJ / kg</td>

<td>Lignite¹</td><td>60-75</td><td>6.0-5.8</td><td>34-17</td><td>0.5-3</td><td>45-65</td><td>&lt;28470</td>

<td>Coal fired</td><td>75-82</td><td>6.0-5.8</td><td>&gt; 9.8</td><td>1 ~</td><td>40-45</td><td>&lt;32866</td>

<td>Gas and flames</td><td>82-85</td><td>5,8-5,6</td><td>9,8-7,3</td><td>1 ~</td><td>35-40</td><td>&lt;33913</td>

<td>Coal gas</td><td>85-87,5</td><td>5,6-5,0</td><td>7,3-4,5</td><td>1 ~</td><td>28-35</td><td>&lt;34960</td>

<td>Coarse fat</td><td>87,5-89,5</td><td>5,0-4,5</td><td>4,5-3,2</td><td>-1</td><td>19-28</td><td>&lt;35378</td>

<td>Coal for coal</td><td>89,5-90,5</td><td>4,5-4,0</td><td>3,2-2,8</td><td>1 ~</td><td>14-19</td><td>&lt;35378</td>

<td>Unsuccessable coal</td><td>90,5-91,5</td><td>4,0-3,7</td><td>2.8-3.5</td><td>1 ~</td><td>10-14</td><td>&lt;35378</td>

<td>Anthracite</td><td>&gt; 91.5</td><td>&gt; 3.75</td><td>&gt; 2.5</td><td>1 ~</td><td>7-12</td><td>&lt;35378</td>

<td colspan="7">¹Lindner, E., Chemie fur Ingenieure [Chemistry for engineers], Lindner Verlag Karlsruhe, (2007) pp. 258.</td>

[0103] When used as a fuel source, for example in gasification, the content of elemental carbon and hydrogen has a significant influence on the chemical characteristics of the synthesis gas. Therefore, due to the fact that the content of elemental carbon and hydrogen, e.g. in wood, does not change seriously, the gasification process must be changed so that the chemical characteristics of the syngas can change.

The impact of raw material moisture on gasification and combustion

Combustion Applications [0104] It is usually true that as the moisture content of the raw material increases, the efficiency of the furnace or combustion chamber decreases as some of the heat released from the feedstock is consumed to evaporate the water. However, to understand the effect of the moisture content of the raw material on the combustion efficiency, you need to develop a general perspective of the systems.

[0105] The state of the art understands that the moisture content should and even must be reduced to a low level, such as less than 10%, to obtain fuels that allow efficient operation of the combustion reactors (see, e.g., US 7,252,691). However, consider the process (Figure 3) where the moist fuel is first dried using the energy stream Q1, which is usually equal to the heat needed to evaporate the water from the fuel and a perceptible change in heat resulting from the difference between the temperature of the feed at the inlet and outlet, in addition of thermal losses in the dryer. After drying, the water vapor is discharged and the raw material with reduced moisture content is fed to the furnace or combustion chamber to which the heating load Q2 is applied. Total available net energy is therefore equal to Qnet - Q2-Q1,

[0106] For comparison, Fig. 4 shows a diagram of direct combustion of a moist raw material, without reducing its moisture content. The use of available heat is marked Q3. To understand the effect of moisture on the processed fuel raw material, a simulation was made using HYSYS (AspenTech, Inc., Burlington MA) using the following parameters. Raw material with a moisture content of 30% by weight or 40% by mass dried at a rate of one tonne per hour to a moisture content of 10% by mass, i.e. 202 kg / h or 303 kg / h were removed (by evaporation to about 121.1 ° C by heating). This required an energy expenditure of approximately 0.19 MW or 0.256 MW, respectively. Raw material with a moisture content of 10% by weight it was then burnt in the boiler, assuming that the heating load is regulated in such a way that the temperature of the exhaust gas has a predetermined value. Depending on the design of the boiler or heat exchanger, this predetermined temperature value could be higher (no condensation, 65.6 ° C) or lower (with condensation, 37.8 ° C) than the water temperature in the flue gas. The results are collected in Table 3 and Table

4.

Table 3.

<td></td><td>The drying process rough</td><td>The process without drying rough</td>

<td>Initial moisture content in the raw material (% by mass)</td><td>thirty</td><td>thirty</td>

<td>The final moisture content in the raw material</td><td>10</td><td>thirty</td>

<td>Removed water vapor (kg / h)</td><td>202</td><td>0</td>

<td>Heat required for drying (MW)</td><td>0.19</td><td>0</td>

<td>Use of heat from the boiler (MW)</td><td>2.805 (without liquefaction) 2.916 (condensation)</td><td>2.629 (without liquefaction) 2.879 (condensation)</td>

<td>Utilization of net heat (MW)</td><td>2.617 (without liquefaction) 2.728 (condensation)</td><td>2.629 (without liquefaction) 2.879 (without liquefaction)</td>

<td>Heat utilization efficiency (%)</td><td>71.3 (without liquefaction) 74.3 (liquefaction)</td><td>71.6 (without liquefaction) 78.4 (condensation)</td>

<td>Mass flow rate of exhaust gas (kg / h)</td><td>5734</td><td>5936</td>

<td>Adiabatic flame temperature (° C)</td><td>1496.1</td><td>1340.6</td>

<td>CO production at thermal equilibrium (ppm)</td><td>71</td><td>11</td>

<td>NO production_x with thermal equilibrium (ppm)</td><td>2,311</td><td>1 212</td>

<td>Steam content in the exhaust (%)</td><td>8.9</td><td>13.8</td>

<td>WHAT₂ in the exhaust (%)</td><td>13.7</td><td>13.0</td>

<td>assumptions:</td><td></td><td></td>

<td colspan="2">(1): it is assumed that the raw material has properties similar to wood</td><td></td>

<td colspan="3">(2): the combustion air is modified to obtain 8% O₂ in the exhaust.</td>

Table 4.

<td></td><td>The drying process rough</td><td>The process without drying rough</td>

<td>Initial moisture content in the raw material (% by mass)</td><td>40</td><td>40</td>

<td>The final moisture content in the raw material</td><td>10</td><td>40</td>

<td>Removed water vapor (kg / h)</td><td>303</td><td>0</td>

<td>Heat required for drying (MW)</td><td>0.256</td><td>0</td>

<td>Use of heat from the boiler (MW)</td><td>2.404 (without liquefaction) 2.499 (condensation)</td><td>2.164 (without liquefaction) 2.468 (condensation)</td>

<td>Utilization of net heat (MW)</td><td>2.148 (without liquefaction) 2.243 (liquefaction)</td><td>2.164 (without liquefaction) 2.468 (condensation)</td>

<td>Heat utilization efficiency (%)</td><td>66.5 (without liquefaction) 69.5 (liquefaction)</td><td>67.0 (without liquefaction) 76.4 (condensation)</td>

<td>Mass flow rate of exhaust gas (kg / h)</td><td>4918</td><td>5220</td>

<td>Adiabatic flame temperature (° C)</td><td>1495</td><td>1245</td>

<td>CO production at thermal equilibrium (ppm)</td><td>71</td><td>2.9</td>

<td>NO production_x with thermal equilibrium (ppm)</td><td>2,306</td><td>764</td>

<td>Steam content in the exhaust (%)</td><td>8.9</td><td>17.3</td>

<td>WHAT₂ in the exhaust (%)</td><td>13.7</td><td>12.5</td>

assumptions:

(1): it is assumed that the raw material has properties similar to wood (2): the combustion air is modified to obtain 8% O₂ in the exhaust.

[0107] The data in Tables 3 and 4 demonstrate the following.

1. Without drying the raw material, the process usually ensures better total heat utilization. If you take into account thermal losses in the dryer and the combustion oven, the process without drying the raw material will be even better, because using a dryer and the combustion furnace you can expect a greater thermal loss, because then separate devices will be used, which together will have higher thermal losses due to the larger surface, compared to the combustion furnace itself.

2. If more water vapor is present in the flue gas, it is possible to increase the heat transfer by convection due to the increased mass flow rate of the conducting gas (flue gas), which improves heat utilization.

3. In the case of a higher concentration of water vapor and a lower CO2 concentration, the exchange of heat by radiation between the flue gas and the heat exchange surface will also be able to be higher due to the increased emissivity.

4. Due to the high content of water in the raw material in the case of without drying the flame temperature is low compared to the case of drying. As a result, the generation of CO and NOx may be more severely restricted if the moist raw material is directly incinerated.

5. With the use of a raw material dryer, the total capital expenditure and operating costs are higher.

[0108] Therefore, the effect of moisture on combustion processes has to be assessed in a system-wide approach. Drying of the raw material before burning does not have to lead to savings or increase of the total amount of usable energy, nor increase of total energy efficiency. In addition, adding a step to reducing the moisture content in the fuel increases investment costs and management costs. Burning of the dry raw material increases the potential of generating air pollutants, including CO and NOx. This is in line with the popular industry counteraction of spraying water in the combustion chamber to lower the flame temperature to reduce the formation of slag (ash) and the negative effects of, inter alia, generation of CO and NOx.

[0109] On the other hand, if the moisture content of the fuel is too large (e.g., more than about 50% by mass), the difficulty in maintaining stable combustion increases. Thus, it was found that the moisture content of about 10% by mass. up to about 40% by weight it is optimal for balancing the efficiency and operation of the reactor.

Applications related to gasification [0110] Moisture can affect gasification in various ways. For example, if moisture is removed from the raw material before gasification, the gasification efficiency may increase or not, depending on which gasification parameter is being considered. In terms of energy efficiency, drying may not improve the overall gasification efficiency, in contrast to the effect of drying the raw material discussed above on combustion applications.

[0111] Depending on the gasification use, oxidizers such as air, pure oxygen or water vapor can be used. In the case of aerobic large-scale coal gasification, usually taking place at 1500 ° C, oxygen consumption is high, causing formation of slag and fusion of ash to become an operational problem. The challenge in this case is to conduct gasification with the minimum required amount of gasification of the raw material, because it reduces the amount of oxygen required per unit of gas produced. This reduction in oxygen translates into greater savings during gasification. However, decreasing the amount of oxygen as an oxidant causes that a larger amount of water vapor is required. If you need more moisture, you can either put it in the gasification system, or - as in the invention - the necessary moisture is present in the raw material. This increase in the amount of moisture in the raw material also reduces the amount of oxygen needed during gasification, as well as allows better control over the gasification temperature, which increases the conversion of elemental carbon, and thus improves the overall gasification efficiency.

