Frequency hopping design for IFDMA, LFDMA and OFDMA systems

Technical field [0003] The following description relates generally to wireless communication, and in particular to mitigation of interference between user devices in nearby communication sectors by using frequency hopping in a single carrier FDMA network environment.

II. Background

53 / 51P27244PL00

[0004] Wireless communication systems have become the predominant means with which most people in the world communicate. Wireless devices have become smaller and more powerful in order to use to meet the communication requirements of users and improve the portability of devices has resulted in wireless and convenience. Increasing computing power in mobile devices such as cell phones to increase the requirements for network transmission systems. Systems of this type are usually not as easily modified as cellular devices that communicate through them. As the capabilities of your devices increase, it can be difficult to maintain your legacy network system in a way that makes it easy to take full advantage of the new and improved capabilities of your wireless device.

[0005] In particular, frequency-sharing techniques typically divide the spectrum into different channels by dividing it into even portions of the band, for example, the range of the frequency band allocated for wireless communication can be divided into 30 channels, each of which can carry a voice conversation or, digital service, transfer digital data. Each channel can be assigned to only one user at a time. One known variation is the orthogonal frequency division technique that effectively divides the entire system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subbands. These subbands are also referred to as tones, carriers, subcarriers, intervals and frequency channels. Each subband is associated with a subcarrier that can be modulated by data. In the case of time-based techniques, the band is divided into successive time slices or time slots. Each channel user receives a time slice for transmitting and receiving information using a round-robin method. For example, at any moment t, the user gets access to the channel for a short period

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 pulse. Then the access is switched to another user who gets a short pulse of time for transmission and reception of information. This cycle of "subsequent changes" is continued and finally each user receives a lot of time pulses for transmission and reception.

[0006] A typical wireless communication network (e.g., using frequency, time and code sharing techniques) includes one or more base stations that provide coverage area and one or more mobile (e.g., wireless) terminals that can transmit and receive data in the coverage area. A typical base station may simultaneously transmit multiple data streams for broadcast, multicast and / or unicast services, where the data stream is a data stream that may be data intended for independent reception by a mobile terminal. Within the coverage of the base station coverage, the mobile terminal may be interested in receiving one, more than one or all data streams carried by the composite stream. Similarly, the mobile terminal may transmit data to a base station or other mobile terminal. This type of communication between the base station and the mobile terminal or between mobile terminals may be limited due to channel changes and / or changes in interference power. For example, the abovementioned changes may affect scheduling at the base station, power control and / or speed prediction for one or more mobile terminals.

[0007] For OFDMA-based systems, specific waveforms and power required for transmitting communication signals on them typically exhibit an undesirably high peak to average ratio (PAR), which limits coverage of OFDMA systems due to non-linear inefficiency

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 power amplifiers. FDMA systems mitigate PAR-related problems, limitations that a single carrier can undesirably high account for but still create a need for systems and / or methodologies to reduce interference between mobile devices and / or sectors in such wireless network systems.

[0008] The article by RUI DINIS, DAVID FALCONER, CHAN TONG LAM, MARYAM SABBAGHIAN, "A Multiple Access Scheme for the Uplink of Broadband Wireless Systems", Globecom 2004, XP002471714 describes many multiple-access schemes for send link in broadband wireless systems.

WO 2004/038972 describes a method of providing OFDMA frequency hopping using comb pattern symbols.

[0009] Document EP 1 148 673 describes a device intended for use in a mobile user unit in a wireless multi-access system in distributed spectrum based on orthogonal frequency division.

[0010] US 6,466,800 describes a method and selection of a wireless communication channel.

[0011] The article by SCHNELL M ET AL, "A promising new wideband multiple-access scheme communications systems", European Telecommunication, Wiley & Sons, vol. 10, no 4, July 1999, pages 417-427, XP009069928 describes the coded system IFDMA on a mobile radio channel.

communication system for future mobile Transaction on

SUMMARY [0012] According to an embodiment of the invention, there is provided a device that facilitates frequency hopping for FDMA communication with

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 single carrier according to claim 1, as well as the corresponding method according to claim 11.

The following is the simplified nature of one or more embodiments to provide a basic understanding of the embodiments. This essence is not an exhaustive overview of all contemplated embodiments, and is not intended to identify key or critical elements of all embodiments, nor to outline the scope of any or all embodiments. Its sole purpose is to present certain concepts of one or more embodiments in a simplified form as an introduction to the more detailed description provided below.

[0013] According to an embodiment of the invention, the method of generating transmission symbols may include the step of generating at least one FDMA symbol with a single carrier, for which a set of subcarriers to transmit the at least one symbol, generating at least one other symbol

FDMA from a single carrier set, subcarriers also reassign a

with a predetermined pattern for transmitting the at least one other FDMA symbol with a single carrier. The step of changing the subcarrier set assignments may include reassigning at least one offset in the predetermined offset set. The predetermined pattern may be sketched by the transmission of multiple frames, expiration of the time period and the like, and the subcarrier set assignments may be changed at fixed intervals delineated by the transmission of a predetermined number of single carrier FDMA symbols. In addition, the subcarrier assignment step may include a multi-node generation step, a child node assignment of a node value that represents a non-negative integer, and assignment of a channel tree device for each node

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 to a node in the channel tree to define a set of subcarriers assigned to the user equipment.

[0014] According to another embodiment, the device that facilitates frequency hopping for single carrier FDMA communication may include memory and a processor connected to the memory, the processor being configured to assign the offset to the user equipment and to change the offset for the user equipment in accordance with top of the pattern. Nodes in the channel tree can be assigned values, and the processor can read the channel tree along the path from the node assigned to the user device to the first child node from the root node in the channel tree and determine the value for that path. In addition, the processor may be configured to perform a table search to identify the offset corresponding to the path value from the node assigned to the user equipment to the master node and perform the identified offset to at least the assignment of one of the user devices. Thus, the user device may be corresponding to the value of the user device path from the assignment node to permute the assigned offset of the node assigned to the master. The processor may periodically set the node values ​​of one or more nodes in the channel tree to change the user device offset by making a change in the path value from the user assigned node to the root node.

[0015] According to yet another embodiment, the device may comprise means for generating at least one FDMA symbol with a single carrier, means for assigning a set of subcarriers for transmission of the at least one symbol, means for generating at least one other FDMA symbol with a single carrier and means for changing the assignments of a subcarrier set according to a predetermined pattern for transmission of at least one other FDMA symbol from

53 / 51P27244PL00

Computerized assignment of a single carrier. Assignments may include means for allocating a node in the channel tree to a user device and means for assigning a value to each node in the channel tree as well as means for reading a path in the channel tree from an allocated user node to the main node to specify values ​​for nodes in the path that identifies the set of subcarriers to be assigned to the user's device and the number of subcarriers to be placed in the set. Means for changing subcarrier assignments may periodically change the values ​​assigned to one or more nodes in the channel tree to change the path value between the allocated user node and the master node. The means to assign can assign a new set of subcarriers associated with the changed path value from the allocated user node to the root node when changed using means for changing the subcarrier set assignments.

[0016] Another embodiment relates to computer-readable media on which computer-executable instructions for assigning an offset-related object to a user device and periodically changing the offset for this user device are provided at least in part based on the assigned object. The readable medium may additionally contain value instructions for each node of the channel tree, allocate the node to at least one user device to assign a set of subcarriers to at least one user device, and permute the node value according to a pattern to change the set of subcarriers assigned to at least one user device.

[0017] Another embodiment relates to a wireless communication device that includes a memory containing information corresponding to multiple offset assignments for transmission.

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 single-carrier FDMA symbols and a processor connected to a memory that is configured to change offset assignments according to a predetermined pattern based on this information. This information may correspond to the values ​​for the channel tree nodes, and the nodes may correspond to the main and child nodes. In addition, the channel tree may be a non-binary channel tree in which each node has one or more child nodes. In addition, the node values ​​may correspond to the values ​​generated by reading the channel tree along the path from the node assigned to the user equipment to the first child node from the root node in the channel tree and estimating the values ​​for that path. Information regarding node values, offsets, assignments and the like can be stored in a lookup table on a wireless communication device.

