Electromagnetic method for obtaining dip azimuth angle.
Abstract
Un método electromagnético para obtener un ángulo de azimut de buzamiento a partir de mediciones electromagnéticas de fondo de pozo incluye adquirir datos de medición electromagnética en un pozo subterráneo desde por lo menos una disposición de mediciones. Los datos de medición electromagnética son procesados por un método de mínimos cuadrados para obtener el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento. En la presente también se describen sistemas y aparatos relacionados.

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13 claims: 8 independent, 5 dependent
- 1REIVINDICACIONES ) J 1. Un método para calcular un ángulo de azimut de buzamiento a partir de mediciones electromagnéticas de fondo de pozo, el método comprendiendo:(a) colocar un aparato para mediciones electromagnéticas en un pozo subterráneo tal que el aparato está posicionado junto a una formación de interés;(b) aplicar una de una corriente eléctrica variable en el tiempo y una corriente alterna variable en el tiempo a por lo menos una antena en el aparato;adquirir una pluralidad de mediciones de voltaje en una pluralidad de mediciones de voltaje adquiridas en una pluralidad correspondiente de disposiciones de medición desplegadas en el pozo subterráneo, en donde las disposiciones se colocan dentro del aparato;(d) hacer que un procesador procese las mediciones de voltaje adquiridas en (a) para obtener, coeficientes de ajuste complejos de mínimos cuadrados definidos por una ecuación de medición de voltaje preestablecida en una antena de recepción para el aparato;(e) hacer que el procesador procese los coeficientes de ajuste complejos de mínimos cuadrados para obtener el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento al minimizar un promedio ponderado de cuadrados de la pluralidad de mediciones de voltaje;(f) transmitir el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento obtenido a un lugar en la superficie;y trazar el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento versus una profundidad de pozo T li JF TI T en 1 (VI i 1 'i·* 8 ”íí® J. X1J. J. 3t JfcJP ΙΝΧ'ΠΤΙΕΤΟ mexicano |gg.........lll!Bii»ÍCT en que el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento fue ____
- 2El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, en donde al menos una de las disposiciones de medición 5 utilizada para adquirir las mediciones de voltaje en (c) tiene una antena receptora inclinada.
- 3El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, en donde al menos una de las disposiciones de medición 10 utilizada para adquirir las mediciones de voltaje en (c) tiene una antena transmisora axial o una transversal.
- 4El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, en donde una suma ponderada de mínimos cuadrados de 15 residuos para al menos una medición de voltaje se calcula de conformidad con la siguiente ecuación:n en donde L representa la suma ponderada de cuadrados de los residuos, V n representa la pluralidad de mediciones de voltaje n, y w n representa ponderaciones estadísticas 2 0 asignadas a cada una de una pluralidad de mediciones de voltaje n.
- 5El método de conformidad con la reivindicación ir -* ir 11-¾ ir ...............- « I Μ 11 1 O 1 VI « 1 ΐΡβ* 7 8 '«eo J.AWAJ. A ·« ,/JM INSTITUTO MEXICANO ....................... 4, en donde el procesador procesa la su...„ mínimos cuadrados de residuos cuadrados y una pluralidad de coeficientes de ajuste complejos de una señal de voltaje adquirida en (d) para obtener el ángulo de azimut de 5 buzamiento en (e).
- 6El método de conformidad con la reivindicación
- 77, en donde el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento se calcula en (e) de acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:L = P + S cos2 (0 - oí) en donde L representa la suma ponderada de cuadrados de residuos, a representa el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento, φ 15 representa un ángulo de cara de herramienta, y P y S representan promedios ponderados de los coeficientes de ajuste complejos. 7. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 20 6, en donde los promedios ponderados de los coeficientes de ajuste complejos P y S se calculan de acuerdo con las siguientes ecuaciones: I λ Λ Ό Τ οι 1 VI Γ 1 IRl·*' ”Λ® J. J.WJI. Α, Λ, ffcj» jrt M ΜΤΓΓ UTO MIMEANO IgW.......ll~li *ÍM ¿ η S = Jq 2 +R 2 en donde: e=“Z w nkr-kfi ~ n R ^lL W » real ^ C n'} n y en donde tv n representa ponderaciones estadísticas asignadas a cada una de una pluralidad de mediciones de voltaje n adquiridas en (c), γ bn y Cn representan los coeficientes de 5 ajuste complejos para cada una de la pluralidad de mediciones de voltaje.
