Paper substrates containing high surface sizing and low internal sizing and having high dimensional stability

Description

Field of the Invention

[0001] The invention relates to a method of producing a paper substrate having a high amount of surface sizing agents and a low internal content of a paper size and high dimensional stability, and to methods of making and using the composition.

Background of the invention

[0002] The variable performance of paper substrates varies greatly depending on the wide range of end uses of such substrates. However, most of the performance variables can be programmed more easily into the paper as the dimensional stability of the substrate increases. Therefore, for a long time, it has been desirable to bring to the market a dynamic paper substrate that is more dimensionally stable and at the same time capable of achieving high surface strength.

[0003] Lipponen et al. (2003) Surface sizing with starch Solutions at high solids content, TAPPI Metered Size Press Forum, discusses the use of a sizing press to apply large solids of starch solutions that can be used to obtain surface strength in some strictly selected cases. but does not achieve and / or enhance the importance of a dimensionally stable paper substrate. In addition, the paper described by Lipponen et al. Has what the authors describe as an undesirable low internal strength (not less than about 140 J / m2).²).

[0004] Furthermore, in a further document by Lipponen et al. (2005) Effect of press draw and basis weight on woodfree paper properties during his solids surface sizing, TAPPI Spring Technical Conference & Trade Fair, the authors discuss methodologies for increasing undesirable low internal pressure. strength of a paper substrate containing an extract of a high compactness starch solution, applied with a sizing press. Unfortunately, these references are representative of failed attempts to provide a paper substrate with high dimensional stability and high surface strength at the same time.

[0005] Accordingly, there is still a need for an inexpensive and efficient solution to increase the dimensional stability and strength of the surface of a paper substrate.

Detailed description

[0006] The inventors have now found a cheap and effective solution to increase the dimensional stability and surface strength of a paper substrate.

[0007] One aspect of the invention relates to a method of making a paper substrate.

[0008] The paper substrate of the present invention comprises a web of cellulose fibers. The paper substrate of the present invention may comprise recycled fibers and / or virgin fibers. One example of the difference between recycled fibers and virgin fibers is that the recycled fibers may have gone through the drying process at least once.

[0009] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 1 to 99% by weight, preferably from 5 to 95% by weight of cellulose fibers, based on the total weight of the substrate, including 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 99% by weight, including any and all ranges and subranges.

[0010] Preferably, the cellulosic fiber sources are derived from softwood and / or hardwood.

[0011] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 1 to 100% by weight, preferably from 10 to 60% by weight of cellulose fibers derived from softwood species based on the total amount of cellulose fibers in the paper substrate. The range is 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100 wt%, including any and all ranges and subranges, based on the total amount of cellulose fibers in the paper substrate.

[0012] The paper substrate may alternatively or simultaneously contain from 0.01 to 99% by weight of softwood species fibers, most preferably from 10 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the paper substrate. The paper substrate contains no more than 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 99% by weight of softwood [fibers], based on the total weight of the paper substrate, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0013] The paper substrate may include softwood fibers of softwood species that have Canadian Standard Fraction (est) from 300 to 750, more preferably from 400 to 550. The range is 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360. , 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 , 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740 and 750 csf, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges. Canadian Standard Fraction is measured by the TAPPI T-227 Standard Test.

[0014] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 1 to 100% by weight, preferably from 30 to 90% by weight, of cellulose fibers derived from hardwood species, based on the total amount of cellulose fibers in the paper substrate. The range is 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100 wt.%. including any and all ranges and subranges, based on the total amount of cellulose fibers in the paper substrate.

[0015] The paper substrate may alternatively or simultaneously contain from 0.01 to 99% by weight of hardwood species fibers, preferably from 60 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the paper substrate. The paper substrate contains no more than 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,45, 50, 55, 60,

- 365, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99 and 99% by weight based on the total weight of the paper substrate, including any and all ranges and subranges.

[0016] The paper substrate may include hardwood species fibers that have Canada Standard Fraction (est) from 300 to 750, more preferably from 400 to 550 csf. The range includes 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460,

470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650,

660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740 and 750 csf, including all ranges and sub-ranges.

Canadian Standard Fraction is measured by the TAPPI T-227 Standard Test.

[0017] In one embodiment, the paper substrate comprises either softwood and / or hardwood fibers that are less refined. The paper substrate comprises those fibers that are at least 2% less refined compared to conventional paper substrates, preferably at least 5% less refined, more preferably 10% less refined, and most preferably at least 15% less refined than the fibers. used in conventional paper substrates. For example, if conventional paper comprises softwood and / or hardwood fibers having a Canadian Standard Fraction (CSP) of 350, the paper substrate of the present invention more preferably comprises fibers having CSF 385 (i.e. refined 10% less than conventional) and still maintains a level similar to, if not better than, traditional paper. Some representative performance characteristics of the substrate of the present invention are discussed below. Some reductions in refining hardwood and / or softwood fibers representative of the present invention include, but are not limited to, 1) 350 to at least 385 CSF; 2) from 350 to at least 400 CSF; 3) from 400 to at least 450 CSF; and 4) from 450 to at least 500 CSF. The reduction in fiber refining may be at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 25% reduction in refining, compared to fibers contained in conventional paper substrates, however, the present invention is able to perform equal and / or better than conventional paper substrates.

[0018] When the paper substrate comprises both hardwood fibers and softwood fibers, it is preferred that the hardwood / softwood ratio is from 0.001 to 1000, preferably from 90/10 to 30/60. This range can include 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges, as well as any reciprocal ranges and sub-ranges of such relations.

[0019] Furthermore, the softwood and / or hardwood fibers contained in the paper substrate of the present invention may be modified by physical and / or chemical methods. Examples of physical methods include, but are not limited to, electromagnetic and mechanical methods. Methods of electrical modification include, but are not limited to, methods for bringing the fiber into contact with an electromagnetic energy source such as light and / or electric current. Mechanical modification methods include, but are not limited to, methods involving contacting an inanimate object with fibers. Examples of such inanimate

-4 objects include sharp and / or dull edges. Such methods also include, for example, cutting, kneading, striking, hammering, etc.

[0020] Examples of chemical methods include, but are not limited to, conventional methods to modify chemical fibers, including cross-linking and complex precipitation. Examples of such fiber modification may include, but are not limited to, those listed in the following patents: 6,592,717, 6,592,712, 6,582,557, 6,579,415, 6,579,414, 6,506,282, 6,471,824, 6,361,651, 6,146,494, H1,704, 5,731,080, 5,698,688,

5,698,074, 5,667,637, 5,662,773, 5,531,728, 5,443,899, 5,360,420, 5,266,250, 5,209,953, 5,160,789, 5,049,235, 4,986,882, 4,496,427, 4,431,481, 4,174,417, 4,166,894, 4,02275,16536 and 4.02275.16536. Further modification of the fibers is described in US Patent Application No. 607,654,712 filed February 19, 2912 and in US Patent Application No. 2006/0185808, which may include the addition of optical brighteners (ie, OBA) as discussed herein.

[0021] The sources of finely ground fibers can be found in SaveAll fibers, recycle streams, rejected streams, waste fiber streams. The amount of finely ground fibers present in the paper substrate can be modified by adjusting the rate at which these jets are added to the papermaking process.

[0022] The paper substrate may include a combination of hardwood fibers, softwood fibers and finely ground material fibers. The fibers of the finely ground material are recirculated as discussed above and typically have an average length not greater than 100 µm, preferably not greater than 90 µm, more preferably not greater than 80 µm, and most preferably not greater than 75 µm. The length of the finely ground material is preferably not more than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100 μm in length. including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0023] The paper substrate comprises 0.01 to 100 wt. finely ground material, preferably from 0.01 to 50% by weight, most preferably from 0.01 to 15% by weight. based on the total mass of the substrate. The paper substrate contains no more than 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, % 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100 wt. on the total paper weight, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

The paper substrate may alternatively or simultaneously contain from 0.01 to 100% by weight of the finely ground material, preferably from 0.01 to 50% by weight, most preferably from 0.01 to 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the fibers contained in the paper substrate. The paper substrate contains no more than 0.01,0,05,0,1,0,2,0,5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% by weight of the finely ground material, based on the total weight of the fibers contained in the paper substrate, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0024] The paper substrate comprises at least one adhesive. A sizing agent is a substance that is added to the paper to provide moisture or water resistance at various levels. Examples of sizing agents can be found in the Handbook for pulp and paper

-5technologists GA Smook (1992), Angus Wilde Publications. Preferably, the sizing agent is a surface sizing agent. Preferred examples of sizing agents are starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) as well as polyvinylamine, alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. However, any sizing agent may be used.

[0025] When starch is used as a sizing agent, the starch may be modified or unmodified. Examples of starch are found in the Handbook for pulp and paper technologists GA Smook (1992), Angus Wilde Publications, referenced above. Preferred examples of modified starches include, for example, oxidized, cationic, ethylated, hydroethoxylated, etc. Moreover, the starch may be derived from any source, preferably from potato and / or corn. Most preferably, the starch source is corn.

[0026] When polyvinyl alcohol is used as sizing agent, it may have some% hydrolysis. Preferred polyvinyl alcohols are those whose% hydrolysis is from 100% to 75%. Percentage of polyvinyl alcohol hydrolysis can be 75, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98 and 100% hydrolysis, including any and all ranges and sub ranges .

[0027] The paper substrate of the present invention may then contain PVOH at any wt. Preferably, PVOH is present in an amount from 0.001 wt.%. % up to 100 wt.%, based on the total weight of the sizing agent contained in and / or on the substrate. The range includes 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.006, 0.008, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0 , 6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 , 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% by weight based on the total weight of the sizing agent in the substrate, including any and all ranges and subranges.

[0028] The paper substrate of the present invention may contain a sizing agent in any amount. Preferably, the paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 0.01 to 20% by weight of at least one sizing agent, more preferably from 1 to 10% by weight of sizing agent, and most preferably from 2 to 8% by weight of sizing agent, based on the total weight of the substrate. The range is 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20% by weight of sizing agent based on the total weight of the substrate, including any and all ranges and subranges.

[0029] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sizing agent may be at least one surface sizing agent. However, a surface sizing agent may be used in conjunction with at least one internal sizing agent. Examples of surface and internal sizing agents can be found in "Handbook for pulp and paper technologists" GA Smook (1992), Angus Wilde Publications. In some cases, the surface and internal sizing agent may be identical.

[0030] When the paper substrate comprises both internal and surface sizing agents, these may be present in any ratio and may be the same and / or different sizing agents. Preferably, the ratio of surface sizing agent to internal sizing agent is from 50/50 to 100/0, more preferably from 75/25 to 100/0.

-6surface / internal sizing agent. This range is 50/50, 55/45, 60/40, 65/35, 70/30, 75/25, 80/20, 85/15, 90/10, 95/5 and 100/0, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0031] The paper substrate comprises at least one sizing agent. However, at least a majority of the total amount of sizing agent is preferably located on the outer surface of the substrate. The paper substrate of the present invention may include a sizing agent applied by a sizing press to the coating layer. The coating press applied by the sizing press may or may not penetrate the cellulosic fibers of the substrate. However, if the skin layer and the cellulose fibers interpenetrate, they will form a paper substrate having an interpenetrating layer.

Figures 1-3 show various embodiments of the paper substrate 1 in the paper substrate of the present invention. Figure 1 shows a paper substrate 1 which has a cellulose fiber web 3 and a sizing mixture 2, where the sizing mixture 2 minimally penetrates the cellulose fiber webs 3. Such an embodiment can be made, for example, when the sizing mixture is coated onto the cellulose fiber web.

Figure 2 shows a paper substrate 1 that has a cellulose fiber web 3 and a sizing blend 2, wherein the sizing composition 2 penetrates the cellulose fiber web 3. The interpenetration layer 4 of the paper substrate 1 defines an area where at least the sizing agent penetrates into the paper. and is found among cellulosic fibers. The interpenetration layer may cover from 1 to 99% of the entire cross section of at least a portion of the paper substrate, including 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 , 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 99% of the paper substrate, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges. Such an embodiment can be performed, for example, when the sizing solution is added to the cellulosic fibers prior to coating and can be combined with a subsequent coating if required. The addition points can be in the sizing press, for example.

Figure 3 shows a paper substrate 1 that has a cellulose fiber web 3 and a sizing solution 2, where the sizing solution 2 is approximately uniformly distributed across the cellulose fiber web 3. Such an embodiment can be made, for example, when sizing solution is added to cellulose fibers prior to coating, and may be combined with the following coating if desired. Exemplary addition points may be in the wet end of the papermaking process, fine and coarse.

[0035] Preferably, the interpenetration layer 4 is minimized and / or the concentration of the sizing agent preferably increases towards the surface of the paper substrate. Therefore, the amount of sizing agent present in the upper and / or lower outer surface of the substrate is preferably greater than the amount of sizing agent present towards the inner center of the paper substrate. Alternatively, the majority of the percentage of the sizing agent may preferably be located with an even distance from the outer surface of the substrate

Or less than 25%, more preferably 10% of the total thickness of the substrate. This aspect may also be known as Qtot, measured by known methodologies as shown in the examples below, using starch as an exemplary substance. If the Qtotal value is 0.5, the sizing agent is approximately uniformly distributed throughout the paper substrate. If Qtotal is greater than 0.5, there is more sizing agent in the center of the paper substrate than towards the surface of the paper substrate. If Qtotal is less than 0.5, there is less sizing agent in the center of the paper substrate than towards the surface of the paper substrate. In view of the above, the paper substrate of the present invention preferably has a Q total that is less than 0.5, preferably less than 0.4, more preferably less than 0.3, and most preferably less than 0.25. Accordingly, the Q total of the paper substrate of the present invention may range from 0 to less than 0.5. The range is 0, 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02.05.0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45 and 0.49, including any and all ranges and subranges.