[0018] In order to achieve the above and related objectives, one or more embodiments have the features fully described hereinafter and particularly indicated in the claims. The following description and the accompanying drawings detail certain illustrative aspects of one or more embodiments. However, these aspects point to several different ways of applying the principles of various embodiments, and the embodiments described are intended to cover all such aspects and their equivalents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] Fig. 1 is a binary channel tree that can be used in conjunction with a single carrier FDMA network to facilitate changing user device offsets in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. [0020] Fig. 2 is an illustration of a binary channel tree that makes it easier to determine the offset for a user

53 / 51P27244PL00

In a single carrier carrier FDMA wireless communication environment in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

[0021] Fig. 3 is an illustration of a non-binary channel tree in which user devices are allocated nodes in this tree and each node is assigned a value according to various forms.

[0022] Fig. 4 is a system that facilitates frequency hopping in a single carrier FDMA wireless communication environment in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0023] Figure 5 is an illustration of a system that facilitates the use of frequency hopping techniques in a single carrier FDMA environment, for example an IFDMA wireless communication environment, in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

[0024] Fig. 6 is an illustration of a system that facilitates the use of frequency hopping techniques in a single carrier FDMA environment, such as the LFDMA wireless communication environment, in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

[0025] Fig. 7 is an illustration of a system that facilitates frequency hopping in a single carrier FDMA wireless communication environment in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

[0026] Fig. 8 is an illustration of a system that facilitates frequency hopping technique in an FDMA wireless communication environment in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

[0027] Fig. 9 is an illustration of signal generation methodology using IFDMA that can be used in conjunction with a frequency hopping protocol to improve interference diversity. [0028] Fig. 10 is an illustration of a methodology for performing frequency hopping in connection with a protocol

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 to IFDMA modulation according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0029] Fig. 11 illustrates a signal generation methodology using the LFDMA protocol that can be used in conjunction with a frequency hopping protocol in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

[0030] Fig. 12 shows a methodology for changing offset assignments for users in an LFDMA wireless communication environment in one or more embodiments.

[0031] Fig. 13 is an illustration of a wireless communication environment that can be used in conjunction with various systems herein, in accordance with an aspect of the invention.

and by the methods described in one or more

DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0032] Various embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawings, with the same reference symbols designating the same elements throughout the description. In the following description, for the purpose of explanation, many specific details are provided to facilitate a thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It may, however, be obvious that such embodiments can be implemented without using these specific details. In other cases, well-known structures are shown and facilitate the description of one or more block diagrams of the device for a number of embodiments [0033] the "system" of the form

In this application, the term "component" and the like are intended to mean a computer object in a hardware combination of hardware and software,

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 of the software or software in progress. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to, a process running on a processor, processor, object, executable program, execution thread, program and / or computer. The process and / or execution thread may have one or more components, and the component may be located on one computer and / or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can be made of different media, various computer-readable structures and data stored on them. These components can communicate via local and / or remote processes, for example according to a signal containing one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component on the local system, distributed system and / or in a network such as, for example, the Internet with other systems via a signal).

[0034] Furthermore, various embodiments are described herein in connection with a subscriber station. The subscriber station may also be called a system, subscriber unit, mobile station, mobile device, remote station, access point, base station, remote terminal, user terminal terminal, user agent, user or user equipment. The subscriber station can be a cell phone, a cordless telephone, a session initiation protocol apparatus (SIP - Session Initiation

Protocol), a wireless subscriber loop station (WLL), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handheld device with wireless communication capability, or another processing device connected to a wireless modem.

[0035] Furthermore, the various aspects or accessibility features described herein can be implemented in the form of a method, device or article

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 using standard programming and / or engineering techniques. The term "article" as used herein is intended to include a computer program accessible from any computer readable device, medium or media. For example, a computer-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tapes, ...) optical disks (e.g., compact disc (CD), universal digital DVD. .. ), smart cards, devices with flash memory (for example, a card, stick (pendrive), key drive, ...) as well as integrated circuits such as, for example, read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, and also programmable read-only memory, electrically erased.

[0036] A single carrier FDMA modulation technique can be used to facilitate frequency hopping in a wireless network. For example, interleaved frequency division multiplexing (IFDM) can be used to preserve the benefits of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ORDM). In addition, in some cases, single-carrier FDMA modulation techniques may have less of a peak-to-average PAR ratio problem compared to OFDM. Similarly, according to the appropriate form, the technique of localized frequency division multiplexing (LFDM) can also be used, which may also show lower PAR values, while maintaining other benefits associated with OFDM protocols. The LFDMA technique is also known as "narrowband" FDMA, classic FDMA or simply FDMA, and is a single carrier FDMA protocol.

53 / 51P27244PL00

[0037] OFDMA modulation symbols are in the frequency domain and therefore a time domain signal obtained by performing a fast Fourier transform on a sequence of modulation symbols may have an undesirably high PAR value. By comparison, IFDMA modulation symbols are in the time domain and therefore IFDMA modulation techniques do not show the high PAR values ​​usually associated with OFDMA techniques. Thus, IFDMA (and similarly LFDMA) modulation protocols reduce undesirably high PAR values ​​and related problems.

[0038] In the IFDMA system, a total of NFFT subcarriers can be used that are shared among multiple users. Each user may have allocated N carriers (where the number N may vary depending on the user), as well as a user-specific subcarrier shift, U. Thus, a user with a U offset takes carriers {U, U + NFFT / N, U + 2NFFT / N ... U + (N-1) NFFT / N}. For example, in the IFDMA system, a total of NFFT subcarriers can be distributed among several users. Each user may have allocated N carriers (where N may vary depending on the user's device) as well as user-specific U-shift of the subcarrier, where 0 4 u <NFFT / N. When the user equipment transmits N modulation symbols [to d1 d2 ... dN-1], the user equipment constructs the IFDMA symbol by performing the following actions:

(1) Repetition of N symbols to obtain NFFT symbols in total [d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1 d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1 d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1 ... d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1] (2) Multiply the k-th symbol in the sequence by by e^-'' '", where Φ = 2n / N_FFT

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 [to d₁e '^Φυ d₂ e ' _H - (N-1) j'U. dN-1e

... dN-2e

FFT

-2) j'U d_N-1e^-

FT

1) j'U (3) Optionally copying the last NCP symbols of the above symbol to the beginning (cyclic prefix) d_N-2e^- d_N-1e^-(

FFT

-2) j'U d_N-1 e^- (N -1) j'U

FFT] [d0 d1e

-j ΦU _H - (N-1) j'U ^dN-1^e

FT

-1) j'U [0039] The resulting IFDMA symbol may then be converted to an analog symbol modulated on the carrier and transmitted in a manner similar to that of the OFDMA symbol. The above description illustrates the IFDMA symbol generation on both the reverse link and forward link. In addition, due to the fact that the IFDMA signal is periodic in the time domain (except phase, e^-'' '), this signal may occupy the' crest 'of the frequency (for example, only the set of N evenly spaced subcarriers has non-zero power, ...). In particular, the U-offset user occupies a set of subcarriers {U, U + NFFT / N, U + 2NFFT / N ... U + (N-1) NFFT / N}, where the whole set of subcarriers is indexed from 0 to NFFT-1, so that the orthogonality of the user device can be maintained, because user devices with different offsets occupy different sets of subcarriers.

