Elastomeric compounds containing silicon-treated carbon blacks

Description of the invention

The subject of the invention is new elastomeric blends with improved properties with regard to hysteresis. In particular, the invention relates to novel elastomeric blends containing silicon-treated carbon blacks, and to a method of producing these blends.

Carbon blacks are commonly used as pigments, fillers, and reinforcing agents in the preparation and manufacture of rubber and other elastomeric compounds. Carbon blacks are especially useful as reinforcing agents in the preparation of elastomeric compounds used in the manufacture of tires.

Carbon blacks are typically produced in a furnace-type reactor by pyrolysis of a hydrocarbon feed with hot flue gas to provide combustion products containing soot particles. Carbon black occurs in the form of aggregates formed by soot particles. Carbon blacks are typically characterized by analytical properties including, but not limited to, particle size and surface area, size, shape, and distribution of aggregates, and chemical and physical surface properties. The properties of the carbon black are determined analytically using known tests. For example, the area determined by nitrogen adsorption (determined according to the ASTM D3037 measuring procedure - Method A) and the adsorption amount of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (determined according to the ASTM D3765 [09.01] measuring procedure are a measure of the specific surface area. The adsorption of dibutyl phthalate by broken carbon black (CDBP) (determined according to the ASTM D3493-86 measuring procedure) and undamaged carbon black (DBP) (determined according to the ASTM D2419-93 measuring procedure) relates to the structure of the aggregates. Bound rubber size relates to the surface activity of the carbon black. The properties of a given carbon black depend on the conditions of its preparation, so that they can be modified by changing the temperature, pressure, raw material, residence time in the reactor, quenching temperature, yield and other parameters.

Typically, in the manufacture of tires, in the manufacture of the tread and other parts of the tire, it is desirable to use mixtures containing carbon black. For example, in making the compound used to make the tread, an elastomer should be used in a compound that provides high abrasion resistance and a good balance of hysteresis at different temperatures. A tire with high abrasion resistance is highly desirable as the abrasion resistance is proportional to the life of the tire. The physical properties of carbon black directly affect the abrasion resistance and hysteresis of the tread compound. Typically carbon black with a higher specific surface area and smaller particle size will provide higher abrasion resistance and greater hysteresis to the tread compound. Carbon black loading also contributes to the abrasion resistance of the elastomeric compound. The abrasion resistance increases with increasing load at least to the point corresponding to the optimum, beyond which the abrasion resistance will actually decrease.

The hysteresis of the elastomeric blend is related to the dissipation of energy during cyclic deformation. In other words, elastomeric blend hysteresis refers to the difference between the energy used to deform the elastomeric blend and the energy released when the elastomeric blend returns to its original, undistorted state. The hysteresis is characterized by the loss tangent, tan d, which is the ratio of the imaginary component to the real modulus (i.e. the viscous modulus to the elastic modulus). Tires made with a tread compound with lower hysteresis as measured at higher temperatures, e.g., 40 ° C or more, will exhibit reduced rolling resistance, which in turn reduces the fuel consumption of a vehicle with such a tire. At the same time, a tire tread with a higher hysteresis measured at low temperatures, e.g. at 0 ° C or below, will provide better wet grip and anti-skid performance for improved driving safety. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the tread compound of a tire with low hysteresis at high temperatures and high hysteresis at low temperatures shows a favorable hysteresis balance.

There are many other applications where it is useful to use an elastomer with a favorable hysteresis balance, but where abrasion resistance is no longer such an important factor. Such applications include, but are not limited to, tire components such as undercarriage, wedge compounds, sidewalls, carcass, crown, wrap, and bead core; motor mounts; and primary mixtures used in industrial and automotive power transmission belts.

Silica is also used as a reinforcing agent (or filler) for the elastomers. However, the use of silica alone as a strengthening agent for elastomers leads to a deterioration in performance compared to the results obtained with the use of

Carbon black as a strengthening agent. It is theoretically assumed that strong filler-filler interactions and weak filler-elastomer interactions are responsible for the unsatisfactory performance of silica. Silica-elastomer interactions can be improved by chemically bonding both components with a chemical coupling agent such as bis (3-triethoxysilylipropyl) tetrasulfane, commercially available as Si-69 from Degussa AG, Germany. Coupling agents such as Si-69 form a chemical bond between the elastomer and silica, thereby coupling the silica to the elastomer.

When silica is chemically coupled to an elastomer, certain performance characteristics of the resulting elastomeric composition are improved. When incorporated into vehicle tires, such elastomeric blends will provide a more favorable hysteresis balance. However, elastomeric blends containing silica as the primary reinforcing agent exhibit low thermal conductivity, higher electrical resistance, higher density, and poor processing properties.

When the carbon black itself is used as a reinforcing agent in elastomeric compositions, it does not chemically couple with the elastomer, but there are many sites on the surface of the carbon black to interact with the elastomer. Although the use of a carbon black coupling agent could provide some improvement in the performance characteristics of the elastomeric composition, this improvement is not comparable to that achieved with the use of a silica coupling agent.

The aim of the invention is to provide new elastomeric blends with a more favorable hysteresis balance. Another object is to provide an elastomeric blend containing silicon treated carbon blacks. Yet another object of the invention is to provide an elastomeric blend containing silicon treated carbon blacks in which the carbon black can be effectively coupled to the elastomer by a coupling agent. Such carbon black can be used, for example, in in mixtures for the production of tires, industrial rubber products and other rubber products. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a blend comprising silicon-treated carbon black and an elastomer using a variety of elastomers useful in a wide variety of article applications. Other objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description and claims.

Figure 1 shows schematically a portion of one type of carbon black reactor that can be used to produce treated carbon blacks in accordance with the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating the results of the bound rubber test conducted on the elastomeric compositions of the present invention.

Figures 3a, 3b and 3c show graphs illustrating hysteresis amounts measured at different temperatures and strains for the elastomeric compositions of the invention.

Figures 4a -4d show photomicrographs comparing the carbon blacks useful in the inventive blends with the prior art carbon blacks.

The present invention relates to an elastomeric blend having lower abrasion resistance, a comparable or higher low temperature loss tangent and a lower high temperature loss tangent, containing;

an elastomer with a DSC glass transition temperature below 20 ° C as a homopolymer, copolymer or terpolymer selected from the group consisting of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) solution, natural rubber, functional SBR solution, SBR emulsion, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, and blends of any of the foregoing elastomers;

and a carbon black aggregate in an amount of from 10 to 300 parts per 100 parts of elastomer, comprising a carbon black phase and a phase with silicon-containing regions, the silicon-containing regions being distributed over the surface of the aggregate or throughout the carbon black aggregate, the aggregate containing from 0.1 to 25% by weight of silicon; and optionally, additionally, a coupling agent in an amount of 0.1 to 15 parts per 100 parts of elastomer.

The elastomeric blend of the invention may also contain, in addition to the elastomer, an oxidized carbon black treated with silicon. The subject of the invention is also a method of producing elastomeric blends with carbon blacks treated with silicon, and their application to products, especially rubber.

It has been found that elastomeric blends with the desired hysteresis and other properties can be obtained by blending an elastomer with a silicon-treated carbon black. The silicon-treated carbon black gives the elastomer lower abrasion resistance, lower high temperature hysteresis, and comparable or increased low temperature hysteresis as compared to untreated carbon black. In silicon-treated carbon blacks, silicon-containing components are present

Such as, but not limited to, silicon oxides and carbides may be uniformly distributed over at least a portion of the carbon black aggregate as a specific carbon black component.

In an elastomeric blend containing an elastomer and a silicon-treated carbon black, the silicon-treated carbon black gives the elastomer a lower abrasion resistance, a comparable or higher low temperature loss tangent, and a lower high temperature loss tangent than untreated carbon black.

The silicon-treated carbon black aggregates are not a mixture of discrete carbon black aggregates with discrete silica aggregates. The silicon-treated carbon black aggregates of the invention contain at least one silicon-containing region on the surface and / or within the carbon black aggregate.

When testing the carbon black treated with silicon using the STEM-EDX technique, it was found that the silicon signal corresponding to the silicon-containing components was present in the individual carbon black aggregates. For comparison, in the case of a physical mixture of silica and carbon black, the STEM-EDX test confirmed the presence of separate aggregates of silica and carbon black.

Silicon-treated carbon blacks can be obtained by making carbon black in the presence of volatile silicon-containing compounds. Such carbon blacks are preferably produced in the modular or zoned carbon black reactor furnace shown in Figure 1. The carbon black reactor furnace comprises a combustion zone 1 with a tapered diameter zone 2; a raw material injection zone with a limited diameter 3 and a reaction zone 4.

In the production of carbon black in the reactor described above, hot flue gas is generated in the combustion zone by contacting a liquid or gaseous fuel with a suitable oxidant stream such as air, oxygen, or a mixture of air and oxygen. Fuels suitable for contact with an oxidant stream in combustion zone 1 to produce hot exhaust gas include flammable gas, vapor, or liquid streams such as natural gas, hydrogen, methane, acetylene, alcohols, or kerosene. Usually, however, it is preferable to use fuels with a high proportion of carbon-containing components, especially hydrocarbons. The air-fuel ratio depends on the type of fuel used. When using natural gas to produce the carbon black of the present invention, the air to fuel ratio may be from about 10: 1 to about 1000: 1. Preheating the oxidant stream may be used to facilitate the formation of hot flue gases.

