One dose vaccination with mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

The invention relates to the use of the bacterin Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae for the manufacture of a vaccine for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases or disorders in pigs caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) infection, for administration to pigs of about three (3) to ten (10) days of age with a single dose of an effective amount. M. hyo vaccines. The M. hyo vaccine is an inactivated or modified live preparation containing whole or parts of cells. Vaccine against M. hyo when administered according to the invention can be produced synthetically or recombinantly.

M. hyo is the bacterial pathogen causing zoonotic pneumonia in pigs. Zoonotic pneumonia is a chronic disease that causes poor feed conversion, growth arrest and a predisposition to secondary pulmonary infections. M. hyo is readily transmitted via respiratory secretions from sow to piglet and is very common on pig farms. About 99% of U.S. swine herds are infected, costing the pork industry an estimated $ 300 million annually.

Most of the known M. hyo vaccines are based on adjuvanted inactivated whole-cell M. hyo preparations. Additionally, vaccines based on immunogenic polypeptides or proteins can be synthesized or produced by cloning or recombinantly expressing M. hyo genes. M. hyo genes capable of expressing such polypeptides or proteins in vivo may also be used as vaccines.

Exemplary inactivated M. hyo whole cell vaccines are RESPISURE and STELLAMUNE, commercially available from Pfizer Inc., USA.

Additionally, a number of recombinantly produced immunogenic M. hyo polypeptides and proteins have been described that can be used as subunit vaccines. In the international patent publication WO 96/28472 six types of M protein antigens are described. hyo, having a molecular weight of 46-48, 52-54, 60-64, 72-75, 90-94 and 110-114 kDa, and partial protein sequences of the antigens 52-54, 60-64 and 72-75 kDa are disclosed, and also the full-length nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the 46-48 kDa antigen.

The cloning of the gene encoding the M. hyo protein P46, or p46, was also described by Futo et al. (1995; J. Bacteriol 177: 1915-1917). The same group showed that the in vitro expressed gene product was useful in diagnosing an antibody response to M. hyo infection without cross-reacting with other Mycoplasma species (Futo et al., 1995, J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 680-683). The sequences and diagnostic application of the p46 gene described by Futo et al. are further disclosed in European Patent Publication No. 0475185 A1.

Wise and Kim (1987, J. Bacteriol. 169: 5546-5555) report that there are four types of integral M. hyo membrane proteins called p70, p65 (P65, see above), p50 and p44, the last three being modified by covalent binding to lipids and induce a strong humoral immune response. The protective effect of the immune response has not been studied. The gene encoding the P65 protein has been cloned, and its sequence and use in vaccines and diagnostics are described in US Patent No. 5,788,962.

In WO 91/15593, five M. hyo proteins with apparent molecular weights of 105, 90, 85, 70 and 43 kDa are described. The entire gene sequence encoding the 85 kDa protein (protein C) is disclosed, as well as partial nucleotide sequences encoding the remaining four proteins.

U.S. Patent No. 5,252,328 to Faulds discloses amino terminus sequences of M. hyo immunoreactive proteins with molecular weights of 36, 41, 44, 48, 64, 68, 74.5, 79, 88.5, 96 and 121 kDa . Other proteins, identified based on electrophoretic mobility but for which the protein sequence is not disclosed, have an apparent molecular weight of 22.5, 34 and 52 kDa. While U.S. Patent No. 5,252,328 proposes the use of these proteins in vaccine formulations, no results from trials with these vaccines are reported.

WO 95/09870 discloses biochemical methods for purifying M. hyo adhesins, mycoplasma integral membrane proteins responsible for adhesion to the cilia of the host's upper respiratory epithelium. WO 95/09870 also proposes assays and uses for these proteins, e.g. in vaccines and diagnostics.

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King et al. in (1997; Vaccine 15: 25-35) disclose Mhp1, a 124 kDa adhesin that is a variant of the P97 strain.

A 94 kDa variant P97 was identified by Wilton et al. (1998, Microbiology 144: 1931-1943). Additionally, the p97 gene has been shown to be part of an operon that also encodes another protein, termed P102, with a predicted molecular weight of about 102 kDa (Hsu et al., 1998, Gene 214: 13-23). Minion and Hsu propose the use of P102 in vaccines in WO 99/26664, but do not describe vaccine trials.