[0036] In fact, Q is a measure of the amount of starch as it moves from the outer edges to the center of the sheet from the cross section. It is understood that Q may be any Q such that it represents an increased amount of starch toward the outer cross-sectional surfaces of the sheet, and that Q may be selected (using any test) such that one or more of the above and below substrate properties are provided of the present invention (delamination resistance, moisture expansion, IGT peel test and / or IGT VPP delamination resistance etc.).

[0037] Of course, there are other ways to measure the equivalent Q mentioned above. The sense of the present invention is therefore that any Q measurement or similar method of measuring the ratio of the amount of sizing agent towards the core of a substrate compared to the amount of sizing agent on the outer surfaces of the substrate is acceptable. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio is such that as much of the sizing agent as possible is located near the outer surfaces of the substrate, thus minimizing the penetration zone and / or minimizing the amount of starch present in the penetration layer. It is also preferred that the distribution of the sizing agent occurs even with a large amount of sizing agent applied, preferably an amount of external sizing agent applied, inside and / or on the substrate. Thus, one object of the present invention is to strictly control the amount of sizing agent located within the permeation layer as the amount of external sizing agent applied to the surface increases, either by minimizing the concentration of sizing agent in the permeation layer or reducing the thickness of the permeation layer itself. The properties of the paper substrate of the present invention described below are those that can be obtained by such control of the sizing agent. While this controlled application of sizing can occur in any manner, as discussed below, the sizing is preferably applied using a sizing press.

[0038] The paper substrate preferably has high dimensional stability. Paper substrates with high dimensional stability tend to curl. Therefore, the preferred substrates

The papers of the present invention tend to curl less compared to traditional paper substrates.

[0039] One very good indicator of dimensional stability is the physical measurement of moisture expansion, Neenah moisture expansion with TAPPI USEFUL METHOD 549 by electronically monitoring and controlling relative humidity (RH) with a desiccator and humidifier instead of the usual salt concentration. The RH of the surrounding environment changes from 50% to 15% and then to 85% causing dimensional changes in the paper sample. For example, the paper substrate of the invention has a CD moisture expansion with a change in relative humidity RH as indicated above from 0.1 to 1.9%, preferably from 0.7 to 1.2%, most preferably from 0.8 up to 1.0%. This range is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 , 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8 and 1.9%, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0040] The paper substrate preferably has an MD delamination strength of 10 to 350 ft-lbs x 10^-3 / in², preferably from 75 to 120 ft-lbs x 10^-3/ in², more preferably from 80 to 100 ft-lbs x 10^-3/ in², most preferably from 90 to 100 ft-lbs x 10^-3. This range is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105 , 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270 , 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, and 350 ft-lbs x 10^-3/ in²including any and all ranges and sub-ranges. The internal MD bond is Scott Bond as measured by the TAPPI t-569 assay.

[0041] The paper substrate preferably has a CD delamination resistance of 10 to 350 ft-lbs x 10^-3/ in², preferably from 75 to 120 ft-lbs x 10^-3, more preferably from 80 to 100 ft-lbs x 10^-3, most preferably from 90 to 100 ft-lbs x 10^-3. This range is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105 , 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270 , 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, and 350 ft-lbs x 10^-3/ in²including any and all ranges and sub-ranges. The internal CD bond is Scott Bond as measured by the TAPPI t-569 assay.

[0042] Both the above-mentioned CD and MD internal bonds as measured by the Scott Bond TAPPI t-569 test can also be measured in J / m². Conversion factor for converting ft-lbs x 10^-3/ in² on J / m² is 2. Therefore, to transform the internal bond 100 ft-lbs x 10³/ in² on J / m² you just need to multiply them by 2 (i.e. 100 ft-lbs x 10^-3/ in² X 2 J / m² / 1 ft-lbs x 10^-3/ in² = 200 J / m². All the above-mentioned ranges in ft-lbs x 10^-3/ in² they can therefore cover suitable ranges for internal bonds in J / m² as shown.

[0043] The paper substrate preferably has an MD delamination resistance of 20 to 700 J / m²preferably from 150 to 240 J / m2², more preferably from 160 to 200 J / m2²and most preferably from 180 to 200 J / m2². This range is 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130,

140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210,220,230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 320, 330,

340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 420, 440, 460, 480, 500, 520, 540, 560, 580, 600, 620, 640,

660, 680 and 700 J / m²including any and all ranges and sub-ranges. The internal MD bond is Scott Bond as measured by the TAPPI t-569 assay.

[0044] The paper substrate preferably has a CD delamination strength of 20 to 700 J / m²preferably from 150 to 240 J / m2², more preferably from 160 to 200 J / m2²and most preferably from 180 to 200 J / m2². This range is 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130,

140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 320, 330,

340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 420, 440, 460, 480, 500, 520, 540, 560, 580, 600, 620, 640,

660, 680 and 700 J / m²including any and all ranges and sub-ranges. The internal CD bond is Scott Bond as measured by the TAPPI t-569 assay.

[0045] The paper substrate preferably has a Gurley porosity of from 5 to 100 seconds, preferably from 7 to 100 seconds, more preferably from 15 to 50 seconds, and most preferably from 20 to 40 seconds. This range is 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 , 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40 seconds, including any and all ranges and subranges. Gurley porosity was measured using the TAPPI t-536 test.

[0046] The paper substrate preferably has a Gurley stiffness in CD of 100 to 450 mgf, preferably 150 to 450 mgf, more preferably 200 to 350 mgf. The range includes 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 375, 400, 425 and 450 mgf including any and all ranges and sub-ranges. Gurley's stiffness in CD is measured using the TAPPI t-543 test.

[0047] The paper substrate preferably has a Gurley stiffness in MD of 40 to 250 mgf, more preferably 100 to 150 mgf. This range is 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 mgf, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges. Gurley stiffness in MD is measured using the TAPPI t-543 test.

[0048] The paper substrate preferably has an opacity of from 85 to 105%, more preferably from 90 to 97%. This range is 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105%, including any and all all ranges and sub-ranges. Opacity is measured with the TAPPI t-425 test.

The paper substrate may have any CIE whiteness, but preferably has a CIE whiteness greater than 70, more preferably greater than 100, most preferably greater than 125, even greater than 150. The whiteness of cm may range from 125 to 200, preferably from 130 to 200, most preferably from 150 to 200. The cm whiteness range can be greater than or equal to 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195 and 200 CIE whiteness points, including any and all ranges and subranges. Examples of measuring the degree of CIE whiteness and obtaining this degree of whiteness in papermaking fibers and paper can be found, for example, in US Patent 6,893,473. In addition, examples of measuring the degree of CIE whiteness and obtaining this degree of whiteness in papermaking fibers and papers made therefrom can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Application No. 60 / 654,712 filed February 19, 2005 entitled Fixation of Optical Brightening Agents Onto Papermaking Fibers and applications U.S. Patent 2006/0185808; USA 2007/0193707 and USA 2007/0277947.

[0050] The paper substrate may have any ISO brightness level, but preferably greater than 80, more preferably greater than 90, most preferably greater than 95 ISO lightness points.

The ISO brightness may be preferably from 80 to 100, more preferably from 90 to 100, and most preferably from 95 to 100 ISO brightness points. The range is greater than or equal to 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 ISO brightness points, including any and all ranges and subranges. Examples of measuring ISO brightness and obtaining such brightness in papermaking fibers and paper made therefrom can be found, for example, in US Patent 6,893,473.

In addition, examples of measuring ISO brightness and obtaining such brightness in papermaking fibers and papers made from them can be found, for example, in US Patent Application No. 60 / 654,712 filed February 19, 2005 entitled Fixation of Optical Brightening Agents Onto Papermaking Fibers "and US Application US patent 2006/185808.

[0051] The paper substrate of the present invention preferably has improved printing performance and functionality (e.g. printing presses). Printing performance can be measured by determining better ink density, dot gain, imprint, print contrast and / or print hue to name but a few. The colors traditionally used in such performance tests include, but are by no means limited to, black, cyan, magenta, and yellow. Press efficiency may be determined by marking the printing contaminants by visually evaluating the press systems, printing felt, plates, ink system, etc. Contaminants typically include fiber contamination, coating or sizing contamination, filler or binder contamination, etc. The paper substrate of the present invention has improved print performance and / or functionality as determined by any or any combination of the foregoing.

[0052] The paper substrate may have any surface strength. Examples of physical substrate surface strength tests, which also appear to correlate with the performance of the printed substrate, are the IGT peel tests and the wax peel tests. Moreover, both tests are known in the art to correlate well with the strong surface of the paper substrate. While either of these tests may be used, IGT break tests are preferred. The IGT Peel Test is a standardized test where the results are measured by the Tappi Test 575 method, which corresponds to the ISO 3873 standard test.

The paper substrate may have at least one surface having a IGT peel strength of at least about 1, preferably at least about 1.2, more preferably at least about 1.4, and most preferably at least about 1.8 m / s. . The substrate has a surface strength as measured by IGT peel test of at least about 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1 , 6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1 and 1.0 m / s including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0054] Another known related test is one that evaluates IGT VPP dilution and is well known in the art (measured in N / m). The delamination of IGT VPP in the paper substrate of the present invention may be anything but preferably greater than 150 N / m, more preferably greater than 190 N / m, most preferably greater than 210 N / m. If the substrate is

In a repackaged substrate, the IGT VPP delamination is preferably from 150 to 175 N / m, including any and all ranges and subranges.

[0055] The paper substrate of the invention may be made with a papermaking machine having either a low or a high basis weight, including a basis weight of at least 16 gsm.² (10 lb / 3000 sq ft), preferably from at least 32 to 814 gsm² (20 to 500 lb / 3000 sq ft), more preferably from at least 65 to 529 gsm² (40 to 325 lb / 3,000 sq ft). The grammage may be at least 16, 32, 48, 65, 81, 97, 114, 130, 146, 162, 203, 244, 284, 325, 366, 407, 447, 488, 528, 569, 610, 651, 691, 732, 773 and 813 g / cm² (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475 and 500 lb / 3,000 sq ft), including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0056] The paper substrate may have any apparent specific gravity. Apparent specific gravity may range from 1.6 to 32.54 g / cm² (1 to 20), preferably 6.5 to 27.7 g / cm² (4 to 14), most preferably from 8.1 to 16.2 (5 to 10 lb / 3000 sq ft) per 25.4 micrometers (0.001 inch) thick. The specific gravity may be at least 1.6, 3.2, 4.8, 6.5, 8.1, 9.7, 11.3, 13.0, 14.5, 16.2, 17.9 , 19.5, 21.1, 22.7, 24.3, 26.0, 27.7, 29.3, 30.9 and 32.5 g / cm² (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20 lb / 3,000 sq ft) for 25, 4 micrometers (0.001 inch) thick, including any and all ranges and subranges.

[0057] The paper substrate may have any nip. The clamp may be from 50.8 to 889 microns (2 to 35 mils), preferably from 127 to 762 microns (5 to 30 mils), more preferably from 254 to 711.2 microns (10 to 28 mils), most preferably from 12 to 24 mils. The clamp can be at least 25.4, 50.8, 76.2, 101.6, 127.0, 152.6, 177.8, 203.2, 228.6, 254.0, 279.4, 304 , 8, 330.2, 355.6, 381.0, 406.4, 431.8, 457.2, 482.6, 508.0, 533.4, 558.8, 584.2, 609.6 , 635.0, 660.4, 685.8, 711.2, 736.6, 762.0, 787.4, 812.8, 838.2, 863.6 and 889.0 micrometers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35 mil), including any and all ranges and subranges listed herein.

[0058] The paper substrate may optionally have an I-beam structure or a structure as if it had an I-beam structure. However, an I-beam structure is preferred. This I-beam structure is produced by the selective placement and highly controlled location of the sizing agent inside and / or on a paper substrate. The I-beam structure and performance characteristics may be described in references such as their effect described in published application number US 2004/0065423. However, it is not known how to control the I-beam structure and / or I-beam performance characteristics for a substrate made in papermaking machines and / or pilot machine conditions. An embodiment of the present invention may also include achieving improved I-beam structures and / or performance characteristics by carefully controlling the position of the sizing agent within a cross section of the substrate itself. Also within the present limits of the present invention it is possible to create improved I-beam structures and / or improved I-beam performance characteristics of a substrate while increasing the amount of

Applied sizing agent in and / or on a substrate, in particular with external control of the sizing agent in and / or on the substrate.

[0059] The paper substrate may also contain optional substances including retention aids, binders, fillers, thickeners, and preservatives. Examples of fillers include, but are not limited to, clay, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, and dehydrated calcium sulfate. The preferred filler is calcium carbonate and the preferred form is precipitated calcium carbonate. Examples of binders include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, Amres (Kymene type), Bayer Parez, polychloride emulsion, modified starch such as hydroxyethyl starch, starch, polyacrylamide, modified polyacrylamide, polyol, polyol carbonyl adduct, ethanedial / polyol condensate, polyamide , epichlorohydrin, glyoxal, glyoxal urea, ethanedial, aliphatic polyisocyanate, isocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, diisocyanate, polyisocyanate, polyester, polyester resin, polyacrylate, polyacrylic resin, acrylate and methacrylate. Other optional materials include, but are not limited to, silicones such as colloids and / or sols. Examples of silicas include, but are not limited to, sodium silicate and / or borosilicate. Another example of optional substances are solvents, including water.

[0060] The paper substrate may contain retention aids selected from the group consisting of coagulating agents, flocculating agents and retaining agents dispersed in the bulk and porosity enhancing additives of the cellulosic fibers. Examples of retention aids can also be found in US Patent 6,379,497.

The paper substrate may contain from 0.001 to 20% by weight of optional substances, based on the total weight of the substrate, preferably from 0.01 to 10% by weight, most preferably from 0.1 to 5.0% by weight, each of at least one with optional substances. The range includes 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.006, 0.008, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0 , 6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 and 20% by weight based on the total weight of the substrate, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0062] A paper substrate can be made by contacting a sizing agent with cellulosic fibers. In addition, the contacting may occur at acceptable concentrations that provide the paper substrate of the present invention to contain any of the above-mentioned amounts of cellulose and sizing agent.