- 8El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, en donde el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento se calcula de 10 acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:(X-—arctan 2(R, Q) e en donde a representa el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento, y Q y R representan los coeficientes de mínimos cuadrados de la pluralidad de mediciones de voltaje obtenidas en (c). 15 9. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, que además comprende: (h) hacer que el procesador calcule un intervalo de confianza para el ángulo de azimut de π ít I’T Τ IV Κ TI Τ en I iwl i 1 '-se AX» A A A IJJ» ,-Λία INSTITUTO MEXICANO ......................... buzamiento obtenido en (e). 10. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación
- 99, en donde el intervalo de confianza se calcula de acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:2Δα = - 7 Α 7ϊ Γ(β·Δ/?-/?·Δβ} en donde 2Aa representa el intervalo de confianza, R y Q representan coeficientes de mínimos cuadrados de la pluralidad de mediciones de voltaje obtenidas en (c), AR y AQ representan desviaciones estándares de R y Q. 11. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación
- 1010, en donde límites superior e inferior del intervalo de confianza se calculan de acuerdo con las siguientes ecuaciones:errhi - a + abs{Aá) errio -a-abs(Aa) en donde errhi y errio representan los límites superior e inferior del intervalo de confianza, y a representa el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento obtenido en (e).
- 1112. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, en donde dicho procesamiento en (d) y (e) se realiza usando un procesador de fondo de pozo.
- 1213. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación
- 1314, que además comprende:(h) procesar además el ángulo de azimut de buzamiento obtenido en el lugar de la superficie 5 para obtener una dirección de perforación subsiguiente para el pozo subterráneo.
Independent claims13
230 paragraphs in 6 sections, as filed
(54) Title: ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD TO OBTAIN DIVING AZIMUT ANGLE. (54) Title: ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD FOR OBTAINING DIP AZIMUTH ANGLE.
(57) Summary
An electromagnetic method for obtaining a dip azimuth angle from downhole electromagnetic measurements includes acquiring electromagnetic measurement data in an underground well from at least one measurement arrangement. Electromagnetic measurement data is processed by a least squares method to obtain the dip azimuth angle. Related systems and apparatus are also described herein.
(57) Abstract
An electromagnetic method for obtaining a dip azimuth angle from downhole electromagnetic measurements ineludes acquiring electromagnetic measurement data in a subterranean borehole from at least one measurement array. The electromagnetic measurement data is processed by a least squares method to obtain the dip azimuth angle. Related systems and apparatuses are also disclosed herein.
PATENT TITLE No. 358257
Owner (s): SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY BV
Address: Parkstraat 83-89m, NlL-2514, JG The Hague, NETHERLANDS
Name: ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD TO OBTAIN DIVING AZIMUT ANGLE.
Classification:
Inventor (s):
CIP: G01V3 / 26: E21B47 / 0228
CPC: E21B47 / 02216; G01V3 / 26
XIAOYAN ZHONG; GERALD N. MINERBO; STEVEI
............... ................ tf :: '............... ...
_______
STEVEN F. CRARY
<img file="MX358257B_D0001.tif" />
open, told
Number
MX / a / 2014/011732
International:
013
Effective: V Expe Date Date
The reference patent:
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<img file="MX358257B_D0002.tif" />
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JTOfrv0FY + 8AJZUdw5pfxeN9uxiKtMV + QHJItRppYVLuKoNfxPxx8IZxB8yMlez0aWI2KGwlVeq7gPACwopWcO2p3T ICogEiG / Y1ldqaJbKspA / xqb8jLIDMgm2SRoZ79hSn6a33mEktGdUYM8ze07ntYyeUkRUe2Fj + MmlagfxgsYgJfxdB JDbfJUQIEHwuGamy8TZFDvExByOPvMxphBgOIRgtWHnqLY / a4244qOn1bBZgn / w2E9zYKOM3xG / JED6VB + 94BmDLcg njsY7FZeTTN7UBxS3D8QD9Ky30GeRp9P4XhH6QYT + tTS4aOdMshziS1mnrBE2HsW2v! == n + IXA
1, RjieMo Sania María Tepepan, Xochimilco, 16020, Mexico City, í66) 63340TOO www.goti.mxiimpi
<img file="MX358257B_D0003.tif" />
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD TO OBTAIN ANGLE ue AZIMUT OF
DIP
Field of the Invention
The described modalities generally refer to downhole electromagnetic recording methods and very particularly to a method for obtaining a dip azimuth angle.
Background of the Invention
The use of electromagnetic measurements is well known in prior art downhole applications such as log while drilling (LWD) and wireline logging applications. Such techniques can be used to determine an underground formation resistivity that, in conjunction with formation porosity measurements, is often used to indicate the presence of hydrocarbons in the formation. Furthermore, azimuthally sensitive directional resistivity measurements are commonly used, e.g., in productive zone direction applications, to provide information on which direction decisions can be made, for example, including distance and direction to a remote bed. Directional resistivity tools often use angled or transverse antennas (antennas that have a magnetic dipole that is tilted or is Lian »versar to the tool axis).