No known M. hyo vaccine has been reported to be effective in the single dose treatment of pigs of approximately 3-10 days of age. Such a vaccine could eliminate the need for multiple doses and thus significantly reduce the costs and labor associated with mass vaccination of pig herds worldwide. Thus, there is a need for an effective vaccine against M. hyo that could be administered to pigs of about 3-10 days of age as a single dose of vaccination for protection or prophylactic treatment against disease or disorder caused by M. hyo.

Thus, the invention relates to the use of the bacterin Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae for the manufacture of a vaccine for the treatment or prophylaxis of serologically negative and serologically positive Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pigs, diseases or disorders caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection, to be administered to pigs of 3-10 days of age in an effective amount in a single dose Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines.

Preferably, a single dose of M. hyopneumoniae vaccine contains 1x10⁶-5x10¹⁰color change units (CCU) per dose.

Preferably the amount of vaccine administered is 0.5-3.0 ml.

Preferably, the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin comprises the strain P-5722-3.

Preferably, the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine further comprises a bacterial or viral antigen other than Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Preferably, the viral or bacterial antigens are selected from the group consisting of swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS or secretive swine disease), weaning diarrhea (PWD) and porcine proliferative enteritis (PPE).

Preferably, the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae formulation is for intramuscular administration.

Preferably, the pigs are protected for up to 25 weeks after vaccination.

Preferably, the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine further comprises an adjuvant.

Vaccination according to the invention obviates the need for additional doses to build and / or maintain immunity against M. hyo. Vaccination with a single (one) dose protects both seronegative and seropositive pigs from challenge with virulent M. hyo. The use according to the invention is effective in the treatment or prophylaxis of symptoms caused by M. hyo infection, including, for example, the prevention and reduction of pulmonary lesions in pigs.

As noted above, the M. hyo vaccine administered in accordance with the invention may contain additional ingredients such as adjuvants. Various adjuvants that can be used include those described herein and known.

For clarity of disclosure, and not as a limitation, the detailed description of the invention is broken down into the following subsections that describe or illustrate certain features, forms, or applications of the invention.

In certain embodiments, the vaccines used in the invention comprise an inactivated part or whole cell preparation of M. hyo (bacterin) or a modified live vaccine and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or an inactivated part or whole cell preparation of M. hyo (bacterin) or a modified live vaccine and an adjuvant.

Terms and abbreviations

The term "treatment or prophylaxis of a M. hyopneumoniae infection as used herein means inhibition of M. hyopneumoniae replication in order to inhibit M. hyopneumoniae transmission, or prevent M. hyopneumoniae from infecting the host, and alleviating the symptoms of a disease or disorder caused by M. hyopneumoniae infection. Treatment is considered therapeutic if there is a reduction in bacterial load, a reduction in pulmonary infections, and / or an increase in the animal's food intake and / or growth. Single dose vaccination according to the invention is, for example, effective in preventing or reducing pulmonary lesions.

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The term "M. hyo vaccine" as used herein refers to a vaccine useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of a disorder or disease caused by infection with M. hyo. The M. hyo vaccine may include any vaccine effective to treat or prevent infection in pigs with M. hyo. The M. hyo vaccine that can be used according to the invention may include, e.g., a whole M cell preparation. hyo or parts thereof, inactivated or live modified vaccines, a subunit vaccine containing one or more M. hyo derived polypeptides or proteins, or immunogenic fragments of these proteins and polypeptides, or one or more M. hyo genes or nucleic acids encoding one or more multiple polypeptides or proteins derived from M. hyo, or immunogenic fragments thereof, which genes or nucleic acids are capable of being expressed in vivo in pigs. M. hyo polypeptides, proteins, immunogenic fragments of such polypeptides or proteins, M. hyo genes or nucleic acids may be synthesized or recombinantly produced by known techniques. Preferably, the M. hyo vaccine to be used according to the invention is a bacterin.

The term "animal as used herein" means non-human beings, including mammals.

The term "pig" as used herein refers to piglets, porcine animals, pigs, pig species, sows, immature sows, hogs, boars and members of the Suidae family.

The term "bacterin" as used herein means a preparation of inactivated whole cells of M. hyo or parts thereof suitable for use as a vaccine.