[0040] Similarly, in the LFDMA system, the user may have allocated N adjacent subcarriers (e.g. subcarriers that are consecutive frequency domain,

For example, there may be a total number of NFFT subcarriers that can be separated, a user may have a U offset, such that between several users. Each user-specific user with an offset U occupies the carriers [U, U + 1, ..., U + N-1]. The user can be allocated

N adjacent subcarriers (e.g. subcarriers that are adjacent in the frequency domain, ...). Each user

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 may have allocated N adjacent carriers (where N may vary depending on the user equipment) as well as a user-specific offset of the subcarriers U, where 0 <U <N_fft-N, and also where the entire subcarrier set is indexed from 0 to NFFT-1. A user who transmits a set of N modulation symbols [to d1 d2 ... dN-1] can generate a transmission signal by performing the following actions:

<td> (1)</td><td>Take N-point fast</td><td colspan="2">Fourier transforms</td>

<td>(FFT</td><td>) from [to d1 d2 ... dN-1] in order</td><td>receipt</td><td>[To D₁ D₂ ...</td>

<td>^DN-1^]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> (2)</td><td>Placement [To D1 D2 ...</td><td>DN-1] in</td><td>allocated</td>

<td colspan="2">subcarriers [U, U + 1, ... U + N-1].</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> (3)</td><td>Take NFFT-point fast</td><td>reverse</td><td>transform</td>

Fourier to obtain NFFT time domain samples.

(4) Optionally copying the last NCP time domain samples to the beginning of the symbol as a cyclic prefix to obtain the time domain LFDMA symbol.

[0041] Referring now to the drawings, Fig. 1 illustrates a binary channel tree 100 that can be used in conjunction with a single carrier FDMA network to facilitate changing user device offsets in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. The 100 tree has many nodes, each of which can be associated with a user's device. For example, the first node 102 is associated with user A, and nodes 104 and 106 are assigned to users B and C, respectively. The various embodiments described herein facilitate changing user shifts, e.g., offset hop sets

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 subcarriers. Changes to user offsets can be made using hopping techniques based on the symbol rate (e.g., changed after each symbol transmission), block hopping techniques (e.g., changed when multiple symbol transmission), and the like. In addition, a look-up table containing information about offsets, subcarriers and the like can be used to facilitate the assignment and reassignment of offsets to users. Changing the assignment of the offset can be made according to a predetermined pattern, such as, for example, the transmission of a single symbol, a predetermined number of symbols, a variable number of symbols, a fixed or variable time period, a fixed or variable number of frames, and the like.

[0042] When using the IFDMA protocol or the LFDMA protocol, in a system with a number of assignable subcarriers of NFFT = 2ⁿ, the user may have N = 2^mdesignated subcarriers (where the number m is less than or equal to the number n). In addition, different users may have different values ​​for the number m. A binary tree 100 can help you assign user offsets despite changing the number m between users. For example, each user can be assigned to a node in the tree 100 as described above. You can use the tree reading algorithm to calculate the offset for a given user. Examples of such algorithms and possible approaches are discussed with reference to Figure 2.

[0043] In addition, in conjunction with the various embodiments of the invention presented herein, offset assignment may be a function of the permutation protocol by which a predetermined set of offsets within a channel tree nodes is permuted, and thus permuted within user devices allocated to nodes channel trees. For example, nodes in the channel tree 100 may be assigned to the first set of offsets and such

53 / 51P27244PL00

The offset assignments can be changed according to a predetermined pattern (e.g., every frame, every two frames, every symbol or group of symbols, every one or more nanoseconds, and the like). In addition, permutation protocols, predetermined offset sets, diagrams and the like may be unique for particular sectors and / or areas in a wireless network.

[0044] Figure 2 is an illustration of a binary channel tree 200 that facilitates user offset determination in a single carrier FDMA wireless communication environment in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. The 200 tree has many nodes, each of which has a value of "0" or "1". Nodes can be assigned to wireless network users, and offsets for each user can be determined by reading the channel tree 200 in an up or down direction.

[0045] For example, when using the IFDMA protocol in connection with a wireless network, the values ​​"0" and "1" are assigned to each parent node of the parent node. This assignment may change from time to time and depending on the sector to facilitate frequency hopping and interference diversity. The U offset of each IFDMA-based network user is the sequence read up from the node assigned to the user, with the node assigned to the user representing the most significant U bit and the child node of the main node representing the least significant bit in the U offset. Thus, the user A has offset 1 because it is assigned to the first child node of the main node. User B has an offset of 0 because the most-significant bit in user B's offset is '0' and it is read up by a child node with the value '0' of the main node, giving the total value '00'. User C has offset 2 because user C is assigned to the node with the value "1" and his offset

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 is read up through a child node with the value "0" of the root node, giving an integer binary value of 10 or 2 in the decimal system. Information related to offsets associated with the nodes assigned to users can be obtained from a lookup table containing this type of information when assigning a particular offset to the user.

[0046] Furthermore, the allocation of the user equipment node may be associated with the number of subcarriers required by the particular user equipment. For example, user A is allocated to the first child node in the tree 200, so that two bits are present in the user A pedigree (for example, the child node allocated to user A and the master node). In the scenario where the NFFT number is 512 (for example, a tree with a depth of 9 bits), user A may require at least NFFT / 2 subcarriers. Users B and C have a pedigree of three bits, including the main node, and so c are located on the third binary bit, which represents a decimal value of 4. Users offsets B and C may therefore contain a number of subcarriers, equal to NFFT / 4 and so on. It should be noted that the number of bits, nodes, users, all subcarriers and the like described here are illustrative and should not be interpreted as a limitation and may also be changed by the system design parameters. The various embodiments, forms, systems, methods, techniques and the like presented herein may utilize an appropriate number of the above to obtain interference diversity and frequency hopping.

[0047] According to a related example, using the LFDMA protocol, the binary tree 200 can be read from top to bottom to determine user offset. Node assignments "0" and "1" may change over time and between sectors in the wireless network. Accordingly

53 / 51P27244PL00

The offset for the user is an n-bit value that, if necessary, can be filled with zeros for the least significant bits. Reading tree 200 downwards, user A has offset 2 (e.g., 10 in binary notation), user B has offset 0 (e.g., 00 binary), and user C has offset 1 (e.g., 01 binary). Information relating to such offsets may be collected from the lookup table and may correspond in this example to the values ​​NFFT / 2, 0 and NFFT / 4, respectively. The number of subcarriers associated with the respective offsets can then be assigned to users.

[0048] One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that, although the various embodiments described herein relate to the IFDMA and LFDMA protocols, such embodiments may be used in conjunction with any OFDMA system. In addition, the binary value assignments of some nodes and their ancestors can be performed regardless of the sector, so that a user allocated to such a node can maintain the same offset regardless of the sector in which the user is located. This can support frequency reuse, for example when sectors do not use such nodes, and sectors that use these nodes can allocate weaker users to them.

[0049] Fig. 3 is an illustration of a non-binary channel tree 300 in which user devices are allocated to nodes in the tree and each node is assigned a value in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. The non-binary channel tree 300 is similar to the binary assignment tree described with reference to Fig. 2. However, node assignments within the channel tree 300 are not limited to binary values ​​1 or 0, but may rather contain any non-negative integer. For example, for a node with four children, child nodes can be assigned a value of 0 - 3 (for example, binary values ​​00, 01, 10 and 11, values

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 total 0, 1, 2 and 3 and so on), and a parent node with only one pair of child nodes can have 0 and 1 values ​​assigned to its descendants, as shown for the binary channel tree from Fig. 2.

[0050] In a non-binary channel tree 300, the number of subcarriers corresponding to a particular node may depend not only on the distance of the node to the main node, but also on the number of sister nodes of each ancestor of the given node. For example, node A may have NFFT / 16 subcarriers, because the parent of node A is one of four siblings and therefore receives NFFT / 4 subcarriers, which are further divided into four among the four descendants of the parent of node A (e.g. node A and its three siblings), which results in assigning to node A ¼ of NFFT / 4 or NFFT / 16 subcarriers. Node B may have NFFT / 8 subcarriers assigned because it has one sibling and its parent is one of four siblings. Therefore, node B can be assigned ½ of his parent's NFFT / 4 subcarriers, i.e. NFFT / 8 subcarriers. Nodes C and D are nodes in a set of four siblings coming directly from the root node of a non-binary channel tree 300, each of which may receive a subcarrier assignment equal to NFFT / 4. Information regarding nodal relationships, offsets and / or subcarrier sets and the like can be stored in a lookup table, which can be searched to determine the offset assigned to the user. Note that a non-binary channel tree can be used to facilitate the assignment of one or both of the IFDMA and LFDMA subcarriers.