A challenging aspect of using directional electromagnetic resistivity measurements, such as a model purchased from PeriScope®, an LWD downhole tool available from Schlumberger Technology Corporation, Sugar Land, Texas, is obtaining a reliable dip azimuth angle measurement between the well and a remote bed limit. The prior art methods (described in more detail below) for obtaining the dip azimuth angle can be noisy and susceptible to phase envelopment problems. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a more robust method of obtaining the dip azimuth angle from electromagnetic measurements.
Summary of the invention
A method of calculating a dip azimuth angle from downhole electromagnetic measurements is described. The method includes acquiring electromagnetic measurement data in an underground well from at least one measurement arrangement. The electromagnetic measurement data is processed to obtain least squares coefficients that are possibly processed to obtain the dip azimuth angle.
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The described modalities can provide fences with technical advantages. For example, the described least-squares estimation technique (which calculates the dip azimuth angle from the least squares criterion applied to the acquired voltages) provides a more accurate, less noisy estimate of the dip azimuth angle. Furthermore, the phase involvement problems inherent in the prior art methodology are avoided.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of 10 concepts that are described later in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential characteristics of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an auxiliary to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Brief description of the drawings
For a more complete understanding of the subject matter described, and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 illustrates an example of a drill tower in which electromagnetic recording tools can be used.
Figure 2 illustrates an example of the electromagnetic recording tool of Figure 1.
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Figure 3A schematically illustrates an electromagnetic recording tool deployed in an underground well.
Figure 3B schematically illustrates a raised bed plane for defining the dip azimuth angle.
Figure 4 illustrates a flow chart of one embodiment of the described method.
Figures 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D and 5E illustrate electromagnetic records for an experimental test in which the described method modalities are used to obtain dip azimuth angles while drilling.
Detailed description of the invention
FIG. 1 illustrates an illustrative drill rig 10 15 suitable for utilizing various method modalities described herein. A semi-submersible drilling rig 12 is located on an oil or gas formation (not shown) arranged below the sea floor 16. An underwater conduit 18 extends from deck 20 of platform 12 to a wellhead facility 22. The platform may include a crane and a lifting apparatus for lifting and lowering a drill string 30, which, as shown, extends into well 40 and includes an auger 32 deployed at, 25 the bottom end of a hole assembly lower (BHA) <sub>τ</sub> > ¡R τλ τ .............- Ο
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OF THE MOniIIMD 11¾¾ which also includes a 3 UC ILIC Ld _L _L LJi 1 electromagnetic tool 50 (such as PeriScope®) suitable for making downhole electromagnetic record measurements.
It will be understood that the display illustrated in FIG. 1 is merely an example. Drill string 30 may include substantially any suitable downhole tool components, for example, including a steering tool such as a rotary steering tool, a downhole telemetry system, and one or more MWD or LWD including various sensors to detect downhole characteristics of the wellbore and surrounding formation. The described embodiments are in no way limited to any particular drill string configuration.
It will further be understood that the disclosed modalities are not limited to use with a semi-submersible platform 12 as illustrated in Figure 1. The disclosed modalities are equally suitable for use in either offshore or offshore operations. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the terms well and well hole are used interchangeably herein.
Figure 2 illustrates an example of an electromagnetic measurement tool 50. In the illustrated embodiment, the measurement tool 50 includes a log piercing tool while drilling with a reading of τ 1 ί 1Λ Τ ........ .....- Ο
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directional depth that including multiple transmitters TI, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 represented in 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, and 62 and multiple receivers Rl, R2, R3, and R4 represented in 64, 66, 68 and 69 axially spaced along the body of the tool 51. In the illustrated example, the measuring tool 50 includes axial, transverse and inclined antennas. An axial antenna is one whose dipole moment is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tool, for example, as shown at 54. Axial antennas are commonly wound around the circumference of the recording tool in such a way that the plane of the antenna is orthogonal to the axis of the tool. Axial antennas produce a radiation pattern that is equivalent to a dipole along the axis of the tool (by convention the z direction). A transverse antenna is one whose dipole moment is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tool, for example, as shown at 62. A transverse antenna can include a saddle-shaped coil (eg, as described in the US Patent Publications,
2011/0074427 and 2011/0238312) and generate a radiation pattern that is equivalent to a dipole that is perpendicular to the axis of the tool (by convention the x and y direction). A sloped antenna is one whose dipole moment is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tool, for ir> ir if% ir ................- OR
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DE MOHEDAD 11¾¾¾ example, as shown in 68. ± iiu ± xiuauas antennas are still well known in the art and commonly generate a mixed-mode radiation pattern (ie, a radiation pattern in which the dipole moment is not parallel or perpendicular to the tool axis).