The term "effective amount" as used herein means an amount of the M. hyo vaccine sufficient to elicit an immune response in the subject to which it is administered. The immune response can include, without limitation, induction of innate, cellular and / or humoral immunity.

Inactivated (parts of cells or whole cells) and modified live vaccines

Methods for the preparation of conventional inactivated or modified live vaccines for use according to the invention are known to those skilled in the art.

M. hyo bacterins that can be used in the single-dose vaccination method of the invention can be obtained from a variety of publicly available sources. For example, M. hyo bacterins can be obtained from M. hyo isolates. Numerous M. hyo isolates are known to those skilled in the art and are available, e.g., from the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110-2209. These include, for example: ATTC Nos. 25095, 25617, 25934, 27714 and 27715.

M. hyo isolates can also be obtained directly from naturally or experimentally infected porcine lung lesions using known techniques.

M. hyo isolates can be inactivated by various known methods, such as treating bacterial isolates with binary ethyleneimine (BEI) as described in US Patent No. 5,565,205 or inactivating e.g. with formalin, by heating, BPL, by irradiation or with glutaraldehyde.

M. hyo bacterins suitable for use in the present invention can be obtained from a variety of commercially available sources. Such sources include, but are not limited to: RESPIFEND (Fort Dodge, American Home Products), HYORESP (Merial Ltd), M + PAC (Schering Plow), PROSYSTEM M (Intervet), INGLEVAC M (Boehringer), RESPISURE (Pfizer Inc. ) and STELLAMUNE MYCOPLASMA (Pfizer Inc.).

A preferred source of M. hyo bacterin for use in the invention is RESPISURE and STELLAMUNE MYCOPLASMA.

A particularly preferred source of M. hyo bacterin for use in the present invention is RESPISURE-1 (Pfizer Inc.), which includes strain P-5722-3 (NL1042), obtained from Purdue University, USA.

Preferably, the strain P-5722-3 is inactivated with BEI and adjuvanted with a commercially available adjuvant, preferably AMPHIGEN (Hydronics, USA). A preferred dose is about 2.0 ml. Preservatives typically used include merthiolate / EDTA. A carrier, preferably PBS, can be added. The production of a modified live vaccine, e.g. by attenuating virulent strains by passaging in culture, is known.

Vaccine preparations

Suitable vaccine formulations used in the invention include injectable preparations, either in the form of liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection can also be prepared. The preparation may also be emulsified. Immunogenic active ingredients are often mixed with adjuvants which are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient.

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The polypeptides can be formulated into the vaccine as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the peptide) formed with inorganic acids such as e.g. hydrochloric or phosphoric acid, or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid and the like. . Salts formed with free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium or iron hydroxides, and organic bases such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylaminoethanol, histidine, procaine etc.

The vaccine preparations used in the invention contain an immunizing effective amount of the M. hyo immunogen and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The vaccine preparations contain an immunizing effective amount of one or more antigens and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art and include physiological saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerin, sterile isotonic aqueous buffers, and mixtures thereof. One example of such an acceptable carrier is a physiologically balanced culture medium containing one or more stabilizing agents such as stabilized, hydrolyzed proteins, lactose, etc. Preferably the carrier is sterile. The formulation should suit the mode of administration.

The use of purified antigens as vaccine preparations can be carried out by known methods. For example, the purified protein (a) must be adjusted to the appropriate concentration, formulated with any suitable vaccine adjuvant, and packaged for use. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to: mineral gels, e.g., aluminum hydroxide; surfactants such as lyso-lecithin; glycosides, e.g. saponin and saponin derivatives such as Quil A or GPI-0100; cationic surfactants, e.g. DDA (quaternary hydrocarbon ammonium halides, pluronic polyols; polyanions and polyatomic ions; polyacrylic acids, nonionic block polymers e.g. Pluronic F-127 (BASF, USA); Avridine and Ranitidine; peptides; recombinant mutant e.g. labile toxins . leukotoxin (rmLT) or cholera toxin (CT); chemically bound or in close proximity molecular transporters; mineral oils e.g. Montanide ISA-50 (Seppic, Paris, France), carbopol, Amphigen (Hydronics, USA), Omaha, NE. USA, Alhydrogel, (Superfos Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark), oil emulsions e.g. a mineral oil emulsion such as Bayol F / Arlacel A and water, or an emulsion of vegetable oil, water and an emulsifier such as lecithin; alum, MDP, N-acetyluramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (tr-MDP), N-acetylormuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2 - (1'-2'-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy) ethylamine; cholesterol cytokines or combinations of adjuvants. The polyatomic ions can also act as dispersing, thickening and anti-caking agents which allow the vaccine to be re-suspended into a monodisperse suspension after an extended settling period. Combinations of adjuvants can be in aqueous, encapsulated (controlled or delayed release), or microencapsulated form.