[0051] When performing the offset calculation in conjunction with the IFDMA communication environment, the offsets can be calculated by reading the channel tree 300 in the bottom up direction. For example, node A has an offset of 1101 when its parent reads toward the root node and may have an offset of 13 containing NFFT / 16 subcarriers assigned. Node D may get offset 2 (for example, 10

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1). Note that nodes B and C are shown with shifts of 3 (for example, 011 and 11, respectively). In this scenario, both nodes may have offset 3 assigned and will not have such offset assigned at the same time, but rather alternately to mitigate the conflict.

[0052] In the LFDMA communication environment, offsets can be calculated by reading the non-binary channel tree 300 in a direction from top to bottom (e.g., from the main node down to the specific child node). The zero padding technique can be used to fill the offset values ​​read from the main node to the child node at least partly based on the NFFT value. For example, if the value NFFT = 512 then a total of 9 bits are required to represent the number NFFT in the form of a binary number. Zero fill can be made to fill each offset value with zeros until the offset is a 9-bit value. For example, node A has an offset value of 0111 when read from the main node to node A, which can be filled with 5 zeros to create a 9-bit number from node A offset, 0111-00000 = 224. Therefore, offset 224 can be assigned to node A, which, according to the example, will contain 512/16 or 32 carriers. Similarly, node B has an offset of 011-000000 = 192, node C has an offset of 11-0000000 = 384, and node D has an offset of 10-0000000 = 256. More generally, node A has an offset of 9 NFFT / 16, node B is assigned an offset of 3NFFT / 8, node N is assigned an offset of 3NFFT / 4, and node D is assigned an offset of number^NFFT^/2. [0053] It should be noted that the non-binary channel tree 300 may use a set of predetermined offsets that can be permuted between user devices and / or nodes as described above with respect to

53 / 51P27244PL00

Figure 1. In addition, offset changes may be made according to a predetermined pattern (e.g., every frame, every symbol, after a certain period of time and the like) and such schemes may be sector-specific.

[0054] Referring to FIGS. 1-3, assignments and hopping sequences of nodes may be transmitted from a base station to a user equipment at initialization in time. This can be updated as needed. For example, assignments can be determined by reading lookup tables on a user's device for transmission to a base station, uplink, and to receive on a user's device, a download link (downlink) based on instructions transmitted from the base station. These instructions may, according to an embodiment of the invention, contain a sequence identifier which may be repeated depending on the length of the sequence that is stored in the user equipment. In other embodiments, the node values ​​may be updated regularly based on control channel messages from the base station.

[0055] In some embodiments, the channel assignments and single carrier transmissions may relate only to the send link, and the download type transmissions use one or more OFDM schemes. In these cases, one or more OFDM access schemes on the forward link may be used that are independent of the schemes used on the uplink.

[0056] Fig. 4 shows a system 400 that facilitates frequency hopping in a single carrier FDMA wireless communication environment in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Frequency hopping component 402 is operably associated with base station 408 (e.g., access point). Wireless network 404 may include one or more base stations 408 in one or more sectors and / or containing areas

53 / 51P27244PL00

Many sectors, and so will those skilled in the art. User devices 406 may include, but are not limited to, cell phones, smartphones, PDAs, laptops, personal computers and / or any device through which 404 wireless network to communicate, other useful users may

Separate component

410 frequency hopping resides in offset device 406 according to user hop component 402 and can change frequency-derived instructions.

[0057] Frequency hopping component 402 may change node value assignments for one or more user devices 406 allocated to nodes in a channel tree, such as for example trees described with reference to Figures 1, 2 and 3. Node values ​​(e.g., non-binary , binary, and the like) can be assigned to nodes in the channel tree and you can go through that tree to determine the assignment of the total offset. For a binary channel tree, child nodes of each parent node in the channel tree can have values ​​1 and 0 assigned, so that each parent node has a child value of 1 and a child value of 0. User devices 406 may be allocated to such nodes, and depending on the specific single carrier FDMA protocol used, frequency hopping component 402 may read a binary tree to determine user offset assignments and may specify a lookup table containing information related to respective offsets (e.g., offset identity , subcarrier number,

). In addition, frequency hopping component 402 may change node value assignments (e.g., ones and zeros and / or other binary node values, non-binary node values ​​and the like) for different sectors and at different times to facilitate frequency hopping and changing user offset assignments.

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 separate base station and station functionality

It should be noted that frequency hopping component 402 may be integrated with one or more base stations 408 in wireless network 404 and / or with user device (s) 406.

[0058] Although Figure 4 shows frequency hopping component 402 as being within a base station, it should be noted that frequency hopping component 402 can be implemented as a combination of both base station 408, controller (not shown) or the like a wireless network element 404, and also in a user equipment 406 (e.g., frequency hopping component 410). In such embodiments of the invention, it may be possible to include lookup tables in base user device 406, each of which corresponds to offsets that are known to both devices, e.g., via instructions from base station 408 that corresponds to user device 406 or some other means. .

[0059] In various embodiments, where the frequency hopping component 402 is in the base station 408, the user device 406 may include a lookup table that corresponds to the sequence for changing the U shift based on the instructions, instructions and the like transmitted from the base station 408 and generated by frequency hopping component 402.

[0060] Figure 5 is an illustration of a system 500 that facilitates the use of frequency hopping techniques in a single carrier FDMA environment, such as, for example, an IFDMA wireless communication environment in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The frequency hopping component 502 is operatively associated and integrated with the base station 508. The separate frequency hopping component 512 is located in the user device 506 and

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 will change shifts according to instructions from frequency hopping component 502.

[0061] Furthermore, frequency hopping components 502 and 512 are respectively associated with IFDMA components 510 and 514, which facilitates wireless communication using the IFDMA protocol. For example, in the IFDMA system, the total number of NFFT subcarriers can be divided among several devices of 506 users. Each user device 506 may have allocated N carriers (where the number N may vary depending on the user device) as well as a user-specific subcarrier shift, U, where 0 &lt;U &lt;

NFFT / N. When user device 506 transmits N modulation symbols [to d1 d2 ... dN-1], user device 506 constructs the IFDMA symbol by performing the following actions:

(1) Repetition of N symbols to obtain NFFR symbols in total [up to d1 d2 ... dN-1 d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1 d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1 ... up to d1 d2 ^dN-1^] (2) Multiplying the kth symbol in sequence by e ^Φwhere i&gt; = 2n / N_FFT [d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1 d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1 d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1. d2 ... dN-1] d0 d1 (3) Optionally, copy the last NCP symbols of the above symbol to the beginning (cyclic prefix).

Γ H q^{- (N - Φ} _l q^-(N -l) ji&gt;^AT t r_j _j ^jIn _j

[... dN-2e FFT dN-1 e FFT] [d0 d1e ... dN-1e

H _and- (N -1) j «U- |

... dN-le FFT]

- (N-1) j ΦU [0062] The resulting IFDMA symbol can then be converted to an analog symbol modulated on the carrier and then transmitted. The above illustrates generation

53 / 51P27244PL00

Of the IFDMA symbol on both the reverse link and the forward link.

