Lubricant especially that for use in machining operations

The subject of the invention is a lubricant, especially for machining, containing a surfactant with additives to prevent abrasion and improve lubricity.

The term shaping means the process of changing the shape of a workpiece in a solid form with a tool in the presence of friction, including drilling, cutting, grinding, reaming, bending, stamping, pressing, forging, etc.

The term cutting lubricant for cutting is used here to refer to liquids used for shaping workpieces, especially in the metal industry, which liquid lubricates and cools the drill bit and cutting, grinding and other shaping tools, e.g. in lathes, saws, drills , presses, presses, broaching machines, reaming drills, grinding machines, etc.

The term lubricant generally means a liquid that reduces friction between moving surfaces, and in particular includes cutting lubricants, drilling coolants and lubricants for bearings, gears, mechanisms, hinges and sliding surfaces.

The term electrolyte here means ionic compounds that dissociate at least partially in aqueous solution to form ions and which, at current concentrations, tend to reduce the total solubility (including nicelar concentration) of the surfactants in such solutions through the phenomenon of dispersal. As used herein, the concept of electrolyte content or concentration refers to the total amount of dissolved electrolyte, but without suspended solids.

The micelle designation means a ball or rod shaped particle formed by the aggregation of surfactant molecules and having a radius smaller than the second size of the average length of the surfactant molecules. The molecules in the micelle are typically located such that their hydrophilic (front) groups lie on the surface of the micelles and the lipophilic (rear) groups are located inside the micelles.

The term double layer means a surfactant layer approximately two molecules thick, which is formed of two adjacent parallel layers, each containing surfactant molecules that are arranged such that the lipophilic portions of the molecules are located within the double layer, and the portions

168 089 hydrophilic are located on its external surfaces. The term double layer also includes layers with a comb structure that have a thickness of less than two particles. A layer with a comb structure can be considered a double layer, in which both layers' have penetrated each other allowing at least to a certain extent mutual overlap between back groups of molecules of both layers.

The term spherulite means a spherical or spheroidal body with dimensions from 0.1 pm to 50 pm. Spherolytes can sometimes be distorted into an elongated, flattened, pear or dumbbell shape. The term bubble means a spherolite containing a liquid phase bounded by a double layer. The term multiple bubble means a bubble that contains one or more smaller bubbles. Spherolites found in structured surfactant systems are typically concentric multiple bubbles.

The term plate phase means a hydrated solid or liquid crystal phase in which a plurality of double layers are arranged essentially in a parallel system of indefinite span, separated by layers of water or an aqueous solution and having a sufficient regular grid spacing from 25 nm to about 150 nm to allow easy detection by neutron scattering or X-ray diffraction when present as a significant proportion of the composition. As used herein, this term does not include multiple concentric bubbles.

The term G phase means the liquid crystalline plate phase of the type also known in the literature as the ordered phase or the plate phase. The G phase for each surfactant or surfactant mixture normally exists in a narrow concentration range. Pure G phases can normally be identified when testing the sample under a polarizing microscope between crossed polarizers. Characteristic structures according to the classic study by Rosevear, JAOCS Vol 31 P628 / 1954 / or J. Colloid and Interfacial Science, Vol, 2θ No. 4, P.500 / 1969 /. G phases normally have a repeatable spacing of 50-70 nm when examined by X-ray diffraction or neutron scattering. The extended G phase is a G phase with a repetition spacing of 110-150 nm.

The term spherical G phase means multiple bubbles formed from substantially concentric coatings of a double layer of surfactant alternating with a water phase with a G phase spacing or an extended G phase. Typically, conventional G phases may contain a small amount of spherical G phase.

The term lye means an aqueous liquid phase containing an electrolyte, which phase is separated from a second liquid phase containing a more active ingredient and less electrolyte than the lye phase.

The term platelet composition means a composition in which most of the surfactant is in the platelet phase, or in which the platelet phase is the main factor in inhibiting sedimentation. The term spherulitic composition means a composition in which most of the surfactant is in the form of a spherical G phase or which is substantially stabilized against sedimentation by the spherical G phase.

Structured surfactant means a liquid composition that has a shear viscosity and a property for receiving solids into a slurry and that contains an intermediate surfactant phase that can optionally be dispersed in or with the aqueous phase, the aqueous phase being typically a lye phase. For example, the intermediate phase may contain a G phase, spherolites, especially a spherical G phase, or a plaque hydrated solid.