[0112] In addition, the amount of moisture during the gasification reaction has an effect on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the gasification reaction. The following are two reactions occurring during the gasification process:

(a): C + / O2 CO (b): C + H2O CO + H2 [0113] Although thermodynamics and kinetics dictate that the majority of gasification will take place via reaction (a), reaction (b) allows the generation of two molecules of synthesis gas by every carbon atom that is gasified with steam, which is less expensive compared to only one carbon atom in reaction (a) with oxygen, which is much more expensive. To force the dominance of the reaction (b) during the gasification, the presence of enough moisture is important.

[0114] It is evident that a process for producing synthesis gas containing a relatively large amount of methane, and thus a high capacity of a cold gas, will be useful in energy production applications. However, such a syngas composition may not be the optimal choice for other gas applications where optimal H2 / CO synthesis gas performance is required. By varying the moisture content of the raw material, the production rate and composition of the synthesis gas can be improved, to the advantage or disadvantage of the particular application. The influence of moisture on the gasifier's operation and the properties of the synthesis gas also depends on the characteristics of the raw material. For example, chemically bound moisture and carbon content are two parameters that can change the moisture impact on the raw material during gasification. In the case of a fuel with a high carbon content, such as dry fossil coal, wherein the content of the chemically bound moisture is small, increasing the moisture content increases the rate of synthesis gas production, stimulating the above reaction (b), and increasing the heating value of the synthesis gas. However, in the case of raw material with a high content of chemically bound moisture, such as wood, a further increase in moisture content leads to a lower gasification efficiency, although it intensifies the production of hydrogen and thus increases the H 2 / CO ratio, favoring the conversion of carbon monoxide (II) with water vapor ( reaction (b) above). At lower gasification temperatures, the moisture content can also increase methane production, leading to synthesis gas suitable for energy-related applications. In the presence of moisture at high gasification temperatures, methane production will be reduced.

[0115] Thus, a suitable moisture content in the gasification feedstock, such as the injection of water vapor into the gasifier, is a useful and economical gasification moderator, allowing at least one of the following to be achieved:

(a) controlling the temperature of the gasifier:

[0116] Fig. 5 shows the predicted moisture impact on gasification temperature, elemental carbon conversion and H2 + CO production rate for a typical carbonaceous raw material with a constant air equivalent (ER) (ER = 0.34). The raw material with higher moisture content in the gasification can lower the gasification temperature, which allows gasification of raw materials with higher ash content. The gasifier operation at lower temperatures is advantageous for such processed fuel raw materials due to their tendency to form slag or fusion of ash. In addition, the presence of moisture in the raw material increases the conversion of elemental carbon, enabling gasification at low temperature while maintaining the possibility of reducing the risk of fusion of ash and formation of slag.

(b) changing the composition of the synthesis gas produced:

[0117] Steam injection is often needed to control the temperature of gasification and conditioning of synthesis gas compositions, especially methane production and H 2 / CO ratio to match them for the specific use of synthesis gas (for energy production or chemical synthesis). Fig. 6 shows the expected variability of the synthesis gas composition for raw materials with different moisture content for a typical wooden raw material at 800 ° C.

(c) increasing the conversion of elemental carbon:

[0118] In view of promoting the conversion of carbon monoxide (II) with water vapor (CO + H2O = CO2 + H2), it is possible to achieve higher or full conversion of elemental carbon at reduced gasification temperatures. This allows not only to reduce the operating temperature, but also increases the rate of CO + H2 production and gasification efficiency. However, when the moisture content is too high, the rate of CO + H2 production and cold gas capacity may decrease due to increased combustion (to provide the heat necessary to obtain the same gasification temperature). Fig. 7 shows the predicted effect of the moisture content of the fuel on elemental carbon conversion, the cold gas capacity and the rate of CO + H2 production for a typical coal feed at 850 ° C. FIG.

(d) as an oxidant:

[0119] Fig. 9 shows the predicted total and external water supply required to produce a synthesis gas with H2 / CO - 2.0 at 850 ° C for a typical wood raw material. In the case where water vapor is used as an oxidant - which often occurs when external heat is available and / or oxygen saving is desired, the moisture in the feed may substitute the steam supply from outside. By replacing air or oxygen as the oxidant with water from the feed, synthesis gas with a higher BTU can be produced due to reduced nitrogen dilution and intensified reaction (b). In addition to increasing the H 2 / CO ratio also the H2 + CO production rate and the cold gas capacity will be slightly increased with the increase in the amount of moisture when operating at a constant gasification temperature and with a constant air equivalent (Figure 8).

[0120] Due to the careful selection of the components of the Ministry of the Interior according to, for example, the parameters discussed above and the negative or positive selection of components from the MSW waste stream, followed by mixing of ingredients, and possibly any other additives deemed necessary, in the correct proportions, processed fuel raw materials can be prepared for a specific application. Raw materials that do not fall within the scope of the claims are for information purposes only. For example, Table 5 shows some of the common components found in the Ministry of the Interior, along with their contents C, H, O, N, S, ash and HHV, as well as the ER required for total combustion. These components can be divided into any other number of classes, for example according to their content of elemental carbon. The Ministry of the Interior can be divided into, for example, two, three, four, five or even more classes.

Table 5.

<td>Sorted waste</td><td>C</td><td>H</td><td>ABOUT</td><td>N</td><td>S</td><td>AND</td><td>HHV (KJ / kg)</td><td>Air at ER = 1 ^(kg^{/ k}g)</td>

<td>Wood</td><td>49.5</td><td>6</td><td>42.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.5</td><td>19941</td><td>5.9</td>

<td>Food waste</td><td>48</td><td>6.4</td><td>37.6</td><td>2.6</td><td>0.4</td><td>5</td><td>20269</td><td>6.1</td>

<td>Paper</td><td>43.5</td><td>6</td><td>44</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.2</td><td>6</td><td>17666</td><td>5.2</td>

<td>Cardboard</td><td>44</td><td>5.9</td><td>44.6</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.2</td><td>5</td><td>17643</td><td>5.2</td>

<td>Waste from green areas</td><td>47.8</td><td>6</td><td>38</td><td>3.4</td><td>0.3</td><td>4.5</td><td>19508</td><td>5.9</td>

<td>textiles</td><td>55</td><td>6.6</td><td>31.2</td><td>4.6</td><td>0.15</td><td>2.5</td><td>23479</td><td>7.2</td>

<td>Plastics</td><td>60</td><td>7.2</td><td>22.8</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>27435</td><td>8.4</td>

<td>Skin</td><td>60</td><td>8</td><td>11.6</td><td>10</td><td>0.4</td><td>10</td><td>28703</td><td>9.1</td>

<td>Gum</td><td>78</td><td>10</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>39900</td><td>12.4</td>

θ FOUR CLASSES

Table 5a

<td>Waste class</td><td>C</td><td>H</td><td>ABOUT</td><td>N</td><td>S</td><td>AND</td><td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>Air at ER = 1 (kg / kg)</td>

<td>Class 1</td><td>45.0</td><td>6.1</td><td>41.4</td><td>1.4</td><td>0.2</td><td>4.4</td><td>19006</td><td>5.6</td>

<td>Class 2</td><td>55.0</td><td>6.6</td><td>31.2</td><td>4.6</td><td>0.2</td><td>2.5</td><td>23476</td><td>7.2</td>

<td>Class 3</td><td>60.0</td><td>7.</td><td>617.2</td><td>5.0</td><td>0.2</td><td>10.0</td><td>28068</td><td>8.7</td>

<td>Class 4</td><td>75.0</td><td>10.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>10.0</td><td>39900</td><td>12.4</td>

[0121] Equation 1 can be used to prepare fuels having specific parameters, to select components from the four classes listed in Table 5a and to determine their amounts.

eq. 1 / (ż "YE /^c G Γ + / 00 - 0. Ϊ + - /, (£ Λ o, ~ o, ϊ YeA - Y + / (Σ^v: A "A- Γ ⁺ / i £ A ~ 0. Γ

-100 where

O «X,« 1 and ~. 5

Ύ 'Σ Y:' Σ^λ'Ά A ^vi7 ''.:, ·.: F 1 [0122] For example, a converted fuel raw material made from MSW can be designed to have the same chemical composition as natural wood chips. Natural wood felling has the chemical composition given in Table 6. The exact amounts of individual grades of MSW listed in Table 5, needed for the preparation of synthetic fuel with the same chemical composition as the natural wood chips, were set in accordance with Eq. 1 for 88.1% class 1 and 11.9% class 2. No components from classes 3 and 4 were required for this particular processed fuel raw material.

Table 6.

<td></td><td>C</td><td>H</td><td>ABOUT</td><td>N</td><td>S</td><td>AND</td><td>HHV (KJ / kg)</td><td>Air at ER = 1^(kg^{/ k}g)</td><td>Mass Molecular</td><td>Pattern total</td>

<td>reworked fuel</td><td>47.6</td><td>6.1</td><td>40.2</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>4.2</td><td>19538</td><td>5.8</td><td>24.2</td><td>CHL, 54O0,66N0,031</td>

<td>Simulated wood felling</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Shredded Wood</td><td>49.5</td><td>6.0</td><td>42.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.5</td><td>19941</td><td>5.9</td><td>23.7</td><td>CHL, 45O0,63N0,033</td>

[0123] The final and approximate chemical analysis of wood chips and raw material No. 4 is shown in Table 7.

Table 7.