The hot flue gas stream flows from zones 1 and 2 into zones 3 and 4. The direction of the hot flue gas flow is shown by an arrow in FIG. 1. The carbon black feedstock 6 is introduced at point 7 into the feedstock injection zone 3. The feedstock is injected into the gas stream through nozzles designed to achieve optimal distribution of the oil in the gas stream. These can be single or double stream nozzles. In double-stream nozzles, steam or air can be used to atomize the fuel. In the case of single-jet nozzles, pressure atomization may be used, or the feedstock may be injected directly into the gas stream. In the latter case, the atomization takes place under the influence of the gas stream.

Carbon black can be produced by pyrolysis or partial combustion of any liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon. Preferred carbon black feedstocks include those derived from petroleum refineries such as decanted oils from catalytic cracking processes as well as by-products from coke production and olefin production.

The mixture of carbon black feedstock and hot flue gas passes successively through zones 3 and 4. In the reaction zone portion of the reactor, the feed is pyrolysed to carbon black. The reaction is terminated in the quenching zone of the reactor. In a quenching zone 8 located downstream of the reaction zone, the quenching fluid, typically water, is sprayed onto a stream of freshly formed carbon black particles. The quench is used to cool the carbon black particles and lower the temperature of the gaseous stream and slow down the reaction rate. Q is the distance between the start of reaction zone 4 and the quenching point 8, which will vary with the position of the quenching zone. It is also possible to perform a staged quench or at several points in the reactor.

After the soot is quenched, the cooled gas and soot continue to any conventional cooling and separation device where the soot is recovered. The separation of the soot from the gas stream is readily accomplished using conventional solutions such as a precipitator, cyclone separator, bag filter or other devices known to those skilled in the art. After separation from the gas stream, the carbon black may optionally be pelleted.

PL 190 799 B1

The silicon-treated carbon blacks of the invention can be prepared by introducing a volatile silicon-containing compound into the carbon black reactor at a point upstream of the quenching zone. Useful volatile compounds include any compound that volatilizes at the temperatures in the carbon black reactor. By way of example, but not limited to, silicates such as tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) and tetramethoxyorthosilicate, silanes such as tetrachlorosilane and trichloromethylsilane; and volatile silicone polymers such as octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMTS). The flow rate of the volatile silicon compound will determine the silicon content (in wt%) of the treated carbon black. The weight percentage of silicon in the treated carbon black should be from about 0.1 to 25%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 10%, and most preferably from about 2 to about 6%. It has been found that by injecting a silicon containing compound into a carbon black reactor, an improvement in the structure (e.g., CDBP) of the product is achieved. This is desirable in many carbon black applications.

The volatile compound can be premixed with the carbon black raw material and introduced with the carbon black raw material into the reaction zone. However, the volatile compound may also be introduced into the reaction zone beyond the point of injection of the feed. It may be introduced upstream or downstream of the feedstock injection point, provided the volatile compound is introduced upstream of the quenching zone. For example, as shown in Fig. 1, the volatile compound can be introduced into zone Q at point 12 or at any other point in that zone. As a result of evaporation and the high temperatures in the reactor, the compound decomposes and reacts with other components in the reaction zone to form a silicon-treated carbon black, such that the silicon or silicon-containing components become an integral part of the carbon black. An example of a silicon containing component is silica. In addition to volatile compounds, decomposers which need not be volatile may also be used to produce silicon-treated carbon blacks.

As shown below, if the volatile compound is introduced substantially simultaneously with the feed, the silicon-treated areas are distributed over at least a portion of the carbon black aggregates.

In a second embodiment of the present invention, the volatile compound is introduced into the reaction zone at a point after the area where soot has started to form and where the reaction stream is subjected to slaking. This approach provides silicon-treated carbon black aggregates in which the silicon-containing components are primarily on or near the surface of the carbon black aggregate.

It has been found that elastomeric blends containing treated carbon black can be further blended with one or more coupling agents to further improve the properties of the elastomeric blend. Coupling agents used include, but are not limited to, compounds that can couple fillers such as carbon black or silica to the elastomer. Coupling agents useful in coupling the silica or carbon black to the elastomer are also expected to be useful with silicon-treated carbon blacks. Useful coupling agents include, but are not limited to, silane coupling agents such as bis (3-triethoxysilylipropyl) tetrasulfane (Si-69), 3-thiocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (Si-264 from Degussa AG, Germany), g-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (A189 from Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Connecticut), zirconate coupling agents such as dineoalkanolanedi (3-mercapto) propioate-O-zirconium (NZ 66A from Kenrich Petrochemicals, Inc., Bayonne, New Jersey); titanate coupling agents; nitro coupling agents such as N, N'-bis (2-methyl-2-nitropropyl) -1,6-diaminohexane (Sumifine 1162 from Sumitomo Chemical Co., Japan) and mixtures of any such agents. The coupling agents may be provided as a mixture with a suitable carrier, e.g. as X50-S which is a mixture of Si-69 with N330 carbon black available from Degussa AG.

The silicon-treated carbon black introduced into the elastomeric blend of the invention may be oxidized and / or combined with a coupling agent. Suitable oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, nitric acid and ozone. Coupling agents that can be used with the oxidized carbon blacks include, but are not limited to, any of the coupling agents provided above.

The silicon-treated carbon blacks according to the invention may contain attached organic groups.

One method of attaching an organic group to a carbon black involves reacting at least one diazonium salt with a carbon black in the absence of an externally applied current that would reduce the diazonium salt. This means that the reaction between the diazonium salt and carbon black occurs without an external source of electrons to reduce the diazonium salt. Mixtures of different diazonium salts can be used in the process of the invention. The process can be carried out in different wa6

In any type of reaction medium, including both protic and aprotic solvent systems or suspensions.

In another process, at least one diazonium salt is reacted with carbon black in a protic reaction medium. Mixtures of different diazonium salts can be used in the process of the invention. In this process, reactions can also be carried out under various conditions.

Preferably in both processes the diazonium salt is formed in situ. If desired, in each of the processes, the resulting carbon black can be separated and dried in a known manner. In addition, the resulting carbon black can be treated by known methods to remove impurities. Various preferred embodiments of these processes are outlined below.

These processes can be carried out under a wide range of conditions and are usually not limited by any particular condition. The reaction conditions must be such that the particular diazonium salt is stable enough to react with the carbon black. Thus, the processes can be carried out under reaction conditions where the lifetime of the diazonium salt is short. The reaction between the diazonium salt and the carbon black takes place, for example, over a wide range of pH and temperature. The process can be carried out at acidic, neutral or basic pH. Preferably the pH is from 1 to 9. The reaction temperature may preferably be from 0 to 100 ° C.

As is known, diazonium salts can be formed, for example, by reacting primary amines with aqueous nitrous acid solutions. For a general description of diazonium salts and their preparation, see Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., 973-983 (Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1987) and March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structures, 4. ed. (Wiley, 1992). According to the invention, a diazonium salt is an organic compound containing one or more diazonium groups.

The diazonium salt may be prepared prior to the reaction with the carbon black or, even more preferably, prepared in situ using known methods. In situ preparation also allows the use of unstable diazonium salts, such as alkyldiazonium salts, and avoids undesirable handling and handling of the diazonium salt. In particularly preferred processes, both the nitrous acid and the diazonium salt are prepared in situ.

As is known, a diazonium salt can be prepared by reacting a primary amine, a nitrite, and an acid. As the nitrite, a metal nitrite may be used, preferably lithium nitrite, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite or zinc nitrite, or any organic nitrite such as, for example, isoamyl nitrite or ethyl nitrite. As the acid, any inorganic or organic acid that is effective in forming the diazonium salt can be used. Preferred acids include nitric acid, HNO3, hydrochloric acid, HCl, and sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

The diazonium salt can also be prepared by reacting the primary amine with an aqueous solution of nitrogen dioxide. The aqueous solution of nitrogen dioxide, NO2 / H2O, provides the nitrous acid necessary to form the diazonium salt.

Formation of the diazonium salt in the presence of excess HCl may be less advantageous than in the presence of other suitable acids as HCl will corrode stainless steel. The preparation of the diazonium salt using NO2 / H2O has the added advantage that the agent is less corrosive to stainless steel or other metals commonly used in reactors. Production with H2SO4 / NaNO2 or HNO3 / NaNO2 also does not cause relatively significant corrosion.

Typically, the preparation of a diazonium salt from a primary amine, nitrite and acid requires the use of 2 equivalents of acid based on the amount of amine used. In an in situ process, the diazonium salt can be generated using 1 equivalent of the acid. When the primary amine contains a strong acid group, it may not be necessary to add a separate acid. The acid group or groups in the primary amine may provide one or both of the necessary acid equivalents. When the primary amine contains a strong acid group, preferably no additional acid is used, or up to 1 equivalent, in the in situ preparation of the diazonium salt according to the invention. A slight excess of additional acid may be used. One example of such an amine is p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (sulfanilic acid).

As a rule, diazonium salts are thermally unstable. They are usually prepared in solution at low temperatures, e.g. 0 to 5 ° C, and used without isolating the salt. On heating solutions of certain diazonium salts, nitrogen release may occur and the corresponding alcohols may be formed in acidic environments or free organic radicals in basic environments.