<td>In</td><td>the</td><td>particular modality</td><td>illustrated in</td><td>the</td><td>figure</td>
<td>2, five of</td><td>the</td><td>transmitting antennas</td><td>(TI, T2, T3</td><td>, T4</td><td>and T5)</td>
<td>are antennas</td><td colspan="2">axially spaced to what</td><td>throughout the</td><td>axis</td><td>of the</td>
<td>tool.</td><td>A</td><td colspan="2">sixth transmitting antenna (T6) is</td><td>a</td><td>antenna</td>
<td>cross.</td><td>A</td><td>first and second</td><td>receivers</td><td>(R1</td><td>and R2)</td>
Axially located between the transmitters are axial antennas and can be used to obtain conventional type propagation resistivity measurements. The third and fourth receivers (R3 and R4) are angled antennas located axially around the transmitters. Said directional arrangement (including inclined and / or transverse antennas) produces a preferential sensitivity on an azimuth side of the tool 50 that allows the bed boundaries and other characteristics of the underground formations to be identified and located.
It should be understood that the method modalities described herein are not limited to any particular electromagnetic recording tool configuration. The representation in Figure 2 is only an example of a suitable electromagnetic recording tool. I also know<sub>τ</sub> > ¡R τλ τ .............- Ο
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DE LA MONEDAD lile »can use other configurations. Poi ^ = ιψ ± υ, xa US Patent Publication 2011/0133740 (which is fully incorporated herein by reference), describes a modular electromagnetic tool configuration that can be used to obtain depth read directional resistivity data. These modular designs allow the transmitting and receiving antennas to be placed at various locations within a BHA, or at locations in the drill string above the BHA. The number and configuration of the transmitters and receivers deployed in the BHA, and the axial space between the various modules can be selected based on underground formation properties.
FIG. 3A is a schematic drawing illustrating a BHA including an electromagnetic measurement tool 50 deployed in an underground well 40 '. In the illustrated embodiment, well 40 'intersects a number of strata (eg, strata 72 and 74) at an apparent dip angle (the complement of the apparent dip angle 90-δ is shown in Figure 3A). The apparent dip angle can be understood as the angle between two directions: (i) the direction normal to the limit (or the bed) as indicated at 92 and the top of the hole direction (TOH) (the opposite direction to that of the gravity vector that is projected onto the cross section plane of the electromagnetic measurement tool)
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OF THE MOMENT as indicated in 94 and therefore defines the angular m ie ± üuwn between the axis of the tool (or axis of the well) and the plane of the limit of the bed (eg, the interface between layers 72 and 74).
The dip azimuth angle (which can also be referred to as the apparent dip azimuth angle) is the angle of motion of the formation and defines the azimuth angle of the apparent dip (i.e., the direction of tilt or dip with relative to the reference direction such as magnetic north). It can also be understood that the dip azimuth angle is the angle through which the drilling tool must rotate in such a way that the x-axis (a predefined direction transverse to the tool axis) indicates in the direction of the dip vector (the maximum tilt direction).
A dip azimuth angle φ<sub>Β</sub> it is illustrated in FIG. 3B as the angle between north and the projection of dip vector 96 on the horizontal plane 98. The dip angle δ is also indicated in FIG. 3B.
The application of a time-varying electrical current (an alternating current) in one of the transmitting antennas (e.g., TI, T2, T3, T4, T5 or T6) produces a time-varying magnetic field in the corresponding training. The magnetic field in turn induces electric currents (eddy currents) in the conductive formation.
These stray currents also produce secondary campus mayues that can produce a voltage response on one or more receiving antennas (eg, on receiving antennas Rl, R2, R3, and R4). The voltage measured in one or more of the receiving antennas can be processed, as one skilled in the art knows, to obtain one or more measurements of the secondary magnetic field, which in turn can be further processed to estimate various formation properties ( eg, resistivity (conductivity), resistivity anisotropy, distance to a remote bed, the apparent dip angle, and / or the dip azimuth angle.
Various prior art methods are available to calculate the dip azimuth angle. For example, the dip azimuth angle can be estimated as follows. The measurement voltage at an inclined receiver varies as a function of the sensor azimuth (i.e. the angle of the tool face), for example, as described in Equation 1.