<td></td><td colspan="2">Wood</td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 4</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2">granules wood</td><td colspan="2">82% newsprint, 18% plastic artificial</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>6.51</td><td></td><td>3.64</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.58</td><td>9.62</td><td>9.98</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>82.03</td><td>87.74</td><td>77.26</td><td>80.18</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>10.92</td><td>11.68</td><td>9.48</td><td>9.84</td>

<td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.01</td>

<td>H</td><td>5.39</td><td>5.77</td><td>5.45</td><td>5.66</td>

<td>C</td><td>45.58</td><td>48.75</td><td>41.81</td><td>43.39</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.07</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>41.98</td><td>44.90</td><td>39.33</td><td>40,82</td>

<td>cl</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>H / C</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.13</td>

<td>O / C</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.94</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>18459</td><td>19745</td><td>16970</td><td>17612</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>19131</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td>669.6</td><td></td><td>539.8</td><td></td>

[0124] Gasification tests were carried out in a laminated gas cylinder with a downward flow in the laboratory scale. The gas-pump has an internal diameter of 10.16 cm and height of 60.96 cm above the perforated grid. Four K-type thermocouples were installed along the gas-stove: 2.54 cm, 17.78 cm, 48.26 cm above the grille and 10.16 cm under the grille. The temperatures were recorded in real time using a recording thermometer (OMEGA, HH309A). A synthesis gas sampling line consisting of two water scrubbers and a vacuum pump was used to extract synthesis gas samples. Samples were analyzed using an HP5890A gas chromatograph, yielding volumes of H2, N2, CO, CO2 and CH4. At the air inlet, a dry gas meter was installed to measure the air intake rate. Tests on wood and simulated wood were carried out with an oxidizer under similar operating conditions. The results are shown in Table 8.

Table 8.

<td>Parameter</td><td>Wood</td><td>Simulated wood (raw material No. 4)</td>

<td>h₂</td><td>20.3</td><td>19.8</td>

<td>n₂</td><td>44.8</td><td>46.4</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>24.1</td><td>24.7</td>

<td>CH4</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.2</td>

<td>WHAT₂</td><td>8.7</td><td>8.0</td>

<td>h₂/What</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.80</td>

<td>kJ / m³</td><td>6237.1</td><td>5931.6</td>

[0125] As can be seen from Table 8, the amounts of H2, N2, CO, CH4, CO2 produced from wood-gasification are very similar to the amount produced from gasification of raw material 4. In addition, the ratio H2 / CO and BTU / scf is about 5%. This processed fuel raw material shows that by using the methods described herein it is possible to produce raw materials similar to a natural fuel, such as wood.

Fuels with similar energy potential do not need to exhibit similar gasification or combustion profiles. However, it is not the case that two fuels having the same energy potential (e.g. HHV or kg / kg) will be combusted or gasified with the same reactivity or give the same thermal conversion profiles. For example, two raw materials having approximately 32,564 kJ / m have been prepared³. Raw material No. 2 has an energy potential of 32543 kJ / m³and raw material No. 7 has an energy potential of 33,506 kJ / m³; the difference is around 3%. The chemical molecular characteristics of these two raw materials are shown in Table 9. The moisture content, elemental carbon content, hydrogen content, oxygen content and H / C and O / C ratios are very different.

Table 9.

<td></td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 2</td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 7</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2">36% magazine, 64% plastic artificial</td><td colspan="2">80% rubber, 20% paper + 13% water</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>0.94</td><td></td><td>13.1</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>6.53</td><td>6.59</td><td>3.84</td><td>4.42</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>92.48</td><td>93.36</td><td>61.94</td><td>71.28</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05</td><td>21.12</td><td>24.30</td>

<td>S</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.01</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.01</td>

<td>H</td><td>9.51</td><td>9.60</td><td>5.87</td><td>6.75</td>

<td>C</td><td>68.85</td><td>69,50</td><td>75.12</td><td>86.44</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>14.12</td><td>14.25</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.89</td>

<td>cl</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.076</td><td>0.09</td>

<td>C / H</td><td>7.2</td><td>7.2</td><td>12.8</td><td>12.8</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.9</td><td>97.6</td><td>97.6</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>32543</td><td>32852</td><td>33506</td><td>38558</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>35039</td><td></td><td>38551</td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

[0127] The raw materials were gasified using the following procedure. The gasification tests were carried out in a laminated gas cylinder with a falling flow direction in the laboratory scale. The gas-pump has an internal diameter of 10.16 cm and height of 60.96 cm above the perforated grid. Four K-type thermocouples were installed along the gas-stove: 2.54 cm, 17.78 cm, 48.26 cm above the grille and 10.16 cm under the grille. The temperatures were recorded in real time using a recording thermometer (OMEGA, HH309A). A synthesis gas sampling line consisting of two water scrubbers and a vacuum pump was used to extract synthesis gas samples. Samples were analyzed using an HP5890A gas chromatograph, yielding volumes of H2, N2, CO, CO2 and CH4. At the air inlet, a dry gas meter was installed to measure the air intake rate. Tests on wood and simulated wood were carried out with an oxidizer under similar operating conditions. The results are presented in the table below. It can be seen that the synthesis gas composition, H2 / CO and HHV ratio of syngas are quite similar in these two processed fuel raw materials.

The results of gasification of raw materials No. 2 and No. 7 are presented in table 10.

Table 10.

<td>Parameter</td><td>Raw material No. 2</td><td>Raw material No. 7</td><td>Difference,%</td>

<td>% H2</td><td>21.9</td><td>28.6</td><td>30.4</td>

<td>% N2</td><td>45.6</td><td>45.2</td><td>0.8</td>

<td>% WHAT</td><td>18.9</td><td>15.6</td><td>17.2</td>

<td>% CH4</td><td>6.4</td><td>2.7</td><td>57.3</td>

<td>% CO2</td><td>7.3</td><td>7.9</td><td>8.6</td>

<td>H2 / CO</td><td>1.16</td><td>1.83</td><td>57.4</td>

<td>HHV synthesis gas (kJ / m³)</td><td>7459.6</td><td>6475.6</td><td>13.2</td>

<td>% CO + H2</td><td>40.8</td><td>44.2</td><td>8.4</td>

[0128] From the data of table 10 it can be seen that although these two fuels have a very similar energy potential (the difference is only around 3%), the differences in the composition of the syngas are very large. There is a difference in excess of 30% in% vol H2 and% vol CH4 and the difference exceeding 50% in the ratio H2 / CO between these two raw materials, which means that the synthesis gases obtained from these two fuels could not be used for the production of similar Fischer-Tropsch fuels. The two aforementioned raw materials show a 13% difference in the energy potential of synthesis gas and a 17% difference in the amount of CO produced. This experiment shows that considering only the kJ / kg value of the raw material does not give a true indication of what synthesis gas profile will have this raw material.

Combustion [0129] The same calculation was made for the theoretical raw materials except for combustion and not gasification. It was assumed that all raw materials had the same HHV of 2,260 kJ / kg and that changes were made to the combination of carbon content, hydrogen content, oxygen content, ash content and moisture content. The results are shown in Table 11.

<td colspan="2">Tabe</td><td colspan="4">a 11.</td>

<td></td><td>No. 1</td><td>No. 2</td><td>No. 3</td><td>No. 4</td><td>No. 5</td>

<td>kJ / kg</td><td>23260</td><td>23260</td><td>23260</td><td>23260</td><td>23260</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td>

<td>Ash</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td>

<td>S</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td>

<td>H</td><td>13.3</td><td>10.1</td><td>6.9</td><td>3.7</td><td>0.5</td>

<td>C</td><td>thirty</td><td>40</td><td>50</td><td>60</td><td>70</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>46.6</td><td>39.7</td><td>32.9</td><td>26.1</td><td>19.3</td>

<td>C / H</td><td>2.3</td><td>4.0</td><td>7.3</td><td>16.4</td><td>147.3</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>0.6</td><td>1.0</td><td>1.5</td><td>2.3</td><td>3.6</td>

<td>Stech. air (m³/ Kg)</td><td>4.92</td><td>5.19</td><td>5.47</td><td>5.76</td><td>6.04</td>

<td colspan="6">Combustion products</td>

<td>Excess air</td><td>28.5%</td><td>29.5%</td><td>30.0%</td><td>31.0%</td><td>32.0%</td>

<td>O2 (m³/ Kg)</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.41</td>

<td>N2 (m³/ Kg)</td><td>4.99</td><td>5.32</td><td>5.62</td><td>5.96</td><td>6.29</td>

<td>CO2 (m³/ Kg)</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.79</td><td>0.98</td><td>1.19</td><td>1.38</td>

<td>H2O (m³/ Kg)</td><td>1.64</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.88</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.12</td>

<td>SO2 (m³/ Kg)</td><td>0.00075</td><td>0.00075</td><td>0.00075</td><td>0.00075</td><td>0.00075</td>

<td>Total (m³/ Kg)</td><td>7.52</td><td>7.68</td><td>7.83</td><td>8.02</td><td>8.20</td>

<td colspan="6">Flue gas (% dry)</td>

<td>ABOUT₂ (% by dry volume)</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td>

<td>N₂ (% by dry volume)</td><td>84.9</td><td>82.7</td><td>80.8</td><td>79.2</td><td>77.9</td>

<td>WHAT₂ (% by dry volume)</td><td>10.1</td><td>12.3</td><td>14.2</td><td>15.8</td><td>17.1</td>

<td>SO₂ (% by dry volume)</td><td>126</td><td>115</td><td>106</td><td>99</td><td>92</td>

[0130] As can be seen from Table 11, all theoretical raw materials 1-5 have the same HHV of 23 260 kJ / kg, but their carbon content varies from 30% to 70% (H and O content also vary according to this). The figures indicate that the stoichiometric amount of air required for total combustion varies from 4.92 to 6.04 m³ per 1 kg of raw material. Because of this difference, the combustion products will be different; in particular, the excess air equivalent must be adjusted in the actual combustion operation if the operator monitors O2 chimney. In the above calculations, the excess of air should be adjusted from 28.5% for raw material 1 to 32% for raw material 5, if the target O2 chimney value is 5%.

Table 12.