PL 190 799 B1

However, the diazonium salt only needs to be sufficiently stable for the reaction with the soot to take place. Thus, the processes can be carried out using certain diazonium salts that are otherwise considered to be unstable and degradable. Certain decomposition processes may compete with the reaction between the carbon black and the diazonium salt, which may result in a reduction in the total number of organic groups attached to the carbon black. In addition, the reaction can be carried out at elevated temperatures, whereby many of the diazonium salts can be decomposed. Elevated temperatures can also favorably increase the solubility of the diazonium salt in the reaction medium and improve its handling conditions in the process. However, elevated temperatures may result in losses of the diazonium salt due to other degradation processes.

To generate the diazonium salt in situ, the reactants can be added to the carbon black slurry in the reaction medium, e.g., water. In such a case, the carbon black used may already contain one or more diazonium salt-forming reagents, so that the process is carried out by adding the remaining reagents.

Reactions to form a diazonium salt can take place in the presence of a wide variety of functional groups typically found in organic compounds. Accordingly, only the availability of a diazonium salt for reaction with carbon black limits the scope of the processes of the invention.

The processes can be carried out in any reaction medium that allows the reaction between the diazonium salt and the carbon black to occur. Preferably, the reaction medium is a solvent-based system. The solvent may be a protic solvent, an aprotic solvent, or a mixture of solvents. Protic solvents are solvents, such as water or methanol, which contain a hydrogen atom attached to an oxygen or nitrogen atom, and are therefore acidic enough to form hydrogen bonds. Aprotic solvents are solvents containing no acid hydrogen as defined above. Aprotic solvents include, for example, solvents such as hexanes, tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile, and benzonitrile. For a discussion of protic and aprotic solvents see Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, pp. 228-231 (Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1987).

The processes are preferably carried out in a protic reaction medium, i.e. in a protic solvent alone or in a solvent mixture containing at least one protic solvent. Preferred protic media include, but are not limited to, water, aqueous media containing water and other solvents, alcohols, and any alcohol-containing media or mixtures of such media.

The reaction between the diazonium salt and the carbon black can take place with any type of carbon black, e.g. In one embodiment, the reaction is performed during the carbon black pellet making process to reduce production costs. For example, the carbon black of the present invention can be made in a dry drum by spraying the carbon black with a solution or suspension of a diazonium salt. Carbon black can also be produced by pelleting carbon black in the presence of a solvent system, e.g. water containing the diazonium salt or reagents for generating the diazonium salt in situ. Preferably, aqueous solvent systems are used. Thus, in another embodiment, the process of making pelleted carbon black comprises the steps of: introducing the carbon black and an aqueous slurry or diazonium salt solution into the pellet press, reacting the diazonium salt with the carbon black to attach an organic group to the carbon black, and pelleting the resulting carbon black with an attached organic group. The pelleted carbon black can then be dried in the usual ways.

Typically, inorganic by-products such as salts are formed in the processes. In some end uses such as those set out below, such by-products may be undesirable. A number of possible methods for producing the carbon black without undesirable inorganic by-products or salts are outlined below.

First, the diazonium salt can be purified by removing an undesirable inorganic by-product by known methods. Second, the diazonium salt can be prepared by using an organic nitrite as the diazotizing agent to provide the corresponding alcohol, not an inorganic salt. Third, in the preparation of a diazonium salt from an amine containing an acid group and NO2 in water, no inorganic salts are formed. Other methods are known to those skilled in the art.

In addition to inorganic by-products, the process may also produce organic by-products. They can be removed e.g. by extraction with organic solvents. Other methods of producing products without undesirable by-products are known to those skilled in the art and include washing or ion removal by reverse osmosis.

PL 190 799 B1

The reaction between the diazonium salt and the carbon black produces a carbon black product with an attached organic group. The diazonium salt may contain the organic group to be attached to the carbon black. The carbon black products according to the invention can also be prepared by other methods known to those skilled in the art.

The organic group may preferably be aromatic sulfides. Carbon black products containing aromatic sulfide groups are particularly useful in rubber compositions. Such aromatic sulfides can be represented by the formulas Ar (CH2) qSk (CH2) rAr 'or Ar (CH2) qSk (CH2) rAr, wherein each of Ar and Ar' is independently a substituted or unsubstituted arylene or heteroarylene group, Ar is an aryl group, or heteroaryl, k is from 1 to 8 and each of q and r is 0-4. Substituted aryl groups include substituted alkylaryl groups. Preferred arylene groups include phenylene groups, especially p-phenylene groups, or benzothiazolylene groups. The preferred aryl groups are phenyl, naphthyl and benhzothiazolyl. The number of sulfur atoms defined by k is preferably 204. Preferred carbon black products include those to which an organic group of an aromatic sulfide of the formula - (C6H4) -Sk- (C6H4) - is attached, wherein k is from 1 to 8, and even more preferred those where k is 2 to 4. Particularly preferred groups of aromatic sulfides include bis-p- (C6H4) -S2- (C6H4) - and para- (C6H4) -S2- (C6H4) -. Diazonium salts of the aromatic sulfide groups can conveniently be prepared from the corresponding primary amines, H 2 N-Ar-Sk-Ar'-NH 2, or H 2 N-Ar-Sk-Ar. Preferred groups include dithiodi-4,1-phenylene, tetrathiodi-4,1-phenylene, phenyldithiophenylene, dithiodi-4,1- (3-chlorophenylene), - (4-C6H4) -SS- (2-C7H4NS), - (4-C6H4) -SS- (4-C6H4) -OH, 6- (2-C7H3NS) -SH, - (4-C6H4) -CH2CH2-SS-CH2CH2- (4-C6H4) -, - (4- C6H4) -CH2CH2-SSS-CH2CH2- (4-C6H4) -, - (2-C6H4) -SS- (2-C6H4) -, - (3-C6H4) -SS- (3-C6H4) -,

-6- (C6H3N2S), -6- (2-C7H3NS) -S-NRR ', where RR' is the group -CH2CH2OCH2CH2-, - (4-C6H4) -SSSS- (4-C6H4) -, - (4- C6H4) -CH = CH2, - (4-C6H4) -S-SO3H, - (4-C6H4) -SO2NH- (4-C6H4) -SS- (4-C6H4) -NHSO2- (4-C6H4) -, -6- (2-C7H3NS) -SS- (6-C7H3NS), - (4-C6H4) -S-CH3- (4-C6H4) -, - (4-C6H4) -SO2-S- (4-C6H4 ) -, - (4-C6H4) -CH2-S-CH2- (4-C6H4) -, - (3-C6H4) -CH2-S-CH2- (3-C6H4) -, - (4-C6H4) - CH2-SS-CH2- (4-C6H4) -, - (3-C6H4) -CH2-SS-CH2- (3-C6H4) -, - (4-C6H4) -S-NRR ', where RR' is a group -CH2CH2OCH2CH2-, - (4-C6H4) -SO2NH-CH2CH2-SS-CH2CH2-NHSO2- (4-C6H4) -, - (4-C6H4) -2- (1,3-dithianyl) and - (4-C6H4) -S- (1,4-piperazinediyl) -S- (4-C6H4) -.

As noted above, the silicon-treated carbon black may also be modified to include at least one organic group attached to the silicon-treated carbon black. A mixture of silicon-treated carbon black and a modified carbon black having at least one attached organic group may also be used.

As silica, there may be used, but is not limited to, silica as such, precipitated silica, amorphous silica, vitreous silica, fumed silica, fused silica, silicates (e.g., aluminosilicates), and other Si-containing fillers such as clay, talc, wollastonite, etc. Silicas are commercially available from sources such as Cabot Corporation with the trademark Cab-O-Sil®; with PPG Industries, trademarks of Hi-Sil and Ceptane; Rhone-Poulenc with the trade mark Zeosil; and Degussa AG with the trademarks Ultrasil and Coupsil.

The elastomeric mixtures according to the invention are prepared by masticating the elastomer and the aggregate containing the carbon black phase and the phase with the silicon-containing regions in a mixer, the aggregate containing from 0.1 to 25% by weight of silicon, under sufficient time and temperature conditions to obtaining a masterbatch;

the masterbatch is rolled;

- cooling the masterbatch to facilitate the addition of vulcanizing agent and avoid significant premature cross-linking;

- masticating the premix and the vulcanizing additive and optionally the coupling agent in a mixer under sufficient time and temperature conditions to obtain the elastomeric mixture of the invention.

Suitable elastomers include elastomers whose glass transition temperature, as determined by the DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) method, i.e. with the Differential Scanning Calorimeter, is below 20 ° C, and may be a homopolymer, copolymer or terpolymer selected from the group consisting of a styrene-butadiene rubber solution (SBR), natural rubber, functionalised SBR solution, SBR emulsion, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, and blends of any of the above elastomers. The DSC method is a popular method for determining the melting point, glass transition and is described in detail in publications, eg "Instrumental methods in chemical analysis PWN.

PL 190 799 B1

Preferably, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the elastomer as determined by Differential Calorimetry (DSC) is from -120 ° to 0 ° C. Examples include ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber, polychloroprene, natural rubber, hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, polyacrylic rubber, polyvinyl acetate copolymer or ethylene copolymer mixtures of the above. elastomers.