Also, due to the fact that the IFDMA signal is periodic in the time domain (except phase, e^-'' '"), this signal may occupy the frequency" comb "(for example, only the set of N evenly spaced subcarriers has nonzero power, ...). In particular, the user device 506 with the offset" occupies the set of subcarriers {"," + NFFT / N, "+ 2NFFT / N ..." + (N-1) NFFT / N}, whereby the entire subcarrier set is indexed from 0 to NFFT-1, so that the orthogonality of the user device can be maintained, because user devices with different offsets occupy various subcarrier sets. Frequency hopping component 502 may generate or store lookup tables that correspond to offsets, node value assignments, and the like, and may assign user devices 506 to nodes as described in reference to Figs. 1-3. In addition, where used IFDMA protocol, frequency hopping component 502 can read the tree from the root node down to identify the user-specified offset ". It should be noted that the method of assigning user devices to specific nodes may include arbitrary assignments, node assignments in the channel tree using non-binary node values, binary node values, or any other useful way to associate offsets with nodes and / or devices of 506 users. In addition, it should be understood that the node value assignments can be changed arbitrarily, randomly, according to a predetermined pattern and / or when an event occurs (e.g., the transmission of one or more symbols, one or more frames, the passage of time, ... .) and the like.

[0063] Although Figure 5 shows the frequency hopping component 502 which is in the base station, it should be noted that the frequency hopping component 502

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 can be implemented as a combination of functionality in both base station 508, base station controller (not shown) and user equipment 506 (e.g., frequency hopping component 512). In such embodiments, it may be possible to arrange separate lookup tables in user equipment 506 and base station 508, each of which corresponds to sequences for a U offset for a user equipment that are known to both devices, e.g., via instructions from base station 508 that corresponds to 506 user's device or some other means.

[0064] In embodiments where the frequency hopping component 502 is in the base station 508, the user device 506 may have a lookup table that corresponds to the sequence for changing the U shift based on the instructions, instructions and the like transmitted from the base station 508 and generated by the component 502 frequency hopping.

[0065] Fig. 6 is an illustration of a system 600 that facilitates the use of frequency hopping techniques in a single carrier FDMA environment, such as the LFDMA wireless communication environment in accordance with one or more forms, for example. System 600 includes a frequency hopping component 602 that is operatively associated with access point 608. The separate frequency hopping component 614 is located in the user equipment 606 and will change the offsets according to the instructions from the frequency hopping component 602.

[0066] Frequency hopping component 602 may further be operably associated with IFDMA component 610 that facilitates communication in wireless network 604, as described above with reference to Figure 5. In addition, and / or alternatively frequency hopping component 602 may be additionally operationally connected to the 612 LFDMA component, which

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 may facilitate LFDMA communication between base station 608 and user device 606. Similarly, frequency hopping component 614 may be operably coupled to IFDMA component 616 and LFDMA component 618 in user device 606. Frequency hopping component 602 may generate a channel tree for assigning the offset to user device 606, so that each of a plurality of user devices 606 may be allocated to a node in the offset tree. Each node in the tree may have a value, and such node values ​​may be changed by the frequency hopping component 602 from time to time and / or from sector to sector to ensure interference diversity and frequency hopping functionality. After determining the value associated with the specific node, frequency hopping component 602 may review the table to determine the associated offset for assignment to user device 606.

[0067] With respect to components 612 and 618 LFDMA, user device 606 may have allocated a number of N adjacent subcarriers (e.g., subcarriers that are adjacent in the frequency domain, ...). For example, in the LFDMA system, several N6F subcarriers can be divided among several 606 users. N adjacent carriers (where the number N may be different depending on the user's device) as well as the user-specific offset of the subcarrier U, where 0 &lt;U &lt;N, can be allocated to each user device 606._FFT-N and where the total subcarrier set is indexed from 0 to NFFT-1. A user device that transmits a set of N modulation symbols [to d1 d2 ... dN-1] can generate a transmission signal by performing the following actions:

(1) Performing N-point fast Fourier transform with [to d1 d2 ... dN-1] to obtain [To D1 D2 ... DN-1].

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 (2) Placement [To D1 D2 ... DN-1] in allocated subcarriers [U, U + 1, ... U + N-1].

(3) Performing NFFT-point inverse fast Fourier transform to obtain NFFT samples in the time domain.

(4) Alternatively, copy the last NCP time domain samples to the beginning of the symbol as a cyclic prefix to obtain the time domain LFDMA symbol.

[0068] In the above LFDMA signal generation example, disjoint subcarrier sets may be allocated to various user devices 606 to ensure that user devices 606 are orthogonal to each other. Frequency hopping component 602 may then generate an assignment tree and determine within it the assignments of user devices 606 to nodes within it, as described with reference to Fig. 1 And, when using the LFDMA protocol, it can read a tree from the root node downwards to identify a specific U offset for the user equipment.

[0069] Although Fig. 6 shows a frequency hopping component 602 that resides at a base station, it should be noted that frequency hopping component 602 can be implemented as a combination of functionality at both base station 608, base station controller (not shown) or a similar wireless network controller 604, as well as a user device 606 (e.g., frequency hopping component 614). In these types of forms, it may be possible to arrange separate lookup tables in user device 606 and base station 608, each of which corresponds to the U offset sequences for the device

53 / 51P27244PL00

A user 606 that is known to both devices, e.g., via instructions from base station 608 that correspond to user device 606 or other means.

[0070] In embodiments where the frequency hopping component 602 is located at base station 608, the user device 606 may have a lookup table that corresponds to the sequence for changing the offset "based on instructions, instructions or the like transmitted from base station 608 and generated by the component 602 hopping frequency.

[0071] In addition, IFDMA components 610 and 616 and LFDMA components 612 and 618 may be used in relation to each other to facilitate generation of subcarrier assignments that contain evenly spaced subcarriers that have a range less than the entire available bandwidth as set forth in herein, various forms of the invention.

In addition, fast frequency hopping techniques, potentially on a fraction of the available bandwidth, can be used using the IFDMA protocol. On a typical send link in an OFDMA system, a user equipment may be assigned a subcarrier set that is kept constant for some time to allow the user equipment to estimate the channel for that subcarrier set. However, if the user device assignment is large enough for the user device to estimate the channel over the entire bandwidth, then a hop protocol based on the symbol rate can be used (e.g., by changing the assignment of the subcarrier set for the user device for each symbol transmission) because there is no damage when hopping through each symbol [0072] In fig. 7 An illustration of the 700 system that facilitates frequency hopping in a network environment is shown

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 wireless single-carrier FDMA. Frequency hopping component 702 may be operably associated with component 718 base station 706

708 on a 704 wireless network. A separate frequency hopping is found in the user and can change the offsets according to instructions from the frequency hopping component 702.

[0073]

Wireless network 704 may include one or more base stations 708 in one or more sectors and / or areas containing a plurality of sectors, and the like as noted by one of ordinary skill in the art. User devices 706 may include, without limitation, cell phones, smartphones, PDAs, laptops, personal computers and / or any other suitable device through which a user can communicate in a 704 wireless network. The frequency hopping component 702 at base station 708 may be associated with IFDMA system component 710 and / or LFDMA system component 712 or any other suitable single carrier FDMA system to facilitate symbol generation as described above with respect to previous figures. Similarly, frequency hopping component 718 in user equipment 706 may be operatively connected to both component 720 of the IFDMA system and component 722 of the LFDMA system.

[0074] Base station 708 and / or user device 706 may additionally and respectively include memory 714 and 724, which are operatively connected to frequency hopping components 702 and 718 and which store channel tree generation information or information about the generated channel tree, which may be used, assigning node values ​​(for example, non-binary, binary, integer and the like) in the channel tree, allocating the user's device node, tree read algorithms

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 example from top to bottom for LFDMA, from bottom to top for IFDMA, ...), signal generation algorithms (e.g. for signal generation using IFDMA, LFDMA, FDMA with single carrier, ...) tables time for reassignment of node values ​​(e.g. frequency hopping, ...), lookup tables regarding offset information and / or node value assignments, as well as any other useful information regarding interference diversity (e.g., frequency hopping) to mitigate the interference of one or more devices of 706 users. Processors 716 and 726 may be operatively connected to frequency hopping components 702 and 718, respectively, and / or memories 714 and 724 to facilitate the analysis of frequency hopping information, node assignment and / or allocation to one or more devices of 706 users, algorithms reading the tree, generating the signal and the like. It should be noted that processor 716 may be a dedicated processor for analyzing and / or generating information received by frequency hopping component 702, a processor that controls one or more base station components 708 and / or a processor that both analyzes and generates information received by frequency hopping component 702 and controls one or more base station components 708. Similarly, processor 726 may be a processor dedicated to analyze information received by frequency hopping component 718, a processor that controls one or more user device components 706 and / or a processor that both analyzes information received by frequency hopping component 718 and controls one or more user device components 706.