[0063] A paper substrate may be made by contacting the substrate with an interior and / or surface sizing solution containing at least one sizing agent. Contacting can occur at any time in the papermaking process, including, but not limited to, wet end, head, size press, waterbox, and / or coating.

[0064] Further points of addition include a chest, a box, and a fan suction pump. The cellulose fibers, sizing agent and / or optional ingredients may be contacted serially, sequentially and / or simultaneously in any combination with each other.

[0065] The paper substrate may be passed through a size press where any sizing agents conventionally known in the papermaking art are acceptable. For example, the size press may be of the heat seal type (e.g., inclined, vertical, horizontal) or dimensioned size press (e.g., pen gauge, bar gauge). By means of the sizing press, it is possible to contact surface sizing agents such as binders with the surface. Optionally, the same sizing agents may be added to the wet end of the papermaking process if desired. After sizing, the paper substrate may or may not be dried again according to the above-mentioned exemplary means and other drying means commonly known in the papermaking industry. The paper substrate may be dried to contain any amount of water. Preferably, the substrate is dried to have less than or exactly 10% water.

[0066] A paper substrate is produced by placing at least one sizing agent in contact with the fibers at the size press. Therefore, the sizing agent is part of the sizing solution. The sizing solution preferably contains at least one sizing agent on a% solids of sizing substances that is at least 8 wt.%, Preferably at least or equal to 10 wt.%, More preferably more or equal to 12 wt.%, Most preferably, greater than or equal to 13 wt.%. . solid sizing substances. Further, the sizing agent comprises at least 15 and at most 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30, and 35 wt% sizing solids, including any and all ranges and subranges.

[0067] A sizing agent applied to the paper, where the amount of external sizing agent is nearly equal to or exactly equal to and, in some cases, the total sizing agent applied to the fibers may be applied at will. Preferably, the amount of sizing agent applied is from 0.25 to 10 gsm, more preferably from 3.5 to 10 gsm, most preferably from 4.4 to 10 gsm. [Amount] of the sizing agent may preferably be 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4, 1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and must be at most 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5 and 10.0 g / m²including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0068] The paper substrate may have a different ratio of delamination resistance / amount of sizing agent applied. In one aspect of the present invention, the substrate contains a high amount of sizing agent and / or an amount of sizing agent applied with low delamination resistance. Accordingly, it is preferred, if possible, that the ratio of delamination strength / amount of sizing agent applied is 0. Another way of being subject to the desired effect in the substrate of the present invention is to provide a paper substrate that has a delamination resistance that either reduces or remains unchanged or increases minimally with an increase in the amount of sizing agent and / or the amount of sizing agent applied. . Another way to discuss this is to say that the change in the inherent delamination resistance of the paper is 0, less than zero, or a small positive number as the amount of sizing agent applied increases. It is desirable that the paper substrate of the present invention be subjected to this effect to a varying extent in the weight percent of solid sizing agents that are applied to the fibers using a sizing press such as

- 14 is discussed above. In an additional embodiment, it is desirable that the paper substrate exhibit any of the above phenomena, and also have a strong surface strength as measured by the IGT peel and / or wax break tests discussed above.

[0069] The paper substrate may have any internal bond / sizing ratio. The delamination resistance / amount of sizing agent applied ratio may be less than 100, preferably less than 80, more preferably less than 60 and most preferably less than 40 J / m2²/ g / m². The ratio of delamination resistance / amount of sizing agent applied may be less than 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 74, 73, 72, 71, 70, 69, 68, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62 , 61, 60, 59, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 38, 35, 32 , 30, 28, 25, 22, 20, 18, 15, 12, 10, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 J / m²/ gsm, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0070] In one embodiment, the paper substrate may be subject to the phenomenon that the change in delamination resistance occurs as a function of a change in the amount of sizing agent contained in the substrate, i.e. ∆ delamination / ∆ weight% sizing, and / or a change in the applied sizing agent. on the sizing agent substrate, ie the amount of sizing agent applied, ∆ delamination resistance / ∆, of the applied sizing agent, is preferably negative. That is, as the amount of sizing agent contained in the sheet increases gradually or the amount of sizing agent applied to the sheet increases gradually, the delamination resistance is impaired. Preferably, Δ of the delamination strength / Δ of sizing agent wt. and / or Δ delamination resistance / Δ amount of sizing agent applied is equal to or less than about 0, preferably less than -1, more preferably less than -5, most preferably less than -20. This range for the Δ delamination strength / Δ sizing agent adjustment agent% by weight. and / or ∆ delamination resistance / ∆ amount of sizing agent applied contains less than or equal to 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10 , -11, -12,

-13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19 and -20, including any and all ranges and sub ranges.

[0071] In one embodiment, the paper substrate may be subject to the phenomenon that the change in delamination resistance occurs as a function of the change in the sizing agent contained in the substrate, i.e. sizing agent backing, ie the amount of sizing agent applied, ie ∆ delamination resistance / ∆ the amount of sizing agent applied, is as small as possible, if positive. This means that the amount of sizing agent contained in the sheet increases gradually, or as the amount of sizing agent applied to the sheet increases, the delamination resistance increases, but with very little increase. Preferably, ∆ delamination strength / ∆ sizing agent wt%. and / or Δ delamination strength / Δ amount of sizing agent applied is equal to or less than about 100, preferably less than 75, more preferably less than 50, most preferably less than 25. This range of Δ delamination strength / Δ sizing agent by wt. and / or Δ of the delamination resistance / Δ of the amount of sizing agent applied includes values ​​less than or equal to 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 52, 50, 47, 45, 42, 40 ,

37, 35, 32, 30, 28, 25, 22, 20, 18, 15, 12, 10, 7, 5, 3, and 1, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0072] In one embodiment, the delamination resistance ∆ / ∆ of the applied sizing agent amount is less than 55, preferably less than 40, more preferably less than 30, and most preferably less than 25 when the sizing agent is applied using a size press, with the choice of solid sizing agent in an amount of 12 wt%, 13 wt%, 14 wt% or 16 wt% or even more. In an additional embodiment, the Δ delamination strength / Δ amount of sizing agent applied is less than 55, preferably less than 40, more preferably less than 30, and most preferably less than 25 when applying the sizing agent by means of a sizing press with a solid sizing agent selected. in an amount of 15 wt.%, 16 wt.%, or 17 wt.%, or even greater. In an additional embodiment, the Δ delamination strength / Δ amount of sizing agent applied is less than 55, preferably less than 40, more preferably less than 30, and most preferably less than 25 when the sizing agent is applied by means of a sizing press in selecting the solid sizing agent. in an amount of 18 wt.%, 19 wt.%. or 20 wt.%. or even more. Each of the above ranges includes, but is not limited to, the following 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 48, 46, 44, 42, 40, 38, 35, 32, 30, 28, 25, 23, 20, 18, 15, 12, 10, 7, 5, 2, 0, -1, -5, -10 and -20, when the sizing agent is applied using a sizing press, with a solid sizing agent selected in an amount of 12 wt.%, 13 wt.%, 14 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 16 wt.%, 17 wt.%, 18 wt.%, 19 wt.%, 20 wt.%, Or even more, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0073] When the fibers are contacted with the sizing agent on the sizing press, the viscosity of the sizing solution is 150 to 300 centipoise using a Brookfield viscometer, # 2 spindle, at 100 rpm. and 65 ° C (150 ° F). The range is 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, and 290 centipoise when measured using a Brookfield Viscometer, # 2 spindle, at 100 rpm. and 65 ° C (150 ° F) including any and all ranges and sub ranges.

[0074] When the sizing solution containing the sizing agent is contacted with the fibers in the size press to form the paper substrate of the invention, any pressure may be effective, but is preferably from 14 to 52.5 kN / m (80 to 300 lb. per linear inch), more preferably from 15.8 to 48.2 kN / m (90 to 275 psi), most preferably from 17.5 to 43.8 kN / m (100 to 250 psi). The pressure can be at least 14.0, 15.8, 17.5, 19.3, 21.0, 22.8, 24.5, 26.3, 28.0, 29.7, 31.5, 33 , 3, 35.0, 36.8, 38.5, 40.5, 42.0, 43.7, 45.5, 47.3, 49.0, 51.8 and 52.5 kN / m ( 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, and 300 pounds per linear inch) including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0075] Furthermore, the rolls of the size press may have a P&J hardness, preferably any P&J hardness. Since there are two rollers in the press, the first roll may have a first hardness and the second roll may have a second hardness. The first hardness and the second hardness may be equal and / or different from each other. For example, the P&J of the first roll at press size may have a first hardness that is 35 P&J and the second roll has a second hardness that is 35

-16P & J. Alternatively, and only to illustrate P&J, the first roll at the size press may have a first hardness which is 35 P&J, while the second roll has a second hardness which is 45 P&J. Although the rolls have different P&Js, it is preferred that the rolls are softer than hard in the adhesive press.

[0076] The paper substrate may be sandwiched into a press section including one or more nips. However, any compression means commonly known in the papermaking art may be used. The clamps may be, but are not limited to, single-felt, double-felt, cylindrical, and widened press clamps. However, any clamp commonly known in the papermaking art may be used.

[0077] The paper substrate may be dried in the drying section. Any means known in the art of papermaking can be used. The drying section may and may include a can drying, cylinder drying, Condebelt drying, IR or other drying means and mechanisms known in the art. The paper substrate can be dried to contain any amount of water. Preferably, the substrate is dried to have less than or exactly 10% water.

[0078] The paper substrate may be calendered by any conventional calendering means in the papermaking art. In particular, e.g. wet calendering, dry calendering, steel clamp calendering, fine hot calendering or widened nip calendering, etc. can be used.

[0079] The paper substrate may be microfinished as well known in the papermaking art. Micro-finishing is an agent including abrasive processes to finish the surface of the paper substrate. The paper substrate may be microfinished with or without the use of calendering means sequentially and / or simultaneously. Examples of micromachining agents can be found in U.S. Patent Application 20040123966 and references cited therein and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. USSN 60 / 810,181 filed June 2, 2006 entitled PROCESS FOR SMOOTHING THE SURFACE OF FIBROUS WEBS.

[0080] The cardboard and / or the substrate according to the invention may also comprise at least one coating layer, including two and a multiplicity of coating layers. The coating layer may be applied to at least one surface of the cardboard and / or the substrate, including two surfaces. Moreover, the coating layer may penetrate into the cardboard and / or the substrate. The coating layer may include a binder. Further, the coating layer may optionally contain a pigment. Other optional coating layer ingredients are surfactants, dispersion aids, and other conventional printing composition additives.

[0081] The substrate and the coating layer are in contact with each other by any conventional coating layer application means, including impregnating agents. A preferred method of applying the coating layer is an in-line coating process at one or more stations. The coating stations can be any known coating agents commonly known in the papermaking art, including na

For example brush, rod, air knife, spraying, curtain, blade, transfer roller, inverse roller, and / or coating means, and any combination thereof.

[0082] The coated substrate may be dried in a drying section. Any means conventionally known in the art of papermaking and / or coatings can be used. The drying section can include and include IR, air dryers and / or steam heated cans, or other drying means and mechanisms known in the coating art.

[0083] The coated substrate may be post-treated according to any of the post-treatment methods commonly known in the papermaking art. Examples of such post-treatment methods, including one or more post-treatment stations, include a polish, a soft nip calender, and / or a flared nip calender.

[0084] The above-mentioned methods of making the composition, particles and / or paper substrate of the present invention may be added to any of the conventional papermaking processes as well as the conversion process including sanding, grinding, cutting, burnishing, perforating, firing, calendering, processing. final sheet, converting, coating, laminating, printing, etc. Preferred conventional methods include those adapted to the manufacture of paper substrates that can be used as coated and / or uncoated paper products, plates, or substrates. Such advice is described in "Handbook for pulp and paper technologists" by GA Smoak (1992), Angus Wilde Publications. For example, the fiber can be prepared for use in the furnish by any known pulping, refining, and bleaching methods, for example, known mechanical, thermo-mechanical, chemical and semi-chemical pulping methods and other well known pulping methods. In certain example embodiments, at least a portion of the cellulosic fibers may be derived from non-tree deciduous plants, including, but not limited to, kenaf, hemp, jute, flax, sisal, or abaca, although regulatory and other considerations may that it is impractical or impossible to recycle hemp and other fiber sources. Either bleached or unbleached fiber can be used in the process of the present invention.

[0085] The substrate may also contain other conventional additives such as, for example, starch, mineral and polymeric fillers, retention aids, and polymer enhancers. Among the fillers that can be used are organic and inorganic pigments, such as, for example, minerals such as calcium carbonate, kaolin, and talcum, and expanded and unexpanded microspheres. Other conventional additives include, but are not limited to, high moisture resistance resins, internal sizing agents, high drying strength resins, alum, fillers, pigments, and dyes. The substrate may contain fillers such as expanded microspheres, cellulose fibers and / or diamide salts.

[0086] Examples of expandable microspheres with swelling capacity are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 60 / 660,703, filed March 11, 2005, entitled "COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING EXPANDABLE MICRO-SPHERES.

-18AND AN IONIC COMPOUND, AS WELL AS METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME and US patent application US 2007/0044239. Further examples include those found in U.S. Patent Application 6,379,497, filed May 19, 1999, and U.S. Patent Application Publication Number 20060102307, filed June 1, 2004. When such fillers are added, 0.11 to 9.07 kg (0.25 to 20 lb), preferably 1.36 to 6.80 kg (3 to 15 lb) of filler (e.g., expandable microspheres) are added. and / or the composition and / or particles discussed below) per ton of cellulosic fibers.

[0087] Examples of the filler fibers include, for example, mechanical fibers such as ground wood pulp, BCTMP, and other mechanical and / or semi-mechanical pulp. A more detailed representative example is presented below. When such pulps are added from 0.25 to 75% by weight, preferably less than 60% by weight of the total weight of the fiber used may come from such filler fibers.