Rubber suitable for use in the present invention includes natural rubber and its derivatives such as chlorinated rubber. The silicon-treated carbon black products of the invention can also be used with synthetic rubbers such as copolymers containing from about 10 to about 70% by weight of styrene and from about 90 to about 30% by weight of butadiene, e.g. copolymer of 19 parts of styrene and 81 parts of butadiene, copolymer of 30 parts of styrene and 70 parts of butadiene, copolymer of 43 parts of styrene and 57 parts of butadiene, and copolymer of 50 parts of styrene and 50 parts of butadiene, polymers and copolymers of conjugated dienes such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, etc. ,

The inventive rubber compositions may therefore contain elastomers, vulcanizing agents, a reinforcing filler, a coupling agent and, optionally, various processing aids, oils and anti-aging agents. In addition to the examples given above, polymers (e.g. homopolymers, copolymers and terpolymers) produced from 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isoprene, isobutylene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene etc. Preferably the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the elastomer determined by DSC is from about -120 to about 0 ° C. Examples of such elastomers include poly (butadiene), poly (styrene-co-butadiene) and poly (isoprene).

Elastomeric compositions also include vulcanized (VR) compositions, thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), and thermoplastic polyolefins (TPO). In addition, TPV, TPE and TPO materials are classified on the basis of their ability to be extruded and formed several times without losing performance characteristics.

In preparing the elastomeric compositions, one or more vulcanizing agents may be used, such as, for example, sulfur, sulfur donors, activators, accelerators, peroxides, and other systems used to cure the elastomeric composition.

It is believed that in preparing the silicon-treated carbon black blends of the present invention with elastomers, there are advantages not achieved when blending such elastomers with conventional carbon blacks. Table 1A below lists some elastomers particularly useful in industrial rubber applications; preferred silicon-treated carbon black loading rates according to the invention are given as parts carbon black per 100 parts elastomer (PHR); the anticipated benefits obtained from such compositions compared to the same composition in which conventional carbon black is used; and useful industrial uses for each of the compositions corresponding, as appropriate, to the anticipated benefits resulting from the use of such compositions.

Table 1A

<td>Polymer</td><td>Load</td><td>Benefits</td><td>Scope of application</td>

<td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td>

<td>Ethylene-propylene monomer</td><td> 50-250</td><td>Increased speed</td><td>sealing tapes</td>

<td>diene</td><td>PHR</td><td>electric heating</td><td></td>

<td>(EPDM)</td><td> 200-200</td><td>high frequency</td><td></td>

<td></td><td>PHR</td><td>Increased resistance to tearing. Reduced iridescence. Increased resistance to heat aging. Increased electrical resistance Increased elongation for a given hardness. Greater fatigue resistance lower springback at a given tan d increased rebound</td><td>sealing tapes hose sealing tapes snakes snakes engine mounts engine mounts engine mounts</td>

PL 190 799 B1 cont. Table 1A

<td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td>

<td>Polychloroprene (Neoprene)</td><td>10-150 PHR 20-80 PHR</td><td>Less springback at a given tan d Increased resistance to glycol Increased resilience. Less heat accumulation</td><td>engine mounts Seals Seals, hoses Belts</td>

<td>Natural rubber (NR)</td><td>10-150 PHR 20-80 PHR</td><td>Less springback for a given tan d Increased cut / chipping resistance</td><td>engine mounts Belts</td>

<td>Hydrogenated Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (HNBR)</td><td>10-150 PHR 20-80 PHR</td><td>Less springback at a given tg d Increased tear resistance at high temperatures Increased resilience Less heat accumulation</td><td>Belts</td>

<td>Styrene-butadiene rubber</td><td>10-150 PHR</td><td>Increased cut / chipping resistance</td><td>Belts</td>

<td>Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</td><td>10-150 PHR</td><td>More favorable physical properties</td><td>Snakes</td>

For certain tire applications, cut / chipping resistance has been found to be an essential property, especially for trucks moving between pavements and dirty surfaces. The tires heat up, in particular, after driving on the pavement, which, when entering the construction site, may cause excessive shearing and the tire flying off on uneven terrain. It has been found that when the silicon-treated carbon black of the present invention is incorporated into a tire tread compound (or into other parts of the tire such as sidewalls), tire tread heat-up characterized by tan d (delta) at 70 ° C may be reduced, tear strength may increase, elongation may improve while maintaining the acceptable tensile strength of the tread compound. By improving such properties, the cut / chipping resistance can be significantly increased, so that a more durable tire tread with better performance characteristics is obtained.

In order to improve the above-mentioned properties and thus obtain increased cut / chipping resistance, the silicon-treated carbon black according to the invention may be used in a mixture with other fillers such as silica and carbon black, as well as with a coupling agent.

The silicon-treated carbon blacks according to the invention may also be used in a wire mix in tires. Excellent adhesion to the steel cord can be achieved by using wire mixes containing silicon-treated carbon black. Additionally, a reduction in the heating of this part of the tire can be achieved.

The anticipated benefits obtained with the compositions listed in Table 1A are characterized by the expected properties compared to the same composition made using conventional (untreated with silicon) carbon black. Evaluation of these properties for a given silicon treated carbon black / elastomer composition was made by performing comparative tests. Most of the properties listed in Table 1A have been determined by routine testing known to those skilled in the art. The other studies are summarized below.

Hardness refers to the Shore hardness which is determined according to the procedure outlined in ASTM D-2240-86.

The resilience can be determined according to the procedure outlined in ASTM D-1054 using a ZWICK Rebound Resilience Tester, Model 5109, manufactured by Zwick of America, Inc., Post Office Box 997, East Windsor, Connecticut 06088.

PL 190 799 B1

Absorption of ultra-high frequency (UHF) microwave radiation can be measured with a Dielecmetre apparatus (available from Total Elastomers in France). UHF radiation absorption is characterized by the a factor, which is defined as a = (150 ° C-80 ° C) (t150-t80) [° C / s] where t150 and t80 are the times necessary for the sample to reach the temperature of 150 ° C, respectively and 80 ° C. a is the heating rate from 80 to 150 ° C.

The electrical resistivity of the composition can be measured by applying to a sample 50.8 mm wide, 152.4 mm long and 21.6 mm thick, a strip of silver paint 12.7 mm wide. The sample is then conditioned to obtain a stable reading by cycling from room temperature to 100 ° C and back to room temperature, followed by aging at 90 ° C for 24 hours. Stabilized resistance is measured at the end of the aging cycle and again after the sample is allowed to cool to room temperature.

The resulting elastomeric compositions containing treated carbon black and optionally containing one or more coupling agents can be used in a variety of elastomeric articles such as automotive tire treads, industrial rubber products, gaskets, timing belts, power transmission belts, and other rubber products. When used in tires, the elastomeric compounds may be used in the tread or other portion of the tire, such as the carcass and sidewall.

Tread compounds made from the elastomeric compounds of the present invention containing a silicon-treated carbon black but no coupling agent provide more favorable dynamic hysteresis characteristics. However, elastomeric blends containing both the silicon-treated carbon black and the coupling agent exhibit even better dynamic hysteresis performance at different temperatures and wear resistance. Therefore, a tire using a tread compound of the present invention containing both silicon-treated carbon black and a coupling agent will exhibit even lower rolling resistance, good handling characteristics and improved wear resistance compared to a tire made with a tread compound containing silicon-treated carbon black, but no coupling agent.

The following examples illustrate the invention without limiting its scope.

Examples

Example 1

The silicon treated carbon blacks according to the invention were prepared in a pilot plant reactor generally described above, shown in Figure 1, with the following dimensions: D1 = 101.6 mm, D2 = 50.8 mm, D3 = 127 mm, L1 = 101.6 mm, L2 = 127 mm, L3 = 177.8 mm, L4 - 0.3048 m, and Q = 1.372 m. The reaction was carried out under the conditions given in Table 1 below.

Under these conditions a carbon black with the ASTM symbol N234 was obtained. A commercially available example of the N234 carbon black is Vulcan® 7H from Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass. These conditions were changed by adding the volatile silicon containing compound to the reactor to obtain silicon treated carbon black. The flow rate of the volatile compound was controlled to vary the weight percent of silicon in the treated carbon black. The weight percent of silicon in the treated carbon black was determined by an ashing test according to ASTM D-1506 procedure.

One such new treated carbon black was obtained by injecting an organosilicon compound, namely octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMTS), into the hydrocarbon feed. The compound is available as D4 from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan. The resulting silicon-treated carbon black was designated as OMTS-CB herein. Another silicon-treated carbon black (TEOS-CB) was prepared by incorporating a second volatizable silicon-containing compound, tetraethoxysilane (available as TEOS from Huls America, Piscataway, NJ) into the hydrocarbon feed.

Since changes in the reactor temperature are known to affect the surface area of ​​the carbon black, and the reactor temperature is very sensitive to the total feed flow rate in the injection zone (zone 3 in Fig. 1), the feed flow rate was reduced to approximately compensate for the introduction of the volatile silicon containing compound so as to keep the reactor temperature constant. As a result, an approximately fixed external specific surface (denoted as the t surface) of the obtained carbon blacks was obtained. All other parameters were maintained at the levels necessary for the production of the N234 carbon black. Regulatory supplement

A structure (potassium acetate solution) was injected into the feed to maintain the standardized structure of the N234 carbon black. The flow rate of the additive was kept constant in the production of the silicon treated carbon blacks described in all of the examples below.