The main problem with working fluids is that they most often contain mineral oil, which is potentially an environmental pollutant and a fire hazard. The present invention relates to solving this problem by using aqueous structured surfactants that are better accepted by the environment than mineral oils, do not create a fire hazard, and yet may have the same or better physical properties and chemical stability.

168 089

Cooling and cutting liquids for cutting are normally fed to the metal surface to cool and lubricate drills and cutting tools, for example in saws, lathes, mills, presses, grinders, reaming and broaching machines, as well as to remove chips from the material being processed. Such a liquid is normally an oil-water emulsion containing various additives improving the lubricating ability and protecting the surface of the processed material from damage. A common problem with cutting fluid lubricants is the occurrence of dermatitis among workers regularly in contact with such liquid due to additives and / or oil. The presence of oil may also be undesirable for the environment. There are also similar environmental problems associated with other functional fluids such as conventional lubricating fluids and mineral oil based hydraulic fluids. They also create a fire hazard.

The field of formulation of laundry detergents and similar cleaning preparations is remote from the field of formulation of lubricating liquids and hydraulic fluids. The problems to be overcome in these two areas are not similar. However, we have noticed that liquid cleaning preparations often require the use of suspended solids. For example, scouring creams for hard surfaces require the presence of abrasive materials, and effective laundry detergents require expensive, effective builders that may be poorly soluble or insoluble in water. These problems were solved by utilizing the interaction between electrolytes and surfactants to form solid dispersion structures based on thixotropic suspensions or mutual suspensions of intermediate surfactant phases with aqueous electrolyte solutions.

UK Patent No. 2,123,846 describes the use of a platelet surfactant dispersed with an electrolyte solution in a liquid laundry detergent. Another structure, also referred to in UK Patent No. 2,123,846 and which occurs, although not specifically identified, in the formulations exemplified in a number of other publications, contains a system of spherolytes, each of which has many concentric surfactant coatings arranged alternating with layers of electrolyte solution. The patents that provide formulations that are likely to have a spherulitic or platelet structure are as follows:

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168 089

EP 0103926 SU 929545 US 4302347

FR 2283951 although in most cases the structures that would be present in the formulations described would be insufficiently stable to keep particulates in suspension. United Kingdom Patent No. 2,153,380 describes a spherulite structure and methods for making a tightly packed, space-filling structure strong enough to withstand various forms of shear and temperature stress, but sufficiently mobile to be easily poured. This method requires optimization of electrolyte concentrations within strict limits.

Our currently pending United Kingdom Patent Application No. 891 925 describes methods for obtaining a surfactant structure suitable for suspending solid particles in substantially electrolyte-free systems.

We have now discovered that aqueous, structured surfactants have amazingly good lubrication properties for metal, even at very high pressures and in the absence of additives for very high pressures. In addition, such structured surfactants exhibit the rheological properties required for cutting cutting fluid as well as the ability to receive filings in suspension. The aqueous surfactant is a structured surfactant such as those which have been formed by the interaction of the surfactant with the dissolved electrolyte, preferably in a spherulitic system. Typically, this is the aqueous intermediate surfactant phase dispersed with the aqueous continuous phase or the aqueous electrolytic continuous phase.

The invention provides for the use of structured surfactants to reduce friction between moving surfaces.

In particular, the invention creates the possibility of shaping metal or other workpieces, consisting in the use as a cooling lubricant for cutting aqueous, structured surfactants, which is preferably a solution containing surfactant micelles or mutually dispersed surfactant solid platelet, sufficiently spherulitic or in G phase to ensure that the metal surface is protected from abrasion and to keep the filings suspended in normal processing conditions.

A lubricant, especially for machining, containing an aqueous surfactant with anti-abrasion additives and improving lubricity according to the invention contains a structured surfactant as the surfactant.

The structured surfactant preferably comprises: / Al aqueous phase, / B / lamellar solid, spherolithic phase or G phase dispersed in or dispersed with said aqueous phase.

The agent according to the invention preferably contains 5-45% by weight of surfactant based on the total weight of the liquid. Surfactants may constitute up to about 35% by weight of liquid, although for both economic and rheological reasons it is preferred to use lower concentrations, e.g. below 30% usually below 25%, preferably less than 20%, e.g. 1.0-15% by weight.

