Animal litter composition containing silica gel and methods therefor

The invention relates to an animal litter composition, a kit and method of making the composition, and more particularly to new animal litter compositions comprising silica gel and absorbent material, and other items related to the litter. The new compositions can be characterized as desiccant and odor absorbing compositions.

Although many absorbents can function as litter for animals, including newsprint, waste paper, corn cob stems pellets, rice husk, peanut husk, sunflower husk, alfalfa, cedar, sawdust, and litter made from other organic plant materials, clay is the most commonly used material for filling a waste bin. Typical clays used are calcium and sodium montmorillonites (including sodium bentonite), attapulgites, kaolins and mixtures of opaque milk clays. All of them absorb animal urine and help to cover the fecal waste and reduce odors.

Two types of clay have been used as litter for the animals. Gelling clays, such as sodium bentonite, form lumps on contact with the urine of the animals and can therefore be scooped away to prevent malodor. These are referred to as clumping litters that have grown in popularity to half of all litter sold. Litter made of non-gelling clays, sometimes referred to as non-caking litter, will absorb urine, but only faecal solids can be scooped up. Non-clumping litter is not long-lasting and is completely replaced with fresh material when the odor becomes too strong. This also applies to litter materials other than clay.

One of the disadvantages of clays and most other animal litter materials is that odors are not effectively controlled by the litter material. The odor from the urine of animal fecal materials contains ammonia as well as many organic sulfur materials. These typically malodorous gases associated with animal waste are not absorbed by the clay litter material, but are adsorbed to the surface. As a result, the debris and rusty gases are released back into the air, giving rise to the questioned malodour problem.

There have been many attempts to reduce litter malodor. In one such trial, fragrances were used to mask bad odors. CJS 4,020,156 to Murray et al. Discloses odor-releasing crystal beads as an animal litter malodor control agent. U.S. Patent No. 4,085,704 to Frazier discloses a substrate impregnated with an odor control agent such as a perfume, fragrance or essential oil for mixing with an absorbent litter material. US 4,085,704 discloses the use of silica gel as one of the possible carriers for an odor control agent, but this material does not disclose or suggest the use of silica gel or any other carrier substance in the absence of an odor control agent or suggest the use of carrier substances. for purposes other than as substrates for the odor control substance. Considering this, while many substances, including litter clay, may contribute, at least in part, to malodor control activity by absorbing malodorous substances, it is likely that prior impregnation of the carrier with malodour control agent will disable the malodour control activity of the carrier. having any significant activity in absorbing malodorous substances from the animal's faeces and urine. Thus, while the use of malodour masking agents may be beneficial, their effectiveness is limited by their action to mask malodour rather than eliminate malodour.

Others have used germicides to inhibit the growth of odor-causing microorganisms. For example, US Patent 4,607,594 discloses the use of a sporicidal quaternary amine in a litter composition. U.S. Patent No. 4,930,443 to Lowe et al. Discloses an animal litter that includes a bacterial and fungal growth inhibitor, polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex, which is dissolved in water and sprayed onto the litter. In addition, many chemicals have also been used to react with odor-causing substances. U.S. Patent No. 4,607,594 to Thaker discloses animal litter using buffering agents such as carbonate, bicarbonate, or hydrogen phosphate. In US patent specification

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5,005,520 to Michael discloses the use of an oxidizing additive such as sodium perborate in animal litter. Similarly, Reddy et al. Disclose the addition of urease-negative bacteria to a clay litter to inhibit the growth of urease-positive bacteria, thereby preventing the formation of ammonia and other odors (US Patent Nos. 5,507,250 and 5,634,4310). However, none of these attempts have been successful in preventing the spread of malodorous substances from animal litter containing animal waste products.

In another series of trials, animal litter was made of substances that have a sorptive effect on malodorous gases. For example, US Patent No. 6,106,738 to Woo et al. Discloses spraying a cyclodextrin solution onto a cat litter to absorb malodour. Similarly, zeolites have been used in cat litter to absorb odor. In the United States, 100% zeolite cat litter is now sold. Alternatively, zeolites can be added to the clay litter for odor control. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,437,429 to Goldstein et al. Discloses the addition of zeolites to animal litter clay to control animal litter malodor. However, zeolites are much more expensive than clay and as a result, zeolite litter is much more expensive than clay litter.

A number of substances have been used in air filtration systems to eliminate odors caused by different types of organic particles. Among these substances, silica gel has been used as a solid adsorbent for removing odors from the air (see, for example, US Patents 4,795,482, 4,604,110, 4,534,775 and 4,517,308). Accordingly, silica gel has been cited as one of the possible odor-absorbing materials for use as an air filter component in a litter box kit for odor removal. US Patent 5,044,325 to Miksitz discloses an animal litter box that includes a litter tray and housing and an exhaust fan coupled to an odor-absorbing filter assembly to deodorize the air before sucking it out of the litter box.

More recently, silica gel has been used as a litter box filler (see US Patent 5,970,915). The silica gel used was a macroporous silica gel reported to be effective in eliminating odors in addition to absorbing moisture from the urine. A significant problem with using silica gel as animal litter is that silica gel is much more expensive than clay litter box fillers. Although 100% silica gel has been used as a mulch to absorb odor, silica gel has not been used as an ingredient in a clay litter composition as it has not yet been found that silica gel can serve as an effective odor control agent when mixed with clay mulch. Thus, there is still an ongoing need for new animal litter compositions that control odor and additionally absorb liquid animal waste materials.

Accordingly, the inventors have found that silica gel can be combined with an absorbent material, preferably clay, in animal litter compositions. Surprisingly, the animal litter composition containing silica gel is effective in controlling odor.

One object of the invention is an animal litter composition comprising an absorbent material and a silica gel, wherein the silica gel is present in an amount from about 5% (w / w) and the silica gel particles have an average pore diameter of from about 8 nm to about 10 nm. .

Preferably, this composition comprises up to about 50% (w / w) silica gel and the absorbent material is clay. Preferably, the absorbent material is selected from the group consisting of smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque milky clay, and combinations thereof, and the clay is calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite, the composition comprises from about 50% to about 95% (w / w) clay, the composition comprises clay particles and silica gel particles, the clay particles are of average size and shape sufficiently similar to the average size and shape of the silica gel particles to prevent separation of the clay particles and silica gel particles, the average size of the clay particles is no more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel; at least 90% (w / w) of the clay comprises clay particles having a diameter of about 3.4 mm to about 0.6 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel comprises silica gel particles having a diameter of about 5 mm to about 1 mm. The composition is in the form of a mixture of an absorbent material and silica gel;

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The composition additionally comprises an odor masking agent; preferably the odor masking agent is a perfume, fragrance or fragrance oil.