The external specific surface area (t area) was determined following the sample preparation and measurement procedure described in ASTM D3037 method A for nitrogen specific surface measurement. In the measurement, the nitrogen adsorption isotherm was expanded to a relative pressure of 0.65. The relative pressure is the pressure (P) divided by the saturation pressure (Po) (the pressure at which nitrogen condenses). The thickness of the adsorption layer (t1) is then calculated from the relationship_vol = 13,99 ¹ λ / 0.034 - log (P / Po)

The volume (V) of adsorbed nitrogen is then plotted as a function of t1. In turn, a straight line is interpolated through the data points for the quantity t1 from 3.9 x 10^-1 nm to 6.2 x 10^-1 nm. The area t is determined from the slope of this line as follows:

₂ area t = m²/ g = 15.47 x slope

Table 1

<td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="2">Soot</td>

<td>Parameters</td><td>N234</td><td>TEOS-CB</td><td>OMTS-CB</td>

<td>Air flow rate (thousand x 3.048 x 10^-1) m³/ h</td><td>12.8 x 304.8</td><td>12.8 x 304.8</td><td>12.8 x 304.8</td>

<td>Gas flow rate (thousand x 3.048 x 10^-1) m³/ h</td><td>0.94 x 304.8</td><td>0.94 x 304.8</td><td>0.95 x 304.8</td>

<td>Raw material flow rate, kg / h</td><td>166 x 0.453592</td><td>139 x 0.453592</td><td>155 x 0.453592</td>

<td>Si compound dosing rate kg / h</td><td> 0</td><td>16 x 0.453592</td><td>5 x 0.453592</td>

The specific surface area and silicon content in the obtained carbon blacks were determined. The results are shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2

<td>Properties</td><td>N234</td><td>TEOS-CB</td><td>OMTS-CB</td>

<td>% silicon in carbon black,%</td><td> 0,02</td><td> 2,85</td><td> 2,08</td>

<td>DBP, cm³/ 100 g</td><td> 125,0</td><td> 114,0</td><td> 115,0</td>

<td>CDBP, cm³/ 100 g</td><td> 101,5</td><td> 104,1</td><td> 103,5</td>

<td>Area t, m²/ g</td><td> 117,0</td><td> 121,0</td><td> 121,0</td>

<td>N2 area, m²/ g</td><td> 120,4</td><td> 136,0</td><td> 133,0</td>

Example 2

A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) coupled to an X-ray energy scattering analyzer was used to further characterize the silicon-treated soot. Table 3 below compares N234, OMTS-CB (prepared by the method of Example 1), and N234 to which was added 3.7 wt% silica (L90, available as CAB-O-SiL® L90

From Cabot Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts) to give a blend. As described below, the STEM system can be used to study individual carbon black aggregates by determining its elemental composition. In the case of a physical mixture of carbon black and silica, silica aggregates have been identified which primarily emit a silicon signal with a carbon signal slightly or close to background. Thus, when testing a number of aggregates in the mixture, some aggregates exhibited a high Si / C signal ratio corresponding to the silica aggregates.

mg of the carbon black was dispersed in 20 ml of chloroform and subjected to ultrasonic treatment using an ultrasonic probe (W-385 Heat Systems Ultra Sonicator). A 2 mL aliquot was then dispersed in 15 mL of chloroform for 3 minutes using an ultrasonic probe. The obtained dispersion was applied to a nickel mesh of 0.074 mm with an aluminum substrate. The mesh was then placed under a Fisons HB501 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (Fisons, West Sussex, England) equipped with an Oxford Link AN10000 Energy Dispersive X-ray Analyzer (Oxford Link, Concord, Massachusetts).

Initially, the mesh was scanned at low magnification (below 200,000X) for possible silica aggregates. This was done by looking for aggregates with a Si / C count ratio greater than 1. After initial scanning, typically 30 aggregates were selected for detailed analysis (magnification from 200,000X to 2,000,000X). The selected aggregates included all aggregates for which the Si / C count ratio was greater than 1, identified on initial scanning. The highest Si / C count ratios determined are given below in Table 3 for N234, OMTS-CB and the blend of N234 with silica.

Table 3

Si / C signal ratio as determined by STEM

<td></td><td>% Si in the modified sample</td><td>The highest ratio of Si / C counts in aggregates</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,02</td>

<td>OMTS-CB</td><td> 3,28</td><td> 0,27</td>

<td>N234 + 3.7% silica (L90)</td><td> 1,7</td><td> 49</td>

Thus, a well dispersed blend of carbon black and silica with the same silicon content as OMTS-CB shows 180 times higher Si / C peak counts. These results indicate that the OMTS-CB carbon black is not a simple physical mixture of silica and carbon black, but rather that silicon is part of the inherent chemical structure of the carbon black.

Example 3 - HF Treatment

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) can dissolve silicon compounds, but it does not react with carbon. Accordingly, when conventional (untreated) carbon black or a blend of silica and carbon black are treated with HF, the surface and specific surface area of ​​the carbon black will not change as it is not affected by the dissolution of the silicon compounds removed from the mixture. On the other hand, if the silicon-containing components are distributed in at least a portion of the carbon black aggregate, including its surface, the surface area should significantly increase due to the formation of micropores as the silicon compound dissolves from the carbon black structure.

g of the test carbon black was extracted with 100 ml of 10% by volume hydrofluoric acid for 1 hour. The silicon content and nitrogen specific surface area were determined before and after the HF treatment. The results are given in Table 4.

Table 4 HF machining

<td></td><td>% Si before HF treatment</td><td>% Si after HF treatment</td><td>N2 SA before HF treatment</td><td>N2 SA after HF treatment</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0,02</td><td> 0,05</td><td> 123</td><td> 123</td>

<td>OMTS-CB</td><td> 3,3</td><td> 0,3</td><td> 138</td><td> 180</td>

PL 190 799 B1

Photomicrographs of carbon black samples were taken before and after the HF treatment. These micrographs are shown in Figs. 4a-4d. These photos show that the surface of the silicon-treated carbon black is rougher, which corresponds to an increase in microporosity after HF treatment, compared to untreated carbon black.

Example 3A

Another silicon-treated carbon black was produced by injecting TEOS into the reaction zone directly (0.3408 m) downstream of the hydrocarbon feed injection plane as indicated at point 12 in Figure 1. All other reaction parameters were held to yield N234 carbon black as described in Example 1. The TEOS flow rate was set at 17.6 x 0.453592 kg / hour.

The silicon content and specific surface area of ​​the obtained carbon black were determined before and after the HF extraction as described in Example 3. The results are given in Table 4A.

Table 4A

TEOS-CB 'made by injecting TEOS into the reaction zone

<td></td><td>% Si</td><td>N2 area</td>

<td>Before HF</td><td> 2,27</td><td> 127,7</td>

<td>After HF</td><td> 0,04</td><td> 125,8</td>

Thus, no increase in the nitrogen specific surface area was observed after HF extraction of the TEOS-CB 'carbon black. Analysis of aggregates by the STEM method described in Example 2 showed that silicon is present in the aggregates and not as independent silica elements. These results show that, in this case, the silicon containing components in the silicon-treated carbon blacks are primarily near the surface of the aggregates.

Example 4 - Preparation of elastomeric compositions

The carbon blacks prepared in the previous examples were used to prepare the elastomeric blends. Elastomeric compositions containing the silicon-treated carbon blacks described above were prepared using the following elastomers: SBR solution (Duradene 715 and Cariflex S-1215 from Firestone Synthetic Rubber &amp; Latex Co., Akron, Ohio), functionalized SBR solution (NS 114 and NS 115 from Nippon Zeon Co., SL 574 and TO589 from Japan Synthetic Rubber Co.), a SBR emulsion (SBR 1500 from Copolymer Rubber &amp; Chemicals, Corp., Baton Rouge, LA), and natural rubber (SMR5 from Malaysia).

The elastomeric blends were prepared according to the following recipe.

Table 5

<td>Ingredient</td><td>Parts by weight</td>

<td>elastomer</td><td> 100</td>

<td>soot</td><td> 50</td>

<td>zinc oxide</td><td> 3</td>

<td>stearic acid</td><td> 2</td>

<td>Flexzone 7P®</td><td> 1</td>

<td>Durax®</td><td> 1,25</td>

<td>Captax®</td><td> 0,2</td>

<td>sulfur</td><td> 1,75</td>

<td>Si-69 (possibly)</td><td>3 or 4</td>

Flexzone 7p®, N- (1,3-dimethylbutyl) -N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine is an antioxidant available from Uniroyal Chemical Co., Middlebury, CT. Durax®, N-cyclohexane-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide is an accelerator available from RT Vanderbilt Co., Norwalk, CT, and Captax®, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, is an accelerator available from RT Vanderbilt Co.

The elastomeric blends were prepared using a two-step mixing procedure. For the preparation of the blend, a Plasti-Corder EPL-V apparatus (obtained from CW Brabender, South Hackensack, NJ) equipped with a curve type mixing head (600 ml capacity) was used as a closed mixer. In the first stage, the mixer was set to 80 ° C and the rotor speed was set to 60 rpm. After conditioning at 100 &amp; lt; 0 &amp; gt; C, the elastomer was added by heating the substitution chamber and masticated for 1 minute. Carbon black premixed with zinc oxide (obtained from New Jersey Zinc Co., New Jersey) and optionally with a coupling agent was then added. After 3 minutes, stearic acid (obtained from Emery Chemicals, Cincinnati, Ohio) and an antioxidant were added. Stirring was continued for 2 minutes. The Stage 1 premix was then discharged from the blender after a total treatment time of 5 minutes. It was then passed four times through an open mill (a two-roll four inch mill obtained from CW Brabender, South Hackensack, NJ) and then allowed to stand at room temperature for 4 hours.