[0088] Examples of diamide salts include those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20040065423, filed September 15, 2003. Such salts include mono- and diethyl bis animoethyl thalamines, which may be commercially known as Reactopaque 100 (Omnova Solutions Inc., Performance Chemicals, 1476 JA Cochran ByPass, Chester, SC 29706, USA and marketed and sold by Ondeo Nalco Co., located at Ondeo Nalco Center, Naperville, III. 60563, USA) or its chemical equivalents. When such salts are used, about 0.025 to about 0.25% by weight of the dry weight of the diamide salt may be used.

[0089] In one embodiment of the present invention, the substrate may include fillers such as those described in U.S. Patent Application No. 60 / 660,703, filed March 11, 2005 entitled "COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING EXPANDABLE MICROSPERES AND AN IONIC COMPUND, AS WELL AS. METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME ”. This embodiment is explained in detail below.

The paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 0.001 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 5% by weight, more preferably from 0.025 to 2% by weight, most preferably from 0.125 to 0.5% by weight of the composition and / or particles according to the present invention. of the present invention, based on the total weight of the substrate. The range is 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0% weight ranges, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0091] The paper substrate of the invention may contain a filler / agent in an amount ranging from 0.11 to 22.68 kg / tonne (0.25 to 50 pounds per ton dry), preferably from 2.27 to 9.07 kg. / t (5 to 20 lb. per ton dry) final product when such bulking agent is additive. This range includes 0.11, 0.22, 0.34, 0.45, 0.90, 1.13, 1.36, 1.59, 1.81, 2.04, 2.27, 2.49 , 2.72, 2.95, 3.18, 3.40, 3.63, 3.86, 4.08, 4.31, 4.54, 4.99, 5.44, 5.90, 6 , 35, 6.8, 9.07, 11.34, 13.60, 15.88, 18.14, 20.41, 22.68 kg / t dry (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 , 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5 , 9, 9.5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50

-19 pounds per ton (dry) of final product, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0092] When the paper substrate comprises a filler, the filler is preferably an expandable microsphere, mixture, and / or particle for filling paper articles and substrates. However, in this particular embodiment, any fillers can be used, while the desired fillers are expandable microspheres, mixture, particles, and / or a paper substrate thereafter. Examples of other alternative bulking agents include, but are not limited to, surfactants, Reactopaque, pre-expanded spheres, BCTMP (Bleached Chemo-Thermomechanical Pulp), microfinishing agents, and a multiplication design to create an I-beam effect in a paper substrate. or cardboard substrate. Such fillers can, when applied or applied to paper substrates, provide adequate print quality, thickness, grammage, etc. Under the harsh calibration conditions (i.e., one nip pressure and / or fewer nips on the calendering means), the produced paper substrate may have one part or a combination of the physical and performance characteristics listed herein.

[0093] When the paper substrate of the present invention comprises a filler, a preferred filler is as follows.

The paper substrate of the present invention may contain from 0.001 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 5% by weight, more preferably from 0.025 to 2% by weight, most preferably from 0.125 to 0.5% by weight of expandable microspheres based on the total the mass of the substrate.

[0095] The expandable microspheres may contain the expandable shell to create a void within them. The expandable shell may contain a carbon and / or heteroatom containing compound. An example of a carbon and / or heteroatom containing compound may be an organic polymer and / or a copolymer. The polymer and / or copolymer may be branched and / or cross-linked.

[0096] The expandable microspheres are preferably thermally expandable thermoplastic polymer hollow spheres containing a thermally activatable expansion agent. Examples of expandable microsphere compositions, contents, methods of manufacture, and uses can be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,615,972; 3,864,181; 4,006,273; 4,044,176; and 6,617,364. Further information can be found in published US Patent Applications: 20010044477; 20030008931; 20030008932; and 20040157057. Microspheres can be prepared from polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyalkyl methacrylates, polystyrene, or vinyl chloride.

[0097] The microspheres may contain a polymer and / or copolymer which has a Tg ranging from -150 to +180 ° C, preferably from 50 to 150 ° C, most preferably from 75 to 125 ° C.

[0098] The microspheres may also contain at least one blowing agent which acts to provide internal pressure upon application of a certain amount of thermal energy.

-20 on the inner wall of the microsphere such that such pressure causes the sphere to expand. The blowing agents can be liquids and / or gases. Moreover, examples of blowing agents may be selected from low boiling point particles and compositions thereof. Such blowing agents can be selected from lower alkanes such as neopentane, neohexane, hexane, propane, butane, pentane, and mixtures and isomers thereof. Isobutane is the preferred blowing agent for polyvinylidene chloride microspheres. Suitable coated expanded and unexpanded microspheres are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,722,943 and 4,829,094.

[0099] The expandable microspheres may have an average diameter ranging from about 0.5 to 200 microns, preferably from 2 to 100 microns, and most preferably from 5 to 40 microns, in an unexpanded state and a maximum expansion of about 1.5 to 10 times. , preferably 2 to 10 times, most preferably 2 to 5 times the average diameter.

[0100] The expandable microspheres may be negatively or positively charged. Moreover, the expandable microspheres may be neutral. Still further, expandable microspheres can be incorporated into the compositions and / or particles of the present invention having a net zeta potential that is greater than or equal to zero mV at a pH of about 9.0 or less at an ionic strength of 10^-6M to 0.1M.

[0101] In the composition and / or particle of the invention, the expandable microspheres may be neutral, positively or negatively charged, preferably negatively charged.

Furthermore, the composition and / or particles of the present invention may contain expandable microspheres having the same physical properties as disclosed above and below, and may be incorporated into the paper substrate of the present invention in the same manner and in the same amounts as mentioned above. and below for expandable microspheres.

[0103] Still further, the composition and / or particles of the present invention may contain expandable microspheres and at least one ionic compound. When the composition and / or particles of the present invention contain expandable microspheres and at least one ionic compound, the composition and / or particles of the present invention have a net zeta potential that is greater than or equal to zero mV at a pH of about 9.0 or less , with an ionic strength from 10^-6M to 0.1M. Preferably, the net zeta potential is greater than or equal to zero to +500, preferably greater than or equal to zero to +200, more preferably greater than or equal to zero to +150, and most preferably from +20 to +130 mV at a pH of about 9.0 or less. , with an ionic strength from about 10^-6M to 0.1M as measured by standard and conventional net zeta potential methods known in the art of analysis and physics, preferably methods using room temperature microelectrophoresis.

[0104] The ionic compound may be anionic and / or cationic, preferably cationic when the expandable microspheres are anionic. Furthermore, the ionic compounds can be organic, inorganic, and / or a mixture of both. Still further, the ionic compound may be in the form of a suspension and / or a colloid. Finally, the ionic compound may have a particle size ranging from 1 nm to 1 micron, preferably from 2 nm to 400 micron.

The ionic compounds may be any of the additives and conventional additives listed below and / or generally known in the papermaking art. More preferably, the ionic compound can be any or a combination of the retention aid acids listed below.

[0106] The weight ratio of the ionic compound to the expandable microspheres in the composition and / or particle of the present invention may be from 1: 500 to 500: 1, preferably from 1:50 to 50: 1, and more preferably from 1:10 to 10: 1 as long as the composition and / or particles have a net zeta potential that is greater than or equal to zero mV at a pH of about 9.0 or less at an ionic strength of about 10^-6 M to 0.1M.

[0107] The ionic compounds can be inorganic. Examples of the inorganic ionic compound may include, but are not limited to, silica, alumina, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, antimony oxide, iron oxide, and rare earth oxides. The inorganic compound may preferably be in the form of a suspension and / or a colloid and / or a sol when contacted with the expandable microsphere and has a particle size ranging from 1 nm to 1 micron, preferably from 2 nm to 400 microns. When the inorganic ionic compound is in the form of colloids and / or sol, a preferred compound comprises silica and / or alumina.

[0108] The ionic compounds may be organic. Carbon containing compounds can be examples of the ionic organic compound. In addition, the ionic organic compound may contain heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and / or halogen. Still further, the organic ionic compound may contain a functional group containing a heteroatom such as hydroxyl, amino, amide, carbonyl, carboxyl groups, etc. In addition, the ionic organic compound may contain more than one positive charge, negative charge, or mixtures thereof. The ionic organic compound may be a polymer and / or copolymer, which may be further cyclic, branched and / or cross-linked. When the organic ionic compound is a polymer and / or copolymer, the compound preferably has a weight average molecular weight of from 600 to 5,000,000, more preferably from 1,000 to 2,000,000, and most preferably from 20,000 to 800,000 average molecular weight. Preferably, the ionic organic compound may be an amine-containing compound. More preferably, the ionic organic compound can be a polyamine. More preferably, the nonionic organic compound may be poly (DADMAC), poly (vinylamine) and / or poly (ethyleneimine).

[0109] The composition and / or molecule of the present invention may contain at least one expandable microsphere and at least one ionic compound in which the non-ionic compound is in contact with the outer surface of the expandable microsphere. Such contacting may include a system in which the expandable microsphere is coated and / or impregnated with an ionic compound. Preferably, without wishing to be bound by theory, the ionic compound is bonded to the outer surface of the expandable microsphere by non-covalent molecular forces with each other to form particles having an inner expandable microsphere and an outer layer of ionic compound. However, portions of the outer surface of the expandable microsphere layer may not be completely covered with the outer layer of the ionic compound, while portions of the outer surface of the expandable microsphere layer may be completely covered with the outer ionic layer.

This may lead to the exposure of certain portions of the outer surface of the expandable microsphere layer.

[0110] The composition and / or particle of the present invention can be prepared by contacting, mixing, absorbing, adsorbing, etc. of the expandable microspheres with an ionic compound. The relative amounts of the expandable microsphere and ionic compound may be adjusted by conventional means as long as the resulting composition and / or molecule has a net zeta potential that is greater than or equal to zero mV at a pH of about 9.0 or less at an ionic strength of 10.^-6M to 0.1M. Preferably, the weight ratio of the ionic compound in contact with the expandable microsphere in the composition and / or particle of the present invention may be from 1: 100 to 100: 1, preferably from 1:80 to 80: 1, more preferably from 1: 1 to 1:60. and most preferably from 1: 2 to 1:50 provided that the composition and / or particle has a net zeta potential that is greater than or equal to zero mV at a pH of about 9.0 or less at an ionic strength of about 10^-6M to 0.1M.

[0111] The contact time between the ionic compound and the expandable microsphere can vary from milliseconds to years as long as the resulting composition and / or particle has a net zeta potential that is greater than or equal to zero mV at a pH of about 9.0 or less. at ionic strength from 10^-6M to 0.1M. Preferably, they are contacted from .01 seconds to 1 year, preferably from 0.1 seconds to 6 months, more preferably from 0.2 seconds to 3 weeks, most preferably from 0.5 seconds to 1 week.

[0112] Before contacting the expandable microsphere with the ionic compound, each of the expandable microspheres and / or the ionic compound may be present as a suspension, wet cake, solid, liquid, dispersion, colloidal gel, respectively. Moreover, each of the expandable microspheres and / or the ionic compound may be diluted.

[0113] The composition and / or particle of the present invention may have an average diameter ranging from about 0.5 to 200 microns, preferably from 2 to 100 microns and most preferably from 5 to 40 microns, in an unexpanded state and a maximum expansion of about 1. 5 to 10 times, preferably 2 to 10 times, most preferably 2 to 5 times the average diameter.

[0114] The composition and / or particles of the present invention can be made via the above-mentioned contacting means before and / or during a papermaking process. Preferably, the expandable microsphere and the ionic compound are contacted to form the composition and / or particles of the present invention, and then such a composition and / or particles of the present invention are sequentially and / or simultaneously contacted with the fibers listed below.

[0115] The paper substrate may be made by contacting the filler (e.g., the expandable microspheres and / or the compositions and / or particles discussed above) sequentially and / or simultaneously with the cellulosic fibers. In addition, the contacting may occur at an acceptable concentration as provided by the paper substrate of the present invention, containing any of the above-mentioned amounts of cellulose and filler (e.g., the expandable microspheres and / or compositions and / or particles discussed above).

Isolated or in any combination. More specifically, the paper substrate of this application can be produced by adding from 0.25 to 20, preferably from 2.27 to 6.80 kg / ton dry (5 to 15), most preferably from 3.18 to 5.44 kg / tonne dry. (7 to 12. Pounds) of filler (e.g., the expandable microspheres and / or compositions and / or particles discussed above) per ton of cellulosic fibers. This range includes 0.11, 0.23, 0.34, 0.45, 0.91, 1.13, 1.36, 1.59, 1.81, 2.04, 2.27, 2.49 , 2.72, 2.94, 3.18, 3.4, 3.63, 3.86, 4.08, 4.31, 4.54, 4.99, 5.44, 5.90, 6 , 35, 6.80, 9.07, 11.33, 13.60, 15.88, 18.14, 20.41 and 22.68 kg / t dry (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 , 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5 , 9, 9.5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 pounds per ton of dry) final product, including any and all ranges and sub-ranges.

[0116] The contacting may occur at any time in the papermaking process including, but not limited to, thick, thin, headbox, and coating with a preferred point of addition in a thin stock layer. Further addition points include box, box and fan pump suction

[0117] The paper substrate may be made by contacting further substances optionally with cellulosic fibers. Contacting can occur at any point in the papermaking process, including, but not limited to, coarse, fine, head box, size press, water box, and coater. Further addition points include box, box and fan pump suction. Batchwise, sequentially and / or simultaneously, in any combination, cellulosic fibers, filler, sizing agent and / or optional other ingredients can be combined. The cellulose fibers and filler may be pre-blended in any combination prior to addition to or during the papermaking process.

[0118] In this specification, ranges are used as a shorthand to describe each and all values ​​within the range, including all subranges contained therein.

[0119] Numerous modifications and variations to the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. Therefore, it should be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described herein.