The invention further provides a kit comprising silica gel and instructions for adding silica gel to an animal litter composition from about 5% (w / w) packaged in a container wherein the silica gel comprises silica gel particles having an average pore diameter of from about 8 nm to about 10 nm. Preferably, the kit includes instructions for adding silica gel to an animal litter composition up to about 50% (w / w) silica gel, the kit includes instructions for adding silica gel to an animal litter composition containing clay; the kit contains silica gel, absorbent material and instructions for mixing the silica gel with the absorbent material; the clay is selected from the group consisting of smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque clay and their combinations, the clay is calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite, the kit includes instructions for mixing silica gel with about 50% to about 95% (w / w) clay, preferably the kit comprises clay particles and silica gel particles wherein the clay particles are of average size and shape sufficiently similar to the average size and shape of the silica gel particles to prevent separation of the clay particles and silica gel particles after mixing and further handling of the mixture, the average clay particle size is Not more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel; at least 90% (w / w) of the clay comprises clay particles having a diameter of about 3.4 mm to about 0.6 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel comprises silica gel particles having a diameter of about 5 mm to about 1 mm.

The kit additionally includes an odor masking agent; the odor masking agent is a perfume, fragrance or fragrance oil.

Another object of the invention is a method of making an odor-controlling animal litter composition comprising combining an absorbent material and from about 5% (w / w) silica gel, wherein the silica gel comprises particles with an average pore diameter from about 8 nm to about 10 nm. Preferably the method comprises combining an absorbent material and up to about 50% (w / w) silica gel, the absorbent material is clay, the clay is selected from the group consisting of smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque clay and combinations thereof, preferably the clay is calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite, preferably the method comprises combining from about 50% to about 95% (w / w) clay with silica gel, the method comprises combining silica gel particles and clay particles, wherein the silica gel particles are of average size and shape sufficiently similar to the average size and shape of the clay particles to prevent separation of the clay particles and the silica gel particles; the average particle size of the clay is not more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel; at least 90% (w / w) of the clay comprises clay particles having a diameter of about 3.4 mm to about 0.6 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel comprises silica gel particles having a diameter of about 5 mm to about 1 mm. The method further comprises adding an odor masking agent; preferably the odor masking agent is a perfume, fragrance or fragrance oil.

Silica gel is included in the composition in an amount effective to control malodor in the composition. By malodor control is meant that the amount of detected malodorous substances rising from the litter after the animal uses the litter is reduced. Preferably the gel is Type C silica gel. Silica gel is present in the composition in an amount, preferably from about 5% to about 50% (w / w). By the term "in the abovementioned context of the present invention, it is meant that the amount of a component in the composition is calculated as the ratio by weight of that component divided by the total weight of the composition multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentage." The term "about as used in the invention is intended to indicate a range of sizes 10% greater than and less than the indicated value." Thus, about 5% is intended to encompass values ​​ranging from 4.5% to 5.5%.

Preferably, the silica gel is in the form of particles. The silica gel particles have an average pore diameter preferably from about 8 nm to about 10 nm.

The absorbent material in the animal litter composition is preferably clay. The clay used in the invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque milk clay and mixtures thereof. The smectite is preferably calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite. The amount of clay in the animal litter composition is preferably from about 50% to about 95% (w / w). Both the silica gel animal litter component and the clays are in the form of particles of average size and shape such as

After preparation and handling, no separation occurs, ie, that clay particles of higher density do not tend to settle to the bottom of the composition and / or silica gel particles of lower density do not tend to migrate to the top of the composition. Thus, the clay particles preferably have average particle size and a shape sufficiently similar to the average size and shape of the silica gel particles to prevent separation of the silica gel particles and the clay particles. Preferably, the average particle size of the clay is no more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel. Preferably, at least 90% (w / w) of the clay is clay particles having a diameter of from about 0.6 mm to about 3.4 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel particles are silica gel particles with a diameter of from about 1 mm to about 1 mm. about 5 mm.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the composition may further contain an odor masking agent which is preferably a perfume, a fragrance or an essential oil. The odor masking agent may be incorporated into a carrier, which may be silica gel, however, when an odor masking agent is included and silica gel is used as the carrier, at least a portion of the silica gel component does not contain an odor masking agent adsorbed and performs the function of odor control agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a granular composition. The composition includes clay and silica gel. The silica gel is not impregnated with an odor masking agent. As a result, the silica gel can function as an odor control agent. The silica gel is preferably type C silica gel, and the composition preferably comprises from about 5% to about 50% (w / w) silica gel. The silica gel is preferably in the form of particles with an average pore diameter from about 8 nm to about 10 nm.

Preferably, the absorbent material is clay, which may be, but is not limited to, smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque clay, or mixtures thereof. The smectite is preferably calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite. The composition preferably comprises from about 50% to about 95% (w / w) clay. Both the silica gel animal litter component and the clays are in the form of particles. The clay particles are of average size and shape sufficiently similar to the average dimensions and shape of the silica gel that separation of silica gel particles and clay particles does not occur. Preferably, the average particle size of the clay is no more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel. Preferably, at least 90% (w / w) of the clay is clay particles having a diameter of from about 0.6 mm to about 3.4 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel particles are silica gel particles with a diameter of from about 1 mm to about 5 mm.

In some embodiments, the composition may further include an odor masking agent which is preferably a perfume, a fragrance, or an essential oil. The odor masking agent may be incorporated into a carrier, which may be silica gel, however, when an odor masking agent is included and silica gel is used as the carrier, at least a portion of the silica gel component does not contain an odor masking agent adsorbed and performs the function of odor control agent.

Another embodiment of the present invention includes an animal litter composition that includes an absorbent material and silica gel. Silica gel is included in the composition in an amount selected to control malodour. The guideline for selecting the silica gel to have malodor control functions is intended to mean that the gel is incorporated into the composition on the basis of its malodour control effect. Such selection may, in whole or in part, include determining that the silica gel in the composition has an odor control effect.

The silica gel is preferably Type C silica gel, and the composition preferably comprises from about 5% to about 50% w / w silica gel. The silica gel is preferably in the form of particles with an average pore diameter from about 8 nm to about 10 nm.

Preferably, the absorbent material is clay, which may be, but is not limited to, smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque milky clay, or mixtures thereof. The smectite is preferably calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite. The composition preferably comprises from about 50% to about 95% (w / w) clay. Both the silica gel animal litter component and the clays are in the form of particles. The clay particles are of average size and shape sufficiently similar to the average size and shape of the silica gel to

There was no separation of silica gel particles and clay particles. Preferably, the average particle size of the clay is no more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel. Preferably, at least 90% (w / w) of the clay is clay particles having a diameter from about 0.6 mm to about 3.4 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel particles are silica gel particles with a diameter of from about 1 mm to about 3.4 mm. about 5 mm.