In the second stage, the temperature of the mixing chamber was set to 80 ° C and the rotation speed was set to 35 rpm. Once the blender operating conditions were established, charge the Stage 1 premix and blend for 1 minute. Then the vulcanizing kit (sulfur, Durax and Captax) was added. The material was discharged from the mixer after 2 minutes and passed through the open mill 3 times.

Mixture batches were prepared using the carbon blacks described in the previous examples. The same grade of conventional carbon black was used in the control blends. Two batches were prepared for each carbon black. The first batch was made using Si-69 as the coupling agent. The second batch was prepared without the coupling agent. After mixing, each of the elastomeric compositions was vulcanized at 145 ° C to the optimal cure state as measured by the Monsanto ODR Rheometer.

Elastomeric blends containing the elastomers listed in Table 1A can be prepared according to the above procedure.

Example 5 - Determination of bound rubber

Bound rubber content in an elastomeric compound containing carbon black can be determined by measuring the surface activity of the carbon black. The higher the bound rubber content, the greater the surface activity of the carbon black.

Bound gum was determined by extracting the elastomeric blend with toluene at room temperature. The bound rubber is the elastomer remaining after extraction with the solvent. The elastomer used was a Duradene solution of SBR (SSBR) without a coupling agent as described above in Example 4.

As shown in Figure 2, bound rubber was determined with a series of silica carbon black blends serving as a reference against which the silicon-treated carbon black rubber was compared. The bound rubber determination results for the two sets of mixtures are plotted against the silica content in Figure 2. For the treated carbon black, the equivalent silica content is the theoretical value calculated from the total silicon determined by incineration. It can be seen that the silicon-treated carbon blacks exhibit higher bound rubber contents than the corresponding conventional carbon blacks. This suggests that the treated carbon black surface is more active. Moreover, as can be seen from Fig. 2, the bound rubber content of the silicon-treated carbon black blends is well above the line for the carbon black and silica blends. This confirms that the treated carbon black is not a physical mixture of silica and carbon black.

Example 6 - Dynamic hysteresis and wear resistance

The dynamic hysteresis and the abrasion resistance were determined for the elastomeric compositions prepared as described above in Example 4.

The abrasion resistance was determined using a friction apparatus based on the Lambourna type machine described in US Patent No. 4,995,197, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The measurement was made at a slip of 14%. The percent slip was determined from the relative speeds of the sample wheel and the friction wheel. The abrasion resistance index was calculated from the weight loss of the elastomeric blend. The dynamic properties were determined using a Rheometrics Dynamic Spectrometer II (RDS II, Rheometrics, Inc., NJ) dynamic spectrometer with strain sweep. Measurements were made at 0 and 70 ° C with a strain sweep in the double strain amplitude (DSA) region from 0.2 to 120%. The values ​​of the tg d maximum on the strain sweep curves were taken to compare the hysteresis of elastomeric blends, as shown in Figs. 3a and 3b. Hysteresis measurements were also made on a temperature sweep at 5% DSA with a frequency of 10 Hz, in a temperature range from -60 to 100 ° C, see Fig. 3c.

PL 190 799 B1

Table 6

Dynamic hysteresis data

<td>SSBR blend^and</td><td>Si-69</td><td>tan d at 0 ° C</td><td>tan d at 70 ° C</td><td>abrasion at slip 14%</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,400</td><td> 0,189</td><td> 100</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,429</td><td> 0,170</td><td> 103,5</td>

<td>OMTS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,391</td><td> 0,175</td><td> 84,4</td>

<td>OMTS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,435</td><td> 0,152</td><td> 110,5</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,400</td><td> 0,167</td><td> 78,1</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,433</td><td> 0,142</td><td> 97,2</td>

^and Duradene 715, two-step mixing

As shown in Table 6 above, the tan dw values ​​at 70 ° C decreased by 7%, the tan dw values ​​at 0 ° C decreased by 2.3%, and the wear resistance decreased by 15% for SSBR samples when OMTS -CP was used in place of N234. However, if a Si-69 coupling agent is incorporated into the composition, the wear resistance of the OMTS-CP sample will increase to 110% of that of N234. The tan values ​​of d at 70 ° C are reduced by 19.6% compared to N234 without coupling agent and by 10.5% compared to N234 with coupling agent. The tan dw values ​​at 0 ° C are increased by 11% with the addition of a coupling agent to OMTS-CB compared to OMTS-CB without a coupling agent. Similarly, in the case of TEOS-CB, the tan dw at 70 ° C decreases by 11.6%, the tan dw at 0 ° C does not change, and wear is reduced by 21.9%. When the coupling agent is added, the tan dw at 70 ° C decreases by 24.9%, the tan dw at 0 ° C decreases by 8.3% and wear is only reduced by 2.8%.

It has been found that using the treated carbon blacks and an elastomer in the elastomeric composition of the present invention typically results in poor abrasion resistance compared to an elastomeric composition containing the same elastomer and N234 carbon black. However, as can be seen from Table 6, when the Si-69 coupling agent is incorporated into the composition, the abrasion resistance returns to approximately the same values ​​as with the untreated carbon black.

Untreated carbon black as used herein means a carbon black produced by a process similar to that used to make the corresponding treated carbon black, but without the volatilizable silicone compound, and with an appropriate setting of the process parameters to obtain a carbon black with an external specific surface area approximately equal to that of the carbon black. treated.

Example 6A

The dynamic hysteresis and abrasion using the carbon black obtained according to the procedure of Example 3A (containing 1.91% Si) was measured as described in Example 6. As can be seen from Table 6A, the values ​​of tan d at 70 ° C decreased by 14%, The tan dw at 0 ° C decreased by 6% and the wear resistance decreased by 22% for the SSBR samples when TEOS-CB was used in place of N234. However, when the Si-69 coupling agent was incorporated into the composition, the wear resistance of the TEOS-CB sample increased to 108% of that of N234. The tan values ​​of d at 70 ° C are reduced by 18% compared to N234 without coupling agent and by 7% compared to N234 with coupling agent. The tan dw at 0 ° C only decreased by 1.5% with the addition of a coupling agent to TEOS-CB compared to N234 with a coupling agent.

Table 6A

Dynamic hysteresis data

<td>Blend SSBR^and</td><td>Si-69</td><td>tan d at 0 ° C</td><td>tan d at 70 ° C</td><td>abrasion at a slip of 14%</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,428</td><td> 0,184</td><td> 100</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 4</td><td> 0,394</td><td> 0,162</td><td> 94</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,402</td><td> 0,158</td><td> 78</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 4</td><td> 0,388</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 108</td>

^and Cariflex S-1215, two-stage mixing

PL 190 799 B1

Example 7 - Improvement of hysteresis by three stage mixing

The beneficial properties achieved by the use of the treated carbon blacks in the elastomeric compositions of the present invention can be further improved by using an additional blending step in the blending process. The two-stage mixing procedure used in the previous blending examples was described above in Example 4.

In three-stage mixing, in the first stage, the mixer was set to 80 ° C and 60 rpm. After conditioning at 100 ° C by heating the replacement chamber, the elastomer was added at 100 ° C and masticated for 1 minute. Carbon black was then added and mixed for another 3 minutes. In some cases, a coupling agent of 3-4 parts / 100 parts of elastomer was also added along with the carbon black. The stage 1 premix was then discharged from the blender and passed through the open mill 3 times and allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours.

In a second stage, the temperature of the mixing chamber was also set to 80 ° C and 60 rpm. Once the operating condition was established at 100 ° C, the stage 1 premix was loaded, masticated for 1 minute and the antioxidant was added. After 4 minutes, or when the temperature had increased to 160 ° C, the stage 2 premix was discharged from the blender and passed through the open mill 3 times and allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours.

In the third stage, the temperature of the mixing chamber was set to 80 ° C and 35 rpm. The premix from step 2 was added to the mixer and masticated for 1 minute. The curing kit was then added and the stage 3 material was discharged from the mixer after 2 minutes and passed through the open mill 3 times.

Table 7 below compares the hysteresis and abrasion characteristics of elastomers blended with TEOS-CB in two- and three-stage mixing. As can be seen from the table, a higher tan d in 0 ° C and a lower tan d in 70 ° C are obtained with three-stage mixing. Elastomeric blends using the elastomer listed in Table 1A can be made according to the above procedure.

Table 7

Dynamic hysteresis data - comparison of mixing in 2 and 3 stages

<td>Blend SSBR^and</td><td>Si-69</td><td>tan d at 0 ° C</td><td>tan d at 70 ° C</td><td>abrasion at a slip of 14%</td>

<td colspan="5">Duradene 715 - Two-stage mixing</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,458</td><td> 0,189</td><td> 100</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,439</td><td> 0,170</td><td> 103,5</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,434</td><td> 0,150</td><td> 78,1</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,436</td><td> 0,131</td><td> 97,2</td>

<td colspan="5">Duradene 715 - Three stage mixing</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,471</td><td> 0,165</td><td> 100</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,456</td><td> 0,146</td><td> 98,4</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,446</td><td> 0,139</td><td> 57,6</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,461</td><td> 0,113</td><td> 101,8</td>

Example 8 - Carbon black

In another aspect of the invention, it has been found that oxidation of the silicon-treated carbon black can result in elastomeric compositions with more favorable hysteresis. In the case of the carbon black produced under the conditions set out in Table 1, but with OMTS as the volatile silicon containing compound, with a silicon content of 2.7% in the resulting carbon black, the improvement achieved by oxidation is illustrated in the table below. The course of the hysteresis in the case of oxidation carbon black becomes even more favorable when the coupling agent is incorporated into the elastomeric mixture.