[0120] The invention is described in more detail with reference to the following embodiment.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0121] The following is a description of one of the methodologies used in quantifying Q as described in the preceding pages.

Technical report

A modern method of quantifying starch permeation along the Z axis

[0122] Raj R. Bodalla, Steve Van Winkle and P. Johnson

Technology

[0123] Analytical Sciences - PDC

[0124] SUMMARY: In this report, a new method for quantifying starch permeation, Q, was investigated and described using image analysis (Lappalainen, Solasaari, Lipponen, 2005). When the penetration of starch in the direction of the Z axis decreases, the dimensionless Q integer approaches zero. If the starch is completely degraded in the Z direction, the Q total is 0.5. Three samples of paper were tested in this study. Qtotal for the board, C1S board, and printing paper were 0.2, 0.5, and 0.5, respectively, in agreement with a qualitative visual assessment. It is worth noting that the image analysis data does not yield the actual starch percentage or penetration depth, and care should be taken not to enter erroneous data. This method will provide a new tool for optimizing and fine-tuning the process parameters related to starch permeation.

Introduction

[0125] Starch permeation and its Z-direction distribution in paper and board is of great interest for the process variables related to the properties of the paper. At the TAPPI coating conference in April 2005, a dimensionless penetration number Q was introduced to assist in the evaluation of image analysis data for starch permeation (Lappalainen, Lipponen, and Solasaari, 2005). This approach could facilitate a semi-quality comparison or classification of paper samples with different starch permeation rates. The purpose of this report was to replicate the authors' technique to establish Qtot in various starch sizing documents using a standard microscope and freely available software.

Result and discussion

[0126] Three samples of paper and board with different starch levels were selected for evaluation. Five cross sections of each sample were made and stained with a I2 / KI solution (about 2N). Cross-sections were photographed using a light microscope at 10x magnification. A micrograph of representative sections is shown in Figure 1.

[0127] Image analysis software, ImageJ, (downloaded from http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/) was used in this study. Images were converted to 8-bit grayscale with enhanced contrast (normalized across the entire range). The saturated pixel value was set to its default value of 0.5% and the auto threshold was selected. The cross-section was divided into four rectangular slices of equal thickness (four equal regions of interest, ROI), and these slices were defined as top, middle-top, middle-bottom, and bottom. From the automatic threshold, the fraction of the iodine stained area within each ROI was calculated. Penetrations Qup and Qdown were calculated using the equation shown below. The mean Q total penetration value was calculated as the weighted mean penetration number obtained on both sides.

-25 Fraction of area _gimli._imdtnwyθ gć rn e = ----------------------------------------- Area fraction _{let's go} + A fraction of the area

A fraction of area 4,_aboutdkowy-lower ^Q lower ⁼

A fraction of the area _down|_ny + Fraction of the area

Top-middle fraction + fraction c of area_{<rodkewydoKy}0 total = ------------------------------------------------ --------------: -

Uł mek the area _{9æ (n}^ + Area fraction _y, + A fraction of the area_{śra [J1 (ow}^_{o | n}+ Uła mek area r_{U (| o | n}^

[0128] The above equation suggests that Q approaches zero as starch drops. If the starch is evenly distributed in the z direction, the Q value is 0.5. If O> 0.5, there is more starch in the inner parts of the cut sample than on the surface.

[0129] The results for the three paper samples are shown in Table 1. The results matched our visual evaluation of the sample micrographs. Regarding the cardboard samples, the starch remained on the surfaces and did not penetrate in the z direction. The remaining samples showed a higher starch concentration on the surface, but also showed complete permeability.

Table 1. The permeability of the Q dimension for different samples.

<td>a sample</td><td>Q</td>

<td>cardboard box for approx</td><td>O.2 (± 0.08)</td>

<td>cardboard Cl S</td><td>^ .5 &lt;± O.O1 J.</td>

<td>photocopying paper</td><td> 0.5 {*0,04)</td>

[0130] The starch penetration value, Q obtained by the method described herein, cannot be directly interpreted as the distribution of the starch content: we are literally comparing the gray threshold percentages and cannot be directly related to the starch weight percentages. For example, suppose the gray threshold selected corresponds to 5 wt.%. starch. When starch exceeds the 5% threshold, there will be no distinction between 5% and the higher threshold.

[0131] From the previous example, it can be easily concluded that the image analysis methods are sensitive to differences in thresholds. Although they were not performed with statistical rigor, multiple tests by different analysts on these samples using a manual threshold indicated that the calculated area percent was not sensitive to slight variations in the threshold. Perhaps more importantly, the auto-threshold feature was not found to be significantly implemented.

[0132] It is noteworthy that these samples were imaged in reflected light and the contrast between the white paper and the starch-iodine complex was visible. In transmitted light, as with thin cross sections of epoxy, it is difficult to separate bubbles and filler areas (blocked light) from the purple iodine-starch complex: the thresholds will be in similar levels of gray.

[0133] The authors used a point of reference in shades of gray when taking the images to ensure reproducible light reflection. They also used rear lighting to improve the contrast and response of the camera. These technical improvements will be considered in future work.

Summary

[0134] The semi-quantitative starch permeation evaluation method for calculating the dimensionless Qcaikové permeation value was repeated in this study. This number can be used to compare the starch permeation in different paper samples to determine the effect of changes in the papermaking process.

Reference:

[0135] Lappalainen, T. Lipponen, J. Solasaari, T. (2005) Novel method for quantitative starch penetration analysis through iodine staining and image analysis of cross-sections of uncoated paper and board. Presented at the Tappi Coating Conference, April 2005, Toronto.

Distribution:

[0136] Standard c: RB Philips (MTC), N. Marsolan (MTC), S. Arenander (MTC), D. Crawshaw (PDC), C. Campbell (PDC)

[0137] Additionally c: H. Munn (Augusta Mili), K. Singh (PDC), T. Amson (PDC), R. Williams (PDC), A. Anderson (PDC), David Reed (PDC), S. Lucia (PDC), B. McGaffin (MTC), M. Bovee (MTC), Dennis Reed (MTC), D. Turner (PDC), B. Schweikert (PDC), R. Rudolph (PDC), L Bednarik (PDC ), J. Jackson (MTC), G. Bachman (MTC)

Attachments:

[0138]

Figure 1. Photos of the sections of paper and cardboard samples (10x).

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0001.tif" />

Juice carton (after specifying thresholds)

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0002.tif" />

CIS cardboard (standardized grayscale)

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0003.tif" />

Printable paper (as captured in the photo)

Example 2

[0139] The following is a description of another methodology used to quantify Q as described in the above pages.

Procedure:

[0140] The paper was cut into 1 cm wide strips and then clamped between the stainless steel blocks to be treated. The cross-sections were taken using a one-way razor, quickly pulled along the surface of a polished stainless steel clip, clipping any protruding paper. Then the pressed paper sample was stained with a solution of iodine / potassium iodide (approx. 0.1 N). In this procedure a drop of iodine solution was squeezed through section x and then was wiped off. The moistened sample was allowed to react and be absorbed for at least three minutes before taking pictures. The paper was removed from the clamp by about 1 mm (double the thickness of the blotter served as an instrument) and tightened.

[0141] Images were acquired from random locations along the cross-section using a digital microscope camera (Olympus DP-10, jpg SHQ mode, 1280 x 1024 pixels) mounted on an Olympus ΒΧ-40 composite microscope equipped with epi-illumination and polarized light analysis. Both polarizer slides were in place when the image was downloaded. Random image capture was ensured by crossing the cross section without observing the camera screen or observing the microscope.

[0142] The microscope was equipped with a 12V halogen radiator. The porthole was adjusted to approximately lv. An external microscope (Olympus EMM 7) is used on the right eyepiece to monitor the reflected light. A gray paper stripe (Sherwin Williams Serious Gray, SW 6256) was used as the standard in reflected light. The light was measured to 7/10 over the full range on the high (middle) meter band. The reductions in the light level were performed using an obscuring membrane within the incident light beam of the microscope. The appropriate exposure at full scale 7/10 was f / 3.5 aperture at 1/125 sec (determined with a Nikon CoolPix 950 digital camera set to ISO 100, installed in the right eyepiece) with an exposure value of around 10.5 (evl0.5 is 4.5 stops slower than the photographic standard sunny f / 16 or evl5).

[0143] SW Serious Gray paint strips were trimmed to match the stainless steel clip profiles adjacent to the colored paper of the x-section. These stripes provided an even background of the cut-off medium gray, revealing a concentrated cross-section. The camera was set to matrix mode and automatic exposure. A 20x lens was used,

-28 resulting in an image area of ​​0.55 mm. Thirty images were compensated for a total analysis length of 16.5 mm, in excess of the recommended minimum reported in the literature ().

[0144] For a typical 1cm strip of paper, 6 to 8 images were collected. For each paper sample, photos were typically collected from four or five different sections. The jpeg images (the only one available on the DP-10 camera) were transferred to the tiff format before being processed using Adobe Photoshop 5.5 with the FoveaPro4 image analysis plug-in (Reindeer Graphics, John Russ).

[0145] Image analysis methods using FoveaPro 4 software involved several steps. The first procedures involved matching and background subtraction; rotating the cross-section to obtain a horizontal upper surface and defining a rectangular area that may include the largest possible cross-section, taking into account the minimum background. Matching a perfect rectangular area to the uneven perimeter of the paper resulted in an intermediate brightness between the dark perimeter of the sample and a much lighter gray background. The typical background areas were characterized by a pixel brightness of 160 (8-bit 256, grayscale) and the dark colored areas were below 40, hence the edge areas of the sections were generally close to the brightness level of 100 and fell to full darkness. Green plane was selected and converted to gray scale (automatic in PhotoShop), mean darkness of pixels in image in rastor scan was calculated (embedded command in Photshop / FoveaPro: Filter / IP * Global Measure / Profile / Vertical (horizontal averaged), resulting in distribution of average pixel brightness from the top to the bottom surface of a paper cross-section. These lightness distributions across x were collected for each of the 30 images in an MS Excel spreadsheet and then averaged.

[0146] As a significant amount of pinch was found between the images, the span in data intensity increased significantly from left to right (top to bottom section surface). Physically, the starch is applied to the sheet surface or surfaces and penetrates: the right starting point (top surface) is no less secure than the left side (bottom surface). Therefore, the data has been plotted a second time, this time shifting the dataset so that the right ends are at the same starting point. This was achieved in an Excel spreadsheet by copying blank cells to the beginning of each data column, moving the data column so that it ends up on the same row as the maximum sample in a jaw check in 30 master sets. As an example, consider a data set ranging from 0.1 to 0.15 mm. At the beginning of the data range for short clamp samples (clamp less than 0.15), blank cells would be inserted on the blank data strip so that they would all be in the same last row of the spreadsheet as the 0.15 mm sample. An average plot was computed from each dataset.

[0147] Average pinch was calculated from the original data set. It was the simple average of all the tracks.

[0148] In the previous example, assume the mean clamp is 0.12mm. To merge the two average plots (the original and the right-shifted segments), 0.3 mm was truncated from the less certain end of each. This resulted in two fields that were in agreement with a medium pinch and made it possible to estimate the penetration depth to a local dark minimum from each surface.

[0149] The composite plot was constructed by combining the best left (top cross) and right ends (right-shifted, bottom cross) and using the average of the two areas in the center. The length of this central region was determined by dividing the distance between the dark lows into successive sections and averaging the central third region.

[0150] A line is drawn between the two minima. The area of ​​interest for the calculations was limited at the top by a complex curve and at the bottom by a straight line. The slope of each curve branch in the ROI was determined using an Excel linear trend function superimposed between the local minima and a point along the upper curve, defined as the weighted average brightness along the curve between the two minima.

[0151] The additional points were calculated as the boundary area between the straight line and the upper curve. This area was calculated in Excel as the sum of the areas, defined as the difference in height between the curve and the straight line multiplied by the calibrated distance between adjacent measurement points, exactly analogous to the Reimann sum.

[0152] The number "Q" was calculated as the ratio of the sum of these areas near the terminal fraction in the area of ​​interest (terminal regions together with the central fraction).

[0153] Representative data of the above methodology are shown below.

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0004.tif" />

[0154] The above graph shows the Thor dataset, thirty individual waveforms, with the left end of the waveforms aligned (top) and the right end of the waveforms aligned (bottom). The increased variation at the ragged ends of the runs is obvious. An estimated crimp height was calculated from the total data set. It can be seen from the top graph that the clamp ranged from about 0.11 to 0.14 mm. The average clamp for this data set has been calculated as 0.118 mm.

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0005.tif" />

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0006.tif" />

Average and composite of the present invention with the baseline

[0155] The mean plots of the shifted curves were clipped to the mean pinch at the weak end of each curve. The composite curve was constructed with the most reliable data at each end. The mean portion of the chart was the mean of the two mean charts. The length of this middle portion was defined as the central third between the two minima.

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0007.tif" />

Area of ​​the present invention of interest for calculations

[0156] A line is drawn between the two minima defining the area of ​​interest at the center of the plot. The weighted mean intensity along the intensity curve between the minima was calculated as 85.84, shown as the horizontal black line in the graph above. The vertical lines from the intersection of the mean brightness and the intensity curve to the baseline (not shown) defined the three sub-areas within the region of interest, as well as a portion of the intensity curve used to calculate the slope. Analysis of this isolated area yielded three values: the total area between the intensity curve and the baseline; the slope of the curve at one end; and the ratio of the areas included in the final fractions to the total area under the curve (simulated Q-factor).

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0008.tif" />

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0009.tif" />

right

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0010.tif" />

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0011.tif" />

Medium l litas l folded of a conventional paper substrate with a baseline

[0157] As mentioned above, the slope of each curve branch in the region of interest was determined using an Excel trendline function defined between the local minima and the point along the upper curve, defined as the light-weighted average along the curve between the two minima. This slope is representative of the rate at which the starch level decreases as a function of penetration towards the center of the cross section of the sheet. Accordingly, the slope of the drawn line is the intensity units / mm, (progressing in mm in the cross-section of the sheet.