In some forms of this embodiment, the composition may further contain an odor masking agent which is preferably a perfume, a fragrance or an essential oil. The odor masking agent may be incorporated into a carrier, which may be silica gel, however, when an odor masking agent is included and silica gel is used as the carrier, at least some of the silica gel component does not contain an odor masking agent adsorbed and performs the function of odor control agent. Alternatively, all of the silica gel present in the composition may be partially impregnated with an odor masking agent, however, silica gel always has an odor control agent effect in addition to the function of a carrier for the odor masking agent. Moreover, in all embodiments of the present invention, the silica gel is selected, wholly or in part, based on the silica gel having an odor control effect, whether or not it also serves the additional function of acting as a carrier for the malodour masking substance.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to a kit. The kit includes silica gel and instructions for adding silica gel to the animal litter composition in an amount effective to control malodor in the composition. The components of the set are packed in a container. The instruction may be in the form of a manual, an accompanying brochure or insert for a product, an instruction printed on the packaging container, or any written instruction included with the silica gel component in the kit. The silica gel is preferably type C silica gel, preferably in the form of particles with an average pore diameter from about 8 nm to about 10 nm. The instructions state that silica gel must be added to the animal litter composition. The amount of silica gel that needs to be added according to the instructions should be from about 5% to about 50% (w / w) silica gel. Preferably, the instructions recommend adding silica gel to the clay animal litter composition. In an alternative embodiment, the kit includes silica gel, an absorbent material, and instructions for mixing the silica gel with the absorbent material. Preferably the clay is selected from the group consisting of smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque milk clay or a mixture thereof. The smectite is preferably calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite. Preferably, the instructions state that the silica gel should be added in an amount such that the clay is from about 50% to about 95% (w / w). In some embodiments, both the silica gel and the clay are in the form of particles of similar average size and shape. Preferably, the average particle size of the clay is no more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel. Preferably, at least 90% (w / w) of the clay is clay particles having a diameter of from about 0.6 mm to about 3.4 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel particles are silica gel particles with a diameter of from about 1 mm to about 5 mm.

The kit may additionally contain an odor masking agent which is preferably a perfume, a fragrance or an essential oil.

An embodiment of the invention makes it possible to control malodor in the animal bedding. The method of controlling includes adding silica gel to the animal litter composition. The silica gel is preferably Type C silica gel, and the composition comprises about 5% to about 50% (w / w) silica gel. The silica gel is preferably in the form of particles with an average pore diameter from about 8 nm to about 10 nm.

Preferably, the absorbent material is clay, which may be, but is not limited to, smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque milky clay, or mixtures thereof. The smectite is preferably calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite. The composition comprises from about 50% to about 95% (w / w) clay. Both the silica gel animal litter component and the clays are in the form of particles. The clay particles are of average size and shape sufficiently similar to the average dimensions and shape of the silica gel that separation of silica gel particles and clay particles does not occur. Preferably, the average particle size of the clay is no more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel. Preferably, at least 90% (w / w) of the clay comprises clay particles having a diameter of from about 0.6 mm

Up to about 3.4 mm and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel particles comprises silica gel particles having a diameter of from about 1 mm to about 5 mm.

In some embodiments, the method may include adding an odor masking agent which is preferably a perfume, a fragrance, or an essential oil. The odor masking agent may be incorporated into a carrier, which may be silica gel, however, when an odor masking agent is included and silica gel is used as the carrier, at least a portion of the silica gel component does not contain an odor masking agent adsorbed and performs the function of odor control agent.

The present invention makes it possible to control malodor in animal litter. The controlling method comprises selecting a silica gel based odor control silica gel and adding the silica gel to an animal litter containing an absorbent material. Selecting the silica gel based on its odor control effect may, in whole or in part, include determining that the silica gel in the composition exerts an odor control effect.

The silica gel is preferably Type C silica gel, and the composition preferably comprises from about 5% to about 50% (w / w) silica gel. The silica gel is preferably in the form of particles with an average pore diameter from about 8 nm to about 10 nm.

Preferably, the absorbent material is clay, which may be, but is not limited to, smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque clay, or mixtures thereof. The smectite is preferably calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite. The animal litter composition comprises from about 50% to about 95% (w / w) clay. Both the silica gel animal litter component and the clays are in the form of particles. The clay particles are of average size and shape sufficiently similar to the average dimensions and shape of the silica gel that separation of silica gel particles and clay particles does not occur. Preferably, the average particle size of the clay is no more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel. Preferably, at least 90% (w / w) of the clay is clay particles having a diameter of from about 0.6 mm to about 3.4 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel particles are silica gel particles with a diameter of from about 1 mm to about 1 mm. about 5 mm.

The method may include adding an odor masking agent which is preferably a perfume, fragrance or essential oil. The odor masking agent may be incorporated into a carrier, which may be silica gel, however, when an odor masking agent is included and silica gel is used as the carrier, at least some of the silica gel component does not contain an odor masking agent adsorbed and performs the function of odor control agent. Alternatively, all of the silica gel present in the composition may be partially impregnated with an odor masking agent, however, silica gel always has an odor control agent effect in addition to the function of a carrier for the odor masking agent. Moreover, in all embodiments of the present invention, the silica gel is selected wholly or in part based on the silica gel having an odor control effect, whether or not it also has the additional function of acting as a carrier for the odor-masking substance.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of making an animal litter composition exhibiting malodor control. The method includes combining an absorbent material and an amount of odor control effective silica gel. The silica gel is preferably Type C silica gel, and the composition preferably comprises from about 5% to about 50% (w / w) silica gel. The silica gel is preferably in the form of particles with an average pore diameter from about 8 nm to about 10 nm.

Preferably, the absorbent material is clay, which may be smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque clay, or mixtures thereof. The composition comprises from about 50% to about 95% (w / w) clay. Both the silica gel animal litter component and the clays are in the form of particles. The clay particles are of average size and shape sufficiently similar to the average dimensions and shape of the silica gel that separation of silica gel particles and clay particles does not occur. Preferably, the average particle size of the clay is no more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel. Preferably, at least 90% (w / w) of the clay is clay particles having a diameter of from about 0.6 mm to about 3.4 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel particles are silica gel particles with a diameter of from about 1 mm to about 5 mm.

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In some embodiments, the method may include adding an odor masking agent, which is preferably a perfume, a fragrance, or an essential oil. The odor masking agent may be incorporated into a carrier, which may be silica gel, however, when an odor masking agent is included and silica gel is used as the carrier, at least a portion of the silica gel component does not contain an odor masking agent adsorbed and performs the function of odor control agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a method of producing an odor control animal litter composition. The method includes selecting a silica gel based odor control silica gel and adding the silica gel to an animal litter containing an absorbent material. Selecting the silica gel based on its odor control effect may, in whole or in part, include determining that the silica gel in the composition exerts an odor control effect.

The silica gel is preferably Type C silica gel, and the composition preferably comprises from about 5% to about 50% (w / w) silica gel. The silica gel is preferably in the form of particles with an average pore diameter from about 8 nm to about 10 nm.

Preferably, the absorbent material is clay, which may be, but is not limited to, smectite, attapulgite, kaolin, opaque clay, or mixtures thereof. The smectite is preferably calcium montmorillonite or sodium bentonite. The composition comprises from about 50% to about 95% (w / w) clay. Both the silica gel animal litter component and the clays are in the form of particles. The clay particles are of average size and shape sufficiently similar to the average dimensions and shape of the silica gel that separation of silica gel particles and clay particles does not occur. Preferably, the average particle size of the clay is no more than 10% greater or less than the average particle size of the silica gel. Preferably, at least 90% (w / w) of the clay is clay particles having a diameter of from about 0.6 mm to about 3.4 mm, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel particles are silica gel particles with a diameter of from about 1 mm to about 5 mm.