[0075] Memories 714 and 724 may additionally store protocols associated with the generation of signals, symbols, channel trees, lookup tables and the like, such as

53 / 51P27244PL00

User device 706 and / or base station 708 may use stored protocols and / or algorithms to obtain interference diversity as described herein. It should be noted that the data storage components (e.g., memories) described herein may be volatile or non-volatile memories, or may include both volatile and non-volatile memories. By way of illustration, not limitation, non-volatile memory may contain read-only memory (ROM), electrically programmable memory (EEPROM) or ROM

Electrically programmable erased ROM

ROM (PROM), (EPROM), also flash memory. Volatile memory may contain random access memory (RAM), which acts as an external cache. As an illustration, not a limitation, RAM is available in many different forms, such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), dual-speed SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), improved SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and Direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). The memories 714 and 724 of the subject systems and methods are intended to include, without limitation, these and any other suitable types of memory.

[0076] Although Figure 7 shows a frequency hopping component 702 that is located at base station 708, it should be noted that frequency hopping component 702 can be implemented as a combination of the functionality of both base station 708 and base station controller (not shown) or a similar element of the wireless network 704, as well as in the user device 706 (e.g., frequency hopping component 718). In these types of embodiments of the invention, it may be possible to arrange separate lookup tables in user equipment 706 and base station 708, each of which corresponds to the U offset sequences for the device

53 / 51P27244PL00

Or using wherein the U-offset component 702 on the like, generated by the user, which are known to both devices, e.g. based on instructions from the base station 708 which corresponds to the user device 706 of other means.

[0077] In embodiments, the frequency hopping is located at base station 708, user equipment 706 may include a lookup table that corresponds to a sequence for changing the basis of instructions, instructions and frequency hopping component 702 of the hopping component 702.

[0078] Fig. 8 is an illustration of a system 800 that facilitates frequency hopping technique in an FDMA wireless network environment in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. The frequency hopping component 802 is operatively associated with the base station 808. The separate frequency hopping component 824 resides in the device 806 may make offset changes according to originating from the component

802 user hop and frequency instructions.

[0079] Wireless network 804 may include one or more base stations 808, repeaters, transceivers, receivers and other components (not shown) in one or more sectors and / or areas containing multiple sectors, and the like as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. User devices 806 may include, to this limit, cell phones, PDAs, laptops, personal computers and / or any other useful device with which the user can communicate in a wireless 804 network. The frequency hopping component 802 at base station 808 may be operatively associated with the 810 IFDMA component and / or the 812 LFDMA component or any other useful single carrier FDMA system for ease of use but without smartphones,

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 to generate a communication symbol as described above with reference to the previous figures. Similarly, frequency hopping component 824 in user device 806 may be operatively associated with either or both components, i.e., IFDMA component 826 or LFDMA component 828. Frequency hopping component 802 may be further associated with the assigning component 820 at base station 808 that assigns nodes to user devices 806, at least in part based on offset information stored in the lookup table, which may be stored in memory 814 and / or memory 830. Such assignments may be transmitted to the receiver 822 assignments at the user device 806 and decoded by the frequency hopping component 824 at the user device 806. The assigning component 820 may assign nodes in the channel tree to user devices, and the frequency hopping component 802 may vary offsets (e.g., by performing permutations / reassigning node values) to maintain offset diversity and facilitate interference mitigation between 806 user devices and / or sectors networks through which 806 users devices communicate. In addition, the 802 frequency hopping component may assign node values ​​to nodes in the binary channel tree, as described, for example, with reference to Fig. 2 and / or to nodes in the non-binary channel tree, as described, for example, with reference to Fig. 3, to facilitate providing transfers to devices of 806 users. In addition, frequency hopping component 802 may use a non-binary channel tree in conjunction with a permutation protocol to optimize interference reduction.

[0080] Frequency hopping component 802 may assign subcarrier sets (e.g., offsets) to user devices 806 for transmitting one or more

53 / 51P27244PL00

More symbols during the communication event as described above. For example, the frequency hopping component 802 may generate and / or transmit an offset assignment at the first moment of time, and such assignment may be changed (e.g., by changing the node value assignments) according to a predetermined pattern (e.g., after transmitting / receiving each symbol, group symbols, one or more frames, ...). Continuing this example, the assignments of a subcarrier set to user devices 806 can be changed after a predetermined period that can be plotted by transmitting a fixed number of symbols (e.g., IFDMA symbols, LFDMA symbols, or any other useful single carrier FDMA symbols).

[0081] The assignment receiver 822 in the user device 806 receives the subcarrier assignment (e.g., offset assignment) to allow the user device 806 to perform control over the assigned subcarrier set for transmission of one or more symbols (e.g., IFDMA, LFDMA, ... ) during a communication event. Assignment receiver 822 may receive and / or receive node assignment, and the offset for device 806 may be determined at the first moment of time. Then a second offset can be determined and / or calculated when the node value assignments change after a predetermined period of time has passed (e.g. after each symbol, group of symbols, ...). According to this example, the offset assignments for 806 user devices can be changed (for example, by changing the node values ​​for nodes to which user devices are assigned, and the like) after a predetermined time that can be determined by transmitting a number of symbols (e.g., IFDMA symbols, LFDMA symbols, or any other suitable single-carrier FDMA symbols). In addition, the station

53 / 51P27244PL00

Base 808 may use memory 814, processor 816, and AI component 818 to facilitate assignment, reassignment, confirmation, use and the like in connection with the various frequency hopping protocols described herein. User device 806 may use memory 830, processor 832 and component AI 834 for similar purposes.

[0082] The components AI 818 and 834 may respectively and operationally be associated with the frequency hopping components 802 and 824 in one or both of the following, i.e. at base station 808 and user device 806, and may make inferences regarding channel tree generation, value assignments nodes and their changes, node allocation of a user device 806 and the like. The term "inference" or "inference" as used herein generally refers to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of a system, environment, and / or user based on a collection of observations collected through events and / or data. Inference can, for example, be used to identify a specific context or activity, or it can generate a probability distribution across states. Inference can be probabilistic in the sense that the calculation of the probability distribution over the states of interest is based on consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to techniques used to compose higher level events from a set of events and / or data. This inference results in new events or actions based on a set of observed events and / or stored event data, regardless of whether these events are correlated in close proximity to time and whether these events and data come from one source or several event sources. and data.

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 [0083]

As an example, components AI 818 and / or 834 may infer an appropriate tree structure to represent user device offsets at least in part based on, for example, channel quality, detected interference, number of available subcarriers, number of device 806 users working in a 804 wireless network, and the same. According to this example, it can be said that a particular sector or sectors in the 804 wireless network exhibit large transmission volumes and the like. The AI ​​818 component in conjunction with the 816 processor and / or memory 814 may determine that the interference between user devices 806 and / or sectors is high. The AI ​​818 component may conclude that the frequency adjustment is suitable for increasing interference diversity and alleviating the interference problem, and may also prompt the frequency hopping component 802 to change the assignments of the child node value in the channel tree, which will change the shift assignments to the devices of 806 users allocated to such changed child nodes. In this case, the AI ​​818 component can facilitate frequency hopping in the most cost-effective way possible to mitigate inter-cell interference and improve interference diversity. It should be noted that the above examples are illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of inferences that may be made by AI 818 and 834 components or how AI 818 and 834 components make such inferences.