For the left end (representing the slope at the top of the sheet), the present invention has a slope that is 1612.9 intensity units / mm, while for a conventional paper substrate it has a slope that is 426.1 intensity units / mm. Accordingly, when moving from the top surface of the sheet to the center of the sheet, the paper substrate of the present invention has a much faster starch decay rate (measured slope) and the starch is clearly primarily isolated towards the top surface of the sheet. For the low end end (representing the slope at the bottom of the sheet), the present invention has a slope that is 1408.9 intensity units / mm, while for a plain paper substrate it has a slope that is 663.46 intensity units / mm. Accordingly, while moving from the bottom surface of the sheet to the center of the sheet, the paper substrate of the present invention also has a much faster starch decay rate (as measured by a slope) and the starch is clearly isolated towards the top surface of the sheet.

[0158] While examples are provided, it is preferred that the paper substrate of the present invention has at least a half (upper half or lower half) of a cross section such as to provide a slope (as measured above) which is such that it can provide any of the following. more characteristic properties of the paper substrate of the present invention, mentioned above (e.g. delamination resistance, moisture expansion resistance, IGT surface strength and / or IGT VPP delamination resistance etc). The slope may be greater than 700 intensity units / mm, preferably greater than 850 intensity units / mm, more preferably greater than 900 intensity units / mm, most preferably more than 1150 intensity units / mm. In a more preferred embodiment, the paper substrate of the present invention has both halves (upper and lower halves) with a cross section providing an inclination (as measured above) which is such that it can provide each of the more characteristic properties of the paper substrate of the present invention mentioned above. above (e.g., delamination resistance, moisture expansion, IGT peel test and / or IGT VPP delamination resistance, etc). The slope may be greater than 700 intensity units / mm, preferably greater than 850 intensity units / mm, more preferably greater than 900 intensity units / mm, most preferably greater than 1150 intensity units / mm.

Example 3

[0159] Tables 1 and 2 below describe 41 paper substrates made under paper machine conditions with a size press applying a solution containing starch as a sizing agent. The specifics of each condition, e.g., linear speed, nip pressure, starch loading, total starch solids, viscosity of the sizing press solution, P&amp;J roll hardness, etc., are described in the tables. The P&amp;J hardness conditions performed in this study fell into one of two categories; category 1: the first roll had a hardness of P&amp;J 35 and the second roll had a hardness of P&amp;J 35; and category 2: the first roll had a P&amp;J hardness of 35 and the second roll had a P&amp;J hardness of 45. In addition, the following performance and physical properties are listed in the tables

-36 substrates, e.g. delamination resistance, Gurley porosity, moisture expansion, stiffness, IGT TS peel test (top side), IGT BS peel test (bottom side) etc., etc. Delamination strength is displayed in two columns, one in ft-lbs x 10 '³/ in² (i.e. ft-lbs) and the second in J / m² (ie J). These columns are not separate measurements, but are provided to illustrate the conversion factors between the two units of measurement for the delamination resistance mentioned above.

Table 1

<td>condition table 1</td><td>clamp load / pressure</td><td>starch load (gsm)</td><td>particles starch solids total (wt.%)</td><td>a dissolution cP viscosity size press</td><td>P&amp;J if 1, then P / J is 35:35; if 2, then P / J is 35:45</td><td>linear speed of the paper; fpm</td><td>spool and humidity, machine. %</td><td>Gurley porosity (seconds)</td><td>stiffness CD (mgO</td><td>expandability under the influence of humidity (%)</td>

<td> 1</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.6</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 264</td><td> 2</td><td> 2802</td><td> 4.9</td><td> 29.65</td><td> 109.6</td><td> 1.22</td>

<td> 2</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.2</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 264</td><td> 2</td><td> 2305</td><td> 5</td><td> 30</td><td> 110.2</td><td> 1.22</td>

<td> 3</td><td> 225</td><td> 2.9</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 264</td><td> 2</td><td> 1808</td><td> 6</td><td> 35.85</td><td> 102.2</td><td> 1.207</td>

<td> 4</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.8</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 264</td><td> 2</td><td> 2802</td><td> 4.6</td><td> 26.1</td><td> 123.6</td><td> 1.127</td>

<td> 5</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.2</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 264</td><td> 2</td><td> 1808</td><td> 4.2</td><td> 25.5</td><td> 119.2</td><td> 1.107</td>

<td> 6</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.8</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 264</td><td> 2</td><td> 2802</td><td> 5.7</td><td> 26.55</td><td> 113.8</td><td> 1.087</td>

<td> 7</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.9</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 264</td><td> 2</td><td> 2801</td><td> 5.6</td><td> 25.45</td><td> 115.8</td><td> 1.093</td>

<td> 8</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.5</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 264</td><td> 2</td><td> 2306</td><td> 4.4</td><td> 23.45</td><td> 121.2</td><td> 1.093</td>

<td> 9</td><td> 225</td><td> 2.8</td><td> 16</td><td> 175</td><td> 2</td><td> 1806</td><td> 5.9</td><td> 24.2</td><td> 112.4</td><td> 1.133</td>

<td> 10</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.2</td><td> 16</td><td> 175</td><td> 2</td><td> 2305</td><td> 4.6</td><td> 22.75</td><td> 112.8</td><td> 1.173</td>

<td> 11</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.6</td><td> 16</td><td> 175</td><td> 2</td><td> 2802</td><td> 4.9</td><td> 21.6</td><td> 122.6</td><td> 1.287</td>

<td> 12</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.7</td><td> 15.65</td><td> 175</td><td> 2</td><td> 2802</td><td> 4.5</td><td> 22.15</td><td> 107</td><td> 1.28</td>

<td> 13</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.3</td><td> 15.65</td><td> 175</td><td> 2</td><td> 1806</td><td> 5.3</td><td> 26.6</td><td> 116.2</td><td> 1.26</td>

<td> 14</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.5</td><td> 15.65</td><td> 175</td><td> 2</td><td> 2305</td><td> 4.8</td><td> 20.9</td><td> 108.4</td><td> 1.26</td>

<td> 15</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.5</td><td> 15.65</td><td> 175</td><td> 2</td><td> 2306</td><td> 4.7</td><td> 22.8</td><td> 108.4</td><td> 1.253</td>

<td> 16</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.4</td><td> 15.65</td><td> 175</td><td> 2</td><td> 1806</td><td> 5.5</td><td> 23.6</td><td> 108.4</td><td> 1.273</td>

<td> 17</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.3</td><td> 15.65</td><td> 175</td><td> 2</td><td> 1806</td><td> 5.6</td><td> 25.1</td><td> 115.6</td><td> 1.273</td>

<td> 18</td><td> 225</td><td> 3</td><td> 9.25</td><td> 65</td><td> 2</td><td> 2105</td><td> 5.3</td><td> 12.35</td><td> 122.2</td><td> 1.18</td>

<td> 19</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.7</td><td> 15.8</td><td> 282</td><td> 1</td><td> 2802</td><td> 5</td><td> 22.55</td><td> 154.6</td><td> 1.2</td>

<td> 20</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.2</td><td> 15.8</td><td> 282</td><td> 1</td><td> 1806</td><td> 4.4</td><td> 28.1</td><td> 116.3</td><td> 1.173</td>

<td> 21</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.4</td><td> 15.15</td><td> 268</td><td> 1</td><td> 2306</td><td> 4.1</td><td> 24.85</td><td> 116</td><td> 1.1</td>

<td>condition table 1</td><td>clamp load / pressure</td><td>starch load (gsm)</td><td>particles starch solids total (wt.%)</td><td>a dissolution cP viscosity size press</td><td>P&amp;J if 1, then P / J is 35:35; if 2, then P / J is 35:45</td><td>linear speed of the paper; fpm</td><td>spool and humidity, machine. %</td><td>Gurley porosity (seconds)</td><td>CD stiffness (mgf)</td><td>expandability under the influence of humidity (%)</td>

<td> 22</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.6</td><td> 15.15</td><td> 268</td><td> 1</td><td> 2803</td><td> 6.1</td><td> 25.35</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.127</td>

<td> 23</td><td> 150</td><td> 3</td><td> 15.15</td><td> 268</td><td> 1</td><td> 1806</td><td> 4.8</td><td> 29.1</td><td> 118</td><td> 1.107</td>

<td> 24</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.4</td><td> 15.15</td><td> 268</td><td> 1</td><td> 2305</td><td> 4.5</td><td> 24.55</td><td> 114</td><td> 1.113</td>

<td> 25</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.2</td><td> 15.15</td><td> 268</td><td> 1</td><td> 1806</td><td> 5.1</td><td> 28.05</td><td> 112.8</td><td> 1.107</td>

<td> 26</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.9</td><td> 15</td><td> 282</td><td> 1</td><td> 2802</td><td> 5.3</td><td> 23.75</td><td> 133.4</td><td> 1.113</td>

<td> 27</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.3</td><td> 15.8</td><td> 164</td><td> 1</td><td> 2802</td><td> 4.3</td><td> 19.9</td><td> 106.8</td><td> 1.153</td>

<td> 28</td><td> 225</td><td> 3</td><td> 15.8</td><td> 164</td><td> 1</td><td> 1808</td><td> 4.5</td><td> 21.6</td><td> 105.4</td><td> 1.127</td>

<td> 29</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.4</td><td> 15.8</td><td> 164</td><td> 1</td><td> 2802</td><td> 4.4</td><td> 19.55</td><td> 110.4</td><td> 1.133</td>

<td> 30</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.2</td><td> 15.1</td><td> 169</td><td> 1</td><td> 2305</td><td> 3.9</td><td> 18.9</td><td> 96.6</td><td> 1.147</td>

<td> 31</td><td> 150</td><td> 3</td><td> 15.1</td><td> 169</td><td> 1</td><td> 1806</td><td> 4.6</td><td> 23.25</td><td> 102.8</td><td> 1.24</td>

<td> 32</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.3</td><td> 15.1</td><td> 169</td><td> 1</td><td> 2306</td><td> 3.6</td><td> 18.6</td><td> 104.4</td><td> 1.237</td>

<td> 33</td><td> 225</td><td> 3</td><td> 15.1</td><td> 169</td><td> 1</td><td> 1806</td><td> 5.8</td><td> 20.75</td><td> 100.4</td><td> 1.253</td>

<td> 34</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.6</td><td> 15.1</td><td> 169</td><td> 1</td><td> 2802</td><td> 5</td><td> 19.1</td><td> 111.8</td><td> 1.28</td>

<td> 35</td><td> 150</td><td> 3</td><td> 15.2</td><td> 162</td><td> 1</td><td> 1806</td><td> 5.4</td><td> 22.1</td><td> 96.6</td><td> 1.28</td>

<td> 36</td><td> 225</td><td> 2.9</td><td> 9.5</td><td> 57</td><td> 1</td><td> 2104</td><td> 5.8</td><td> 12.45</td><td> 103.2</td><td> 1.207</td>

<td> 37</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.5</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 253</td><td> 2</td><td> 2801</td><td> 4.6</td><td> 21.9</td><td> 113.2</td><td> 1.147</td>

<td> 38</td><td> 150</td><td> 3.2</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 253</td><td> 2</td><td> 2305</td><td> 4.3</td><td> 23</td><td> 111</td><td> 1.12</td>

<td> 39</td><td> 150</td><td> 2.9</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 253</td><td> 2</td><td> 1806</td><td> 5.4</td><td> 26.6</td><td> 110.6</td><td> 1.12</td>

<td> 40</td><td> 225</td><td> 3.2</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 253</td><td> 2</td><td> 2305</td><td> 4.9</td><td> 21.2</td><td> 109.8</td><td> 1.14</td>

<td> 41</td><td> 225</td><td> 2.9</td><td> 15.9</td><td> 253</td><td> 2</td><td> 1806</td><td> 5.7</td><td> 24.6</td><td> 125</td><td> 1.087</td>

Table 2

<td>condition</td><td>blister speed TS, IGT m / s</td><td>b and rudder TS, IGT WP N / m</td><td>hurry up breaking up TS, IGT m / s</td><td>breaking up TS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>mark TS, IGT, m / s</td><td>mark TS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>blister speed BS, IGT m / s</td><td>blister BS, IGT WP N / m</td><td>breaking speed BS, IGT m / s</td><td>breaking up BS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>mark BS, IGT, m / s</td><td>omzc ze- no BS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>resistance to delamination (ft Ibs)</td><td>resistance no dissection (J)</td>

<td> 1</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.73</td><td> 183</td><td> 1</td><td> 106</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.73</td><td> 183</td><td> 72.2</td><td> 144.4</td>

<td> 2</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.78</td><td> 187</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.64</td><td> 173</td><td> 70.6</td><td> 141.2</td>

<td> 3</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 128</td><td> 1.73</td><td> 183</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1</td><td> 106</td><td> 1.41</td><td> 148</td><td> 68.2</td><td> 138.4</td>

<td>condition</td><td>blister speed TS, IGT m / s</td><td>blister TS, IGT WP N / m</td><td>hurry up breaking up TS, IGT m / s</td><td>breaking up TS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>mark TS, IGT, m / s</td><td>mark TS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>blister speed BS, IGT m / s</td><td>blister BS, IGT WP N / m</td><td>breaking speed BS, IGT m / s</td><td>breaking up BS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>mark BS, IGT, m / s</td><td>omzc ze- no BS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>resistance to delamination (ft Ibs)</td><td>resistance to delamination (J)</td>

<td> 4</td><td> 1.05</td><td> 110</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.78</td><td> 187</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.27</td><td> 134</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 69</td><td> 138</td>

<td> 5</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.41</td><td> 148</td><td> 1.67</td><td> 197</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.27</td><td> 134</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 79.6</td><td> 159.8</td>

<td> 8</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.64</td><td> 173</td><td> 1.05</td><td> 110</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.59</td><td> 168</td><td> 62.4</td><td> 124.8</td>