In some embodiments, the method may include adding an odor masking agent, which is preferably a perfume, a fragrance, or an essential oil. The odor masking agent may be incorporated into a carrier, which may be silica gel, however, when an odor masking agent is included and silica gel is used as the carrier, at least some of the silica gel component does not contain an odor masking agent adsorbed and performs the function of odor control agent. Alternatively, all of the silica gel present in the composition may be partially impregnated with an odor masking agent, however, silica gel always has an odor control agent effect in addition to the function of a carrier for the odor masking agent. Moreover, in all of the embodiments of the present invention, the silica gel is selected, wholly or in part, based on the silica gel having an odor control effect, whether or not it also serves the additional function of acting as a carrier for the odor masking material.

Among the various advantages achieved by the present invention, however, it should be noted the provision of an animal litter composition and a granular composition which comprises a silica gel component to control odor; providing a clay-based animal litter composition that can be used over an extended period of time by having a silica gel component to control odor; providing an animal litter composition that exerts an odor control effect at a lower cost than 100% silica gel litter; providing the odor control benefits of silica gel and a water-absorbing effect and acting as a clay pad in the animal litter composition; providing a kit for the preparation of an animal litter composition exhibiting an odor-controlling effect; and providing a method of making and a method of applying such compositions to an animal litter.

The present invention is based on the finding that silica gel can be incorporated into an animal litter composition containing an absorbent material, such as clay, for effective odor control during use of the composition. The silica gel component may be any of a variety of adsorbable silica gels

Organic materials typically found in animal litter after it has been used by the animal. Such organic materials include organic sulfur-containing materials.

Silica gels can be classified in terms of pore size as Type A, Type B, Type C, or large pore silica gels. The average pore size ranges from about 18 to about 120 angstroms (1.8 to 12 nm) according to the type of silica gel. Preferably, the silica gel used in the invention is type B, C macroporous silica gel or large pore silica gel. Type A silica gel tends to have too small pores and is less recommended. Most preferably, the silica gel is Type C silica gel having an average pore diameter ranging from about 80 to about 100 angstroms, i.e. about 8 to 10 nm.

The silica gel consists of particles, preferably either in the form of rounded spheres or irregularly shaped granules. Among the various batches of silica gel used in the present invention, the silica gel particles may have average particle diameters of preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 mm and more preferably from about 1 to about 5 mm. It is preferred that, in silica gel batches, at least 80% of the particles are from about 1 to 5 mm in diameter, more preferably at least 90% of the particles are from about 1 mm to about 5 mm in diameter, and most preferably at least 95% of the particles are from about 1 mm to about 5 mm.

The amount of silica gel in the composition is preferably about 1% (w / w), more preferably about 2.5% (w / w), more preferably about 5% (w / w), more preferably about 10% (w / w) , more preferably about 15% (w / w), more preferably about 20% (w / w), more preferably about 25% (w / w), more preferably about 30% (w / w), more preferably about 40% (w / w), more preferably about 50% (w / w), more preferably about 60% (w / w), more preferably about 70% (w / w), or greater.

The silica gel component of the composition provides malodor control to the composition such that when the compositions are used as animal litter, the amount of detectable odorous volatilized from the composition is reduced. Without wishing to be bound by any theory of mechanism of action, it is believed that the malodour control effect of the silica gel is due to the adsorption of malodor on the pore surface of the silica gel. This adsorption may also be related to the decomposition of malodorous substances. Nevertheless, irrespective of the specific mechanism of action, the silica gel used in the invention serves to control malodor in the composition during use by an animal, i.e., the silica gel reduces odorous substances that evaporate from the composition after its use by the animal.

In some embodiments, the silica gel component of the composition is selected based on malodor control silica gel. Such selection includes, in whole or in part, the determination that the silica gel component of the composition exerts an odor control effect. This may include investigating the reduction of malodor that evaporates from the composition, or may involve no more than recognizing that the silica gel component is acting as an odor-controlling agent.

Testing for its function as an odor controlling substance may be carried out by any known method. For example, any hedonic research system such as the use of a nine-point pleasure scale may be used. Typically such testing methods involve the use of a panel of individuals, preferably trained individuals, who assess the organoleptic malodor quality of a particular composition on a standard scale (see, for example, Stone and Sidel, in Sensory Evaluation Practices, Academic Press, Orlando, 1985, pp. 58). -86, 227-252). Collective ratings obtained from the panel indicate whether the composition malodor is contested and compared with a control composition containing no silica gel, which can show whether the silica gel malodour is reduced.

The compositions of the present invention also contain an absorbent material. The absorbent material is used to absorb the liquid components of animal waste. By comparison, animal litter compositions containing only silica gel and no other absorbent material may become saturated with animal urine causing fluid and malodor to accumulate in this area of ​​the litter material. In contrast, the litter material used in the invention is a mixture of silica gel and an absorbent material. The clay or other absorbent material component serves as an effective wipe for moisture to avoid build-up of fluid.

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Many absorbent materials are known in the art. Among the absorbent materials that can be used, clay is the most popular material, and clay is the preferred absorbent material used in the invention. However, a wide variety of other absorbent materials may be used, including newsprint, waste paper, corn cob stalk pellets, rice hulls, peanut hulls, sunflower hulls, alfalfa, cedar, sawdust, and mulch made from other organic plant materials, but not limited to only to them.

A variety of clays can be used as the absorbent material in the compositions of the present invention. Typical clays used are smectites (including calcium montmorillonites and sodium bentonite), attapulgites, kaolins, and mixtures of opaque clays.

Smectite clays are hydrated magnesium-aluminum-silicates in the form of potassium or sodium salts. The term "montmorillonite is used herein for calcium smectite clays, i.e. calcium montmorinite clays, and the term" bentonite is used herein to refer to sodium smectite clays, i.e. sodium bentonite clays. Both calcium montmorillonite and sodium bentonite clays are commonly used as litter for animals. Calcium montmorillonite is an acid-activated clay. Such acid activation can increase the surface area and increase the absorption properties of calcium montmorillonite. Sodium bentonite, also known as Wyoming bentonite or western bentonite, tends to be less absorbent than calcium montmorillonite. Sodium bentonite and to a lesser extent calcium montmorillonite both swell upon absorption of water to form gel-like masses. Agglomeration of sodium bentonite and moisture from animal waste produces discrete lumps that can be easily separated from the composition.

Attapulgite clay, which is a hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate, is also typically used as litter for animals. Kaolin or china clay and mixtures of milk opaque sediment clays can also be used in the animal litter compositions. Kaolin is a hydrated aluminum silicate from the group of kaolinite minerals. Opaque clay contains a greater amount of silicon dioxide than bentonite and provides greater porosity and higher absorption capacity.