The immunogen can also be incorporated into liposomes, or conjugated to the polysaccharides and / or other polymers used in the vaccine formulation. In cases where the recombinant antigen is a hapten, that is, a molecule that is an antigen, that is to say that it can selectively react with related antibodies, but is not immunogenic, that is, cannot elicit an immune response, the hapten may be covalently bound to an immunogenic carrier or molecule. ; for example a large protein such as serum albumin will render the hapten associated with it immunogenic. The hapten-carrier combination can be formulated for use as a vaccine.

Vaccines containing genes and nucleic acids

The invention can be carried out with M. hyo genes or nucleic acids encoding immunogenic proteins, polypeptides, and immunogenic fragments of these proteins and polypeptides. Such genes and nucleic acids can be expressed in vivo and produced by known techniques.

In a specific embodiment, the vaccine used in the invention comprises at least one gene or nucleic acid encoding a M. hyo protein such as, but not limited to, P46, P65, P97, P102, P70, P50, and P44.

In a further specific embodiment, the genes or nucleic acids used encode immunogenic fragments of M. hyo proteins or polypeptides having sequences comprising at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50 or at least 100 contiguous amino acids of the immunogenic proteins. or polypeptides used in the invention, including, but not limited to, P46, P65, P97, P102, P70, P50 and P44.

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In other embodiments, the genes or nucleic acids used are administered by known means, such as, for example, with a gene gun.

In still other embodiments, the genes and nucleic acids used are DNA vaccines. Then, the nucleic acids or genes can be associated with liposomes or other transfection facilitators as is well known.

Methods for making and administering DNA vaccines are known. See, e.g., Krisnan B. R, "Current Status of DNA vaccines in veterinary medicine, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Elsevier Science (2000).

Expression systems

Various expression vector-host systems may be used to express the antigenic sequences of the proteins of the invention. Such expression vector-host systems include vehicles by which the target encoding sequence can be produced and then purified, but also cells that can, when transformed or transfected with appropriate nucleotide encoding sequences, release the M. hyo gene products used in vaccination according to the invention. in situ invention. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g. E. Coli, B. Subtilis) transformed with recombinant expression vectors from bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA containing mhp3 coding sequences; yeast (e.g., Sacharomyces, Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing sequences encoding the M. hyo gene products; insect cell systems infected with recombinant viral expression vectors (e.g. baculovirus) containing M. hyo coding sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant viral expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti Plasmid) containing M. hyo coding sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g. COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 3T3), containing recombinant expression constructs, containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g. metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g. adenovirus late promoter; vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter). In a preferred embodiment, the expression system is a bacterial system.

M. hyopneumoniae polypeptides and proteins, and immunogenic fragments thereof, can also be expressed and delivered using live recombinant viral and bacterial vectors such as adenovirus or Salmonella. Particular vectors are also known and readily available or can be made by one skilled in the art using well known methodology.

Dosage and methods of administration

According to the invention, a single dose containing an effective amount of a M. hyo vaccine, administered to a pig at 3 to 10 days of age, provides effective immunity against a subsequent challenge with M. hyo. Preferably, the M. hyo vaccine is administered at about 6-8 days of age. Most preferably, the M. hyo vaccine is administered at about 7 days of age.

The effective amount of M. hyo bacterin vaccine with a single administration is about 1x10⁶ - 5x10¹⁰ color change units (CCU) per dose. Preferably, a M. hyo bacterin vaccine that provides effective immunity in a single dose contains about 1x10⁸ - 5x10¹⁰ CCU / dose, more preferably about 1x10⁸ - 5x10¹⁰ CCU / dose.

According to the invention, when administering the preferred bacterial product RESPISURE-1, the amount of RESPISURE-1 in a single dose is about 0.5-3.0 ml, preferably about 1.5-2.5 ml, more preferably about 2 ml.

