Methods and systems for managing a clearance gap in a piston engine.

(54) Title: METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING PISTON TEMPERATURE IN A PISTON ENGINE. (54) Title: METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING A CLEARANCE GAP IN A PISTON ENGINE.

(57) Summary

A piston engine may include an isothermal tube capable of transferring heat away from the piston of the piston engine, such as to a combustion section. The isothermal tube can be included as part of a piston assembly, a cylinder, or both. The isothermal tube can be filled with a suitable isothermal tube fluid that can undergo a phase change such as, for example, water, ethanol, aminiac, sodium, other fluids, or combinations thereof. By boiling and condensing the fluid within the isothermal tube, the latent heat of the fluid can be used during heat transfer. In some cases multiple isothermal tubes can be used.

(57) Abstract

A piston engine may include a heat pipe capable of transferring heat away from a portion of the piston engine such as a combustion section. The heat pipe may be included as part of a piston assembly, a cylinder, or both. The heat pipe may be filled with a suitable heat pipe fluid that may undergo a phase change such as, for example, water, ethanol, ammonia, sodium, other fluids or combinations thereof. Boiling and condensing of the fluid within the heat pipe may use the latent heat of the fluid during heat transfer. Multiple heat pipes may be used in some instances.

PATENT TITLE No. 354585

Headlines):

ETAGEN, INC.

<img file="MX354585B_D0001.tif" />

Home:

186 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA

<td>Denomination:</td><td>METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING THE PISTON TEMPERATURE IN A PISTON ENGINE.</td>

<td>Classification:</td><td>CIP: F16J1 / 09; F92F3 / 18 W '. CPC: F16J1A) 9; b®F% / l8 ^J ’ ^{* 1} Ί</td>

Inventor (s)

MATT SVBfiEK; JOHN LAWLEft

ON MILÜER ^:- «r ar

In accordance with the article from the date of prese

<img file="MX354585B_D0002.tif" />

re of 2032

Number:

MX / a / 2014/007994

US

Validity: Twenty years

Date of V &amp; hóiW&gt; ien

Ex Date

The patent of reference |) j

IB International Law!

Number:

13/340,534

13/340,537

13 / 340,538 l3 / ^ p ^ 44

Who subscribes to this title is (Official Gazette of the Federation 25/01/2006, 06/05 / 2009,06 / 01/2010, Regulations of the Mexican Institute of articles 1^or, 3^C, 4^or, 5^or fraction V subsection a) 12/27/1999, amended on 10/10/2002, 07/29/2004, Deputy Generals, Coordinator, Divisio Departmental Directors and other subordinates of the Mexican Institute 08/04/2004 and 09/13/2007 ).

and the Industrial Pipet.

from veufl. a &amp;, # tt extendable, counted as in force

From the Industrial Property Law ^^ 1999, 01/26/2004, 06/16/2005, so a), 4^or and 12th sections I and III of / 07/2004, 07/28/2004 and 09/07/2007); t ^ Slexicano de la Propiedad Industrial (DOF sane that delegates powers to the KBgwnaies Directors, Divisional Deputy Directors, Coordinators L07f. 12/15/1999, amended on 02/04/2000, 07/29/2004,

This letter is signed with an advanced electronic signature (FIEL), based on articles 7 BIS 2 of the Industrial Property Law; 3 of its Regulations, and 1 fraction III, 2 fraction V, 26 BIS and 26 TER of the Agreement establishing the guidelines for the use of the Electronic Payment and Services Portal (PASE) of the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, in the procedures indicated.

THE DIVISIONAL DIRECTOR OF PATENTS

NAHANNY CANAL REYES

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Tax | 1695 || MX / 2018/21056 | MX / a / 2014/007994 | PCT patent title | 1027 | RGZ | Page (s) | HnoXJzLzbSbXHtXcteuj5AJ8D2U =

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Arenal No. 550. Floor 1, Pueblo Santa María Tepepan, Xochimilco, 16020, Mexico City.