The clay component of the present composition is preferably about 30% (w / w), more preferably about 40% (w / w), more preferably about 50% (w / w), more preferably about 60% (w / w). (w / w), more preferably about 70% (w / w), more preferably about 75% (w / w), more preferably about 80% (w / w), more preferably about 85% (w / w), more preferably about 90% (w / w), more preferably about 95% (w / w) or greater.

Both the silica gel component and the clays are included in the composition in the form of particles. Typically, the composition of the present invention may use granular calcium montmorinite clay particles with an average diameter size of from about 0.2 mm to about 10 mm, more preferably from about 0.5 to about 5 mm, and more preferably from about 1 mm to about 2. 5 mm and similar sized silica gel particles. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, both the silica gel and the clay components are in the form of particles of similar average size to avoid settling and separation of the clay particles from the silica gel particles.

The clay particles tend to be denser than the silica gel particles. E.g,₃ typical silica gel has a free bulk density of 320-480.5 kg / m3³ (20-30 lb / ft₃ wall), while typical clays for animal litter have a bulk density of 480.5-1121 kg / m³ (30-70 lb / cubic foot). For example, Georgia and Southeast attapulgite clays₃ have a bulk density of 480.5-608.7 kg / m³ (30-38 lb / cubic foot), montmorillonite wap₃ the bulk density of 672.7-833 kg / m3 is made of calcium or calcium smectite³ (42-52 lb / ft. Cubic₃ na) and sodium bentonite has a density of 993-1121 kg / m3³ (62-70 lb / cubic foot).

Due to the difference in densities of the silica gel particles and the clay, the mixture tends to separate into separate components during preparation and handling, i.e. the clay particles may settle at the bottom and the silica gel particles may tend to settle at the top of the mixture.

It is believed that this separation can be reduced by selecting similarly sized clay particles and silica gel particles. Thus, it is preferred that both the silica gel and the clay components are present in the animal litter composition as particles of similar average size in order to reduce any separation due to density differences between the silica gel and the clay. This can be achieved in the invention by selecting silica gel and clay whose average clay particle size is not more than 20% greater or less than the average silica gel particle size, more preferably the average clay particle size is not more than 15% greater or less than the average particle size of silica gel, more preferably, the average clay particle size is no more than 10% greater or less than the average silica gel particle size, and even more preferably, the average clay particle size is no more than 5% greater or less than the average silica gel particle size.

The selection of similarly sized silica gel and clay particles can also be made by selecting silica gel and clay components that have particle size ranges overlapping each other. Preferably at least 90% (w / w) of the clay comprises clay particles with a diameter in the range that covers the range of particle diameters which includes 90% (w / w) of the silica gel. In one preferred embodiment, at least 90% (w / w) of the clay comprises clay particles ranging from about 0.6 mm to about 3.4 mm in diameter, and at least 90% (w / w) of the silica gel comprises particles ranging from about 1 mm in diameter. mm to about 5 mm.

The shape is also believed to contribute to the fact that the granular or irregularly shaped silica gel particles tend to blend more easily with the irregularly shaped particles. It was observed that the spherical grained silica gel did not mix well or did not mix with the granular clay particles. There are even small differences observed for granular products where the clay particles are made flatter in the granulation process and which are more difficult to blend with the more bulky silica gel particles. For example, treated California clay such as monterey hulls have more rounded or bulky granules and appear to be more easily blended with similarly shaped silica gel granules than flatter clay granules such as Missouri calcium montmorillonite.

In another aspect of the present invention, the composition may further comprise an odor masking agent in several embodiments. By odor-masking agent is meant that the agent acts to reduce malodour perception without having to alter the amount of odor-causing substances released from the animal litter after use. Any of a wide variety of perfumes, fragrances, and essential oils may be used as the sequestering agent, including, but not limited to: heliotropin, lemongrass oil, 1,8-cineol, terpineol, listea cubea oil, citronella oil, cedarwood oil, ginger oil, eucalyptus oil, orange oil, andran, benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, camphor oil, cedrol, carvone, cedron, cedryl acetate, cederyl methyl ether, cineol, coumarin, diphenylide, ethyl butyrate, jasmine sambac chine concrete, linalool, methyl benzoate, musk ambrette, jinghai musk, musk ketone, xylene musk, phenyl ethyl alcohol, raspberry ketone, roselin, spearmint oil, borneol, sandenol, vanillin, wintergreen oil, and combinations thereof. The odor masking agent may also be any of a number of organic substances exhibiting the desired organoleptic odor properties. Such organic substances include alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, ethers, phenols, lactones, carboxylic acids, nitriles, and the like. Common chemicals in some floral scent notes include 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, 2-phenyl-nitroethane, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, 4-keto-3-lonone, 4-terpineol, 5-dimethyl-2-ethylpyrazine, a-caryophyllene , α-elemene, a-farnesene, a-terpineol, anise aldehyde, anise acetate, β-damascenone, β-ionone, β-pinene, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, hydrocarbons C₁₅, karyophyllene, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, cis-3-hexenyl butyrate, cis-jasmon, cis / trans-ocymene, citronellol, cyclocitral, δ-dodecalactone, ό ^ όΓΟ-β-ΐοποΙ, ddro ^ -ionone ethyl jasmonate, eugenol, geraniol, geranylacetone, heptadecadiene, hexyl acetate, indole, jasmine lactone, lilac alcohols, lilac aldehydes, limonene, linalool, linalool oxides, methyl-5-heptene-2-1, methyl anthranilate, methyl benzoate , n-hoxanol, n-pentadecane, nerol-geraniol, nerolidol, p-dimethoxybenzene, phenylethyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, t-terpinene, trans β-ocymene, pinene, terpineol, and combinations thereof.

The odor masking agent may be encapsulated, such as encapsulated perfume powders, or incorporated into a carrier system, many of which are known in the art (see, for example, US Patent Nos. 4,085,704, 4,898,727, 4,561,997, 5,240,699, 5,035,886 and 5,336,665). In some embodiments, silica gel may be used as a carrier. However, in those embodiments where silica gel is used as a carrier for

As an odor masking agent, the composition comprises at least a portion of the silica gel on which the odor masking agent adsorbed has not been depleted so that the silica gel can function as an odor control agent. Alternatively, in another embodiment, the silica gel may be only partially impregnated with an odor masking agent such that the silica gel may further function as an odor control agent. This is the case when at least some of the absorption sites in the silica gel particles remain free to absorb malodor from the animal waste material and allow the silica gel to function as an odor control agent.

Other additional ingredients may also be added to the animal litter composition, including dust control agents, antibacterial agents, coloring agents, guar gum, and the like.

The present invention also includes a kit suitable for the preparation of an animal litter composition. The kit includes a quantity of silica gel with instructions for adding the silica gel to an absorbent material, preferably to a clay absorbent material. The kit may also contain silica gel and clay litter material in separate containers with instructions for adding the silica gel to the absorbent litter material. The instruction may be in the form of a manual, product brochure or insert, instructions written on the package container, or in any media form for conveying such instruction, preferably in written form.