The amount of M. hyo vaccine subunit vaccine containing one or more proteins or polypeptides or immunogenic fragments of such proteins or polypeptides to be effective is about 0.01-200 µg.

The amount of a M. hyo vaccine in the form of a vaccine containing one or more M. hyo genes or nucleic acids (preferably DNA), encoding immunogenic proteins or polypeptides, or immunogenic fragments of such proteins or polypeptides, to be effective is about 0.1 μg - 200 mg.

In accordance with the invention, administration can be by known routes including oral, intranasal, mucosal topical, transdermal, and parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular). The administration may also be made using a needleless delivery device. Administration may also be made using a combination of routes, e.g. The preferred route of administration is intramuscular administration.

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Effective doses (immunizing amounts) of the vaccines of the invention can also be extrapolated from dose-response curves obtained in model test systems.

The vaccination methods of the invention provide protective immunity to both M. hyo seropositive piglets and seronegative piglets. Seropositive piglets are those piglets which have antibodies against M. hyo in the serum. Seronegative piglets are those piglets which do not have detectable levels of antibodies to M. hyo in their serum.

The invention is illustrated below, but not limited by the following examples.

Example 1

Preparation of M. hyo bacterin

Binary ethyleneimine (BEI) is used to inactivate M. hyo strain NL1042.

At the end of the growth period, the pH of the culture was raised to 7.8 0.2 and the pH was maintained in this range for at least one hour. At this time, a sterile filtered aqueous solution of 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) was added to a final concentration of about 4.0 mM. At an elevated pH, BEA chemically transforms into BEI. The culture was incubated at 37 ± 2 ° C with constant agitation for at least 24 hours.

After incubation for 24 hours, sterile filtered aqueous sodium thiosulfate was added to a final concentration of approximately 4 mM to neutralize excess BEI. The culture was incubated at 37 ± 2 ° C with constant agitation for an additional 24 hours.

After inactivation, but prior to neutralization with sodium thiosulfate, a representative sample was taken and checked for completion of inactivation. Fresh medium containing 0.0026% phenol red was inoculated with 5-20% inoculum and incubated at 37 ± 2 ° C for at least 1 week before checking for color change, which is indicative of inactivation ineffective. The sterility of bulk samples was tested in thioglycolate medium at 37 ± 2 ° C and trypticase soy broth at room temperature. The inactivated culture can be transferred to sterile storage vessels and stored at 2-8 ° C until vaccine preparation.

Efficacy was assessed in an in vitro serological test by determining the amount of antigen in the final container. The efficacy of the vaccines used in the efficacy studies is the minimum efficacy that the vaccine must have on the expiry date.

Finished product bulk or final container samples for each lot or first sub-lot were tested for M. hyo as follows.

The bacterin was stored at -50 ° C in 100 ml vials. The vials were thawed and aliquots of 15 ml were stored at 5 ± 2 ° C until use.

In order to test the effectiveness of the compiled series, a sample from the series was compared with the standard and RP units were determined for a given series. The series or sub-series should preferably contain at least 6.33 RP at the start of the validity period and at least 5.06 RP throughout the validity period.

RP stands for Relative Efficiency. RP can be defined as the relative amount of antigen compared to the control vaccine. In this case, the control vaccine is by definition RP = 1.0. The product of the invention administered in a single dose preferably has an RP of 6.33, which is 6.33 times more potent than the control vaccine.

Merthiolate is added as a preservative, with a final concentration not exceeding 0.01% (w / v).

A 10% solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (as disodium or tetrasodium EDTA salt) is added as a preservative with a final concentration of about 0.07% (w / v).

Example 2

Animals

Pigs approximately one week of age were selected for vaccination. The serological status of M. hyo was assessed by ELISA. Pigs with an ELISA value of <0.50 were considered M. hyonegative. Pigs with an ELISA value greater than 0.50 were considered serologically positive for M. hyo.

Vaccines

M. hyo bacterin RESPISURE-1 (Pfizer Inc.) was used to vaccinate pigs. Vaccine potency was determined prior to use by evaluating the relative amount of antigen compared to a control M. hyo bacterin. The control vaccine (RP = 1.0) contained approximately 8,000 antigen units (approximately 1-2 x 10⁸CCU of live cells harvested prior to inactivation) per dose determined by a solid phase immunoassay which measures the amount of M. hyo antigen in the vaccine.