V (/, t = «o <sup>+ £ Í</sup>I<sup>cos</sup> 0 + without 0 + a<sub>2</sub> eos Ίφ + ¿><sub>2</sub> sin Ίφ Equation l where V (f, t, r) represents a voltage at the inclined receiver for a particular combination of frequency, transmitter, receiver (f, t, zj, φ represents the angle of the tool face and ao , ai, ¿2, £> i, and ¿»2 represent complex adjustment coefficients (by complex it is understood that each of the adjustment coefficients includes n
i
J a real component and an imaginary one). Although not explicitly rocked in Equation 1, complex adjustment coefficients ao, a<sub>Item</sub> a¿, b ±, and ¿><sub>2</sub> they are also functions of the combination of frequency, transmitter and receiver (f, t, r). By adjusting the azimuth-dependent (tool face angle) signal to a Fourier series downhole, the complex coefficients of voltages for each transmitter-receiver pair (measurement arrangement) can be resolved while rotating the tool.
These complex adjustment coefficients can then be used to calculate the attenuation and phase shift values as well as the dip azimuth angle (also referred to in the art as bed orientation angle).
The dip azimuth angle can be estimated from the real and imaginary components of the voltage V given in Equation 1. This can be represented mathematically, for example, as follows:
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cos (^ ~
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^ »“ (/, F, r) = real arctan (a ·.)
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Equation 2
J where real (») and imag (·) represent the real and imaginary components of the indicated arguments and Φ & represents the dip azimuth angle (with <f><sub>B</sub><sup>RE </sup>representing a real component of the dip azimuth angle and φ<sub>Β</sub><sup>ΙΜ</sup> representing an imaginary component of the dip azimuth angle).
Since the real and imaginary components of the dip azimuth angle are not necessarily equal (and often are not equal), a weighted average of these angle estimates can be used to obtain the dip azimuth angle using the methods of the technique. previous. The dip azimuth angle can be calculated using the weighted average of individual angles for each of the transmitter-receiver pairs used at each measurement frequency that can be represented mathematically, for example, as follows:
<img file="MX358257B_D0007.tif" />
Equation 3 where ^ ¿(f, t, r) represents the calculated dip azimuth angle for each transmitter-receiver pair at each frequency of interest and RE and IM indicate the real and imaginary components of the various complex coefficients given in Equation 1. The angle of the tool with respect to the stratification can be calculated ir> ir τϊ-% w. «
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OF THE MIMITY 1Ρ · 1 | .ΗτχΜ averaging individual angles for each pair QS l, _L dll2blLl_L ÓUi ~
<td>receiver</td><td>with the same</td><td colspan="2">spacing</td><td>of the pair of</td><td>measurement</td>
<td colspan="2">symmetrical directional.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
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<td>5 special</td><td>to avoid</td><td>effects</td><td colspan="2">of involvement</td><td>phase</td>
while averaging (due to multiple arctangent calculations). Special care can also be taken to solve the inverse tangent functions. Because the arctangent function is not linear, this method of averaging can introduce a statistical deviation. As described in more detail below with respect to Figures 5A to 5E, dip azimuth angles calculated using the prior art method also tend to be noisy. Therefore, there is a need for an improved method of obtaining the dip azimuth angle.
Figure 4 illustrates a flow diagram of a described method embodiment 100. A drill string including an electromagnetic measurement tool (eg, as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3) is deployed in a well Underground. Directional resistivity data is acquired at 102 in a region of interest (eg, in a preselected region of the well where an estimate of the dip azimuth angle is desired). The acquired data may include sensor data so
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minus a measurement arrangement (i.e. a iidiisiuisui having at least one transmitting antenna separate from a receiver having at least one receiving antenna). The measurement arrangement can include substantially any transmitter and receiver antennas that generate a cross coupling component.
Acquired data may include at least one of the cross coupling components (eg, V<sub>xz</sub> and V<sub>zx</sub>) on the voltage tensioner. For example, when using transmitter and receiver directional arrangements, the acquired data may include selected cross coupling components of the following voltage tensor:
VVV <sup>r</sup> xr <sup>r</sup> xy 'xz
VVV and x <sup>v</sup> and? yz where the first index (x, yoz) refers to the transmitter dipole and the second index refers to the receiver dipole. By convention, the x and y indices refer to transverse moments while the z index refers to an axial moment. The modalid described are of course not limited to any particular convention. They are also not limited to the use of purely axial or purely transverse transmitting and / or receiving antennas. In fact, the selected modalities described in greater detail below make use of one or more antennas
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inclined transmitters or receivers. In the UK, the voltage measured at the receiving antenna includes both direct and cross coupling components.