[0084] Although Fig. 8 shows a frequency hopping component 802 which is located at base station 808, it should be noted that the component can be implemented both at the hopping base station of the controller combination

802 as

808, base station functionality frequencies not shown) or a similar 804 wireless network, and also in a user device 806 (e.g.

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 frequency hopping component 824). In such embodiments, it may be possible to arrange separate lookup tables in a user device 806 and base station 808, each corresponding to sequences for a U offset for a user device that are known to both devices, e.g., via instructions from the base station 808 that corresponds to the device user 806 or some other means. [0085] In embodiments where the frequency hopping component 802 is located at base station 808, the user equipment 806 may have a lookup table that corresponds to the sequence for changing the U offset based on instructions, instructions and the like transmitted from base station 808 and generated by the frequency hopping component 802.

[0086] Fig. 9 is an illustration of a signal generation methodology 900 using the IFDMA protocol, such as may be used in conjunction with frequency hopping to improve interference diversity. At step 902, the user equipment may initiate the generation of a signal comprising N modulation symbols, for example, [d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1], by repeating N symbols to obtain a total of NFFT symbols such as may with a protocol such as:

[d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1 d0 d1 d2 ... dN-1 d0 d1 d2

... dN-1].

[0087] multiplying the kth symbol in sequence by ^dN-1 to d1 d2

At step 904, the user equipment may perform

-jk'U where Φ =

2π / Ν

FFT^, so that:

[d₀ d₁e ^j'^AT d₂e '1) j' U] _H - (N-1) j'U dN-1e.

d_N-2e^-

FFT

-2) j'U ^dN-1

FFT [0088] In step 906, a cyclic prefix to the signal can optionally be added by copying the last NCP symbols

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 of the signal generated in step 904 at the beginning of the symbol expression, such that:

- (N ^dN-2^e FFT]

- (N -ljU ^e FFT

-2) ji&gt; U ^dN-1 ^e (N

FFT _H - (N-ljU j dN-1e ... dNN-1 [0089]

Method 900 may be used in an IFDMA communication environment in conjunction with the frequencies of interference shown here between users of a wireless communication environment for hopping techniques to mitigate and / or sectors in. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that although various methods and / or systems are described herein with respect to the IFDMA system, a suitable FDMA system system having the described properties and / or advantages of the IFDMA system may be used.

[0090] Fig. 10 is an illustration of methodology 1000 for performing frequency hopping in conjunction with the IFDMA modulation protocol in a wireless network communication environment. At step 1002, a channel tree may be generated to facilitate user hop frequency hopping. The channel tree may contain a root node, and each child node of the root node and / or other parents nodes in the tree may have a node value assigned to them (e.g., non-binary, binary, integer, and the like). For the binary channel tree, described here for the purpose of simplifying the illustration, each child node can have a binary value of 0 or 1, so that the parent node has a child of 0 and a child of 1. Nodes can be allocated to user devices depending on the need for subcarriers by user devices, so that a user device requiring a relatively large number of subcarriers can be allocated to a node closer to the main node than a user device requiring a relatively small number of subcarriers, as detailed in relation to

53 / 51P27244PL00

FIGS. 1-3. In some embodiments, the channel tree is pre-generated, and the nodes, their association and values ​​are stored in memory in the form of a lookup table or similar item.

[0091] at step 1004, the node sequences for user devices can be read up from the node allocated to the user to the first child node of the channel tree to determine the offset value for that user as described in detail with reference to Figures 2 and 3. Information regarding The offsets identified in step 1004 can be taken from the lookup table to facilitate the assignment of a particular set of subcarriers to the user. For example, the user has allocated a node with a value of 1, which depends on the parent node with a value of 1, which in turn depends on the main node of the tree, may be assigned offset 3. In addition, due to the fact that the node allocated to the user is three nodes from the top of the tree (including the allocated node and the main node, which is not read when determining the U offset, but is counted when determining the number of subcarriers), it can be assigned a number shifted subcarriers equal to NFFT / 4. According to another example illustrating a binary channel tree, a user who has an allocated node that is four nodes away from the root node (including the root node) and has a pedigree consisting of only ones (e.g., allocated node = 1, parent = 1, grandfather = 1, the main node) may have an offset of 7 (for example, binary 111) that can have a number of subcarriers equal to NFFT / 8 and so on. According to yet another example, if the above pedigree would be 101 (e.g., allocated node = 1, parent = 0, grandfather = 1, main node), the user may be assigned an offset of 5 having a number of subcarriers equal to NFFT / 8 and so on.

53 / 51P27244PL00

[0092] At step 1006, IFDMA symbols can be generated as discussed in detail with reference to Fig. 9. Such symbols / signals can be converted to an analog signal at step 1008 to facilitate its transmission. At step 1010, the node value assignments can be modified to facilitate frequency hopping to mitigate interference. For example, one or more assignments of child node values ​​in the channel tree may be changed to change the offset actually associated with the user-allocated node. For example, in the example above, a user with an assigned offset of 7 (for example 111 binary) containing NFFT / 8 subcarriers may have their parent node pair changed in step 1010, so that his node assignment pedigree becomes 101 binary, which in turn may result in assigning offset 5 to the user, and so on. In this example, user node allocation may be static when the node value assignment is changed to ensure that the user retains the number of subcarriers equal to NFFT / 8. In addition, user offset modification may be performed according to a predetermined scheme and / or according to a triggering event, such as, for example, the transmission of each IFDMA symbol (hop based on symbol speed), every few symbols (block hop) and etc. [0093] It should be noted that although the above examples describe a channel tree that uses the assignment of binary node values, non-binary values ​​may also be assigned to such nodes. In addition, parent nodes may have any appropriate number of child nodes associated with them to facilitate the allocation of offsets to user devices and perform frequency hopping to mitigate interference.

[0094] Fig. 11 shows a methodology 1100 for generating a signal using the LFDMA protocol such

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1 which can be used in conjunction with a frequency hopping protocol to improve interference diversity. At step 1102, the user equipment may initiate the generation of a signal containing N modulation symbols, for example, [to d1 d2 ... dN-1] by performing an N-point Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on N modulated symbols to obtain [To D1 D2 ... DN-1]. The transformed symbols can then be placed in allocated subcarriers ["," +1, ... "+ N-1] in step 1104. In step 1106, an NFFT-point inverse fast Fourier transform can be performed to obtain NFFT time-domain samples If desired, a cyclic prefix can optionally be added to the symbol in step 1108 by copying the last NCP time domain samples to the beginning of the symbol to obtain the time domain LFDMA symbol.

[0095] Method 1100 may be used to generate an LFDMA communication signal in conjunction with a frequency hopping technique to mitigate interference between devices and / or between sectors. For example, frequency hopping may be performed at each LFDMA symbol (e.g., using the hop technique based on symbol speed), with several LFDMA symbols (e.g., using the hopping technique and the like. [0096] In Fig. 12 methodology 1200 for performing shift reassignment assignments for users in an LFDMA wireless communication environment is shown. At 1202, a channel tree may be generated for mapping user offset assignments, and nodes in this tree may be allocated to individual users in the wireless network. The node allocation may be made in a manner similar to that described with reference to Figs. 1, 2 and 3. In some embodiments, the channel tree is pre-generated, and the nodes, their dependencies and values ​​are stored in memory as a lookup table or similar element.