<td></td><td>No. 3</td><td>No. 8</td><td>No. 9</td><td>No. 10</td>

<td>kJ / kg</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>5</td><td>10</td><td>15</td><td>20</td>

<td>Ash</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>5</td>

<td>S</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td>

<td>H</td><td>6.9</td><td>5.6</td><td>4.4</td><td>3.2</td>

<td>C</td><td>50</td><td>50</td><td>50</td><td>50</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.1</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>32.9</td><td>29.2</td><td>25.4</td><td>21.6</td>

<td>C / H</td><td>7.3</td><td>8.9</td><td>11.3</td><td>15.6</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>1.5</td><td>1.7</td><td>2.0</td><td>2.3</td>

<td>Stech. air (m³/ Kg)</td><td>5.47</td><td>5.26</td><td>5.06</td><td>4.84</td>

<td colspan="2">Spa products</td><td colspan="3">.ania</td>

<td>Excess air</td><td>30.0%</td><td>30.5%</td><td>31.0%</td><td>31.0%</td>

<td>O2 (m³/ Kg)</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.31</td>

<td>N2 (m³/ Kg)</td><td>5.62</td><td>5.42</td><td>5.23</td><td>5.01</td>

<td>CO2 (m³/ Kg)</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.98</td>

<td>H2O (m³/ Kg)</td><td>0.88</td><td>0.80</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.64</td>

<td>SO2 (m³/ Kg)</td><td>0.00075</td><td>0.00075</td><td>0.00075</td><td>0.00075</td>

<td>Total (m³/ Kg)</td><td>7.83</td><td>7.55</td><td>7.27</td><td>6.95</td>

<td colspan="5">Flue gas (% dry)</td>

<td>ABOUT₂ (% by dry volume)</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td>

<td>N₂ (% by dry volume)</td><td>80.8</td><td>80.4</td><td>79.9</td><td>79.4</td>

<td>WHAT₂ (% by dry volume)</td><td>14.2</td><td>14.6</td><td>15.1</td><td>15.6</td>

<td>SO₂ (% by dry volume)</td><td>106</td><td>110</td><td>113</td><td>117</td>

[0131] In Table 12, each of the theoretical raw materials has a calorific value of 23 260 kJ / kg, but a moisture content variable from 5% to 20%. The stoichiometric amount of air required for total combustion varies from 5.47 for raw material 3 (5% moisture) to 4.84 for raw material 10 (20% moisture) m³ per 1 kg of raw material. Therefore, in the case of combustion operations, consideration of only the kJ value of the raw material is insufficient to predict the combustion profile. Raw materials having the same kJ value but different chemical molecular characteristics will exhibit different combustion behavior and will require different combustion control measures. It is also anticipated that the temperature in the combustion furnace will also be different for raw materials with the same kJ value but different chemical molecular characteristics.

Designing a fuel with a high kJ value [0132] To design a fuel with a maximum kJ value while minimizing the risk of slag formation, the ash limit must be considered. For biomass fuels, it has been reported that fuels containing less than about 5% ash do not seem to degrade as much as fuels containing more than about 5% ash (see TB Reed and A. Das, Handbook of Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems motor-based biomass-based biomass with a falling direction of flow] Golden: SERI, 1988). Ash can cause a variety of problems, especially in gas plants with ascending or descending flow. The formation of slag, i.e. slagging of the reactor, caused by the accumulation and melting of the ash, will at best significantly increase the amount of work required to operate the gasifier.

[0133] Whether slag is formed depends on the ash content of the fuel, the melting characteristics of the ash and the temperature distribution in the gasifier. Local high temperatures in the voids in the fuel bed in the oxidation zone, resulting from the hinge of the bed and improper distribution of gas and solid bodies, can cause slag formation even when using fuels with a high ash melting point. Generally no slag formation is observed for fuels with an ash content of less than 5-6%. However, one can expect an intensive formation of slag in the case of fuels with an ash content of 12% and more. In the case of fuels with an ash content of 6 to 12%, the formation of slag depends to a large extent on the melting point of ash, which is affected by the presence of trace elements,

[0134] When designing high HHV fuel feedstocks for co-firing with fossil carbons or even as a substitute for fossil coal, emissions should be considered. According to the methods described herein, new raw materials can be synthesized that have a better emission profile when burned compared to combusted fossil carbon. The emissions from fossil-coal combustion depend on the type and composition of the fuel, the type and size of the boiler, the combustion conditions, the load, the type of control techniques and the level of maintenance of the equipment. The main contaminants to be considered for the combustion of bituminous and sub-bituminous coal also arise depending on the size of the boiler, combustion conditions, load, type of control techniques and level of equipment. These pollutants include particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Even under the proper operating conditions of the boiler, certain unburned combustible substances are usually emitted, including carbon monoxide (II) (CO) and numerous organic compounds. Table 13 presents different amounts of pollutants emitted from the combustion of bituminous and sub-bituminous fossil carbons in mechanical grids, belonging to the most popular fossil fuel combustion devices. The information provided in Table 13 has been compiled and published by EPA in document AP-42 (<a href="http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch0">http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch0</a> 1 / final / c0 1 s0 1.pdf).

Table 13.

<td>Emissions from mechanical overhead grids</td><td>Współczynnik bituminous / sub-bituminous^(kg^{/ T)}</td><td>Reference</td><td>Comments</td>

<td>PM (filterable)</td><td>thirty</td><td>Table 1.1-4.</td><td>uncontrolled</td>

<td>SOx</td><td>17</td><td>Table 1.1-3.</td><td>Uncontrolled, S is the sulfur content of fossil carbon</td>

<td>NOx</td><td>5</td><td>Table 1.1-3.</td><td>uncontrolled</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>2</td><td>Table 1.1-3.</td><td>uncontrolled</td>

<td>PCDD / PCDF</td><td>1,11-07</td><td>Table 1.1-12.</td><td>Controlled by means of a flue gas desulfurization spray dryer absorber (FGD-SDA) and a fabric filter (FF)</td>

<td>PCDD / PCDF</td><td>0.80-09</td><td>Table 1.1-12.</td><td>Controlled by electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or FF</td>

<td>HCI</td><td>0.5</td><td>Table 1.1-15.</td><td>both controlled and uncontrolled</td>

<td>HF</td><td>0.07</td><td>Table 1.1-15.</td><td>both controlled and uncontrolled</td>

<td>CH4</td><td>0.03</td><td>Table 1.1-19.</td><td>uncontrolled</td>

<td>TNMOC</td><td>0.02</td><td>Table 1.1-19.</td><td>uncontrolled</td>

<td>N2O</td><td>0.02</td><td>Table 1.1-19.</td><td>uncontrolled</td>

<td>CO2</td><td>2,182</td><td>Table 1.1-20.</td><td>uncontrolled</td>

<td>PAHs</td><td>0.94-05</td><td>Table 1.1-13.</td><td>controlled</td>

<td>Trace metals</td><td>Depending on C, H and PM</td><td>Table 1.1-17.</td><td>both controlled and uncontrolled</td>

[0135] The combustion fuel material described herein will have a lower emission profile compared to the emission profile indicated by EPA and shown in Table 13.

[0136] The following Equation 2 gives the relationship between the fuel energy (HHV) potential and the amount of ash contained in the refined fuel feed.

eq. 2

Maximize

HHV_{/ Iiel} = 146.4 ^ 0 + 588.8 ^ /// ,. +29.4 ^, /; = 1 ii ii

<img file="PL2300575T3_D0001.tif" />

Σμ &lt;5 i-1 (to minimize the risk of slag formation)

<img file="PL2300575T3_D0002.tif" />

(less than a predefined value)

Σ^χΑ + Σ&gt; + Σ λ&gt; λ ^η-Σλα Σρ⁺° ι -Σ^λλ -^Ηϋθ [0137] By using the above equations, a processed fuel feed with HHV of about 23 260 kJ / kg to about 34 890 kJ / kg can be designed while maintaining a minimum amount of ash, for example less than about 5% or less than about 4%. The MSW components used for the preparation of fuel with approximately 23 260 kJ / kg were selected from four classes of MSW components obtained from the Ministry of Interior listed in Table 5. Table 14 gives the quantities of MSW components used for the preparation of these fuels and their content of elemental carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and ash, as well as the HHV value of the processed fuel.

Table 14.

<td></td><td>C</td><td>H</td><td>ABOUT</td><td>N</td><td>S</td><td>Ash</td><td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td>

<td>Ash content &lt;4% (80% grade 2, 20% grade 3)</td><td>56.0</td><td>6.8</td><td>28.4</td><td>4.6</td><td>0.2</td><td>4.0</td><td>24407</td>

<td>Ash content &lt;5% (67% class 2, 33% class 3)</td><td>56.7</td><td>6.9</td><td>26.5</td><td>4.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>5.0</td><td>25018</td>

[0138] In some embodiments, during the production of the compressed form of a processed fuel material, it was determined that the chemical molecular characteristics of the molded form is worse than required for a given gasifier, the amount of other materials that improve the gasification process can be increased during the process, thus bringing chemical characteristics down molecular structure of the compressed form of the converted fuel raw material to the range of the desired fuel specification. In other embodiments, other materials that improve the gasification process can be added prior to or during ironing to correct the chemical molecular characteristics of the compressed compressed form of the converted fuel feedstock. In some embodiments, the other material added to the feedstock is FOG.

Table 15.

<td>Type FOG</td><td>kJ / kg</td><td>The content of elemental carbon</td><td>Hydrogen content</td>

<td>Tallow</td><td>39356</td><td>76.6%</td><td>11.9%</td>

<td>Chicken fat</td><td>39247</td><td>75.3%</td><td>11.4%</td>

<td>Used cooking oil</td><td>39307</td><td>76.4%</td><td>11.6%</td>

<td>Pork fat</td><td>39293</td><td>76.5%</td><td>11.5%</td>

<td>Used engine oil</td><td>39309</td><td>Unavailable</td><td>Unavailable</td>

[0139] Another type of material that can be added to the raw material is sludge. Table 16 gives the content of elemental carbon and hydrogen in sewage sludge.

Table 16.