The surfactant may, for example, consist essentially of at least a sparingly water-soluble salt of sulfonic acid or monoester sulfuric acid, e.g. alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkyl sulfate, alkyl ether sulfate, olefin sulfonate, alkane sulfonate, alkylphenol sulfate, alkylphenol ether sulfate, alkylethanolamide sulfate, amide ether sulfate-alkyl ethanol or alpha-sulfo fatty acid or its esters, each with at least one alkyl or alkenyl group of 8-22, typically 10-20 aliphatic carbon atoms. Said alkyl or alkenyl groups are preferably straight chain primary groups but may optionally be secondary or branched chain groups. The term ether refers here to homogeneous and mixed polyoxyalkylene groups and polyoxyalkylene groups, such as polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, glycerol and mixed polyoxyethylene oxypropylene or mixed glycerol oxyethoxy groups6

168 089 flax, glycerol-oxypropylene, or glycerol-oxyethylene-oxypropylene groups, typically containing from 1 to 20 oxyalkylene groups. For example, the sulfonated or sulfated surfactant may be sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, potassium hexadecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl dimethylbenzene sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium tallow sulfate, potassium oleyl sulfate, or mono sulfate mono sulfate 10-molar ethoxylate.

Other anionic surfactants useful in the present invention include fatty alkyl sulfosuccinates, fatty alkyl ether sulfosuccinates, derivatives of fatty alkyl sulfosuccinates, derivatives of fatty alkyl ether sulfosuccinates, acyl sarcosinates, acyl taurates, icencinates, oleates, linnates, such as stearates rosin soaps and alkyl ether carboxylates and saponins. Anionic phosphate esters, including surfactants found in nature, such as lecithin, may also be used. In any case, the anionic surfactant contains at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon chain with 8-22, preferably 10-20, usually an average of 12-18 carbon atoms, an ionizable acid group such as a sulfo group, a sulfuric acid group, a carboxy group, a phosphonium group or phosphoric acid group and, in the case of ethers, one or more glycerol groups and / or 1-20 ethyleneoxy and / or propyleneoxy groups.

The preferred anionic surfactants are sodium salts. Other salts of industrial interest are those of potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and alkyl amines containing up to seven aliphatic carbon atoms, for example isopropylamine.

The surfactant preferably contains or consists of nonionic surfactants. The nonionic surfactant may be, for example, C₁₍₎_, a lower order mono or dialkanolamine alkanolamide such as monoethanolamide or coke or tallow diethanolamide. Other nonionic surfactants that may optionally be used include ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated carboxylic acids, ethoxylated amines, ethoxylated alkylamides, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated glycerol esters, ethoxylated sorbic acid esters, ethoxylated phosphate and propoxylated esters, butoxylated and mixed ethoxy analogues propoxy and / or butoxy of all the aforesaid ethoxylated nonionic agents, all having a C 1 alkyl or alkenyl group_gAnd "up to 20 ethyleneoxy and / or propyleneoxy and / or butyleneoxy groups, or any other nonionic surfactant that has hitherto been used in powdered or liquid detergent compositions, for example amine oxides. The latter typically have at least one C alkyl or alkenyl group_g_ ", Preferably C₁0.2 and up to two lower-order alkyl groups (e.g. C_M, preferably C ").

Preferably, nonionic agents for the purposes of the invention are, for example, those having an HLB range of 2-18, e.g. 8-18.

The agent of the invention may contain cationic surfactants which include fourth order amines having at least one long chain. (for example, C₁, 22 typically, C₁₆_,₀) an alkyl or alkenyl group, optionally one benzyl group, and as the other four substituents short chain alkyl groups (e.g. C_M). They also include imidazolines and quaternary imidazolines having at least one long chain alkyl or alkenyl group. and amidoamines and quaternary amidoamines having at least one long chain alkyl or alkenyl group. All quaternary surfactants are usually salts of anions that impart some degree of water solubility such as formate, acetate, lactate, tartrate, chloride, metosulfate, ethosulfate, sulfate or nitrate. Particularly effective as lubricants are cationic surfactants having two long chain aliphatic alkyl groups, for example tallow groups such as bis-tallyl quaternary ammonium and imidazole salts.

The compositions of the invention may also contain one or more α-mfoiter-yr-z-yrh surfactants, which include betaines, sulfobetaines and phosphobetaines formed by reacting the corresponding tertiary nitrogen compound having a long chain alkyl or alkenyl group with a suitable reagent such as chloroacetic acid or propane sulton. Examples of suitable nitrogen-containing tertiary compounds include: tertiary amines having one or two long chain alkyl or alkenyl groups and optionally a benzyl group, the other substituent being a short chain alkyl group; imidazolines having one or two long chain alkyl or alkenyl groups and amidoamines having one or two long chain alkyl or alkenyl groups. Usually, amphoteric surfactants are less preferred than nonionic or anionic surfactants.