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The same liquid adjuvant (AMPHIGEN) that was used in the formulation of RESPISURE-1 was used as a placebo (i.e. without bacterial cells).

Provocative inoculum

The challenge inoculum was supplied as 10 ml aliquots of pulmonary homogenate, frozen at -70 ° C; they were identified as derived from M. hyo strain 11 (L136). The inoculum was thawed then diluted in Friis Mycoplasma Broth to a 1:25 dilution and stored on ice until administered. Each pig was given a 5 ml intranasal dose (2.5 ml per nostril) of a 1:25 suspension on the days specified in each of the following examples. On each challenge day, an aliquot of the human tissue inoculum was cultured to confirm the absence of bacterial contamination. The second portion was titrated on each of the 3 days; the results indicated that the inoculum contained approximately 10⁶-10⁷ color changing units (CCU) / ml M. hyo.

Experimental procedure

Pigs were identified by ear tags while still fed by sows [day (-1)]. Pigs were allocated to pens and treatment groups according to a general randomized block design. Pigs were allocated to blocks based on litter and pen after the natural feeding period.

On day 0, the pigs were vaccinated with either a 2 ml intramuscular dose of M. hyo bacterin RESPISURE-1 (Pfizer Inc.) or a 2 ml intramuscular dose of placebo. Each pig was given a 5 ml intranasal dose of a 1:25 suspension of the challenge inoculum on the days specified in each of the following examples. All pigs were monitored daily and checked for clinical signs of disease.

At the specified time after the first day of challenge, all pigs were sacrificed and necropsied. The lungs were removed and analyzed. Post-mortem examination included assessment of the severity of pathology associated with mycoplasmic respiratory disease. Each lobe of the lung was examined by sketching the lesions to evaluate the involvement in% of each lobe. The advancement of macroscopic lesions was noted.

Data analysis

Efficacy was assessed based on the% of lungs with lesions typical of M. hyo infection.

Pigs in the treated (vaccinated) group were found to have significantly (p <0.05) less total lung area in% lesion affected than pigs in the placebo group.

% Of total lung affected% Occupation for each lobe lobe was weighted using the following ratios of individual lobe mass to total lung mass: left cranial 10%, left middle 10%, left caudal 25%, right cranial 10%, right middle 10%, right tail 25% and an additional 10%. The weighted lung weight values ​​resulted in the% of total lung affected (Pointon et al., 1992).

Example 3

Protection against challenge with virulent M. hyo was assessed in pigs serologically positive for M. hyo using a single dose of M. hyo bacterin RESPISURE-1 (Pfizer Inc.), administered to 3-8 days old pigs.

The efficacy studies of RESPISURE - 1 were carried out in five replications at or near the time of vaccination. Relative efficacy (RP) was determined by determining the amount of antigen compared to the control vaccine. The control vaccine, with RP = 1.0, contained approximately 8,000 units of M. hyo antigen. The RP of the five trials were 5.42, 3.96, 4.71, 5.49 and 4.36, respectively.

On day 0, pigs in treatment group T02 (see Table 1 below) were vaccinated with a 2 ml intramuscular dose of M. hyo bacterin RESPISURE - 1 (Pfizer Inc.). Pigs in group T01 were vaccinated intramuscularly with 2 ml of a placebo. All pigs received a 5 ml intranasal dose of 1:25 challenge inoculum on days 178, 179 and 180. On each of these 3 days an aliquot of challenge material was cultured at the time of inoculation to confirm the absence of bacterial contamination. The second batch was titrated to confirm that the challenge material contained approximately 10⁷ CCU / ml M. hyo. All pigs were monitored daily and checked for clinical signs of disease.

days after the first day of challenge, all pigs were sacrificed and autopsied. The lungs were removed and analyzed. Post-mortem examination included the assessment of the severity of the pathology associated with the respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma infection. Each lobe was examined by sketching the lesions to evaluate the% involvement of each lobe. The advancement of macroscopic lesions was noted.