<td>Elemental analysis</td><td>Initial sediment</td><td>Secondary sediment</td><td>Mixed sludge</td><td>Fermented sludge</td>

<td>Elemental coal</td><td>60.0</td><td>53.0</td><td>57.0</td><td>67.0</td>

<td>Hydrogen</td><td>7.5</td><td>7.0</td><td>7.0</td><td>5.0</td>

<td>Oxygen</td><td>28.0</td><td>30.5</td><td>30.0</td><td>25.0</td>

<td>Nitrogen</td><td>3.0</td><td>9.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>2.2</td>

<td>Sulfur</td><td>1.5</td><td>0.5</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.8</td>

<td>Together</td><td>100</td><td>100</td><td>100</td><td>100</td>

Designing of refined fuel feedstock based on the target synthesis gas composition for subsequent Fischer-Tropsch processes [0140] The best-known technology for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas is the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. This technology was first introduced by Sabatier and Senderens in Germany in 1902, by hydrogenating carbon (II) oxide (CO) to methane using a nickel catalyst. In 1926, Fischer and Tropsch received a patent for the discovery of a catalytic technique for converting synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbon-like hydrocarbons.

[0141] The basic Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactions are as follows:

alkanes:

(2n + 1) H₂ + nCO C_nH_2n+₂ + nllO

alkenes:

2nH2 + nCO CH + nHJO

Alcohols:

2nH2 + nCO C "H2" + iOH + (nl) HyO [0142] During Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, other reactions may also take place, depending on the catalyst used and the conditions:

Conversion of carbon monoxide with water vapor:

CO + H2O CO2 + H2

Boudouard reaction:

2CO # C (s) + CO2 Surface deposition:

{^ F ^ h₂ + xCO C_xHy + xH₂ABOUT

Catalytic oxidation-reduction:

yH₂O + xM M_xABOUT_s + yH₂YCO₂ + xM M_xABOUT_s + yCO

Carbide formation:

yC + xM M_xC_s where M is a catalytic metal atom.

[0143] The production of hydrocarbons using conventional Fischer-Tropsch catalysts depends on chain growth, i.e. polymerization kinetics. Equation 3, commonly referred to as the Anderson-Schulz-Flory equation, describes the production of hydrocarbons.

<img file="PL2300575T3_D0003.tif" />

log - + logtz + log k «)

<img file="PL2300575T3_D0004.tif" />

eq. 3 where Wn is the mass fraction of products containing n carbon atoms and α is the probability of chain growth, i.e. the probability that the carbon chain on the surface of the catalyst will increase by the addition of a subsequent carbon instead of being terminated. Usually, α depends on the concentration or partial pressures of CO and H2, the temperature, pressure and composition of the catalyst, but it does not depend on the length of the chain. As the α increases, the average number of carbon atoms in the product also increases. When α is equal to 0, only methane is formed. When α approaches 1, wax begins to dominate in the product.

[0144] Fig. 11 provides a graphical representation of Equation 2, showing the mass fraction of individual products as a function of the α-chain growth parameter. Fig. 11 shows that there is a specific value α that will maximize the efficiency of the desired product, such as gasoline or diesel. The mass fraction of material containing m to n carbon atoms is given by equation 4:

IN_me = has^m_¹ _ (m _ l) a^m _ (n + l) aⁿ + onⁿ +¹ (Equal 4) [0145] The α-value needed to maximize the range of the number of carbon atoms from m to n is given by Equation 5.

Γ m%% Opf ⁼ 1 "n equals 5) [0146] Additional gasoline and diesel fuel can be produced by further processing, such as hydrocracking or catalytic cracking of the resulting wax.

[0147] Table 17 shows the appropriate H2 / CO ratio needed for individual target products derived from syngas. One way to achieve this H 2 / CO ratio is to control the amount of C, H and O in the raw material for the production of synthesis gas. For example, Figure 12 shows the predicted C / H and C / O ratios needed in the feed to produce a synthesis gas with the necessary H 2 / CO ratio.

Table 17.

<td>Product</td><td>Basic chemical reaction</td><td>Ratio H₂/WHAT</td>

<td>FT liquid fuels</td><td>2nH2 + nCO CHn + nH2O; (2n + 1) H2 + nCO CHn + 1 + nH2O</td><td>2.0-2.1</td>

<td>methanol</td><td>2H2 + CH3OH; CO2 + 3H2 CH3OH + H2O</td><td>2.0</td>

<td>Ethanol</td><td>2CO + 4H2 C2H5OH + H2O</td><td>2.0</td>

<td>Higher alcohols</td><td>nCO + 2nH2 C "I Ι;". | () Ι I + (n 1) H2O</td><td>2.0</td>

<td>Dimethyl ether</td><td>2CO + 4H2 CH3OCH3 + H2O</td><td>2.0</td>

<td>Acetic acid</td><td>2CO + 2H2 CH3COOH</td><td>1.0</td>

<td>Ethylene</td><td>2CO + 4H2 C2H4 + 2H2O</td><td>2.0</td>

<td>Ethylene glycol</td><td>2CO + 3H2 C2H6O2</td><td>1.5</td>

<td>Ac2O</td><td>4CO + 4H2 (CH3CO) 2O + H2O</td><td>1.0</td>

<td>Ethyl acetate</td><td>4CO + 6H2 CH3COOC2H5 + 2H2O</td><td>1.50</td>

<td>Vinyl acetate</td><td>4CO + 5H2 CH3COOCHYH2 + 2H2O</td><td>1.25</td>

[0148] By first selecting the desired H 2 / CO ratio in the synthesis gas produced, the respective H / C and O / C ratios in the composition of the processed raw material can be determined together with the appropriate amount of moisture and ash content. After determining these ratios, the appropriate components of the Ministry of Internal Affairs may be selected and combined to create raw materials that, as a result of gasification, will give synthesis gas with the desired H 2 / CO ratio.

Physical properties that affect efficient gasification or combustion of fuel particles [0149] Gravity vessels with up and down flow are limited in terms of the fuel size range acceptable in the feed. A finely divided and / or fluffy raw material can cause flow problems in the tanker's storage section as well as unacceptable pressure drops in the reduction zone and a high proportion of gas dust. Large pressure drops will reduce the gas load of devices with a downward flow direction, causing low temperatures and tar formation. Excessively large sizes of particles or pieces reduce the reactivity of the fuel, which leads to start-up problems and poor gas quality, and transport problems through the device. The large particle size range of the raw material usually intensifies these phenomena. Too large particle sizes may cause problems with gas delivery, especially in gas plants with an upward flowing direction. The permissible fuel sizes for gasification systems depend to some extent on the design of the plant.

[0150] The particle size distribution of fuel affects certain aspects of the combustion chamber and gasifier operation, including the rate of fuel reaction with oxygen and other gases. Smaller fuel particles are usually consumed faster than larger ones. The particle size is based on the average surface area to volume ratio (dpv) (Equal 6). The distribution of particle sizes in the particle population is given by dpv (equiv. 7):

<img file="PL2300575T3_D0005.tif" />

(equals 6)

<img file="PL2300575T3_D0006.tif" />

eq. 7) [0151] The shape of the particles of the processed fuel feedstock and the compressed form of the processed fuel feed also has a strong effect on the rate of the gas-solid reaction and the transfer of momentum between the particles and the gas stream that carries them. One of the parameters used to describe the shape of the particle is sphericity, which affects the fluidity of the particles during the gasification / combustion process. Liquidity is important when it comes to avoiding the formation of channels and the hovering of particles in the gasifier that reduce the efficiency of the conversion process. Sphericity can be defined by the following formula:

Area of ​​the spherical particle φ_P - ^F The area of ​​the particle with the same volume as the spherical particle [0152] Particle size d_pv and sphericity φ_ρ, related dependence (ppdp), affect the hydrodynamic characteristics of particles in the combustion chamber or gas cylinder This hydrodynamic characteristic includes, among others, pressure drop, minimum fluidization velocity, velocity of lift and momentum transfer.

For example, fossil, limestone and sand particles have sphericalities ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. Wood-felling particles have a sphericity of about 0.2.

[0153] The gas-solid reaction rates depend on the available surface area of ​​the particle. Therefore, in the case of particles of similar volume, a particle with a larger surface area will react faster and more efficiently, and thus affect the gasification process. Equations 8 and 9 describe the volume of the sphere and cylinder, respectively.

<img file="PL2300575T3_D0007.tif" />

eq. 9) [0154] Table 18 below shows different rollers and a ball of the same volume (0.524 in³ [okay. 8.6 cm³]), but having different surface areas (inc²) and proper surfaces (et²/ in³)

Table 18.

<td></td><td>dimensions characteristic</td><td>Average diameter</td><td>Field surface^(Cm2)</td><td>Volume^(Cm3)</td><td>Surface right (cm²/ (Cm³)</td><td>sphericity</td>

<td>Ball</td><td>φ 1 "</td><td>φ 1 "</td><td>20.3</td><td>8.59</td><td>2.4</td><td>1</td>

<td>Roller</td><td>φ 0.5 "x 2.667"</td><td>φ 1 "</td><td>29.1</td><td>74.0</td><td>3.4</td><td>0.686</td>

<td>Roller</td><td>0.87 "x0,88"</td><td>φ 1 "</td><td>23.2</td><td>58.9</td><td>2.7</td><td>0.874</td>

<td>Roller</td><td>φ 1.0 "x0.667"</td><td>φ 1 "</td><td>23.6</td><td>60.1</td><td>2.8</td><td>0.857</td>

<td>Roller</td><td>φ 1.5 "x0.296"</td><td>φ 1 "</td><td>31.8</td><td>80.8</td><td>3.7</td><td>0.637</td>

[0155] For shapes with the same volume as rollers and balls, the balls have the smallest specific surface area. As the sphericity of the cylinder approaches 1, it begins to behave more like a sphere in the gasification / combustion process. However, the area for a given volume is not maximized at a spherical shape, which means that the conversion process will not be optimal. In the case of a cylindrical shape, there is a minimum specific surface area and maximum sphericity, depending on its diameter and length. This shape determined for the processed fuel is optimal for the conversion process in which the fuel is used. Fig. 13 shows that when plotting the relationship between cylinder diameter and sphericity and length of the roll, and the specific surface, the optimal shape of the pellet can be determined.

[0156] For a given equivalent diameter (Figure 13), there is a minimum specific surface area corresponding to maximum sphericity when the diameter of the roll is almost equal to its length. When moving away from this point, the sphericity decreases, but the surface area increases, which means that if the fluidity decreases, the conditions start to favor the rate of the gas-solid reaction. The optimal dimensions of the pellet have the maximum possible surface area while keeping the sphericity value high enough to ensure excellent fluidity. This parameter minimizes the hinge and creation of channels through the pellets inside gas-fills, reducing the efficiency of the conversion process, or even prevents these phenomena.