The present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the compositions of the present invention. Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention includes a method of controlling odor in animal litter. The method includes adding silica gel to an animal litter comprising an absorbent material, preferably clay. The silica gel is added in an amount effective to control odor. In an alternative embodiment, the method may include selecting a silica gel based on malodor control silica gels and adding the silica gel to an animal litter comprising an absorbent material. The selection of the silica gel based on its malodour control effect is, in whole or in part, determined that the silica gel in the composition exerts an malodour control effect.

The present invention also includes a method of making an animal litter composition with odor control. The method includes combining an absorbent material and an amount of silica gel that is effective to control malodour. In an alternative embodiment, the method may include selecting a silica gel based on malodor control silica gels and adding the silica gel to an animal litter comprising an absorbent material. The selection of the silica gel based on its malodor control effect may be wholly or partially determined that the silica gel in the composition exerts an odor control effect.

The invention provides new compositions and methods based on the discovery that silica gel can be combined with an absorbent material, preferably clay, to form an animal litter composition. Silica gel acts to control odors and clay is used to absorb liquids and act as a pad for the fluid keeping it away from the silica gel. Thus, the composition not only absorbs the liquid waste material excreted by the animals but is also effective in controlling odor. In some embodiments, clumping clay is used so that waste animal materials are agglomerated and facilitate removal. The invention also relates to compositions suitable for use as animal litter, and to methods of making and using the animal litter compositions.

Preferred embodiments are described in the following examples. Other embodiments falling within the scope of the claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the consideration of the description and the following examples, or from the practice of the invention as disclosed herein.

The general test procedures used in the examples are as follows:

Environment study

The sensory lab is maintained at 239 ° C (75 ° F) and with positive pressure ventilation to keep the environment odor-free. The laboratory includes booths for sensory odor testing. The exhaust fan in each booth removes any unpleasant odors that may be released from each sample being compared.

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All materials in the laboratory, including counters, partitions, walls, etc., are odorless.

The test area is kept quiet and not distracting. In order to reduce the noise coming from the environment, insulating carpet tiles are used.

The booths allow panelists to compare samples without interfering with each other. Panelists go from booth to booth to compare samples. Chairs are not used and a waiting room is used as a buffer between booths and the corridor.

Panelists:

Twelve to eighteen selected and trained panelists were used in each study. Panelists were selected for their ability to recognize odor reduction or to recognize odor. Panellists were trained to evaluate property as suggested in the Guidelines for the Selection Training of Sensory Panel Members, according to ASTM Publication No. 758.

Samples:

One-off manual processing: If samples are handled, one rectangular box (3.8 cm wide x 30.5 cm long and 8.9 cm deep) is prepared and processed (1.5 wide x 12 long and 3.5 deep) . The litter sample is thoroughly mixed to ensure uniformity of the samples in each box. Each box is placed in a volume equivalent to 2.0 kg (4.5 lb. litter volume). Eight 20 g pieces of faeces are placed on top of each litter. One hundred and sixty milliliters of female urine is poured onto each of the fecal pieces, moistening the litter as well as possible. A further volume of 0.23 kg (0.5 lb. litter) is used to cover the faeces and the litter that has been moistened. Boxes are left uncovered for 5 days. No further waste is added to the box. On the sixth day, the litter of fecal material and lumps of urine (if possible) are cleaned.

The day before the sensory examination, the following operations are performed:

a) The litter is thoroughly mixed to ensure a homogeneous mixture in each box.

(b) If a duplicate test was performed, the samples shall be combined into a single sample.

c) The litter is passed through the funnel, recombined, re-passed through the funnel and recombined.

d) The combined samples are divided into three or four samples of equal volume using a separating funnel.

e) Each of the distributed specimens is placed in a urine cup. If so dictated by the purpose of the test, another container can be used.

f) Each sample is covered with a lid.

(g) Sample containers are identified with a three-letter code.

h) The samples are placed in the test sleeves in numerical order the day before testing.

Test procedure

Whenever possible, a balanced block pattern of tests is used. Where possible, replicants are used for each of the variables. Panelists evaluate the odor intensity for each sample. Fecal / urine odors, ammonia and / or odors are generally assessed. A 6-inch line scale is used, with "weak" and "strong" labeled specifically.

Panelists are instructed to follow the sniffing procedure:

(1) 2-3 quick breaths (2) closed mouth when sniffing (3) putting a lid on immediately after sniffing (4) nose cleared by smelling ground coffee, if necessary.

The panellists compared the samples in the order they had listed on their score sheet. Panelists were informed to take a 5-minute break between tests or after every 10-12 samples. The panelists most often used descriptive analysis.

However, as dictated by the purpose of the test, ranking tests could also be used. Ranking tests were given as individual ranking results or as a ranking sum. In all methods, standard sensory procedures were used to ensure reliable and valid data.

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Data analysis

Variance, order, difference-from-mean analysis and Duncan's multiple comparative test could be used to analyze the data (for an overview of test and analysis systems, see the ASTM Manual Series MNL 26 manual update STP 434, 1966).

Example 1

This example shows the control odor effect of silica gel at 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% in a mixture with calcium montmorillonite clay in a litter obtained from Bloomfield Missouri.

Two different types of silica gel were compared: 6-12 mesh drainage type silica gel obtained from Fisher Scientific Co (St. Louis, Missouri) and Litter Pearls (Harvest Ventures, Inc., St. Bonifacius, Minnesota). The clay component for the litter composition was commercially available litter clay from Bloomfield. Litter compositions were prepared in 2.3 kg (5 lb) batches each mixed by tumbling.

The silica gel ingredients in the amounts of 22.7, 113.4, 226.8 and 453.6 g were combined with 2.2, 2.15, 2.0 and 1.8 kg, respectively (4.95, 4.75 and 4 pounds) of Bloomfield clay litter to make 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% samples.

Fifty grams of each formulation and the control samples consisting of 100% silica gel and Bloomfield clay litter were placed in plastic sample cups. To each of the 100% gel samples and control litter 10 ml of cat urine was added and the sample was left for 24 hours. Then four trained panelists compared the scents.