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Table 1

<td>Group therapeutic</td><td>Grafting Relationship</td><td>number</td><td>Vaccination Day 0</td><td>Day 178¹</td><td>Day 179 provocation¹</td><td>Day 180¹</td>

<td>T01</td><td>Placebo</td><td> 26</td><td> 26</td><td> 26</td><td> 26</td><td> 26</td>

<td>T02</td><td>Vaccine</td><td> 26</td><td> 26</td><td> 24²</td><td> 22³</td><td> 22³</td>

¹ M. hyo virulent inoculum ² Pigs 71 and 73 were removed from the study prior to challenge because both pigs had lost their ear tags and the identities of these animals could not be determined.

³ Pig 36 died on Day 178 due to complications with anesthesia. Pig 31 died on Day 179 due to complications with anesthesia.

The results for pulmonary lesions are summarized in Table 2. The results show that vaccinated pigs (T02) had significantly (P = 0.0385) lower mean percent (least squares) of pulmonary inflammatory lesions than placebo-treated pigs (T01) (2.0 compared to 4.5%).

Table 2

Summary of the percentage of total lung lesions

<td>Treatment</td><td>Relationship</td><td>The number of pigs</td><td>LS Average</td><td>Range</td>

<td>T01</td><td>Placebo</td><td> 26</td><td> 4,5^and</td><td> 0-36,75</td>

<td>T02</td><td>Vaccine</td><td> 22</td><td> 2,0^b</td><td> 0-13,75</td>

ab ^{1 1 1}

Values ​​with a different superscript are statistically different (P = 0.0385)

The results indicate that a single vaccination of approximately one week old pigs with the M. hyo bacterin RESPISURE - 1, induced protection against subsequent challenge with virulent M. hyo.

Example 4

Protection against challenge with virulent M. hyo was assessed in pigs serologically negative for M. hyo using a single dose of M. hyo bacterin RESPISURE - 1 (Pfizer Inc), given to pigs 3-8 days old.

Five replicate efficacy studies were conducted at or near the time of vaccination. Relative efficacy (RP) was determined by determining the relative amount of antigen to the control vaccine. The control vaccine, with RP = 1.0, contained approximately 8,000 units of M. hyo antigen. The RP from these five studies were 5.42, 3.96, 4.71, 5.49, and 4.36, respectively.

On day 0, pigs in treatment group T02 were vaccinated with a 2 ml intramuscular dose of M. hyo bacterin RESPISURE - 1. Pigs in group T01 were vaccinated intramuscularly with 2 ml placebo. All pigs received a 5 ml intranasal dose of 1:25 challenge inoculum on days 173, 174 and 175. On each of these 3 days an aliquot of challenge material was cultured at the time of inoculation to confirm the absence of bacterial contamination. The second batch was titrated to confirm that the challenge material contained approximately 10⁶ CCU / ml M. hyo. All pigs were monitored daily and checked for clinical signs of disease.

On day 29 after the first day of challenge, all pigs were sacrificed and autopsied. The lungs were removed and analyzed. Post-mortem examination included the assessment of the severity of the pathology associated with the respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma infection. Each lobe was examined by sketching the lesions to evaluate the% involvement of each lobe. The advancement of macroscopic lesions was noted.

The experimental design is summarized in Table 3.

Table 3

<td>Group therapeutic</td><td>Grafting Relationship</td><td>number</td><td>Vaccination Day 0</td><td>Day 173¹</td><td>Day 174¹</td><td>Day 175¹</td>

<td>T01</td><td>Placebo</td><td> 26</td><td> 26</td><td> 25²</td><td> 24⁴</td><td> 24</td>

<td>T02</td><td>Vaccine</td><td> 26</td><td> 26</td><td> 23³</td><td> 20⁵</td><td> 20</td>

¹ Virulent M. hyo

PL 209 773 B1 ² Pig 123 was sacrificed on day 19 due to chronic septic polyarthritis.

³ Pig 222 was found dead on day 40. Autopsy revealed large amounts of fluid in the pericardium and a hemorrhage in the epicardium. Pig 102 was sacrificed on day 95 due to a rectal prolapse. Pig 204 was found dead on day 145. Autopsy was not performed due to advanced decay.

⁴ The prisoner 244 was found dead on day 174 after the first day of provocation due to complications with anesthesia.

⁵ NEEA for 3 pigs.