(55) 53340700 www.gob mx / iinpí

<img file="MX354585B_D0004.tif" />

MX / 2018/21056

<img file="MX354585B_D0005.tif" />

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING THE TEMPERATURE OF

PISTON

IN

A PISTON ENGINE

BACKGROUND

As the compression ratio of an engine increases, while maintaining a particular bore-to-stroke ratio, the surface-to-volume ratio at top dead center (TDC) increases, the temperature increases, and the pressure increases. This has three main consequences: i) the heat transfer from the combustion chamber is increased, 2) the adjustment of the combustion phase is difficult, and 3) the friction and mechanical losses are increased. Thermal transfer increases as the boundary thermal layer becomes a larger fraction of the total volume as the ratio of dimensions (ie, the ratio of the diameter of the inner hole to the length of the combustion chamber) in the TDC becomes smaller. Both the combustion phase adjustment and the achievement of complete combustion present challenges due to the small volume obtained in the TDC. The increased pressure in the combustion chamber directly translates into increased forces acting on the engine components. These large forces can overload both the mechanical connections within the engine (eg, the piston pin, the piston rod, the crankshaft) and the pressure energized rings, thus causing f ri ^ TÓTrr '' ^^ W3 ^ⁱLe ™ '' 'y7O' fails incremented.

The main challenge associated with linear piston motors is to efficiently convert a piston's kinetic energy into mechanical work and / or electrical energy. The space between the piston and the cylinder wall, referred to herein as clearance space, is critical to maintaining piston alignment, avoiding wall-piston contact and associated friction losses, and controlling gas leakage more beyond the piston (eg, exhaust gas). Clearance space can be affected by unbalanced forces acting on the piston, thermally induced expansion or contraction (eg, deformation of solids), change in engine conditions, or other relevant factors. Management of clearance, piston temperature, cylinder temperature, or combinations thereof, may be desired in some applications.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a piston engine can include a piston and cylinder assembly, which can include a fluid bearing in the clearance space between the inside diameter of a cylinder and the piston assembly. The piston assembly may have the ability to translate axially within the inside diameter, and the surface section of

IM FI ¡N3T1TUT .1 ycCl ·.-DE Ά: Γ. - J_z INDlbi -DAt of the piston may come into contact with a combustion cylinder, oritíllLádá towards one end of the cylinder.

At least one bearing element can provide a fluid flow of the bearing into the clearance space between the bore and the piston assembly to form the fluid bearing.

In some embodiments, the bearing element may be part of the piston assembly, providing a flow of bearing fluid radially outward, and the piston assembly may include fluid passages to direct fluid from the bearing.

In some embodiments, the bearing element may be part of the cylinder, providing a flow of the bearing fluid radially inward, and the cylinder may include fluid passages to direct the bearing fluid. The bearing element may include holes, an effusive surface, any other suitable fluid outlet, or any combination thereof to provide the bearing fluid to the clearance space.

In some embodiments, the piston engine can include a piston and cylinder assembly that includes a piston that has a self-centering feature, and a cylinder. The piston can be configured to translate axially within the cylinder bore. In some embodiments, the piston can be part of a piston assembly that translates axially within the cylinder bore.

I f. 5 'd ~

The cylinder may include a combustion section capable of containing combustion products. The gas that passes from the explosion chamber to the crankcase from the combustion section can flow axially away from the combustion section, from the surface of the piston, through the gap between the piston and the cylinder. The self-centering feature can provide a self-centering force on the piston using the flow of gas that passes from the blast chamber to the crankcase. The self-centering feature may be a step, one or more slotted sockets, a tapered portion, any other suitable feature, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a piston engine can include a piston assembly that has one or more isothermal tubes. The piston assembly can be configured to translate axially within the cylinder bore. The cylinder may include a combustion section capable of containing combustion products, and therefore a piston surface of the piston assembly may experience elevated temperatures. In some embodiments, the isothermal tube may be in thermal contact with the surface of the piston, and may have the ability to transfer heat from the surface of the piston to a heat receptacle. A first portion of the tube

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INSTITUTE Me

FROM THE r *:

isothermal can receive heat · surface of the piston, and a spgnnria porr.i ón Ha, tubn. Isothermal can transfer heat to a heat receptacle. The isothermal tube can include a fluid such as, for example, water, ethanol, ammonia, or sodium, which can undergo a vapor-liquid phase transition.