[0157] As described above, the processed raw material should provide a maximum surface area at a given volume to promote gas-solid reactions, which is determined by maximizing a_p in eq. 10.

2-mł ~ + xdh maximize a_r = ---- -

eq. 10) [0158] Maximization of a_p for a given raw material, it ensures better hydrodynamic performance during the conversion process and saves costs in the preparation (reduction in size and pelleting) of processed fuel in comparison with natural fuels.

[0159] To further optimize the combustion or gasification efficiency, the size and shape can be determined, and in some embodiments the sphericity of the processed fuel raw material. For example, for the preparation of a compressed fuel that will give similar results in gasification / burning processes, such as natural wood felling, the sphericity of natural wood felling provides a natural starting point. Natural wood felling has sphericity (φ_ρ) about 0.2. The processed fuel particle was designed to have a sphericity of 0.25, slightly better than natural wood chips, but they have the same HHV. Equation 11 describes the particle size of the processed fuel, and table 19 gives the possible dimensions for such a prepared particle:

φγγ ή, = --- / predetermined value (equation 11)

Y tnp!_pv &gt; predetermined value

Table 19.

<td>Total particle size (cm)</td><td>2.54</td><td>3.81</td><td>5.08</td>

<td>Diameter (cm)</td><td>2.11</td><td>3.43</td><td>4.85</td>

<td>Length (cm)</td><td>4.24</td><td>4.90</td><td>5.61</td>

<td>Specific surface area (cm²/ (Cm³)</td><td>2.36</td><td>1.57</td><td>1.18</td>

[0160] From the values ​​shown in Table 18, the smallest particle has in fact the largest specific surface area (2.36 cm²/ cm³ compared to 1.57 cm respectively²/ cm³and 1.18 cm²/ cm³).

[0161] The rate of gasification of the fuel pellets may be positively influenced by several elements acting as catalysts, for example small amounts of potassium, sodium or zinc.

[0162] Bulk density is defined as the mass of the unit of the loosely poured fuel volume. Fuels with high bulk density are preferred because they have a high energy value per unit volume. The low bulk density of the fuel sometimes results in insufficient gravitational flow, leading to low calorific values ​​of the gas and ultimately to the combustion of the decolorizing carbon in the reduction zone. The average bulk densities of solid fuels such as wood, coal and peat are in the range of about 160 kg / m³ up to approximately 481 kg / m³. If the bulk density of some of the ingredients used to make the pellets of the invention is too low, the total bulk density can be improved by pelletizing. Bulk density is highly dependent on the moisture content and the size of the fuel particles.

[0163] Exemplary compartments of waste feed specification for a gasification system may include, but are not limited to: a diameter of about 0.64 cm to about 3.81 cm; a length of from about 1.27 cm to about 15.24 cm; surface to volume ratio from about 20: 1 to about 3: 1; bulk density from about 160 kg / m³ up to approximately 1201 kg / m³; a porosity of from about 0.2 to about 0.6; an extension of from about 1 to about 10; thermal conductivity of about 0.040 W / (m ° C) to about 1.0 W / (m- ° C); specific heat from about 0.2 to 2.0 J / (kg ^ ° ​​C) BTU / (lfr ° F); thermal diffusivity from about 1.0x10^-6 m²/ s to 2.0x10^-6 m²/ S; HHV from about 6978 kJ / kg to about 34.890 kJ / kg; a moisture content of about 10% to about 30%; a volatile content of about 40% to about 80%; an elemental carbon content of about 30% to about 80%; hydrogen content from about 3% to about 10%, sulfur content less than 2%; chlorine content less than 1%; and ash content less than about 10%.

[0164] On the basis of the results shown in Fig. 14, the MSW raw material can be classified according to its content of elemental carbon, and thus the production potential of the amounts of CO and H2 in the synthesis gas produced during thermal conversion. Table 19 presents one of the classification of fuel types based on the content of elemental carbon: fuel with a low calorific value (less than 45% by mass of elemental carbon); fuels with average calorific value (45-60 wt% of elemental carbon); and fuels with high calorific value (&gt; 60% by mass of elemental carbon).

Table 19.

<td></td><td>Fuel with low calorific value</td><td>Fuels with average calorific value</td><td>Fuels with high calorific value</td>

<td>The content of elemental carbon</td><td>&lt;45% by mass</td><td>45-60% by mass</td><td>&gt; 60% by weight</td>

<td>Product H₂+ CO</td><td>&lt;0.62 m³/ kg</td><td>0.62-1.24 m³/ kg</td><td>&gt; 1.24 m³/ kg</td>

<td>Equivalent air</td><td>&gt; 0.35</td><td>0.1-0.35</td><td>&lt;0.1</td>

<td>Synthetic gas HHV (dry matter)</td><td>&lt;4471 kJ / m³</td><td>4471-7452 kJ / m³</td><td>&gt; 7452 kJ / m³</td>

<td>Temperature gassifiers</td><td>&lt;850 ° C</td><td>800-900 ° C</td><td>&gt; 900 ° C</td>

<td>Efficiency</td><td>Incomplete C conversion, CH formation₄ and tars</td><td>Full conversion of elemental carbon, minimal CH formation₄ and tars, low risk of slag formation</td><td>Full conversion of elemental carbon, without the formation of CH₄ and tars, a high risk of slag formation</td>

<td>Usage</td><td>Synthesis gas for combustion (engines), co-gasification with other fuels, including fuels of medium and high calorific value, as well as LFG</td><td>Synthesis gas for all applications related to the production of energy, liquid fuels and chemicals</td><td>Synthesis gas for all applications related to the production of energy, liquid fuels and chemicals</td>

[0165] Fuels with low calorific value can be characterized as producing syngas, which contains less than about 0.62 m³/ kg CO and H2 and has an HHV of less than about 4471 kJ / m³. Because the gas-fired unit requires an air equivalent of more than 0.35 due to the small amount of elemental carbon, the temperature of the gas-fired unit will not rise above about 850 ° C, resulting in incomplete conversion of elemental carbon and formation of methane and tar. These fuels can be used to produce syngas for all purposes, co-gas with other fuels, including medium and high calorific fuels, as well as LFG.

[0166] Fuels with average calorific value can be characterized as producing synthesis gas, which contains from about 0.62 to about 1.24 m³/ kg CO and H2, and has HHV from about 4471 to about 7452 kJ / m³.

[0167] Because the gasifier requires an air equivalent of about 0.1 to about 0.35 at a carbon content of about 45% by weight. up to about 60% by mass, maintains a temperature of about 850 ° C to about 900 ° C, resulting in complete conversion of elemental carbon, minimal methane formation and tar, and low risk of slag formation. These fuels can be used to produce syngas for all applications, for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals.

[0168] Fuels with high calorific value can be characterized as producing syngas, which contains more than about 1.24 m³/ kg CO and H2, and has HHV over 7452 kJ / m³. Because the gasifier requires an air equivalent of only less than about 0.1 at a carbon content greater than about 60% by mass, the temperature of the gasifier is usually greater than about 900 ° C, which will result in complete conversion of elemental carbon, no methane formation. and tars, but a high risk of slag formation. These fuels can be used to produce syngas for all applications, for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals.

[0169] Accordingly, depending on the final use of the synthesis gas produced, recycled fuel feedstocks with different levels of elemental carbon can be selected and these fuels can be adapted and synthesized for a specific end-use application. This selection enables an exact match of the processed fuels produced from various non-homogeneous raw materials such as MSW, FOG, sewage sludge, etc. Processed fuels can be used to produce synthesis gas containing the desired amounts of CO and H2.

The MSW may be processed by any method allowing identification and separation of components according to the type of material, e.g. plastics, fibers, fabrics, paper in any form, cardboard, rubber, green waste, food waste and skin. Separation methods such as those disclosed in US 7,431,156, US 2006/0254957, US 2008/0290006, US 2008/0237093 may be used to separate the waste components.

[0171] It is understood that modifications can be made to the above-disclosed separation methods to recover individual components of the MSW for use in the preparation of a processed fuel raw material as described herein.

[0172] In some embodiments, the ingredient or components of the processed raw material are mixed. In some embodiments, the mixed ingredients are reduced in size using known techniques such as chopping, grinding, crushing and the like. Methods for reducing the size of MSW components are well known and, for example, described in US 5,888,256. In other embodiments, the individual components are first reduced and then mixed with the other ingredients. In some embodiments, the mixed components of the converted fuel feedstock are compressed using known compression methods such as those described in US 5,916,826. In some embodiments, the compression results in pellets due to the use of a pelleting device, such as a Pasadena manual press, capable of exerting pressure up to 178 kN.

[0173] In some embodiments, the FOG component is added directly to the mixing tank. In other embodiments, the FOG component is added after mixing just prior to placing the waste in the matrix of the pelletizer.

[0174] Thanks to the use of the pelleting device in the respective pellets of different sizes are produced. The pellets should have a diameter of at least about 0.64 cm, in particular in the range from about 0.64 cm to about 3.81 cm. The pellets should have a length of at least about 1.27 cm, in particular in the range of about 1.27 cm to about 15.24 cm.

[0175] By choosing a suitable matrix for use in the pelleting device, the pellets are punched on the surface of the housing. Punching can be used as an identification mark. Hole punching can also affect the degassing process in such a way that the punched pellets degas faster than un-punched pellets.