The acquired data may also include various measurements that are derived from the antenna couplers. Measurements may include, for example, symmetric directional phase and amplitude (USDA and USDP), anti-symmetric directional phase and amplitude (UADA and UADP), harmonic resistivity amplitude and phase (UHRA and UHRP), and harmonic anisotropy amplitude and phase (UHAA and UHAP). These parameters are known to those of skill in the art and can be derived from antenna couplings, for example, as follows:
, y _y y + y USDA 20 log -11-3 — Dr. La., 72 * y + yy _y<sup>r</sup> ΣΖ «ΪΧ *« · J í y _y y -iy l USDP = -angle -3-a - a --- 3. i ¡V _y y _y UADA = 20Iog. „-s- · -<sup>s</sup><sup>011,1</sup> y + yy + y <sup>r</sup> ΣΖ <sup>r</sup> X * Yes' <sup>r</sup> JC
UADP ~ -angle • v „
UHRA = 20 log, • 2V „and <sub>+</sub>and
K <sup>F</sup> yy (~ 2V
-angle - ίΛΛ, í / tfA4 = 20¡og, yv <sup>L</sup> 7
UHAP = -angle 'hee
yes ϊ
The list above of any Other parameters derived of course
102.
way is exndusuvd.
can be purchased at
With continued reference to Figure 4, the 5 voltage measurements can be processed (eg, by a downhole processor) to obtain least squares at 104 which is in turn processed in combination with various adjustment coefficients complexes at 106 to obtain the dip azimuth angle. Such processing may proceed, for example, according to the following mathematical equations. The received voltage varies periodically with the angle of the tool face as the electromagnetic measuring tool rotates in the well, as follows:
- b „eos φ + c„ sin φ Equation 4
Where v<sub>n</sub> represents the voltage at a receiver tilted at a particular transmitter-receiver pair and frequency n (i.e. a particular measurement), φ represents the angle of the tool face, and b<sub>n</sub> and c<sub>n </sub>they are defined as follows using the complex adjustment coefficients of Equation 1:
b - <sup>to</sup>il /> »<sup>r</sup>) to<sub>0</sub>(/, f, r)
C - W.tV
It can be understood that Equation 4 represents an n¡m
First order periodic equation that describes a periodic use of the receiver voltage with rotation of the tool. An equation that includes higher order terms (eg, that includes second order terms as given in Equation 1 above) can also be used. The modalities described are not limited in this regard.
Processing at 104 may include calculating a weighted sum of residual L squares for one or more measurements of voltage n, for example, as follows:
<sup>L</sup> Σ = Σ <sup>cos</sup> 0<sup>+ without</sup> $
Equation 5 where w<sub>n</sub> represents the statistical weights assigned to each voltage measurement (that is, each n for the particular frequency, transmitter, receiver combination). The angular dependency of L can be simplified by expansion as follows:
<img file="MX358257B_D0009.tif" />
you that can possibly be reduced to:
L - P + β cos 20 + ftsin 20
Equation 7 where
<img file="MX358257B_D0010.tif" />
and-
<img file="MX358257B_D0011.tif" />
The real numbers Q and R can be expiujciuuj, for example, as follows:
Q = S eos 2a
R = S without 2a where s = 7s<sup>2</sup>+<sup>R2</sup> ex ~ - arctan 2 (R, Q} & \ · [2 2J
Therefore, L can be expressed in terms of P, S already as follows:
L - P + S eos 2 (0 - íz) Equation 8
It will be easily appreciated that the value of L reaches a maximum value P + S when 0 = a mod π and that the value of L reaches a minimum value P - S when φ = {a + ^ / 2) mod π. A comparison of Equation 8 with Equation 2 above further indicates that a in Equation 8 represents the least-squares estimate of the dip azimuth angle φ<sub>Β</sub>. Therefore, the processing at 104 further includes calculating the coefficients P, Q, R, and S and calculating the dip azimuth angle a, for example, using Equation 8.
As described in more detail below, such least squares estimate (calculation of the dip azimuth angle by minimizing the weighted sum of squares of the residuals of the voltages to go τι go τ% go ..... ........- O m η i 1 I «C λα tn
VI r I · ιμ · *<sup>:</sup> 'wffl
ΑΙΤΙΑ Λ. ffc ..... p- rtra
INSTiTüTO MEXICANO will .......................
DE LA MOHEIMD 1 (3 ^ acquired) provides a more accurate, less juicy estimate of the dip azimuth angle.
Furthermore, the arctangent function is calculated once at the end of the process, thus avoiding phase involvement.