The results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

<td>% silica gel</td><td colspan="4">Row data</td><td>Rating</td><td>Medium intensity</td>

<td>LITTER PEARLS</td><td colspan="4"></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 7,</td><td> 6,</td><td> 5,</td><td> 4</td><td> 4-7</td><td> 5,5</td>

<td> 1%</td><td> 8,</td><td> 6,</td><td> 6,</td><td> 4</td><td> 4-8</td><td> 5,5</td>

<td> 5%</td><td> 5,</td><td> 5,</td><td> 5,</td><td> 3</td><td> 3-5</td><td> 4,5</td>

<td> 10%</td><td> 3,</td><td> 4,</td><td> 4,</td><td> 3</td><td> 3-4</td><td> 3,5</td>

<td> 20%</td><td> 4,</td><td> 2,</td><td> 3,</td><td> 2</td><td> 2-4</td><td> 2,8</td>

<td> 100%</td><td> 2,</td><td> 2,</td><td> 1,</td><td> 1</td><td> 1-2</td><td> 1,5</td>

<td>Drying silica gel</td><td colspan="4"></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 6,</td><td> 3,</td><td> 9,</td><td> 3</td><td> 3-9</td><td> 5,3</td>

<td> 1%</td><td> 5,</td><td> 5</td><td> 7,</td><td> 4</td><td> 4-7</td><td> 5,3</td>

<td> 5%</td><td> 2,</td><td> 3,</td><td> 4,</td><td> 2</td><td> 2-4</td><td> 2,8</td>

<td> 10%</td><td> 5,</td><td> 3,</td><td> 8,</td><td> 4</td><td> 3-8</td><td> 5,0</td>

<td> 20%</td><td> 4,</td><td> 3,</td><td> 5,</td><td> 1</td><td> 3-5</td><td> 4,1</td>

<td> 100%</td><td> 9,</td><td> 1,</td><td> 6,</td><td> 1</td><td> 1-9</td><td> 4,3</td>

As can be seen from Table 1, the LITTER PEARLS composition shows enhanced malodour control with increasing silica gel content. The threshold odor control effect appears at about 5% silica gel. The drying silica gel does not have a lasting odor control effect at any concentration including 100% silica gel. It should be noted that the drying silica gel is Type A silica gel as opposed to LITTER PEARLS which is Type C silica gel. This suggests that Type C silica gel is effective for odor control while Type A is not.

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Example 2

This example shows the control effect on odor of silica gel at a concentration of 5, 10 and 20% in a mixture with Bloomfield clay litter.

2.0 kg (4.5 lb) samples were prepared from Bloomfield clay litter and 5%, 10% and 20% LITTER PEARLS. Each batch of sample was hand processed with 8-20 grams of faecal pieces and 160 ml of female urine on day 1. The boxes were assessed on day 6 after the waste areas were removed and the samples were prepared for sensory evaluation. The sensory test was assessed on a scale of 0 to 60 (weak to strong odor) in a group of 17 panelists. The samples were placed in aluminum pans and covered with 20.3 cm (8 inch) dough plates.

The results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

<td>% Silica Gel</td><td colspan="2">The intensity of the fragrance¹</td>

<td></td><td>feces / urine</td><td>ammonia</td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 14,3^and</td><td> 0,6</td>

<td> 5%</td><td> 13,6^{a, b}</td><td> 0,5</td>

<td> 10%</td><td> 11,7^{b, c}</td><td> 0,6</td>

<td> 20%</td><td> 11,2^{c, d}</td><td> 0,7</td>

¹ scale 0 to 60, weak to strong odor A, B and C indicate groups that differed slightly (p = 0.05)

As can be seen from the table, the 5%, 10% and 20% series tends to reduce the odor intensity although only the 10% and 20% samples differed more significantly by 0.05 from the controls without silica gel. Note that the 5% sample was also not significantly different from the 10% sample. There were no differences in ammonia intensity within the three samples. It was concluded from this test that the 5% content represents a level close to the detection threshold of the silica gel content providing the malodour control effect.

Example 3

This example shows the control effect on odor of silica gel at a concentration of 30, 40 and 50% in a mixture with a clay litter.

Samples were prepared as follows. Samples of 30%, 40%, and 50% Silica Gel in Bloomfield Clay Litter were prepared by combining either LITTER PEARLS or Drying Silica Gel (see Example 1) at 680.4 grams / 1.6 kg (3.5 lbs) silica gel respectively. ) litter, 907.2 grams silica gel / 1.4 kg (3.0 lb) litter and 1134 grams silica gel / 1.1 kg (2.5 lb) litter.

Approximately 50 grams of each sample containing silica gel and a control sample were weighed into a plastic sample cup. To each sample and control sample, 10 ml of cat urine was added and the sample was left for 24 hours. A trained panel of six people then compared the scent. The results are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

<td>% Silica Gel</td><td colspan="4">Assessment frequency</td>

<td></td><td>1st</td><td>2nd</td><td>3rd</td><td>4th</td>

<td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td><td> 5</td>

<td>LITTER PEARLS</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 5</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td>

<td> 30%</td><td> 1</td><td> 4</td><td> 1</td><td> 0</td>

<td> 40%</td><td> 0</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 0</td>

<td> 50%</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td>

PL 216 027 B1 cont. table 3

<td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td><td> 5</td>

<td>Drying silica gel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 0</td>

<td> 30%</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 0</td>

<td> 40%</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 1</td><td> 5</td>

<td> 50%</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td>

As can be seen from the table, for LITTER PEARLS there is a tendency to increase the number of ranked samples, indicating a lower odor intensity progressively for 30%, 40% and 50% silica gel samples. The 30% sample did not reach a statistical significance of 0.05, however the 40% and 50% silica gel samples differed significantly from the control sample (p = 0.05). As indicated above, LITTER PEARLS is type C silica gel.

For the drying type A silica gel, no sustained effect was obtained (30% and 50%, slight; 40% significance at p = 0.05). This study further suggests that Type C silica gel such as LITTER PEARLS is effective at concentrations up to 50% in clay litter, while Type A silica gel is not permanently effective.

Example 4

This example shows the effect of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5% and 5% silica gel mixed with clay litter.

Five samples were prepared containing 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5% and 5% silica gel in conventional clay litter. The samples were treated with equal amounts of cat faeces and urine. The samples were assessed by 7 panelists in sensory tests and their ranking order was determined. Note that the lowest rating indicates the lowest odor intensity. The results are given in Table 4.

Table 4

<td>Silica gel</td><td>Ranking score</td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 3,0</td>

<td> 0,5%</td><td> 3,6</td>

<td> 1,0%</td><td> 3,0</td>

<td> 2,5%</td><td> 3,6</td>

<td> 5,0%</td><td> 2,0</td>

As shown in Table 4, the addition of silica gel at a concentration of 0.5 to 2.5% had no effect in reducing the odor intensity. At the level of 5.0%, however, there is some perceptible reduction in the intensity of the bad smell.

Example 5

This example shows the effect of 2.5%, 5.0%, 10% and 20% silica gel in combination with conventional clay and clumping clay from various sources.

Type C silica gel was combined with a litter clay material from a variety of sources to obtain concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0%, 10% and 20% with conventional King William and Maricopa clays and concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0% and 10% with conventional Bloomfield litter and clumping clay. King William litter contains calcium montmorillonite obtained from King William, Virginia and Maricopa litter contains a mixture of opaque silica and calcium montmorillonite obtained from Maricopa, California. The samples were prepared and processed as in Example 4. The results for the King William and Maricopa litter are shown in Table 5 and the results for the Bloomfield litter are shown in Table 6. The results are a repeat or ranking sum (higher number indicates odor intensity).