In some embodiments, a piston engine can include a cylinder liner configured to position coaxially within the cylinder of a piston engine. The cylinder liner can include an interior surface capable of forming a gap with a piston assembly that has the ability to translate axially within the cylinder liner. The cylinder liner can also include an outer surface that interfaces with the cylinder of the piston engine. The interconnection between the outer surface and the cylinder can include a fluid passage that can act as a conduit for a pressure controlled fluid. The cylinder liner can be configured to radially contract or expand based at least in part on the pressure controlled fluid, and therefore the clearance can be adjusted.

In some embodiments, a piston engine can include one or more fluid passages configured to provide a rapid, localized, selective response, or otherwise a heating or cylinder. The flow rate, the combination thereof of the cooling t o- contro 1 ado · 1 temperature, the pressure or fluid supplied to the fluid passages can be adjusted by means of a control system to control the temperature of the piston engine . In some embodiments, the cylinder may include one or more localized heating sources such as, for example, one or more electric heaters, which can be controlled by a control system to provide localized heating.

In some embodiments, the clearance space between a coaxial piston assembly and a cylinder of the piston motor can be controlled. At least one indicator such as, for example, temperature, pressure, an operating interaction and / or other suitable clearances, can be detected using one or more sensors. A control response can be determined by processing the equipment based at least in part on the indicator. The processing equipment may use a control interconnect to provide a control signal to at least one piston engine auxiliary system based at least in part on the control response. At least one auxiliary system can adjust the clearance gap based at least in part on the control signal.

Brief Description of the Figures

The previous and other present descriptions, their nature and various'^J sale 3 as, will be more apparent when considering the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

The Figure shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston engine with a piston assembly, a gas source, and an integrated linear electromagnetic machine (LEM) included as part of the cylinder, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure:

Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston engine with a piston assembly, a gas source, and an integrated linear electromagnetic machine (LEM), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

The Figure shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston engine with a piston assembly having two pistons, a separate gas source, and an integrated LEM, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 4 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston engine with two piston assemblies, separate gas sources, and two integrated LEMs, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

e rr por r op o .iva ... of ..up.a.

illustrative with an agreement seen with in some section

- Figure 5 shows a portion view of a self-centering characteristic piston assembly of embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 6 shows a cross section of an illustrative piston and cylinder assembly, with a passage from the blast chamber to the crankcase from a combustion section, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 7 shows a cross-sectional view of the illustrative piston assembly and the cylinder of Figure 6, in which the piston assembly is off-center, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 8 shows a cross-sectional view of the illustrative piston assembly and cylinder of Figure 6, in which the piston assembly is centered, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 9 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston engine with a piston assembly having a feature that can help center the piston assembly, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 10 shows a

<img file="MX354585B_D0007.tif" />

cross-sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston engine with a piston assembly having a tubular self-centering feature, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 11 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston engine with a piston assembly having a staggered self-centering feature, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 12 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston engine with a piston assembly having a tapered self-centering feature, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 13 shows a perspective view of a portion of an illustrative piston assembly with a bearing element having holes, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 14 shows a perspective view of a portion of an illustrative piston assembly with a porous bearing element, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 15 shows a cross sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly, with a

<img file="MX354585B_D0008.tif" />

fluid bearing fed through * the piston assembly, according to some modalities — description;

Figure 16 shows a cross sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly and a cylinder, with a fluid bearing fed through the piston assembly, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 17 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston and cylinder assembly, with a fluid bearing fed through the cylinder, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 18 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative arrangement of a piston and cylinder assembly, having fluid bearings and a porter having a fluid passage, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 19 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative arrangement of a piston and cylinder assembly, having fluid bearings and a check valve, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 20 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston and cylinder assembly, with an isothermal tube included. ^L com'GMpartéM.dé'i piston assembly, according to some modal irladps of. the present description;

Figure 21 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly with an isothermal tube formed by an internal vacuum, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