The oxidized carbon black was obtained by treating the carbon black with nitric acid. The carbon black was loaded into a small stainless steel drum which was made to rotate. While being rotated, a 65% nitric acid solution was sprayed onto the carbon black until 15 parts per 100 parts of the carbon black were added. After us18

After 5 minutes, the drum was heated to about 80 ° C to initiate the oxidation reaction. The temperature rose to about 100-120 ° C during the oxidation reaction. This temperature was kept until completion of the reaction. The treated carbon black was then heated to 200 ° C to remove residual acid. The treated carbon black was dried overnight at 115 ° C in a vacuum oven. Table 8 compares the hysteresis characteristics of the elastomers mixed with OMTS-CB and oxidized OMTS-CB with and without the coupling agent. Additional elastomeric blends that use the elastomer listed in Table 1A can be made according to the above procedure.

Table 8

Dynamic hysteresis data - treated oxidized carbon black

<td></td><td>Si-69</td><td>tan d at 0 ° C</td><td>tan d at 70 ° C</td>

<td colspan="4">Carbon black, Duradene 715 -2 stages</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,513</td><td> 0,186</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,463</td><td> 0,176</td>

<td>OMTS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,501</td><td> 0,166</td>

<td>OMTS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,467</td><td> 0,135</td>

<td>oxidized OMTS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,487</td><td> 0,154</td>

<td>oxidized OMTS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,467</td><td> 0,133</td>

Example 9 - Hysteresis and wear resistance for various elastomers

Hysteresis and wear resistance were compared for elastomeric blends obtained from treated carbon black mixed with different elastomers, with and without the coupling agent. Conventional carbon black was used in the control mixtures. The results are summarized in Table 9 below.

The results show an improvement in hysteresis in all 5 tested elastomer systems. For example, the tan d at 70 ° C has decreased by an amount ranging from 10.5 to 38.3% without the coupling agent and from 11.7 to 28.2% with the coupling agent compared to the corresponding control.

It can also be seen that, in all cases, the abrasion resistance of the blend with treated carbon black compared to the control blend was reduced when no coupling agent was used. Abrasion resistance substantially improved with the use of a coupling agent. It can also be seen that the hysteresis equilibrium improves with the treated carbon black (with or without the coupling agent) compared to the control carbon black.

PL 190 799 B1

Table 9

Hysteresis and wear resistance - mixing in 3 stages

<td>Soot</td><td>Si-69</td><td>tan d at 0 ° C</td><td>tan d at 70 ° C</td><td>abrasion at a slip of 14%</td>

<td colspan="5">SBR 116 / NS114 solution - 80/20 mix</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,689</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 100,0</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,750</td><td> 0,131</td><td> 123,1</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,721</td><td> 0,115</td><td> 96,3</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,751</td><td> 0,094</td><td> 115,4</td>

<td colspan="5">SBR SL solution 574</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,286</td><td> 0,118</td><td> 100,0</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,286</td><td> 0,108</td><td> 96,4</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,246</td><td> 0,101</td><td> 58,0</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,258</td><td> 0,093</td><td> 86,8</td>

<td colspan="5">SBR SL PAT589 solution</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,676</td><td> 0,190</td><td> 100,0</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,686</td><td> 0,182</td><td> 99,1</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,698</td><td> 0,170</td><td> 82,4</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,726</td><td> 0,150</td><td> 134,2</td>

<td colspan="5">SBR 1500 emulation</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,299</td><td> 0,176</td><td> 100,0</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,285</td><td> 0,137</td><td> 87,9</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,280</td><td> 0,156</td><td> 60,1</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,270</td><td> 0,121</td><td> 88,1</td>

<td colspan="5">Natural rubber SMR5</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,253</td><td> 0,128</td><td> 100,0</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,202</td><td> 0,088</td><td> 85,8</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,190</td><td> 0,079</td><td> 60,9</td>

<td>TEOS-CB</td><td> 3</td><td> 0,173</td><td> 0,069</td><td> 88,6</td>

Example 10 - Cut / chipping resistance

The carbon black obtained as previously described was used to prepare tread compounds for truck tires. The properties of OMTS-CB are shown in Table 10. The composition of the elastomeric blend is shown in Table 11. A similar procedure to that described in Example 4 was used except that ZnO and Citro Ligot Oil (obtained from Natrochem Inc., Savannah, GA) were added with stearic acid. and in addition, antioxidants (Flexzone 7P® and AgeRite Resin D (obtained from RT Vanderbilt Co., Norwalk, CT)) and Sunproof Improved Wax (obtained from Uniroyal Chemical Co., Middlebury, CT).

The tensile strength and elongation at break were determined by the method described in ASTM D-412. The tear strength was determined by the method described in ASTM D-624. As shown in Table 12, OMTS-CB causes a 19% increase in tear strength, a 13% increase in elongation at break and a 37% decrease in tan d at 70 ° C at comparable tensile strength. These results show that OMTS-CB improves cut / chipping resistance and heat-up resistance.

PL 190 799 B1

Table 10

<td colspan="2">OMTS-CB</td>

<td>% Si in carbon black</td><td> 4,62</td>

<td>DBP, cm³/ 100 g</td><td> 106,3</td>

<td>CDBP, cm³/ 100 g</td><td> 100,1</td>

<td>Area t, m²/ g</td><td> 121,0</td>

Table 11

<td>Ingredient</td><td>parts by weight</td><td>parts by weight</td>

<td>NR (SMR5)</td><td> 100</td><td> 100</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 50</td><td> -</td>

<td>OMTS-CB</td><td> -</td><td> 50</td>

<td>Citro Ligot Oil</td><td> 5,0</td><td> 5,0</td>

<td>Zinc oxide</td><td> 5,0</td><td> 5,0</td>

<td>Stearic acid</td><td> 3,0</td><td> 3,0</td>

<td>Flexzone 7P®</td><td> 1,5</td><td> 1,5</td>

<td>AgeRire Resin D</td><td> 1,5</td><td> 1,5</td>

<td>Sunproof Improved</td><td> 1,5</td><td> 1,5</td>

<td>Durax®</td><td> 1,2</td><td> 1,2</td>

<td>Sulfur</td><td> 1,8</td><td> 1,8</td>

Table 12

<td></td><td>Tensile strength, mPa</td><td>Elongation at break,%</td><td>Tear strength index</td><td>tan d about 70 ° C</td>

<td>N234</td><td> 27,2</td><td> 552</td><td> 100</td><td> 0,133</td>

<td>OMTS-CB</td><td> 26,9</td><td> 624</td><td> 119</td><td> 0,086</td>

Example 11

To evaluate the use of the silicon-treated carbon blacks according to the invention in the wire mix, the following experiment was carried out.

9 mixes were prepared using N326, N231 and the OMTS-CB described in the previous examples. The analytical properties of the carbon blacks are given in Table 13.

Table 13

Analytical properties of carbon black

<td></td><td>N-326</td><td>N231</td><td>OMTS-CB</td>

<td>CTAB, m²/ g</td><td> 81</td><td> 108</td><td> 125</td>

<td>DBP absorption, cm³/ 100 g</td><td> 72</td><td> 92</td><td> 104</td>

<td>CDBP, cm³/ 100 g</td><td> 67</td><td> 86</td><td> 101</td>

In general, warming up as determined by a tan d at 60 ° C and adhesion increase with an increase in the specific surface area and depend on the structure.

The blend compositions are given in Table 14. The NR is the SMR CV 60 (obtained from Malaysia). The silica is Hi-Sil 233 (obtained from PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA). Naphthenic oil is a processing aid (obtained from Harwick Chemical Corporation, Akron, OH). ResorcyPL 190 799 B1 is a binder (obtained from Indspec Chemical, Pittsburgh, PA). Cobalt naphthenate is a binder (cobalt content 6%, obtained from Shepard Chemical Co., Cincinnati, OH). Hexa is hexamethylenetetramine, a binder (obtained from Harwick Chemical Corporation, Akron, OH).

Table 14

<td>Ingredient</td><td colspan="3">Parts for 100 parts</td>

<td>NO</td><td> 100</td><td> 100</td><td> 100</td>

<td>Soot</td><td> 55</td><td> 55</td><td> 40</td>

<td>Precipitated silica</td><td> -</td><td> -</td><td> 15</td>

<td>Naphthenic oil</td><td> 5</td><td> 5</td><td> 5</td>

<td>ZnO</td><td> 10</td><td> 10</td><td> 10</td>

<td>Stearic acid</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td>

<td>Resorcinol</td><td> -</td><td> -</td><td> 2,5</td>

<td>Hexa</td><td> -</td><td> -</td><td> 1,6</td>

<td>Cobalt Naphthenate (6% Co)</td><td> -</td><td> 2</td><td> -</td>

<td>Santocure MDR</td><td> 0,8</td><td> 0,8</td><td> 0,8</td>

<td>Sulfur</td><td> 4</td><td> 4</td><td> 4</td>

PL 190 799 B1

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PL 190 799 B1

In this experiment, a steel cord for passenger car tires, 2 x 2 x 0.25 mm, was electroplated with an alloy containing 63.5% copper. Adhesion was assessed according to ASTM D-2229. Two components were assessed: the force necessary to detach the cord with the adhesive composition and the appearance of the broken wire. Typically, the higher the force required and the better the appearance grade is, the better the adhesion.