The types of surfactants described above are only examples of more general surfactants suitable for use in the present invention. Any surfactant can be used. For a more complete description of the main types of surfactants that are commercially available, see Surface Active Agents and Detergents, Schwartz, Perry and Berch.

In general, the surfactants for use according to the invention should preferably be substantially non-toxic and should be substantially stable at temperatures above 100 ° C, preferably above 120 ° C, especially above 150 ° C.

Dissolved electrolytic compounds are very preferred components of the composition. Although it is possible to prepare structured surfactants without electrolyte, if the surfactant concentration is high enough, the mobility of such systems is often insufficient, unless the surfactant is chosen with great care. The addition of electrolyte enables the preparation of mobile structured surfactants with a relatively low concentration of surfactant.

Suitable electrolytes include water soluble alkali, ammonium and alkaline earth metal salts derived from strong inorganic acids. Sodium and potassium salts, especially chlorides, are particularly preferred. However, lithium, calcium and magnesium salts may also be used. Salts that are useful may include phosphates, nitrates, bromides, fluorides, concentrated phosphates, phosphonates, acetates, formates and citrates. It is often particularly advantageous for coolant to be drilled to form a composition by diluting the surfactant concentrate in place with locally occurring natural brine (e.g. sea water for bottom drilling). The brine may be all or part of the electrolyte contained in the cutting fluid for drilling.

The electrolyte may be present in concentrations up to saturation. Usually, the lower the surfactant content, the more electrolyte will be needed to form a structure capable of carrying solid materials. It is beneficial to use higher electrolyte concentrations and lower surfactant concentrations, and to select the cheapest electrolytes for economic reasons. The electrolyte should normally be present at a concentration of at least 0.1% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, usually at least 0.5% by weight, for example more than 0.75%, preferably more than 1%. Usually the concentration is less than 30%, more often less than 10%, for example less than 8% by weight. Typically the concentration is in the range of 1-5%.

The maximum electrolyte concentration depends, among others, on the type of structure and the required viscosity, as well as on cost issues. It is preferred to form spherulitic compositions such as those described in the United Kingdom patent application GB-A-2, 153, 380 to obtain a satisfactory balance between mobility and a large amount of solids in suspension. Optimal electrolyte concentration for each specific type and amount of surfactant can be ensured as described in the above-mentioned application 8

168 089 patent, by measuring the change in electrical conductivity with increasing electrolyte concentration, until the first minimum conductivity is observed. Samples can be prepared and tested by centrifugation for 90 minutes at 20,000 g, adjusting the electrolyte concentration to obtain a suspending agent that does not separate into two phases during centrifugation.

Preferably, the electrolyte concentration is adjusted so as to obtain a composition that does not sediment when left for 3 months at ambient temperature or at 0 ° C or 40 ° C. Compositions that show no signs of sedimentation or separation into two or more layers after being kept for 72 h at 100 ° C in an autoclave are preferred. Preferably, the electrolyte concentration is also adjusted to obtain a shear stable composition and one that is desirable that does not increase its viscosity significantly when left under normal shear.

Alternatively, a sufficient amount of electrolyte can be added to form a plate system, such as described in British Patent No. 2,123,846, for example by adding enough electrolyte to ensure that the liquid suspending agent is separated by centrifugation at 800 g after 17 hours, forming lye phase containing little or no surfactant. The amount of water in the formulation can then be adjusted to obtain an optimal balance between mobility and stability.

The amount of electrolyte needed also depends on the nature and solubility of the surfactant. Typically, high cloud point surfactants require less electrolyte than low cloud point surfactants. For some surfactants, no electrolyte is needed at all.

Surfactants or mixtures of surfactants that can be used in the electrolyte-free compositions of the present invention are typically those that form the G phase at ambient temperature, but preferably do not form the M1 phase. Generally speaking, the aqueous surfactant has a cloud point greater than 30 ° C, usually greater than 40 ° C, and preferably greater than 50 ° C. Aqueous surfactants with a cloud point above 60 ° C are particularly useful. Alternatively or additionally, the surfactant may have a reverse cloud point below 30 ° C, more often below 20 ° C, especially below 10 ° C, preferably below 0 ° C. Surfactants whose back-cloud point is below -10 ° C are particularly preferred. Back-clouding temperatures are typical for some nonionic surfactants in which increasing temperatures tend to break the hydrogen bonds responsible for hydrating the hydrophilic part of the molecule, making it less soluble. Normal cloud point temperatures are more typical for anionic or cationic surfactants. Mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants may have a cloud point and / or a reverse cloud point.