The results for pulmonary lesions are summarized in Table 4. The overall analysis showed that vaccinated pigs (T02) had significantly (P = 0.0001) lower mean percent (least squares) of pulmonary inflammatory lesions than pigs treated with placebo (T01) (0, 3 compared with 5.9%).

Table 4

Summary% of total lung lesions Percentage of lungs affected by lesions

<td>Treatment</td><td>Relationship</td><td>The number of pigs</td><td>LS Average</td><td>Range</td>

<td>T01</td><td>Placebo</td><td> 24</td><td> 5,9^and</td><td> 0-36</td>

<td>T02</td><td>Vaccine</td><td> 20</td><td> 0,3^b</td><td> 0-6</td>

^{a, b}Values ​​with a different superscript are statistically different (P = 0.0001).

The results of this study show that a single vaccination of pigs with the M. hyo bacterin RESPISURE - 1, induces protection against a subsequent experimental challenge with virulent M. hyo.

Example 5

Protection against challenge with virulent M. hyo was assessed in pigs serologically negative for M. hyo using a single dose of M. hyo bacterin RESPISURE - 1 (Pfizer Inc), given to pigs 3-8 days old.

Five replicate bacterin potency studies were conducted at or near the time of vaccination. Relative potency (RP) was determined by determining the amount of antigen compared to the control vaccine. The control vaccine, having an RP = 1.0, contained approximately 8,000 M. hyo antigen units. The RP from these five studies were 5.42, 3.96, 4.71, 5.49, and 4.36, respectively.

On day 0, pigs in Treatment Group T02 were vaccinated with a 2 ml intramuscular dose of M. hyo bacterin. Pigs in group T01 were vaccinated intramuscularly with 2 ml of a placebo. Each pig received a 5 ml intranasal dose (2.5 ml per nostril) of a 1:25 suspension of the challenge inoculum on days 76, 77 and 78. On each of these 3 days an aliquot of challenge material was cultured at the time of inoculation to confirm the absence of bacterial contamination. The second batch was titrated to confirm that the infectious material contained approximately 10⁶ CCU / ml M. hyo. All pigs were monitored daily and checked for clinical signs of disease.

Days after the first day of challenge, all pigs were sacrificed and autopsied. The lungs were removed and analyzed. Post-mortem examination included the assessment of the severity of the pathology associated with the respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma infection. Each lobe was examined by sketching the lesions to evaluate the% involvement of each lobe. The degree of advancement of lung tissue compaction as a result of infiltration was recorded.

The experimental design is summarized in Table 5.

Table 5

<td>Group therapeutic</td><td>Grafting Relationship</td><td>number</td><td>Vaccination Day 0</td><td>Day 176¹</td><td>Day 177¹</td><td>Day 178¹</td>

<td>T01</td><td>Placebo</td><td> 26</td><td> 26</td><td> 23²</td><td> 23</td><td> 23</td>

<td>T02</td><td>Vaccine</td><td> 26</td><td> 26</td><td> 21³</td><td> 21</td><td> 21</td>

¹ M. hyo virulent inokolum ² Pigs 237 and 239 tested positive on day -1 for M. hyopneumoniae. These piglets were removed from the day 14 study and sacrificed. Pig 220 was found dead on Day 3 due to being crushed by the sow.

³ Pigs 238, 240 and 277 tested positive on day -1 for M. hyopneumoniae. I will remove this from the study on Day 14 and these piglets have been sacrificed. Pig 280 was sacrificed on day 7 showing anorexia and poor growth. Pig 177 was sacrificed on day 40 for chronic wasting syndrome.

PL 209 773 B1

The results for the pulmonary lesions are summarized in Table 6. The overall analysis showed that vaccinated pigs (T02) had significantly (P = 0.0001) lower mean percent (least squares) of pulmonary inflammatory lesions than placebo-treated pigs (T01) (0 5 versus 9.9%).

Table 6

Summary% of total lung lesions% Lungs affected

<td>Treatment</td><td>Relationship</td><td>The number of pigs</td><td>LS Average</td><td>Range</td>

<td>T01</td><td>Placebo</td><td> 23</td><td> 9,9^and</td><td> 0-40,5</td>

<td>T02</td><td>Vaccine</td><td> 21</td><td> 0,5^b</td><td> 0-5</td>

^{a, b} Values ​​with a different superscript are statistically different (P = 0.00001).