Logarithmic quality control can be implemented, for example, when calculating the confidence interval (e.g., error bars) for the dip azimuth angle obtained, in Equation 7, Q and R can be treated as an average weighted | b<sub>n</sub> | <sup>2</sup>- | Cn 1<sup>2</sup> and real (b<sub>n</sub>* c<sub>n</sub>) allowing the standard deviations in Q and R to be calculated. Such standard deviations can be thought to represent a confidence interval in Q and R (indicated as
<td>AQ and AR)</td><td>and can be used to</td><td>calculate a</td><td>interval</td><td>of</td>
<td>trust</td><td>2Δα for the angle of</td><td colspan="2">dip azimuth,</td><td>by</td>
<td>example <</td><td>as follows:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td></td><td>2Δα κ + y</td><td>Equation 9</td><td></td><td></td>
<td></td><td>The upper limits e</td><td>bottom of</td><td>interval</td><td>of</td>
<td>trust</td><td>azimuth angle</td><td>dipping</td><td>so</td><td>I know</td>
<td colspan="2">they can calculate for example as</td><td>follow:</td><td></td><td></td>
<td></td><td>errhi = a · + · abs {Aa)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td></td><td>errlo - a -abs (Aa ')</td><td>Equation 10</td><td></td><td></td>
<td></td><td>The values of errlo</td><td colspan="2">and errhi represent</td><td>the</td>
upper and lower limits of the confidence interval. As those skilled in the art will understand, the smaller the range (the closer the errlo and errhi values are to each other), the better the certainty in the calculated dip azimuth angle will be.
It should be understood that the least-squares estimation methodology, described above, can be applied substantially to any electromagnetic recording measurements to obtain the dip azimuth angle. For example, electromagnetic measurements can be made at substantially any suitable electromagnetic radiation frequency (eg, 100, 400, and / or 2000 kHz). Furthermore, electromagnetic measurements can utilize substantially any suitable transmitter-receiver cross coupling components generated by using substantially any suitable measurement arrangement. For example, the dip azimuth angle can be calculated using measurements made with an axial transmitter and an inclined and / or transverse receiver, a transverse transmitter and an axial and / or inclined receiver, and / or an inclined transmitter and an axial receiver . The transmitter and receiver in the measurement arrangement may further be substantially any suitable axial clearance in the body of the electromagnetic measurement tool or bottom hole assembly. The modalities described are not expressly limited in this regard.
It should be understood that the described methodology applies equally well to electric dipole antennas, for example, an electric dipole transmitter coupled with the button electrode receiver.
The embodiments described now are described in more detail with respect to the following non-limiting example in Figures 5, 5B, 5C, 5D and 5E. Figure 5A illustrates an electromagnetic logarithmic trace (ATT) attenuation versus well depth. The two curves in the path plot symmetric attenuation values 202 and anti-symmetry 204 as a function of depth.
Figure 5B plots the dip azimuth angle (DANG) 212 versus the depth of the well. The dip azimuth angle was obtained from electromagnetic measurements using the prior art methodology described above with respect to Equations 1 to 3. It should be noted that the dip azimuth value calculated using the prior art methodology is noisy, particularly at depths ranging from about 2135 to about 2592.5 m. The dip angle varies from about -40 to about 40 degrees in the well region.
Figure 5 also plots the dip azimuth angle (DANG) 222 versus the depth of the well. The
TT Tk go TF-% τ ................. «
I il / 1 13 I
IVI «1 · ®118 *<sup>:</sup> '”<sup>!</sup>* ® to go <sub>.</sub>..... p ^ jra
MEXICAN INSTITUTE ................
FROM PROPERTY 1Β ||||, Β ..... IN dip azimuth angle plotted at ± a ugura or ae obtained from electromagnetic measurements using the methodology described above, with respect to Figure 4 and the Equations 4 to 8. As is readily apparent when comparing Figures 5B and 5C, the dip azimuth angle obtained using the described least squares methodology is considerably more stable with noise at certain depths being less than plus or minus 2 degrees.
Figure 5D plots the dip azimuth angle 222 versus the depth of the well with upper error bars 224 and lower 226. Deeper in the well (at depths greater than approximately 2287.5 meters) the three curves 222, 224 and 226 substantially overlap each other indicating a high degree of accuracy in the obtained dip azimuth angle (a tight confidence interval). At shallower depths (e.g., at depths less than about 2,135 meters) the range increases to about 30 degrees indicating a
<td>bigger uncertainty</td><td>in</td><td>that</td><td>region,</td><td>even if</td><td>yet</td>
<td>considerably less than</td><td>the</td><td>noise</td><td>at</td><td>control of</td><td>the</td>
<td>prior art illustrated in</td><td>the</td><td>figure</td><td>5B.</td><td></td><td></td>
Figure 5E again plots the dip azimuth angle 232 versus the depth of the well. In Figure 5C, the dip azimuth angle calculated using
-! f - »go go» go .................. <* 3
I rere 1J I «f VI i 1 fRe * '' ftffl
AA »AA Λ. J |<sub>.</sub>..... Ρ
MEXICAN INSTITUTE ..............................
FROM THE PKMEDAD the method modalities described include large ± yunao cojj ± yaü (eg, 234) that have negligible values (due to the high uncertainty at that particular depth). Those spikes have been removed in Figure 5E.
Note that the remaining log provides stable and accurate dip azimuth values with noise generally less than plus or minus 5 degrees.