<td>The</td><td>Figure 22</td><td>shows a</td><td>view in</td><td>section</td>

<td>transversal of</td><td>a motor</td><td colspan="2">illustrative piston that</td><td>have a</td>

<td>assembly of</td><td>piston and</td><td>a cylinder</td><td>what's wrong with it</td><td>tickets</td>

<td>refrigerants</td><td colspan="2">and isothermal tubes,</td><td>agree with</td><td>some</td>

<td>modalities of</td><td>the present</td><td>description;</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>The</td><td>Figure 23</td><td>shows a</td><td>view in</td><td>section</td>

cross section of an illustrative piston and cylinder assembly, with a deformable cylinder liner, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 24 shows a cross-sectional view of the illustrative piston assembly and cylinder of Figure 23, with the deformable cylinder liner undergoing deformation, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 25 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston and cylinder assembly, with a sectional deformable cylinder liner, according to some embodiments herein.

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description;

Figure 26 shows a cross sectional view of an illustrative piston engine, with a deformable cylinder liner, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 27 shows a cross sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston engine, with localized coolant passages, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 28 shows a cross sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston engine, with localized coolant passages, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 29 shows a cross sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston engine, with localized heating sources including electric heaters, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 30 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston engine, including fluid passages, that can be used to heat, cool, or both, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 31 shows a perspective view of a portion of an illustrative piston assembly having

1 'S. / - - - ·. η ·; $ ι. ; · \

LW. V bearing elements and a feature of áüto-ceriürádo ·, according to some modalities of · —Í'a '-' ^ grg-esen-t-e-description;

Figure 32 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston engine with a piston assembly having a bearing element, an isothermal tube, and a self-centering feature, and a cylinder having a deformable cylinder liner and refrigerant passages, according to some modalities of the present description;

Figure 33 is a block diagram of an illustrative control arrangement for a piston engine, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

Figure 34 is a flow chart of illustrative steps for adjusting the clearance space of a piston engine, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and

Figure 35 is a flow chart of illustrative steps for adjusting one or more properties of a piston engine, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Detailed Description of the Figures

The present disclosure is directed toward the management of clearance space and / or other properties of a piston engine. Although discussed in the context of free engine'eá ^ 'd'd, the techniques and arrangements described in pgegtf'Pffg can be applied to non-free piston engines, or other suitable mechanical systems. Herein, the term piston motor should refer to both free and non-free piston motors.

A piston motor, which operates using any suitable thermodynamic cycle, may include a piston and cylinder assembly to perform the displacement operation. The piston and cylinder can be separated by a relatively small clearance space, and the piston is translated axially within an internal diameter of the cylinder. In some embodiments, the piston may be included as part of a piston assembly, which may also include one or more piston seals (eg, piston rings), bearing elements, stators, piston rods, translators, and / or other components. , which may have the ability to move in concert as a substantially rigid assembly, at least partially within ID. Clearance space can be constant or varied along the radial perimeter of the piston assembly, or component thereof (eg, the gap can be described by means of a thickness value, a profile or range of values, and / or a metric of symmetry). The cylinder may include a combustion section, towards which they can

IΜ ΡI

ΙΝ5 Τ! Τ'JΤΟ Λ- '.. ι ~ Λ&gt; IC

:. Σ LA = '/ 7 · DAD the oxidizer (eg, air, stale air, oxygen) and the fuel (eg, a hydrocarbon gas or liquid fuel), or as a premixed mixture, for combustion to be supplied separately. Expansion of hot combustion products causes piston displacement. Thermal load can be extracted from piston movement using a mechanical coupling (eg, using a piston rod and crankshaft assembly), an electromagnetic interaction (eg, using a linear electromagnetic machine (LEM) that has a protractor and stator as shown describes in the present description), a gas coupling (eg, using two pistons that interact through an intermediate volume of gas), any other suitable thermal load extraction technique, or any combination thereof. Compression of air and / or fuel via the piston-cylinder assembly can also be accomplished using the movement of the piston. In some embodiments, the compression operation can be provided by means of a gas conductor, an LEM, or both.