It is usually preferred that the surfactant is present at a concentration of at least 1%, for example at least 3% by weight of the composition, more often above 5%, especially above 8% and preferably 10-15%. The typical concentration range of surfactants is from 6 to 15%, more often 7-12%. Another concentration of surfactants that can be used is 1-30%, for example 2-15% by weight. The surfactant concentration should preferably be sufficient in the presence of any electrolyte in the formulation to form compositions with a plastic viscosity as measured by a Fann viscosity meter 5-35 cP, i.e. 0.005-0.035 Pa.s, preferably 0.015-0.03, e.g. 0.02- 0.025 Pa.s. Preferably the composition should have a yield point greater than 7.25 Pa, more preferably 14-25 Pa, especially 17-22 Pa, for example 20 Pa. It is particularly preferred that the composition has a yield strength to plastic viscosity ratio of 50 to 120, especially 70-95, e.g. 85.

Surfactant concentrations above 60% are possible, but very unlikely for industrial use in at least most of the foreseeable uses of the invention.

168 089

Particularly preferred in electrolyte-free systems are nonionic and mixed nonionic surfactants, especially mixtures of aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates and mixtures of aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates with fatty acid ethoxylates or mixed ethoxylated / propoxylated alcohols and fatty acid ethoxylates. For example, mixtures containing one or more C10-C20 aliphatic alcohols and / or alkoxylated fatty acids with 5-10 ethyleneoxy and / or propyleneoxy groups are particularly useful. Other nonionic surfactants that may be used include alkoxylated alkylphenols, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated sorbic or glycerol fatty acid esters and alkanolamides such as coconut mono or diethanolamide and mixtures thereof.

The compositions according to the invention should be low-foaming. Although this can be achieved by selecting low-foaming surfactants, anti-foaming agents such as silicone oil-based foaming agents, phosphate esters, aliphatic alcohols or less preferably hydrocarbon oils can also be used. Typically, antifoaming agents are needed in concentrations of 0.1-5% by weight.

The compositions of the invention may optionally contain a suspending agent such as carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, usually in amounts up to 5%, for example 0.5-2% by weight. For reasons of cost and rheology, however, it is preferable to avoid the use of such suspending agents.

Cooling lubricants for machining according to the invention may optionally contain small amounts of mineral or vegetable oils or solid lubricants such as graphite in suspension or emulsified in an aqueous structured surfactant.

It is preferred that there are no polymeric thickeners, such as resins, or that they are present in concentrations less than 5%, preferably less than 0.5%, because they are not usually needed to stabilize liquids, but increase costs and suspension viscosity.

The compositions according to the invention may contain additives for high pressures and preferably contain corrosion inhibitors such as phosphite esters, phosphonates, polyphosphonates, chromates and zinc salts. Corrosion inhibitors are preferably organic chelating agents or other corrosion inhibitors caused on the metal surface by aqueous solutions.

The invention will be illustrated in more detail in the examples where all percentages are given by weight from the whole measure, unless otherwise stated.

<td>Example</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td><td> 5</td>

<td>AES</td><td> 3,2</td><td> 3</td><td> 2,65</td><td> _</td><td> _</td>

<td>IPABS</td><td> 6,4</td><td> 7</td><td> 4,02</td><td> —</td><td> —</td>

<td>LABS</td><td> —</td><td> -</td><td> —</td><td> 10,7</td><td> 10,7</td>

<td>AO</td><td> —</td><td> -</td><td> —</td><td> 2,1</td><td> 2,1</td>

<td>DEABS</td><td> —</td><td> —</td><td> —</td><td> 2,1</td><td> 2,1</td>

<td>KC</td><td> 1</td><td> —</td><td> 1</td><td> 1,2</td><td> 1,0</td>

<td>KA</td><td> —</td><td> 0,4</td><td> —</td><td> —</td><td> —</td>

<td>Yield point N m '²</td><td> 35,43</td><td> 24,42</td><td> 18,19</td><td> 6,22</td><td> 4,79</td>

<td>Plastic viscosity Pa.s</td><td> 0,015</td><td> 0,043</td><td> 0,021</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,02</td>

<td>GP / LP x 10-³</td><td> 23,62</td><td> 5,58</td><td> 6,66</td><td> 2,49</td><td> 2,4</td>

<td colspan="2">AES - sodium C 1-4 -alkyl- mol-ethoxy sulfate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

IPABS - isopropylamine sulfonate C₁₀_₁₄-line-alkyl benzene

LABS - sodium sulfonate C_]0_₁₄-limic alkylbenzene

AO - Cp_ oxide_l6 alkyl-dimethyl-amine

DEABS - diethanol sulfonate ^ aC_|0_₁₄-linear alkylbenzene

KLC - potassium chloride

KA - potassium acetate

168 089

Examples 1, 2 and 3 were transparent micelles solutions. Examples 4 and 5 are transparent spherulite compositions.