It should be understood that electromagnetic methods for obtaining a dip azimuth angle are generally implemented in an electronic processor (eg, by means of a computer processor or microcontroller, ASIC, FPGA, SoC, etc.). Specifically, by describing the functions, methods, and / or steps that can be performed in accordance with the described modalities, any and / or all of those functions can be performed using an automated or computerized process. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the systems, methods, and procedures described herein can be represented on a programmable computer, computer-executable software, or digital circuit. The software may be stored on a computer-readable medium, such as a non-transient computer-readable medium. For example, a computer readable medium may include a floppy disk, RAM, ROM, hard drive, removable media, flash memory, memory stick, optical media, media.
Τ 1 ί 1Λ Τ .............- Ο
I Λ η DI in
IV1 i 1 β »'” «β
AA »XAAJ |<sub>s</sub>..... P Mexican Institute iB | t ............. iill & lloi
FROM THE ΜΟΠΕΙΜΙυ ΙΐΒΐΙΙι, Β ..... liR magneto-optic, CD-ROM, etc. Uryruair circuits can include integrated circuits, gateway layouts, building block logic, field programmable gateway layouts (FPGAs). The described modalities are in no way limited with respect to any particular computer hardware and / or software arrangement.
In certain embodiments, it may be advantageous to implement the described methodology when calculating a dip azimuth angle in a downhole processor. Downhole processor means an electronic processor (e.g., a microprocessor or digital controller) deployed in the drill string (e.g., in the electromagnetic recording tool elsewhere in the
BHA). In such modalities, the calculated dip azimuth angles can be stored in downhole memory and / or transmitted to the surface while drilling by known telemetry techniques (e.g., mud pulse telemetry or wired drill pipe). When transmitted to the surface, dip azimuth angles can be further processed to obtain a posterior drilling direction or a posterior direction tool setting to guide drilling in a geo-direction application. In alternative modes, the dip azimuth angles go 11 ÍF 1Γ% ΊΓ ................- Ο
Λ Λ 1 II «ΚιβΗαα · α οι I 1V1 i! BiaB ** '«β
Α1ΤΑΑ Α «Α><sup>:</sup> .ΛΝ MEXICAN INSTITUTE ...................................
OF MOISTURE β ||||, Λ | Ν M can be calculated on the surface using a surface processor (a surface computer) and electromagnetic measurement data stored in the tool memory or by processing raw voltages and / or adjustment coefficients transmitted to the surface during the drilling operation. The subject matter described is not limited in this regard.
Although an electromagnetic method to obtain the dip azimuth angle and certain advantages thereof have been described in detail, it is understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made without departing from the essence and scope of the description as defined in the appended claims.
Contents6
17 sheets
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3 Sheet 4 Sheet 5 Sheet 6 Sheet 7 Sheet 8 Sheet 9 Sheet 10 Sheet 11 Sheet 12 Sheet 13 Sheet 14 Sheet 15 Sheet 16 Sheet 17
14 members in 8 offices
Priority claims14
| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 201261617412 | United States of America | P | |
| 201261617412 | United States of America | P | |
| 61617412 | United States of America | – | |
| 13800271 | United States of America | – | |
| 201313800271 | United States of America | A | |
| 201313800271 | United States of America | A | |
| 2013034566 | United States of America | W | |
| 2013034566 | United States of America | W | |
| 13800271 | – | – | – |
| 61617412 | – | – | – |
| PCTUS2013034566 | – | – | – |
| US201261617412P | – | – | – |
| US201313800271 | – | – | – |
| WO2013US34566 | – | – | – |
Members14
| Document | Office | Kind | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2868813A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| WO2013149125A1 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A1 | |
| US2014107929A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| MX2014011732A | Mexico | A | |
| EP2831645A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| CN104350396A | China | A | |
| EP2831645A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| RU2582477C1 | Russian Federation | C1 | |
| US9540922B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| BR112014024205A2 | Brazil | A2 | |
| CN104350396B | China | B | |
| MX358257BThis record | Mexico | B | |
| CA2868813C | Canada | C | |
| BR112014024205B1 | Brazil | B1 |
1 legal event, as the office reported them to INPADOC
Events
| Event | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| Grant or registrationFG | FG |
Numbers
- Publication
- 358257
- Publication, DOCDB
- 358257
- Publication, EPODOC
- MX358257
- Application
- 2014011732
- Application, DOCDB
- 2014011732
- Application, EPODOC
- MX20140011732
Titles
- Spanish
- MÉTODO ELECTROMAGNÉTICO PARA OBTENER ÁNGULO DE AZIMUT DE BUZAMIENTO.
Classification
- CPC, 2
- G01V3/26
- E21B47/0228
- IPC, 2
- G01V3 26
- E21B47 0228