Figures 1 to 4 show illustrative piston engines that can benefit from the teachings of the present description. It will be understood that the teachings of the present disclosure can be applied to any other suitable piston engine in addition to those illustrated in the figures and described herein.

IM tNSfí

... .

It will also be understood that although 'not shown in Figures 1 to 4, a depTsTon engine' '~' may * include one or more subsystems such as, for example, refrigeration subsystems, air supply subsystems, fuel supply, ignition subsystems, discharge systems, electronic control systems, and / or other suitable subsystems, and that the phrase piston engine may refer to a suitable collection of components and subsystems.

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston motor 100 with a piston assembly 110, a gas source 148, and an integrated linear electromagnetic machine (LEM) 160, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

The piston engine 100 includes a cylinder 140 having an inside diameter 134 and a combustion section 130, as well as a piston assembly 110. In the illustrated embodiment, the piston assembly 110 includes two piston surfaces 112, piston seals 114 and 115, and port 116. Although not shown in Figure 1, piston assembly 110 may include bearing elements, a piston rod,

<td>any other</td><td>suitable component, or any combination</td>

<td>thereof.</td><td>In the illustrated mode, the assembly of</td>

<td>piston 110 se</td><td>locates completely within diameter</td>

interior 134 of cylinder 140 and is configured to move substantially as shown in discharge / injector

170

1..·,··' .·'

INí&gt; U&gt; TjUaL axis length 150. The cylinder.

IM x

INSTITUI '' ÜE LA Figure 1, includes pueit'óé ...... de (for the removal of discharges and / or the injection of reagents), inlet ports 180 (for the intake of air and / or air / fuel), and excitation gas ports 190 (for supply and / or removal of excitation gas). The piston engine 100 can operate using a two-stroke cycle, any other suitable cycle, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an impact plate 108 may be included to aid impact resistance, for example, during combustion. Valves and / or other fluid components may be used, but not necessarily, with any or all ports 170, 180, and 190 to control fluid inflows and discharges to and from piston motor 100.

Cylinder 140 may include portion 132 in which gas combustion, expansion, and discharge may occur, portion 168 in which electromagnetic operation interactions may occur, and portion 178 in which gas excitation may occur. and the emergence of gas. Portions 132, 168, and 178 may depend on the configuration of cylinder 140, as well as the position of piston assembly 110 within the inside diameter 134 of cylinder 140. Stator 162, used to extract the electromagnetic heat load from the movement of translator 116, can be included as part of cylinder 140, as shown in Figure 1.

During an expansion stroke of the piston assembly 110 within the cylinder 140, due to the combustion of an oxidant and a fuel in the combustion section 130, the shuttle 116 can travel through the stator

162. The movement of the shuttle 116 in relation to the stator 162 can generate an electric current, and a corresponding electric thermal load. The LEM 160 may include a permanent magnet machine, an induction machine, a switching reluctance machine, any other suitable electromagnetic machine, or any combination thereof. For example, port 116 may include a permanent magnet, and stator 162 may include a coil of wire that can conduct the induction current generated by movement of port 116.

FIG. 2 shows a cross sectional view of an illustrative piston engine 200 with a piston assembly 210, a gas source 248, and a LEM 260, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Piston engine 200 includes a cylinder 240 having an inside diameter 234, a piston assembly 210, and a combustion section 230. In the illustrated embodiment, piston assembly 210 includes surfaces of

<img file="MX354585B_D0011.tif" />

piston 212, piston surfaces 218.

a piston seal 214 (eg, piston rings, sealing), a port 216, and a

Although not shown in Figure 2, the piston assembly 210 may include bearing elements, any other suitable component, or any combination thereof. In the illustrated embodiment, the piston assembly 210 is located partially within the bore 234 of cylinder 240, and is configured to translate substantially along axis 250. Cylinder 240, as shown in Figure 2, includes a gas seal 242 (to reduce or prevent gas escape while allowing relative piston movement), injector / discharge ports 270 (for discharge removal and / or or reagent injection), inlet ports 280 (for air inlet and / or air / fuel mixtures), and excitation gas ports 290 (for supply and / or removal of excitation gas). The piston engine 200 can operate using a two-stroke cycle, a four-stroke cycle, any other suitable cycle, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an impact plate 208 may be included.