[0176] In some embodiments, the refined fuel feed described herein is biologically, chemically and toxicologically inactive. The terms "biologically inactive", "not chemically active" and "toxicologically inactive" mean that the processed fuel raw material described here does not exceed the EPA requirements for the permissible limits of biological, chemical and toxicological factors contained in the processed fuel. These terms also include the fact that the processed fuel raw material does not release toxic products after production or during long-term storage. The refined fuel feed does not contain, for example, pathogens or living organisms, nor does it provide conditions that would favor the development of living organisms after production or long-term storage. For example, the refined fuel feed in any of the embodiments described herein can be designed to have a moisture content sufficient to prevent the development of living organisms. The processed fuel raw material can be designed to be an anti-absorber, which means that it will not absorb a significant amount of water after production or long-term storage. The recycled fuel raw material is also stable in the air, which means that it will not decompose in the presence of air with the release of significant amounts of volatile organic compounds. The processed fuel raw material described herein can be tested by known methods to determine whether it meets the limits for the definition of inactivity. For example, 40 CFR parts 239-259, under the title 40 - environmental protection, contains all EPA regulations on solid waste. EPA Publication No. SW-846, entitled "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical / Chemical Methods" [Test methods for assessing solid waste. Physicochemical methods] is the official OSW compendium regarding analytical methods and sampling methods that have been validated and approved for use in accordance with 40 CFR parts 239-259 for solid wastes.

EXAMPLES [0177] Reference will now be made to specific examples, some of which illustrate the invention. It should be understood that the examples not falling within the scope of the claims are for information purposes only.

General Synthetic Procedures [0178] After selecting the components of the processed raw material, they were ground in a low-speed grinder and then mechanically mixed. The mixture was then pressed with a lozenge device. If the moisture content had to be increased, water was added in the mixing step. A small sample of the raw material was collected and dried at controlled temperature, with ventilation, to confirm the moisture content. The mixed processed raw material was then subjected to gasification as described above.

Raw material - wood (control sample)

<td></td><td colspan="2">Wood</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2">Wood granules</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>6.51</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.58</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>82.03</td><td>87.74</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>10.92</td><td>11.68</td>

<td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0.01</td>

<td>H</td><td>5.39</td><td>5.77</td>

<td>C</td><td>45.58</td><td>48.75</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>41.98</td><td>44.90</td>

<td>cl</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>C / H</td><td>8.5</td><td>8.5</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>1.1</td><td>1.1</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>18459</td><td>19745</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>19131</td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td>669.6</td><td></td>

Raw material No. 1

<td></td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 1</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2">82% newsprint, 18% plastic</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>3.25</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>4.51</td><td>4.66</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>86.43</td><td>89,33</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>5.81</td><td>6.01</td>

<td>S</td><td>0</td><td>0.01</td>

<td>H</td><td>7.57</td><td>7.82</td>

<td>C</td><td>51.88</td><td>53.62</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.06</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>32.65</td><td>33.75</td>

<td>cl</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>C / H</td><td>6.9</td><td>6.9</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>1.6</td><td>1.6</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>22218</td><td>22965</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>24879</td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td>325.2</td><td></td>

Gas yield for raw material no. 1

<td>Hydrogen,% vol.</td><td>14.9</td>

<td>Nitrogen,% vol.</td><td>51.6</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II),% by volume</td><td>18.9</td>

<td>Methane,% vol.</td><td>2.3</td>

<td>Carbon dioxide,% vol.</td><td>12.3</td>

<td>Hydrogen / carbon monoxide (II)</td><td>0.79</td>

<td>kJ / m³</td><td>5022.1</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II) + hydrogen</td><td>33.8</td>

Raw material No. 2

<td></td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 2</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2">36% magazine, 64% plastics</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>0.94</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>6.53</td><td>6.59</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>92.48</td><td>93.36</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05</td>

<td>S</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05</td>

<td>H</td><td>9.51</td><td>9.60</td>

<td>C</td><td>68.85</td><td>69,50</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>14.12</td><td>14.25</td>

<td>cl</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>C / H</td><td>7.2</td><td>7.2</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.9</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>32543</td><td>32852</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>35039</td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td></td><td></td>

Gas yield for raw material No. 2

<td>Hydrogen,% vol.</td><td>21.9</td>

<td>Nitrogen,% vol.</td><td>45.6</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II),% by volume</td><td>18.9</td>

<td>Methane,% vol.</td><td>6.4</td>

<td>Carbon dioxide,% vol.</td><td>7.3</td>

<td>Hydrogen / carbon monoxide (II)</td><td>1.16</td>

<td>kJ / m³</td><td>7459.6</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II) + hydrogen</td><td>40.8</td>

Raw material No. 3

<td></td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 3</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2">24.5% other types of paper, 75.5% fabric</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>1.57</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>7.57</td><td>7.69</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>75.12</td><td>76,32</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>15.74</td><td>15.99</td>

<td>S</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.38</td>

<td>H</td><td>5.85</td><td>5.94</td>

<td>C</td><td>48.12</td><td>48.89</td>

<td>N</td><td>8.38</td><td>8.51</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>28.14</td><td>28,59</td>

<td>cl</td><td>3.44</td><td>3.49</td>

<td>C / H</td><td>8.2</td><td>8.2</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>22397</td><td>22755</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>20248</td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td>350.8</td><td></td>

Gas yield for raw material No. 3

<td>Hydrogen,% vol.</td><td>6.5</td>

<td>Nitrogen,% vol.</td><td>64.6</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II),% by volume</td><td>19.3</td>

<td>Methane,% vol.</td><td>0.3</td>

<td>Carbon dioxide,% vol.</td><td>9.3</td>

<td>Hydrogen / carbon monoxide (II)</td><td>0.3</td>

<td>kJ / m³</td><td>3301.1</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II) + hydrogen</td><td>25.7</td>

Raw material No. 4

<td></td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 4</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2">91.8% newsprint, 2.2% plastic, 6.0% green waste</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>3.64</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>9.62</td><td>9.98</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>77.26</td><td>80.18</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>9.48</td><td>9.84</td>

<td>S</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.08</td>

<td>H</td><td>5.45</td><td>5.66</td>

<td>C</td><td>41.81</td><td>43.39</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.07</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>39.33</td><td>40,82</td>

<td>cl</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>C / H</td><td>7.7</td><td>7.7</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>1.1</td><td>1.1</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>16970</td><td>17612</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>17492</td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td>539.8</td><td></td>

Gas yield for raw material No. 4

<td>Hydrogen,% vol.</td><td>19.8</td>

<td>Nitrogen,% vol.</td><td>46.4</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II),% by volume</td><td>24.7</td>

<td>Methane,% vol.</td><td>1.2</td>

<td>Carbon dioxide,% vol.</td><td>8.0</td>

<td>Hydrogen / carbon monoxide (II)</td><td>0.80</td>

<td>kJ / m³</td><td>5931.6</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II) + hydrogen</td><td>44.5</td>

Raw material No. 5

<td></td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 5</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2">68% paper; 32% gum</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>1.35</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>9.11</td><td>9,23</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>77.18</td><td>78.24</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>12.36</td><td>12.53</td>

<td>S</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.23</td>

<td>H</td><td>5.84</td><td>5.92</td>

<td>C</td><td>45.92</td><td>46.55</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>37,55</td><td>38.06</td>

<td>cl</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.22</td>

<td>C / H</td><td>7.9</td><td>7.9</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>21516</td><td>21811</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>19278</td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td></td><td></td>

Gas yield for raw material No. 5

<td>Hydrogen,% vol.</td><td>14.9</td>

<td>Nitrogen,% vol.</td><td>51.6</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II),% by volume</td><td>17.0</td>

<td>Methane,% vol.</td><td>3.4</td>

<td>Carbon dioxide,% vol.</td><td>13.1</td>

<td>Hydrogen / carbon monoxide (II)</td><td>0.88</td>

<td>kJ / m³</td><td>5237.1</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II) + hydrogen</td><td>31.8</td>

Raw material No. 6

<td></td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 6</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>0.06</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>6.12</td><td>6.12</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>68.46</td><td>68.50</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>25,36</td><td>25.38</td>

<td>S</td><td>1.92</td><td>1.92</td>

<td>H</td><td>6.78</td><td>6.78</td>

<td>C</td><td>81.73</td><td>81.78</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.18</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>3.21</td><td>3.21</td>

<td>cl</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>C / H</td><td>12.1</td><td>12.1</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>25.5</td><td>25.5</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>36704</td><td>36725</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>36676</td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td>458.1</td><td></td>

Gas yield for raw material No. 6

<td>Hydrogen,% vol.</td><td>8.65</td>

<td>Nitrogen,% vol.</td><td>68.2</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II),% by volume</td><td>14.5</td>

<td>Methane,% vol.</td><td>0.71</td>

<td>Carbon dioxide,% vol.</td><td>6.9</td>

<td>Hydrogen / carbon monoxide (II)</td><td>0.60</td>

<td>kJ / m³</td><td>3118.6</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II) + hydrogen</td><td>23.2</td>

Raw material No. 7

<td></td><td colspan="2">Raw material No. 7</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2">80% rubber, 20% paper + 13% water</td>

<td></td><td>AR</td><td>MF</td>

<td>Moisture</td><td>13.1</td><td></td>

<td>Ash</td><td>3.84</td><td>4.42</td>

<td>Volatile parts</td><td>61.94</td><td>71.28</td>

<td>Bounded elemental carbon</td><td>21.12</td><td>24.30</td>

<td>S</td><td>1.28</td><td>1.47</td>

<td>H</td><td>5.87</td><td>6.75</td>

<td>C</td><td>75.12</td><td>86.44</td>

<td>N</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td>

<td>ABOUT</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.89</td>

<td>cl</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.09</td>

<td>C / H</td><td>12.8</td><td>12.8</td>

<td>WHAT</td><td>97.6</td><td>97.6</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg)</td><td>33506</td><td>38558</td>

<td>HHV (kJ / kg), calculated</td><td></td><td>38551</td>

<td>Density (kg / m³)</td><td></td><td></td>

Gas yield for raw material No. 7

<td>Hydrogen,% vol.</td><td>28.6</td>

<td>Nitrogen,% vol.</td><td>45.2</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II),% by volume</td><td>15.6</td>

<td>Methane,% vol.</td><td>2.7</td>

<td>Carbon dioxide,% vol.</td><td>7.9</td>

<td>Hydrogen / carbon monoxide (II)</td><td>1.83</td>

<td>kJ / m³</td><td>6475.6</td>

<td>Carbon monoxide (II) + hydrogen</td><td>44.2</td>

Example 1.