<td> 7</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.78</td><td> 187</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.27</td><td> 134</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 67.2</td><td> 131.4</td>

<td> 8</td><td> 1.05</td><td> 110</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.68</td><td> 177</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.55</td><td> 163</td><td> 67.2</td><td> 131.4</td>

<td> 9</td><td> 1.05</td><td> 110</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.59</td><td> 168</td><td> 0.96</td><td> 101</td><td> 1.05</td><td> 110</td><td> 1.41</td><td> 148</td><td> 66.8</td><td> 133.6</td>

<td> 10</td><td> 1.27</td><td> 134</td><td> 1.54</td><td> 192</td><td> 1.78</td><td> 187</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.67</td><td> 197</td><td> 68.8</td><td> 133.6</td>

<td> 11</td><td> 1.55</td><td> 163</td><td> 1.41</td><td> 148</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 77</td><td> 154</td>

<td> 12</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.55</td><td> 163</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.45</td><td> 153</td><td> 1.67</td><td> 197</td><td> 70.4</td><td> 140.8</td>

<td> 13</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.59</td><td> 168</td><td> 1.91</td><td> 202</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 64.6</td><td> 129.2</td>

<td> 14</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.5</td><td> 158</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.41</td><td> 148</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 69</td><td> 138</td>

<td> 15</td><td> 1.38</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.64</td><td> 173</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.41</td><td> 148</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 65.4</td><td> 130.8</td>

<td> 16</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.45</td><td> 153</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 63.6</td><td> 127.2</td>

<td> 17</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 63.6</td><td> 127.2</td>

<td> 18</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1</td><td> 108</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.05</td><td> 110</td><td> 1.5</td><td> 158</td><td> 91.2</td><td> 162.4</td>

<td> 19</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.5</td><td> 158</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 1.05</td><td> 110</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 178</td><td> 71</td><td> 142</td>

<td> 20</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 130</td><td> 1.5</td><td> 158</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.64</td><td> 173</td><td> 65.2</td><td> 130.4</td>

<td> 21</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.45</td><td> 153</td><td> 1.91</td><td> 202</td><td> 1.10</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 178</td><td> 65.8</td><td> 131.6</td>

<td> 22</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.59</td><td> 166</td><td> 1.91</td><td> 202</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 67.6</td><td> 135.2</td>

<td> 23</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.38</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.78</td><td> 187</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 178</td><td> 65.6</td><td> 131.2</td>

<td> 24</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.45</td><td> 153</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 179</td><td> 68</td><td> 138</td>

<td> 25</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.73</td><td> 183</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.64</td><td> 173</td><td> 88.2</td><td> 132.4</td>

<td> 26</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.78</td><td> 187</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.73</td><td> 183</td><td> 70</td><td> 140</td>

<td> 27</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.45</td><td> 153</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 67.8</td><td> 135.6</td>

<td> 28</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.41</td><td> 148</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.27</td><td> 134</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 178</td><td> 64.4</td><td> 128.8</td>

<td> 29</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.55</td><td> 183</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.91</td><td> 202</td><td> 69.6</td><td> 139.6</td>

<td> 30</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.35</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.78</td><td> 187</td><td> 64.2</td><td> 128.4</td>

<td> 31</td><td> 1.10</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 65.8</td><td> 131.6</td>

<td>condition</td><td>blister speed TS, IGT m / s</td><td>b lister TS, IGT WP N / m</td><td>hurry up breaking up TS, IGT m / s</td><td>breaking up TS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>mark TS, IGT, m / s</td><td>mark TS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>blister speed BS, IGT m / s</td><td>b lister BS, IGT WP N / m</td><td>breaking speed BS, IGT m / s</td><td>breaking up BS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>mark BS, IGT, m / s</td><td>omzc ze- no BS, IGT WP, N / m</td><td>resistance to delamination (ft Ibs)</td><td>resistance to delamination (J)</td>

<td> 32</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.11</td><td> 148</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 0.96</td><td> 101</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.64</td><td> 173</td><td> 66.8</td><td> 133.6</td>

<td> 33</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 127</td><td> 134</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 178</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.59</td><td> 168</td><td> 66.4</td><td> 128.8</td>

<td> 34</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.45</td><td> 153</td><td> 1.87</td><td> 197</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.5</td><td> 158</td><td> 1.91</td><td> 202</td><td> 69.2</td><td> 138.4</td>

<td> 35</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.27</td><td> 134</td><td> 1.73</td><td> 183</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.82</td><td> 192</td><td> 65.8</td><td> 131.6</td>

<td> 38</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 0.96</td><td> 101</td><td> 1.41</td><td> 140</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.41</td><td> 140</td><td> 81.2</td><td> 162.4</td>

<td> 37</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.73</td><td> 183</td><td> 1.05</td><td> 110</td><td> 127</td><td> 134</td><td> 1.78</td><td> 187</td><td> 64.2</td><td> 128.4</td>

<td> 38</td><td> 1.05</td><td> 110</td><td> 1.36</td><td> 143</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 178</td><td> 1</td><td> 106</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 178</td><td> 63.6</td><td> 127.2</td>

<td> 39</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 129</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 178</td><td> 1</td><td> 106</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.78</td><td> 187</td><td> 63.4</td><td> 126.6</td>

<td> 40</td><td> 1.00</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.64</td><td> 173</td><td> 1</td><td> 106</td><td> 1.18</td><td> 124</td><td> 1.73</td><td> 183</td><td> 66.4</td><td> 132.6</td>

<td> 41</td><td> 1</td><td> 108</td><td> 1.09</td><td> 115</td><td> 1.73</td><td> 183</td><td> 1</td><td> 106</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 120</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 178</td><td> 64.6</td><td> 129.2</td>

Example 4

[0160] In the following examples, the expression x-100 refers to the preferred bulking agent discussed above comprising a particle comprising an expandable microsphere and an ionic compound such that the particle has a zeta potential that is greater than or equal to zero mV at about pH 9.0 or less, with an ionic strength from 10-6M to 0.1M.

Example 1 - Without Χ-100

Process conditions

<td>hard wood / softwood »</td><td>control</td><td>trial</td>

<td>State fists starch on an adhesive press. %</td><td> 8</td><td> 16</td>

<td>viscosity, cP</td><td> 50</td><td> 200</td>

<td>rod on a gluing press</td><td> 35</td><td></td>

-40physical research #

<td></td><td>control</td><td>trial</td><td>change,%</td>

<td>grammage</td><td> 56.25</td><td> 58.38</td><td></td>

<td>vice</td><td> 5.01</td><td> 4.91</td><td></td>

<td>delamination resistance, md</td><td> 122</td><td> 70</td><td> -42.6</td>

<td>delamination resistance, cont</td><td> 117</td><td> 88</td><td> -24.8</td>

<td>porosity G., p</td><td> 8.7</td><td> 12.4</td><td> 42.5</td>

<td>stiffness G., mgf, md</td><td> 287</td><td> 301</td><td> 4.9</td>

<td>stiffness G., mgf, cont</td><td> 109</td><td> 124</td><td> 13.8</td>

<td>opacity,%</td><td> 92.4</td><td> 93.1</td><td> 0.8</td>

<td>expansion under the influence of humidity, from S5RH to 15RH.%</td><td> 0.951</td><td> 0.916</td><td> -3.7</td>

<td>ash content,%</td><td> 14.5</td><td> 14.8</td><td></td>

<td>starch content,%</td><td> 6-13</td><td> 6.63</td><td></td>

Example 2 - Without Χ-100

Process conditions

<td>hardwood / softwood = 60/40</td><td>control</td><td>trial</td>

<td>starch solids on the adhesive press,%</td><td> 9.4</td><td> 16.5</td>

<td>viscosity, cP</td><td> 50.4</td><td> 204</td>

<td>pr ET adhesive on the press</td><td> 004</td><td>SP002</td>

-41 physical examination

<td></td><td>control</td><td>trial</td><td>change,%</td>

<td>grammage</td><td> 56.3</td><td> 56.3</td><td></td>

<td>vice</td><td> 5.18</td><td> 5.14</td><td></td>

<td>delamination resistance, md</td><td> 148</td><td> 80</td><td> 45.9</td>

<td>delamination resistance, cont</td><td> 147</td><td> 85</td><td> 42.2</td>

<td>porosity G., p</td><td> 11.4</td><td> 17</td><td> 49.1</td>

<td>stiffness G., mgf, md</td><td> 309</td><td> 255</td><td> -7.8</td>

<td>stiffness G., mgf, cont</td><td> 143</td><td> 167</td><td> 16.8</td>

<td>opacity,%</td><td> 91.7</td><td> 91.8</td><td> 0.1</td>

<td>expansion under the influence of humidity from 85RH to 15RH,%</td><td> 1.194</td><td> 1.01</td><td> *15.4</td>

<td>ash content,%</td><td> 13,47</td><td> 14,03</td><td></td>

<td>starch content,%</td><td> 5.53</td><td> 6.13</td><td></td>

[0163] Test Trial z-100 (i.e. with filler particles)

Summary of the research sample 2

[0164] The objectives of the second Χ-100 test on the C35 are to test machine productivity, machine cleanliness and property development, as well as validate offset printing performance with longer 18 lb. work. The test was performed in the study on November 3, 2005. Based on the results of the first test, an addition rate of 6.2 lb / in terms of consumption will be tested for 4-5 hours while Thor conditions for the size press are reached. A small part of this method will be completed. Most will be calendered to the clamping specification for the export order. The initial addition rate will be 3.1 lb / Τ (based on sheet advance, leather finish) and observations will be made for 30 minutes at this additional add rate. After increasing the application amount to a target of 6.2 lb / Τ, one set of calendered product will be prepared prior to calendering back to description. This kit will be used for more extensive physical tests than in the initial sample.

[0165] Pre-cationized Χ-100 (642-SLUX-80) will be added to the parchment.

[0166] The objectives of the study are as follows:

• Determine the fluffiness efficiency for the parchment with an addition rate of up to 3.1 Ib / T.

• Observe machine response and identify paper issues including load balance, desiccant deposits, sheet defects, hue, and steam requirements.

• Repeat the 6.2 Ib rate for the first test.

• Determine the effects of clamping and stiffness on multiple specimens outside of the reel for 6.2 lb. parchment.

• Confirm the effectiveness of offset printing in RIT with a longer period (target 9 rolls).

The trial conditions are:

Control: Standard 18 lb. High loosening (parchment)

Condition 1: 3.1 lb / ton X-100; calendering parchment - sample excluded only from the first set

Condition 2: 6.2 lb / ton X-100; calendering of parchment - 1 roll

Condition 3: 6.2 lb / ton X-100; calendering to clamp 4.0

[0167] The estimated time lost due to sampling conditions is estimated at 2 hours.

Background of the research sample 1

[0168] This test was performed in conjunction with an increased amount of solid starch and starch uptake in a size press. Two levels of X-100 were tested: 6.2 lb / ton and 12.0 lb / ton, with both doses added per tons of applied materials (the corresponding addition factors based on gross coil production were 4.6 and 9, respectively). .0 lb / t). The X-100 material used in this study was cationized at Western Michigan University with high molecular weight PEI.

[0169] An evaluation of the system clamping tendency showed a quick and robust response. The clamp increased from 4.0 to 4.2 at the lower rate of addition and from 4.2 to 4.3 at the higher rate of addition, corresponding to a weight increase of 5-7%. The mill stiffness values ​​did not show a clear and consistent improvement in stiffness (partially dissipated in the few available data), but testing of roll products and coil belt analysis suggests 6-7% CD and MD stiffness of up to 15%. The Gurley porosity did not change with the addition of X-100, mainly due to the large amounts of starch and collection.

[0170] The problems with the cleanliness of the machines were much less than expected in this short study, with the only known problem being the finely ground material of the agglomerated product X-100, which fell to the base as the process progressed. In addition, very slight discoloration of Dryer No. 6 appeared, but not at the level that required cleaning after completion of the test. Accumulation of other substances on the surfaces of the machine was not observed.

[0171] The vapor pressure in the main section increased to its maximum values ​​during the test, and even when the humidity of the gluing press was above the target. Problems with drying may require a production slowdown.

[0172] The control and trial products were flexo printed (PDC), offset printed (RIT) and printed by EP (Erie). For all formats

-43 printing trial products showed very similar print quality and cut over time as high capacity product as those of the 18 Ib. Highly fluffed control product.

Sample outline for research sample 2

[0173] This method will use Mortar 642-SLUX-80 X-100, remaining from the November 3 study (the product was previously cationized at Western Michigan University.

[0174] The body dryer may measure the head temperature prior to or during the IR test.

[0175] In this study, no change in retention supplement or PAC was predicted.

[0176] The feed rate will typically be 18 lb. for HB parchment. When this roll appears, the X-100 will be added on entry to the Home screen at a rate of 3.1 lb / ton per inventory flow. A static mixer will be used for injection along with mill water to reduce the solids content of the suspension. The headbox and white water samples will be collected until first pass and ash hold when machine is stable. When this kit is made, the X-100 will be increased to 6.2 lb / T for condition 2 (one stable spool on parchment finish). Calendering will then be increased to get spec. calendering.

Description of the mortar for the test sample 2

[0177] The active solids of the cationic mortar are 30%. This material will be mixed into the CT35 fine fraction system using a Moyno variable speed pump. Addition rates and volume requirements can be estimated from Tables 1 and 2 below.