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Table 5

<td>Silica gel</td><td>Ranking sum</td>

<td>King William</td><td></td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 14</td>

<td> 2,5%</td><td> 16</td>

<td> 5,0%</td><td> 15</td>

<td> 10%</td><td> 27</td>

<td> 20%</td><td> 33</td>

<td>Maricopa</td><td></td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 11</td>

<td> 2,5%</td><td> 20</td>

<td> 5,0%</td><td> 16</td>

<td> 10%</td><td> 28</td>

<td> 20%</td><td> 30</td>

Table 6

<td>Silica gel</td><td>Ranking sum</td>

<td>Conventional Bloomfield</td><td></td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 16</td>

<td> 2,5%</td><td> 13</td>

<td> 5,0%</td><td> 19</td>

<td> 10%</td><td> 22</td>

<td>Bloomfield clumping</td><td></td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 11</td>

<td> 2,5%</td><td> 22</td>

<td> 5,0%</td><td> 17</td>

<td> 10%</td><td> 20</td>

As shown in the table, the ranking sum tends to increase as the concentration of silica gel increases for all the tested litters.

Example 6

This example shows the effect of 10% and 20% silica gel in a conventional Bloomfield clay litter.

Samples were prepared by mixing 10% and 20% Type C silica gel with conventional Bloomfield clay litter. The samples were hand processed by adding 8 cubes of faeces and 160 ml of urine once, followed by a 5-day test period. For sensory testing, samples were thoroughly mixed, separated, and equal amounts of samples were placed in a urine test cup. The samples were assessed by 19 trained panelists. The results are shown in Table 7.

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Table 7

<td>% Silica Gel</td><td colspan="2">The intensity of the fragrance¹</td>

<td></td><td>feces / urine</td><td>ammonia</td>

<td> 0%</td><td> 12,9</td><td> 0,4</td>

<td> 10%</td><td> 10,2²</td><td> 0,4</td>

<td> 20%</td><td> 8,1^2,3</td><td> 0,4</td>

¹ scale 0 to 60, weak to strong odor ² significantly different from the control sample (p = 0.1) ³ significantly different from the control sample (p = 0.05)

As can be seen from the table, the 10% and 20% concentrations tend to reduce the odor intensity in the samples. However, there was no change in the ammonia intensity.

Example 7

This example illustrates that a fragrance can be added to 5% silica gel for odor control.

5% silica gel samples were prepared with conventional and clumping Bloomfield litter. Additionally, a solid or powdered fragrance was added as a combination of an encapsulated powder or liquid. Any type of fragrance can be used, with the herbal pine fragrance being the preferred fragrance. The samples were compared and the results are shown in Table 8.

Table 8

<td>Litter containing 5% silica gel</td><td colspan="3">Intensity¹</td>

<td>Clumping litter</td><td>feces / urine</td><td>ammonia</td><td>substance fragrant</td>

<td>Fragrance free</td><td> 10,1^and</td><td> 0,4</td><td> 8,2^and</td>

<td>Powdered fragrance</td><td> 6,7^b</td><td> 0,4</td><td> 10,9^and</td>

<td>Liquid fragrance</td><td> 4,1^c</td><td> 0,4</td><td> 18,7^b</td>

<td>Conventional litter</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Fragrance free</td><td> 12,0^and</td><td> 0,4</td><td> 9,7^and</td>

<td>Powdered fragrance</td><td> 8,5^b</td><td> 0,6</td><td> 9,8^and</td>

<td>Liquid fragrance</td><td> 6,2^c</td><td> 0,5</td><td> 16,2^b</td>

¹ 0-60 point scale, weak to strong odor ^{a, b, c} indicate values ​​that are significantly different at p = 0.001

As can be seen from the table, the odor in either powdered or liquid form was perceptible and masked faecal / urine malodor in both fossil and conventional 5% silica gel litter.

Example 8

This example illustrates the preparation of a conventional and fossil clay litter composition.

Conventional clay litter

Conventional clay litter does not agglomerate under the action of urine to form scraped out lumps. Calcium ionite montmorphic clay in an amount calculated to be 95% of the total weight of the litter was dried, granulated and sized to obtain a particle size range in the range 0.25 to 3.4 mm. Correctly sorted clay pellets were passed through a bucket to remove fine dust particles with air. The clay was then sent along an additional conveyor on which the aqueous additives were applied by spraying onto the surface of the clay. These additives include fragrances, dust control agents and antimicrobial agents. The fragrance was fragrance oil encapsulated in starch in the form

Powder and / or oil emulsified in water for spraying onto the clay surface. Any type of fragrance can be used, with the herbal pine fragrance being the preferred fragrance. The antimicrobial additive is Myacide or Bronopol and the dust control agent is polytetrafluoroethylene.

Type C granular silica gel having typical pellet sizes of 1.0 to 6.0 mm in particle diameter was applied to the clay and the colorant could be sprayed onto it to improve the appearance of the product. As the conveyor belt passed the clay with the silica gel applied thereto, the material was stationarily ruffled to allow mixing of the ingredients to take place. Solid powdered ingredients such as encapsulated powdered perfume may be applied in a similar manner. Instead of a conveyor system, the dry materials can be mixed together in a screw drum, a screw mixer, a ribbed drum, or other mixing devices.

Lumpy clay litter.

Caking clay litter agglomerates with urine to form lumpy agglomerates.

Sodium bentonite clay in an amount calculated to be 80% of the total weight of the litter was dried, granulated and sized to obtain a particle size range in the range 0.4 to 1.7 mm and a calcium montmorillonite clay calculated to be 15% of the total weight the litters were dried, granulated and sized to obtain a particle size range in the range 0.25 to 3.4 mm. Correctly sorted clay pellets were passed through a bucket to remove fine dust particles with air. The clay was then sent along an additional conveyor to which the aqueous additives were applied by spraying onto the surface of the clay. These additives include fragrances, dust control agents and antimicrobial agents. The fragrance is fragrance oil encapsulated in starch in powder form and / or oil emulsified in water for spraying onto the clay surface. Any type of fragrance can be used, with the herbal pine fragrance being the preferred fragrance. The antimicrobial additive is Myacide or Bronopol and the dust control agent is polytetrafluoroethylene.

Type C granular silica gel having typical pellet sizes from 0.15 to 2.0 mm in particle diameter was applied to the clay and the colorant could be sprayed onto it to improve the appearance of the product. As the conveyor belt passed the clay with the silica gel applied thereto, the material was stationarily ruffled to allow mixing of the ingredients to take place. In a similar manner, it was possible to apply solid powdered ingredients such as encapsulated powdered perfume. Instead of a conveyor system, the dry materials can be mixed together in a screw drum, a screw mixer, a ribbed drum, or other mixing devices.

All reference materials cited in the present specification are incorporated herein by reference. The discussion of the cited related material is intended primarily to summarize the rights sought by the authors, and no appropriation has been made of any of the related material in the prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and accuracy of any cited material.

From the point of view of the above, it is apparent that several advantages are obtained from the invention and that other advantages may arise.

Many changes can be made to the above methods and compositions without departing from the scope of the invention, and it should be understood that all items contained in this specification should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.