<td>Test method number according to ASTM¹</td><td>Parameter</td><td>RECEIVED</td><td>DRIED ON AIR</td><td>ON DRY MASS</td>

<td>D 3302, 5142</td><td>Total moisture content,% by weight</td><td>21.04</td><td>-</td><td>-</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Remaining moisture,% the masses.</td><td>-</td><td>7.04</td><td>-</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Ash,% by mass</td><td>12.91</td><td>15,20</td><td>16.35</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Volatiles,% by weight</td><td>58.81</td><td>69.24</td><td>74.49</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>Bounded elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>7.24</td><td>8.52</td><td>9.16</td>

<td></td><td>Together</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td>

<td>D 4239</td><td>Sulfur,%</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.23</td>

<td>D 5865</td><td>HHV</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td>kJ / kg (gross)</td><td>25330</td><td>29822</td><td>32080</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Hydrogen,% by mass</td><td>4.24</td><td>4.99</td><td>5.37</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>33.84</td><td>39.84</td><td>42.86</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Nitrogen,% by mass</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.31</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>% oxygen with a difference</td><td>27.55</td><td>32,42</td><td>34.88</td>

<td colspan="5">American Society for Testing and Materials [American Society of Research and Materials]</td>

Example 2.

<td>Test method number according to ASTM¹</td><td>Parameter</td><td>RECEIVED</td><td>DRIED ON AIR</td><td>ON DRY MASS</td>

<td>D 3302, 5142</td><td>Total moisture content,% by weight</td><td>13.26</td><td>-</td><td>-</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Remaining moisture,% the masses.</td><td>-</td><td>6.09</td><td>-</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Ash,% by mass</td><td>14.39</td><td>15.58</td><td>16.59</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Volatiles,% by weight</td><td>63.33</td><td>68.57</td><td>73.02</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>Bounded elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>9.02</td><td>9.76</td><td>10.40</td>

<td></td><td>Together</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td>

<td>D 4239</td><td>Sulfur,%</td><td>0.20</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.23</td>

<td>D 5865</td><td>HHV, kJ / kg (gross)</td><td>25970</td><td>28117</td><td>29940</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Hydrogen,% by mass</td><td>5.55</td><td>6.01</td><td>6.40</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>41.68</td><td>45,12</td><td>48.05</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Nitrogen,% by mass</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.24</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>% oxygen with a difference</td><td>24.71</td><td>26.75</td><td>28.49</td>

<td colspan="5">American Society for Testing and Materials [American Society of Research and Materials]</td>

Example 3.

Test method number by

Parameter

RECEIVED

DRIED ON AIR

ON

DRY

<td>ASTM¹</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>MASS</td>

<td>D 3302, 5142</td><td>Total moisture content,% by weight</td><td>15.06</td><td>-</td><td>-</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Remaining moisture,% the masses.</td><td>-</td><td>4.16</td><td>-</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Ash,% by mass</td><td>11.67</td><td>13.17</td><td>13,74</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Volatiles,% by weight</td><td>64.60</td><td>72.89</td><td>76.05</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>Bounded elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>8.67</td><td>9.78</td><td>10.21</td>

<td></td><td>Together</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td>

<td>D 4239</td><td>Sulfur,%</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.11</td>

<td>D 5865</td><td>HHV, kJ / kg (gross)</td><td>14393</td><td>16240</td><td>16945</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Hydrogen,% by mass</td><td>4.93</td><td>5.56</td><td>5.80</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>34,90</td><td>39.38</td><td>41,09</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Nitrogen,% by mass</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.08</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>% oxygen with a difference</td><td>33.28</td><td>37,55</td><td>39.18</td>

<td>D4208</td><td>Chlorine,% by mass</td><td>0.75</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.88</td>

<td colspan="5">¹American Society for Testing and Materials [American Society of Research and Materials]</td>

Example 4.

<td>Test method number according to ASTM¹</td><td>Parameter</td><td>RECEIVED</td><td>DRIED ON AIR</td><td>ON DRY MASS</td>

<td>D 3302, 5142</td><td>Total moisture content,% by weight</td><td>14.99</td><td>-</td><td>-</td>

<td>D5142</td><td>Remaining moisture,% the masses.</td><td>-</td><td>1.88</td><td>-</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Ash,% by mass</td><td>16.48</td><td>19.03</td><td>19.39</td>

<td>D 5142</td><td>Volatiles,% by weight</td><td>62.84</td><td>72.53</td><td>73,92</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>Bounded elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>5.69</td><td>6.56</td><td>6.70</td>

<td></td><td>Together</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td>

<td>D 4239</td><td>Sulfur,%</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.07</td>

<td>D 5865</td><td>HHV, kJ / kg (gross)</td><td>15775</td><td>18208</td><td>18557</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Hydrogen,% by mass</td><td>4.48</td><td>5.17</td><td>5.27</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>31,94</td><td>36.96</td><td>37.57</td>

<td>D 3176</td><td>Nitrogen,% by mass</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.09</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>% oxygen with a difference</td><td>31,97</td><td>36.80</td><td>37.61</td>

<td>D4208</td><td>Chlorine,% by mass</td><td>1.17</td><td>1.35</td><td>1.38</td>

Example 5.

<td>Test method number according to ASTM¹</td><td>Parameter</td><td>RECEIVED</td><td>DRIED ON AIR</td>

<td></td><td>Composition of pills: 80% cellulose / 20% plastic artificial</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>E 949</td><td>Total moisture content, % by mass</td><td>13.26</td><td>-</td>

<td>E 830</td><td>Ash,% by mass</td><td>5.24</td><td>6.04</td>

<td>E 897</td><td>Volatiles,% by weight</td><td>62.97</td><td>72.60</td>

<td>D 3172</td><td>Bounded elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>18.53</td><td>21.36</td>

<td></td><td>Together</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td>

<td>D 4239</td><td>Sulfur,%</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.17</td>

<td>E 711</td><td>HHV, kJ / kg (gross)</td><td>20483</td><td>23614</td>

<td>D 5373</td><td>Hydrogen,% by mass</td><td>6.66</td><td>7.67</td>

<td>D 5373</td><td>Elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>48.4</td><td>55.8</td>

<td>D 5373</td><td>Nitrogen,% by mass</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.18</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>% oxygen with a difference</td><td>26.14</td><td>30.14</td>

<td>D4208</td><td>Chlorine,% by mass</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.07</td>

<td colspan="4">American Society for Testing and Materials [American Society for Research and</td>

materials]

Example 6.

<td>Test method number according to ASTM¹</td><td>Parameter</td><td>RECEIVED</td><td>DRIED ON AIR</td>

<td></td><td>Composition of pills: Plastics No. 2 and 4-7</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>E 949</td><td>Total moisture content,% by weight</td><td>2.1</td><td>-</td>

<td>E 830</td><td>Ash,% by mass</td><td>7.82</td><td>7.98</td>

<td>E 897</td><td>Volatiles,% by weight</td><td>89.32</td><td>91.24</td>

<td>D 3172</td><td>Bounded elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>0.76</td><td>0.78</td>

<td></td><td>Together</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td>

<td>D 4239</td><td>Sulfur,%</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.17</td>

<td>E 711</td><td>HHV, kJ / kg (gross)</td><td>39989</td><td>40845</td>

<td>D 5373</td><td>Hydrogen,% by mass</td><td>13.57</td><td>13.86</td>

<td>D 5373</td><td>Elemental carbon,% the masses.</td><td>78.85</td><td>80.54</td>

<td>D 5373</td><td>Nitrogen,% by mass</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td>

<td>D4208</td><td>Chlorine,% by mass</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.34</td>

<td colspan="4">American Society for Testing and Materials [American Society of Research and Materials]</td>

Example 7.

<td>Test method number according to ASTM¹</td><td>Parameter</td><td>RECEIVED</td><td>DRIED ON AIR</td>

<td></td><td>Composition of pills: Paper</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>E 949</td><td>Total moisture content,% by weight</td><td>5.16</td><td>-</td>

<td>E 830</td><td>Ash,% by mass</td><td>41.79</td><td>44,06</td>

<td>E 897</td><td>Volatiles,% by weight</td><td>48.27</td><td>50.90</td>

<td>D 3172</td><td>Bound coal</td><td>4.78</td><td>5.04</td>

<td></td><td>elemental,% by mass</td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td>Together</td><td>100.00</td><td>100.00</td>

<td>D 4239</td><td>Sulfur,%</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.18</td>

<td>E 711</td><td>HHV, kJ / kg (gross)</td><td>11970</td><td>12621</td>

<td>D 5373</td><td>Hydrogen,% by mass</td><td>3.65</td><td>3.85</td>

<td>D 5373</td><td>Elemental carbon,% the masses.</td><td>30.55</td><td>32.21</td>

<td>D 5373</td><td>Nitrogen,% by mass</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.45</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>% oxygen with a difference</td><td>18.25</td><td>19.25</td>

<td>D4208</td><td>Chlorine,% by mass</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.50</td>

<td colspan="4">¹American Society for Testing and Materials [American Society of Research and Materials]</td>

Example 8.

<td>Test method number according to ASTM¹</td><td>Parameter</td><td>RECEIVED</td><td>DRIED ON AIR</td>

<td></td><td>Composition of pills: 10% cellulose / 90% plastic</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>E 949</td><td>Total moisture content, % by mass</td><td>2.53</td><td>-</td>

<td>E 830</td><td>Ash,% by mass</td><td>12.64</td><td>12.97</td>

<td>E 897</td><td>Volatiles,% by weight</td><td>83.50</td><td>85.67</td>

<td>D 3172</td><td>Bounded elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>1.33</td><td>1.36</td>

<td>D 4239</td><td>Sulfur,%</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.17</td>

<td>E 711</td><td>HHV, kJ / kg (gross)</td><td>36011</td><td>36949</td>

<td>D5373</td><td>Hydrogen,% by mass</td><td>12.16</td><td>12.48</td>

<td>D5373</td><td>Elemental carbon,% by mass</td><td>71,99</td><td>73.86</td>

<td>D5373</td><td>Nitrogen,% by mass</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.07</td>

<td>Calculation</td><td>% oxygen with a difference</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.45</td>

<td>D4208</td><td>Chlorine,% by mass</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.36</td>

¹American Society for Testing and Materials [American Society of Research and Materials]