-44 Table 1 C35 dosing calculations

250 ob je. g. π π w w π w m n m ni ka assumptions 1 dosing calculations

3,400 fpm

356 reel drum weight of the reel

4.50% moisture in Ib 4.25% starch in Ib 16.5% filler

<td></td><td>nlerDMlBdncny</td><td></td>

<td>steel particles</td><td> 44%</td><td></td>

<td>SG</td><td> . «...</td><td> 1.02</td>

1X46 approx. BD weight of starch or filler

31.32 Approximate TPH batch throughput (in case FPft is excluded from calculation}

1,044 batch throughput Ib / min

0.522 batch throughput tons / min £ 752 TPD)

<td colspan="5">trial of Courtland 35 Χ-1Μ ___________</td>

<td>see NOTE load Χ-100, Ib / ton</td><td>undiluted</td><td>diluted gprr</td><td>expansion speed ΡθΠΡΥ</td><td>hours ^ cyJla razc.</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

NOTE: load Ib / ton calculated on the basis of the batch throughput (as in previous trials). With 100% retention, the load in the final product will be 25.3% less

Table 2

Estimated test and mortar consumption time

<td rowspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">K-100 cargo (Ib / T)</td><td></td><td></td>

<td rowspan="2">based on the input</td><td rowspan="2">based on TPH spool</td><td rowspan="2">birthday work masts</td><td></td>

<td>condition</td><td>gallons</td>

<td>control</td><td> 0.0</td><td>ABOUT</td><td>ON</td><td> 0</td>

<td> 1</td><td> 3.1</td><td> 23</td><td> 0.50 ,</td><td>26 i</td>

<td> 2</td><td> 6.2</td><td> 4.6</td><td> 4.50</td><td> 460</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td colspan="2"></td><td>overall</td><td></td><td></td>

Addition point for test sample 2

[0178] From the earlier wet tails overview, the best addition point for this method is on the main screen bar (Fig. 2). Cationized Χ-100 will then be diluted nominally 30% in the range from 0.3% to 3.0% using the mill water and a static mixer. This approach has been used successfully on Pensacola for fine cut addition at addition rates from 1.4 to 9.9 lb / ton.

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0012.tif" />

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0013.tif" />

uleuny addition point XI00

- Bllinny dc of the old new addendum

-From a distance ad other chemicals. = He did not pass

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0014.tif" />

Sampling

[0179]

Control: 3 strips of the spool

Condition 1 (3.1 lb / Τ parchment paper): 3 strips of the spool

Condition 2 (6.2 lb / Τ parchment paper): 3 strips of sample spool cut from each roll from the coiler (with machine edge)

Testing the mill

[0180] All process conditions including control conditions should pass the full suite of quality control tests and the results must be entered into the Proficy system. Additionally, each 18 Ib Hi-Bulk spool in this cycle should be tested for stiffness.

Product evaluation

[0181] The rolls will be cut to evaluate the offset printing at the RIT under the order number.

STOP

[0182] The entire test time, from the beginning of the transition to the control conditions (if the device is not adjusted to 18 Ib. HB) until the device returns to normal production should be accounted for PPR downtime (code XXX - planned / idle / market condition). Any downtime caused by breaks during testing and / or cleaning of the machine should be accounted for during downtime.

DISTRIBUTION

-46[0183]

Courtland: J. Everett, H. Whiteley, R. Morgan

CTS:

Loveland: A. Anderson, K. Singh, P. Froass, K. Mohan, T. Arnson, S. Arenander, T. Barnes

Memphis: R. Hartman, J. Krc, S. Smith Feeenia number or LIM £: L 6051-05 date:

commissioned by: project number

Place of order: PPG, 178E

Sample Source: Lakle same

Sample opU ftwool nav * egc of the product ^ PoiL &amp; a ^ r¹

Problem Description: Innovation and Product Support submitted three 'Postsaver' paper samples to test starch permeation properties

Test methods: Starch permeation by optical microscope

Results and Conclusions: The samples were cross-sectioned with a razor and stained with iodine. The samples were then imaged after approximately ten minutes. (See Photomicrographs in the attachments section of this document by analyst: Pamela Johnson Attachments: Photomicrographs

[0184]

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0015.tif" />

-47 CONFIDENTIAL: Only for use with INTERNATIONAL PAPER

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0016.tif" />

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0017.tif" />

5L0ai1 (10x lens) 5L0311 (20x lens)

<td></td><td> -</td><td></td><td>ro</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td>OJ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>p</td><td>ai^-</td><td>£ L</td><td>ω</td><td></td><td> -</td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0) ro</td><td>about</td><td>about</td><td>about</td><td>about</td><td></td><td>PL</td><td></td>

<td>E ίϋ</td><td>Ł^-</td><td></td><td>load k</td><td>parchment (</td><td>parchment (</td><td>parchment (</td><td>parchment (</td><td> 125</td><td> 200</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> 0]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>0 (UN</td><td>100 attempts</td><td>Iki tape</td><td>Χ-100 * (filler particles)</td><td>they</td><td>Thread</td><td>6.2 Ib / T</td><td>12 Ib / T</td><td>12 Ib / T</td><td>12lb / T</td><td></td>

<td>and &lt;</td><td>C35 X-</td><td>miane ro</td><td>HERE</td><td> 10:15 - -</td><td>1:23 pm AND</td><td> 14:14</td><td> 14:58</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>" * What ABOUT</td><td></td><td>wu 0</td><td>condition «</td><td>1st check i</td><td>2nd check</td><td>condition 1</td><td>condition 2</td><td>and calendered</td><td>calendered</td><td></td>

<td>Ł</td><td></td><td></td><td>ro about</td><td>o CO o</td><td>0) O 8</td><td>ABOUT CO o</td><td> -0311</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Ii)</td><td>in</td><td>ŁD</td><td>m</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

Χ-ΊΟΟ charge based on the passage of the fiber through the machine

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0018.tif" />

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0019.tif" />

-Q Ό

ΙΟ.

oo ri

X un

AT

<td>200 PL1 1</td><td>CM Γ</td><td> 200 |</td><td>&lt;-&gt; Q 10 CO T</td><td>it is O about Ν '</td><td> 4.52 |</td><td>D Ń 4</td><td>n CM ω f4 V</td><td> 136/9 |</td><td>this &lt;ó in !about</td><td></td><td>| € t / O6L</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>125 PL1</td><td>T "</td><td>is CN T</td><td>CO 6 Ν 'what</td><td> 4.24/.14 |</td><td>CO σι 4</td><td>£ oo r— +</td><td>CM Ń (0 10 t</td><td>□) W r</td><td> 57.4/9.1</td><td> | 225/16</td><td>K. T- CN (0 CN</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>5LO311</td><td>N Γ</td><td> ?</td><td>CM ABOUT 10 CO</td><td>it is O -. ίθ '</td><td>(About T- 4</td><td>$ ł is +</td><td>1 14.6 / 1.4 Ί</td><td>0) 10 to r</td><td>T "T * *. 0) WHAT</td><td> 260/18</td><td>V CM i</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>□ 8 µl</td><td>CN ώ</td><td>ABOUT</td><td> 18.7/ 0.1</td><td> 4.41 / .05</td><td>Μ¹CN</td><td>£ ν 'T</td><td> | 15.1/1.5 ^!</td><td>O r * 3 v</td><td>o ώ - OT is it</td><td> 261/17</td><td> 297 / 16</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>5L0309 j</td><td>about</td><td> ?</td><td>ABOUT NO -</td><td>4.21 and .05</td><td>h- &lt;0</td><td></td><td>ID r " O ώ Τ '</td><td>and</td><td> 53.5/5.4</td><td> 243/ 14</td><td> 280/15</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>5L0305</td><td>c</td><td>D</td><td>T. 6 CD CC</td><td>4.17 bar .05</td><td>is 4 TT</td><td></td><td> 16.2/1.6 '</td><td> 134/12</td><td>Φ Ώ</td><td> 241 / 20</td><td> 280/19</td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td>51 o. o T. x</td><td>□ CL L. 0 / Ό c QJ</td><td>I Bw (2x5)</td><td>* 8 8 k— M £ U and? and</td><td>And the density is approximately</td><td>1 weight change</td><td>| porosity (5x5)</td><td>| stiffness MD (5x5)</td><td>| CD stiffness (5x5)</td><td>I smoothness in s (5x10)</td><td>And the smoothness of FS (5x10)</td><td>| Scotf binding</td><td></td>

<td></td><td colspan="7"></td><td rowspan="2">50 15 85 50 percent RH</td>

<td rowspan="2">^ erosion under the influence of humidity: control rollers C35 Χ-100 test 1 (without filling particles ♦ —front - * - center — a — back - ♦ - front - «- center —a back 4 00 / ___________________________________________________________________________________________________</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 1</td>

<td>$ s - (</td><td>? 2 B &lt;1 3 c</td><td>* · 0 t 3 C.</td><td>'β be 3 C</td><td>? about 3 r 3 C.</td><td colspan="3"> -0.6% - -0.9% -</td>

ewoiiu / M eueiiuz

O a solid lines: 1st check dashed lines: 2nd check (SL0309)

All changes are within the initial length (at 50% RH)

-52 Moisture expansion: test rolls

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0020.tif" />

All changes are within the initial length (at RH 50%) euojeiiuAM eueiuiz

-53 Moisture expansion: test rolls

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0021.tif" />

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0022.tif" />

RH percent solid lines: 6 lb / Τ dashed lines: 2nd control filler particles

All changes are within the initial length (at RH 50%) of emojeiwAM eueiwz

-54[0185]

Moisture expansion: calendered rolls

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0023.tif" />

<img file="PL1974097T3_D0024.tif" />

solid lines: 12 lb / Τ at 125 PLI dashed lines: 12 lb / Ύ at 200 PLI filler particles

All changes fall within the initial length (at RH 50%) εμοιριιιιΧμ pueiwz

<td colspan="5">Summary of Physical Properties: Trial 2</td>

<td colspan="5"></td>

<td></td><td>control</td><td>Trial</td><td>Trial</td><td>Trial</td>

<td>roll number</td><td> 1304</td><td> 1305</td><td> 1306</td><td> 1307/6</td>

<td>Χ-100</td><td>Nona</td><td>3 .2 Ib</td><td>6 Ib</td><td>6 Ib</td>

<td>finish</td><td>parchment</td><td>parchment</td><td>parchment</td><td>ka lend ered</td>

<td>grammage</td><td> 18.3</td><td> 18.4</td><td> 18.6</td><td> 16.5</td>

<td>ash percentage</td><td> 16.2</td><td> 15.8</td><td> 16.1</td><td> 16.1</td>

<td>percent starch</td><td> 7.2</td><td> 7.5</td><td> 6.9</td><td> 7.2</td>

<td>vice</td><td> 4.09</td><td> 4.20</td><td> 4.31</td><td> 4.14</td>

<td>mating</td><td> 87.8</td><td> 68.3</td><td> 68.1</td><td> 86.3</td>

<td>Gurley porosity</td><td> 18.4</td><td> 17.6</td><td> 16.2</td><td> 16.0</td>

<td>Gurley stiffness^ra CD</td><td> 57.0</td><td></td><td> 56.2</td><td> 54.8</td>

<td>Gurley stiffness^rand MD</td><td> 146</td><td></td><td> 144</td><td> 137</td>

<td>medium inner bond</td><td> 166</td><td> 153</td><td> 156</td><td> 156</td>

Example 5

[0186] Rolls of width 40, diameter 50 of the milled product were obtained. They are made of 40% pulp combined with 60% pine pulp. The base weight was 17.51b / 1300ft2.

[0187] The paper was delivered to the coating pilot press. We operated it as a rod metering size press. One layer of starch coating was applied to the paper, an average of 8% or 1601b / ton starch. This starch was applied at high viscosity, above 200cP per 150deg F. Cargill 235D Oxidized starch was used. The gluing press was started at a speed of 500 rpm. The resulting paper was dried to 5% moisture and calendered for a smoother finish. The paper was then sent for offset printing. The rolled up samples were sent for physical examination.

[0188] The results show that good yields and Q values ​​according to the present invention were obtained. The surface toughness was significantly improved from an IGT VVP delamination value of 64 to 190 N / m. Two clean rolls were printed with high tack inks, which was unexpected. Wood-containing paper, such as Abitibi Equal Offset, which is a traditional paper, typically requires heavy washdown in an amount of two to three thousand linear feet. We applied over 20,000 feet, no wash off.

-56 Properties table from example 5

<td></td><td>raw fraction - roll 3</td><td>raw fraction roll 3</td><td>coated roll 1</td><td>coated roll 3</td>

<td>game matura lb / 130Oft2</td><td> 17.4</td><td> 17.6</td><td>1L2</td><td> 19.1</td>

<td>clamp, mils</td><td> 4.22</td><td> 4.11</td><td> 3.6?</td><td> 155</td>

<td>Sheff smoothness., TS</td><td> 23«</td><td> 201</td><td> 152</td><td> 112</td>

<td>smoothness 5 hefT., BS</td><td> 223</td><td> 192</td><td> 14?</td><td> 105</td>

<td>Gurley porosity ^,%</td><td>¹ a-ab i, J hi 1 .. i 49 </td><td> ''' :50.8^</td><td> 7766 ’</td><td></td>

<td>brightness, TS,%</td><td> 715</td><td> 71.5</td><td> 69</td><td></td>

<td>luminosity BS,%</td><td> 712</td><td> 721</td><td>ββΛ</td><td> 667</td>

<td>kryde_r % _</td><td>92j6</td><td> 923</td><td>Ohm</td><td> 916</td>

<td>MD stiffness, mg</td><td>M.</td><td> 98</td><td>1ł3</td><td> 107</td>

<td>CD stiffness_r mg</td><td> 29</td><td> 35</td><td> 41</td><td> 35</td>

<td>raiwa rstwanle IGI_r WP N / m TS</td><td> 7'</td><td>^ '^ 55 Λ'</td><td> isr fi</td><td>/ '' ''. JTa '_ ·'^h</td>

<td>once-decaying of IGT, WP N / m HS</td><td></td><td> ... '</td><td> .163</td><td> 202</td>

<td>wax intake, T5</td><td> 10 </td><td> 10</td><td> 14</td><td> 13</td>

<td>wax intake, BS</td><td> 13</td><td> 13</td><td> 16</td><td> 14</td>

<td>ash, 525,%</td><td> 15.6</td><td> 1611</td><td>15-W</td><td> 15,07</td>

<td>starch,%</td><td> 0-83</td><td> 09</td><td>fi.2</td><td> 7.7</td>