53 / 51P27244PL00

[0097] In step 1204, the channel tree may be read from top to bottom to determine user offset assignments. Although for simplicity the following example describes the assignments of binary node values, it can be seen that non-binary values ​​and / or any other useful values ​​can be assigned to the nodes of the channel tree. For example, a user who has been allocated a node with a value of 1, which depends on a parent node with a value of 0, which in turn depends on the root node of the tree, may be assigned offset 1. In addition, because the node allocated to the user is three nodes from the top of the tree (including the root node, which is not read to determine the U offset but is counted to determine the number of subcarriers), it may have assigned a number of subcarrier offsets equal to NFFT / 4. According to another example, a user having an allocated node that is four nodes away from the main node (including the main node) and has a pedigree of 110 binary (e.g., allocated node = 1, parent = 1, grandfather = 0, main node ) can be assigned an offset of 6 (for example, binary 110), which can have a number of subcarriers equal to NFFT / 8, and so on. According to yet another example, if the above pedigree would be 101 (for example, an allocated node = 1, parent = 0, grandfather = 1, main node), the user may be assigned an offset of 5, with a number of subcarriers of NFFT / 8 and so further.

[0098] At step 1206, an LFDMA signal can be generated, as described with reference to Fig. 10, and converted to an analog signal for transmission. At step 1208, the node value assignments in the channel tree may be changed to facilitate frequency hopping, as described with reference to Fig. 11. If desired, user node allocation (e.g., static) may be maintained

53 / 51P27244PL00

During the reassignment of the node value in order to maintain a constant distance from the main node of the shift tree, which in turn can help ensure that a specific number of subcarriers is assigned to a given user, despite the frequency hopping. According to a related embodiment of the invention, a user whose frequency and / or subcarrier requirements have changed since the previous node allocation iteration can be dynamically reallocated to a higher or lower node in the channel tree based at least in part on information regarding user resource requirements. In this way, frequency hopping can be used in a single carrier FDMA system, such as the LFDMA system, for example, to improve interference diversity and provide a more reliable communication experience for wireless network users using the method

1200.

[0099] Fig. 13 is an exemplary wireless communication system 1300. The 1300 wireless system presents one base station and terminal for greater transparency. However, it should be noted that this system may include more than one base station and / or more than one terminal, wherein the additional base stations and / or terminals may be substantially similar or different for the exemplary base station and terminal described below. In addition, it should be noted that the base station and / or terminal may utilize the systems (Figures 1-8) and / or methods (Figures 9-12) described herein to facilitate wireless communication between them.

[0100] Referring to Fig. 13, on the downlink, at access point 1305, the transmission data processor (TX) 1310 receives, formats, encodes, interleaves, and also modulates (or maps symbols) traffic data and provides modulation symbols ( "Data symbols"). The symbol modulator 1315 receives and processes data symbols as well as pilot and communication symbols one belongs

53 / 51P27244PL00

EP 1 909 403 B1

It should be noted multiplied from the time domain, with the fast transform then terminals.

provides symbol streams. The symbol modulator 1315 multiplexes data and pilot symbols on the respective subbands, provides a zero signal value for each unused subband, and receives a set of N transmission symbols for N subbands for each symbol period. Each transmitted symbol may be a data symbol, a pilot symbol or a zero signal. Pilot symbols can be sent continuously in each symbol period.

that pilot symbols can be time division (TDM), frequency division multiplied (FDM), or code division multiplied (CDM). The symbol modulator 1315 can transform each set of N transmitted symbols using the Fourier NFT inverse IFFT to obtain a "transformed" symbol that contains N code pulses in the time domain. The symbol modulator 1315 typically repeats a portion of each transformed symbol to obtain the corresponding symbol. The repeated part is known as the cyclic prefix and is used to combat delay in the wireless channel.

[0101] The transmitter unit (TMTR) 1320 receives and converts the symbol stream into one or more analog signals and further shapes (e.g., amplifies, filters and increases the frequency) of analog signals to generate a downlink signal suitable for transmission over the wireless channel. The download signal is transmitted via the 1325 antenna to In 1330, the 1335 antenna receives the download signal and delivers the received signal to the receiving unit (RCVR) 1340. The receiving unit 1340 shapes (e.g. filters, amplifies, reduces the frequency) the received signal and digitizes the converted

53 / 51P27244PL00

Signal to obtain samples. The symbol demodulator 1345 removes the cyclic prefix added to each symbol, transforms each received transformed symbol into the frequency domain using the NF fast Fourier transform FFT, receives N received symbols for N subbands for each symbol period, and delivers the received pilot symbols to the 1350 processor to estimating the channel. The symbol demodulator 1345 additionally receives the frequency response estimate for the download link from the 1350 processor, performs data demodulation on the received data symbols to obtain data symbol estimates (which are estimates of the transmitted data symbols), and provides data symbol estimates to the RX 1355 data processor that demodulates (this is a reverse symbol mapping), deinterlacing and decoding data symbol estimates to recover transmitted traffic data. The processing performed by the symbol demodulator 1345 and the RX data processor 1355 is complementary to the processing performed by the symbol modulator 1315 and the data processor TX 1310 at access point 1305, respectively.

[0102] On the uplink, the TX data processor 1360 processes traffic data and provides data symbols. The symbol modulator 1365 receives and multiplexes data symbols with pilot symbols, performs symbol modulation, and provides a symbol stream. Pilot symbols may be transmitted on subbands that have been assigned to terminal 1330 for pilot transmission, where the number of pilot subbands for the uplink may be the same or different from the number of pilot subbands for the download link. The transmitting unit 1370 then receives and processes the symbol stream to generate a send signal that is transmitted by the antenna 1335 to access point 1305.

53 / 51P27244PL00

[0103] At access point 1305, the send signal from terminal 1330 is received by antenna 1325 and processed by receiving unit 1375 to obtain samples. The symbol demodulator 1380 then processes the samples and provides the received pilot symbol and data symbol estimates for the send link. The RX 1385 data processor processes data symbol estimates to reconstruct traffic data transmitted by terminal 1330. The processor 1390 estimates the channel for each active transmitting terminal on the send link. Multiple terminals may transmit a pilot simultaneously on a send link on their respective assigned pilots, where the pilots may be interleaved.

[0104] Processors 1390 and 1350 direct (e.g., control, coordinate, manage and the like) operation at access point 1305 and terminal 1330, respectively. Corresponding processors 1390 and 1350 may be associated with memory units (not shown) that store program codes and data. Processors 1390 and 1350 can also perform calculations to determine frequency estimates and impulse response for upload and download link, respectively.

[0105] In further embodiments, it is possible to use a multi-antenna transmitter. In such forms, the demultiplexer may be at the input of the TX 1310 data processor, which generates multiple data streams that are separately processed, encoded and modulated depending on different subbands. In addition, MIMO processing may be performed at the output of the TX 1310 data processor or the symbol modulator 1315, so that many transmission streams are created before transmission but after data processing. Receiver 1330 can use various techniques to decode signals from multiple antennas. [0106] For a multi-access system (e.g., a multi-access frequency division system (FDMA) and

53 / 51P27244PL00

And the like), multiple terminals may simultaneously transmit matrix devices on the send link. For this type of system, pilot subbands can be shared among different terminals. Channel estimation techniques can be used in cases where pilot subbands for each terminal extend across the entire operating band (possible except band edges). This type of pilot subband structure would be desirable to obtain frequency diversity for each terminal. The techniques described herein can be implemented using a variety of means. For example, these techniques can be implemented on a hardware or software platform, or a combination thereof. For hardware implementation, the processing units used for channel estimation can be implemented within one or more specialized integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), directly gates ( FPGA), processors, microcontrollers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein or a combination thereof. In the case of software, implementation can be performed through modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and the like) that perform the functions described herein. Program codes can be stored in a memory unit and executed by processors 1390 and 1350.

above examples of one or more embodiments. Of course, it is impossible to describe all conceivable combinations of components or procedures for describing the above embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of various embodiments are possible. As said, the described embodiments are intended to include all such changes of programmable controllers, [0107] The number of examples is described

53 / 51P27244PL00

Modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims. In addition, in the sense in which the word "includes" is used, both in the detailed description and in the claims, the word is intended to mean embracing in a similar sense to the word "contains", as the word "contains" is interpreted as transitional terms in the patent claims.