Example 6. The lubricity of an agent prepared from seawater that contained 8% LABS, 8% coconut diethanolamide and 4% sodium chloride was tested by the FALEX method described in the test method IP 241 69 of the Institute of Petroleum.

The clean metal roller was rotated between two V-shaped fittings with a gradually increasing load, the roller being immersed in the lubricant under test without circulation.

The agent according to the invention was compared with three comparative lubricants, namely mineral oil and bentonite suspension. All three comparisons failed (at 2.2 kN, 4.5 kN and 6.7 kN respectively). In contrast, the agent according to the invention showed excellent lubricity at all loads including a maximum load of 17.8 kN. Only this lubricant of all four withstood the test without any damage.

Example 7. Various structured surfactants were compared to water, mineral oils and solutions of unstructured surfactants using the FALEX method described in the IP 24169 Institute of Petroleum method. The results are summarized in the table, where all percentages are weight percentages from the total weight of the mixture. Lubricants are listed in order of increasingly better properties. Only the last three lubricants withstood the entire test without galling.

Table

<td>Lubricant</td><td>Coefficient of friction¹'</td><td>Damage</td>

<td>* I. Water II. Mineral oil containing additives for</td><td> 0,107</td><td>7 s at 3.3 kN</td>

<td>high pressure (Tellus RIO) * III. Mineral oil without additives</td><td> 0,065</td><td>44 s at 3.3 kN</td>

<td>(Turbo T68)</td><td> 0,048</td><td>6 s at 5.6 kN</td>

<td>* IV. 30% LABS (without structuring) V. Example 1 of UK Patent 2123846</td><td> 0,050</td><td>45 s at 6.7 kN</td>

<td>(plate structure)</td><td> 0,048</td><td>54 s at 6.7 kN</td>

<td>VI. 14% LABS 6% OB (spherulitic)</td><td> 0,042</td><td>13 s at 0.9 kN</td>

<td>VII. 10% IPABS (spherulite)</td><td> 0,038</td><td>45 s at 11.1 kN</td>

<td>VIII. 3% IPABS, 12% AES, 4% NaCl (spherolytic)</td><td> 0,063</td><td>41 s at 12.2 kN</td>

<td>IX. 12% LABS, 8% AE, 3% NaCl (spherolytic)</td><td> 0,031</td><td>41 s at 15.5 kN</td>

<td>X. 50% IPABS (phase G) XI. 8% LABS, 8% Coconut diethanolamide,</td><td> 0,024</td><td>57 s at 17.8 kN</td>

<td>4% NaCl (spherulolite) XII. 8% LABS, 8% Coconut diethanolamide,</td><td> 0,024</td><td>51 s at 19 kN</td>

<td>4% NaCl 2% graphite (spherulitic)</td><td> 0,027</td><td>51 s at 19 kN</td>

<td>XIII. 20% LABS, 10% Coconut diethanolamide</td><td> 0,028</td><td>no damage</td>

<td>(Sferolitowy)</td><td></td><td>at 20 kN</td>

<td>XIV. 3% LABS, 12% IPABS, 2% NaCl (spherols</td><td> 0,026</td><td>no damage</td>

<td>thats you)</td><td></td><td>at 20 kN</td>

<td>XV. 25% imidazolin2 (spherolytic)</td><td> 0,020</td><td>no damage at 20 kN</td>

* Comparative example ¹ Friction coefficients measured just before damage / end of test.

² 1-Methyl, 1-tallowamidoethyl, 2-tall-azoline imino sulfate.

168 089

Example 8. The compositions of Examples 7 (XIII) and 7 (XIV) above can be used as cooling lubricants in machine tools.

They are successfully used instead of conventional coolants in machine tools such as drills, lathes and saws, providing smooth metal shaping with reduced scratches and other damage to the workpiece, and with extended life of drills and knives.

168 089

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