It can be concluded that OMTS-CB shows better heating properties than N326 and, at the same time, better adhesion than N231.

Example 12

Typically, in the production of carbon black, alkali metal salt additives are used to regulate the structure of the carbon black, e.g. CDBP. Increasing the amount of the alkali metal salt leads to a deterioration of the carbon black structure. Two carbon blacks were prepared as described in Example 1. The production parameters were as follows:

Table 16

<td>Parameters</td><td>N234</td><td>TEOS-CB</td>

<td>Air feed rate, Nk feet³/ h</td><td> 12,8</td><td> 12,8</td>

<td>Gas feed rate, Nkstops³/ h</td><td> 0,94</td><td> 0,94</td>

<td>Raw material feed rate, lbs / h</td><td> 166</td><td> 140,2</td>

<td>Si compound feed rate, lbs / hr</td><td> 0</td><td> 17</td>

<td>K + feed rate, g / h^and</td><td> 0,547</td><td> 0,604</td>

^and K + injected as potassium acetate solution

The specific surface area, structure and silicon content were determined in the carbon blacks obtained. The results obtained are given in Table 17 below.

Table 17

<td>Properties</td><td>N234</td><td>TEOS-CB</td>

<td>% silicon in carbon black</td><td> 0,02</td><td> 3,28</td>

<td>CDBP, cm³/ 100 g</td><td> 103</td><td> 110</td>

<td>Area t, m²/ g</td><td> 119,2</td><td> 121,3</td>

<td>N2 area, m²/ g</td><td> 122,7</td><td> 137,4</td>

Thus, in this case, the CDBP increased by 7 points despite the slightly higher K + feed rate to the reactor.

Example 13 - Addition of organic groups

OMTS-CB with the following properties was prepared as outlined in Example 1.

Table 18

<td>% silicon in carbon black</td><td> 4,7</td>

<td>DBP, cm³/ 100 g</td><td> 103,2</td>

<td>CDBP, cm³/ 100 g</td><td> 101,1</td>

<td>Area t, m²/ g</td><td> 123</td>

<td>N2 area, m²/ g</td><td> 164,7</td>

The carbon black was treated with 0.15 mmol 4-aminodiphenyldisulfide (APDS) / g of carbon black to attach the organic group, following the preferred procedure previously described. OMTS-CB was then used in a blend of the following composition.

PL 190 799 B1

Table 19

<td>Ingredient</td><td>Parts by weight</td>

<td>Elastomer (Duradene 715)</td><td> 75</td>

<td>Elastomer (Tacktene 1203)</td><td> 25</td>

<td>Soot</td><td> 75</td>

<td>Si-69</td><td> 4,5</td>

<td>Oil (Sundem 8125)</td><td> 25</td>

<td>Zinc oxide</td><td> 3,5</td>

<td>Stearic acid</td><td> 2</td>

<td>Flexzone 7P®</td><td> 1,5</td>

<td>Sunproof improved</td><td> 1,5</td>

<td>Durax®</td><td> 1,5</td>

<td>Vanax DPG</td><td> 1</td>

<td>TMTD</td><td> 0,4</td>

<td>Sulfur</td><td> 1,4</td>

Tacktene 1203 is an elastomer obtained from Polysar Rubber Corporation, Canada. Vanax DPG and thiram disulfide (TMTD) are accelerators obtained from Vanderbilt Co., Norwalk, CT and Akrochem Co., Akron, OH, respectively.

The mixing procedure described in Example 7 was used. Oil and Si-69 were added in the first stage. The operational properties of the mixtures are given in Table 20.

Table 20

<td></td><td>tan d at about 0 ° C</td><td>tan d at about 70 ° C</td><td>14% slip abrasion</td>

<td>OMTS-CB</td><td> 0,383</td><td> 0,158</td><td> 100</td>

<td>OMTS-CB APDS</td><td> 0,307</td><td> 0,108</td><td> 69</td>

As can be seen from Table 20, the attachment of APDS to OMTS-CB causes a 31% decrease in tan d at about 70 ° C with a 20% decrease in tan d at about 0 ° C.

Example 14

Table 21

<td></td><td>AND</td><td>B</td><td>C.</td>

<td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td>

<td colspan="4">Soot</td>

<td>Silicon content (5%)</td><td> 0</td><td> 2,1</td><td> 4,0</td>

<td>area t N2SA (m²/ g)</td><td> 54</td><td> 52</td><td> 54</td>

<td>DBPA (ml / 100 g)</td><td> 71</td><td> 68</td><td> 70</td>

<td colspan="4">Physical properties</td>

<td>Recipe</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td>

<td>Hardness (Shore A)</td><td> 66</td><td> 65</td><td> 66</td>

<td>Tensile (MPa)</td><td> 15,5</td><td> 17,8</td><td> 19,4</td>

<td>Elongation (%)</td><td> 276</td><td> 271</td><td> 300</td>

PL 190 799 B1 cont. table 21

<td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td>

<td>Tearing, tool C (kN / m)</td><td> 23,6</td><td> 24,2</td><td> 25,4</td>

<td></td><td>D</td><td>E.</td><td>F.</td>

<td colspan="4">Soot</td>

<td>Silicon content (%)</td><td> 0</td><td> 1,6</td><td> 4,1</td>

<td>area t N2SA (m²/ g)</td><td> 54</td><td> 51</td><td> 52</td>

<td>DBPA (ml / 100 g)</td><td> 105</td><td> 98</td><td> 102</td>

<td colspan="4">Physical properties</td>

<td>Recipe</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td>

<td>Hardness (Shore A)</td><td> 64</td><td> 68</td><td> 66</td>

<td>Tensile (MPa)</td><td> 16,2</td><td> 19,4</td><td> 18,6</td>

<td>Elongation (%)</td><td> 255</td><td> 265</td><td> 276</td>

<td>Tearing, tool C (kN / m)</td><td> 22,9</td><td> 24,3</td><td> 26,3</td>

Table 22

<td></td><td colspan="3">Recipe</td>

<td>Ingredient (parts by weight)</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td>

<td>Royalene 509 EPDM</td><td> 100</td><td> 100</td><td> 100</td>

<td>Zinc oxide AZO-66</td><td> 4</td><td> 4</td><td> 4</td>

<td>Hystrene stearic acid</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td>

<td>Soot</td><td> 60</td><td> 60</td><td> 60</td>

<td>Sunpar 2280 paraffin oil</td><td> 25</td><td> 25</td><td> 25</td>

<td>Sulfur for rubber</td><td> 2,5</td><td> 2,5</td><td> 2,5</td>

<td>Methyl Tuads</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 1</td>

<td>MBT-75 rhythm (75% active parts)</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td>

<td>Polysulfide Si-69 silane</td><td> 0</td><td> 1,2</td><td> 2,4</td>

<td>Together</td><td> 195,5</td><td> 196,7</td><td> 197,9</td>

Ingredient suppliers:

Royalene 509 EPDM Uniroyal Chemical Co., CY

Zinc oxide AZO-66 Asarco, Inc., OH

Stearic acid Hystrene Humko Chemical Co., TN

Paraffin Oil Sunpar 2280 Sun Refining and Marketing, PA

Sulfur for rubber RE Carroll, NJ

Methyd Tuads RT Vanderbilt, CT

MBT-75 pattern (75% active) of Rhein Chemie Corp., NJ

Polysulfide Silane Si-69 Strukol, OH

As can be seen from the above examples of EPDM blends, the use of a silicon-treated carbon black significantly improves tensile elongation and tear resistance at a comparable level of hardness. This improvement in physical properties should have benefits in terms of the durability of gaskets, boots and generally molded rubber parts. Similar benefits of using silicon-treated carbon black should be obtained with peroxide-cured elastomers, e.g., those containing no unsaturated bonds.

Such as EPDM, or those that do not require additional coupling agents to achieve the desired properties.

The benefits of using silicon-treated carbon blacks are also to be expected with elastomers containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen, which may provide additional interactions with silicon-containing domains in the carbon blacks. Examples of non-hydrocarbon-containing elastomers include, but are not limited to, NBR (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), XNBR (carboxyl acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), HNBR (hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), CR (chloroprene rubber), ECO (chloroprene rubber) ethylene chloromethyl oxirane), GPO (polypropylene oxide-allyl glycidyl ether), PPO (polypropylene oxide), CSM (chlorosulfonyl polyethylene), CM (chloro-polyethylene), BUR (bromo-isobuteneisoprene rubber), CIIR (chloro-isobuten-isoprene rubber), ACM (copolymers of ethyl acrylate or other acrylate with small amounts of vulcanizable comonomer) and AEM copolymers of ethyl acrylate or other acrylate with ethylene).

All the patents, patent applications, test methods and publications mentioned in the specification are hereby incorporated by reference.

Many variations of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art based on the above detailed disclosure. For example, the compositions of the invention may contain other reinforcing agents, other fillers, oil modifiers, anti-aging agents, etc. All such modifications are within the full intended scope of the claims.