Cylinder 240 may include a portion 232 in which combustion, gas expansion, and discharge can occur. Portion 268 may be included separate from cylinder 240 and may include LEM 260 whereby they may

Ib F liis-i i '.¹. '·? ·; ·. · J occur interactions of thermal load, electromagnetic.

Portions 232, 268 and 278 can¹··· depend on the configuration of cylinder 240, as well as the position of piston assembly 210 within the inside diameter 234 of cylinder 240.

Stator 262, used to extract the electromagnetic heat load from the movement of the shuttle

216, may be, but is not necessarily, separate from cylinder 240, as shown in Figure 2.

The

Figure 3 shows a cross sectional view of a piston motor

300 illustrative with a 310 piston assembly having two pistons

311 and 313, a separate gas source 348 and a LEM 360, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The piston engine 300 includes cylinders 340 and 341 having inside diameters 334 and 335, respectively, a piston assembly 310 and a combustion section 330. In the illustrated embodiment, the piston assembly 310 includes piston surfaces 312, a porter 310, 314 and 315 piston seals, and a 318 piston rod. Although not shown in Figure 3, the piston assembly 310 may include bearing elements, any other suitable component, or any combination thereof. In the illustrated embodiment, the piston assembly 310 is located partially within the inside diameter 334 of cylinder 340, and partially within the inside diameter 335 of cylinder 341, and is configured to translate substantially

Cylinder

340, as shown in Figure 3, includes a gas seal 342 (to reduce preventing gas leakage while allowing relative piston movement), injector / discharge ports 370 (for discharge removal and / or injection reagents), 380 inlet ports (for air and / or air / fuel mixtures inlet), and 395 gas ports (for removal of air from the blast chamber to the crankcase or its supply). Cylinder 341, as shown in Figure 3, includes a gas seal 343 (to reduce or prevent gas escape while allowing relative piston movement), excitation gas ports 390 (for supply and / or removal of excitation gas). The piston engine 300 can operate using a two-stroke cycle, a four-stroke cycle, any other suitable cycle, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an impact plate 308 may be included.

Cylinder 340 may include a portion 332 in which combustion, gas expansion, and discharge can occur. Cylinder 341 may include portion 378 in which gas excitation and gas surge can occur. Portion 368 can be included between cylinders 340 and 341, and can include the LEM through which electromagnetic thermal load interactions can occur. Portions 332, 368, and 378 can

Y 1Y1 YJ

INSTITÜTO YYYm

OF THE FRYYYYA · ') depend on the configuration of the / -O cylinders 340 and 341T ~ as well as the position of the piston assembly' '3TD' ”'ciéhfrc&gt; *' dS · the internal diameters 334 and

335 of the respective 340 cylinders and

341. Stator 362, used to extract the electromagnetic heat load from the movement of the shuttle

316, may be, but is not necessarily, separate from cylinders 340 and 341, as shown in

Figure 3.

The

Figure 4 shows a cross sectional view of an illustrative piston engine 400 with two piston assemblies 410 and

411, separate gas sources 448 and 449, and two LEMs 4 60 and 4 61, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Piston engine

400, as shown, is substantially equivalent to two piston engines

300, symmetrical around injector / discharge ports

370 they have a single combustion chamber.

It will be understood that other two-piston arrangements can be achieved in accordance with the present disclosure, which can be, but are not necessarily, symmetrical, and that piston motor 400 is an illustrative example.

Additional details regarding piston engines such as the piston engine

100, 200, 300 and 400, and their operation and characteristics, are included in Simpson et al. , US Patent Application No.

12 / 953,270, Simpson et

IH2TiTino μ: · .. ·: ιγλνο —ι&gt; · - ?? ¿wjv.o _χ· - US patent application No. 12 / 953,277, S^Jímp'Son 'ethical' - 'a'l ·. , US Patent Application No. 13 / 102,44 * 67 ~ y ^ oe4.-Í-e '»' et --- a4: · rr US Patent Application No. 13 / 028,053, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[Self-Centering Piston]

In some embodiments, the piston can include one or more features that provide self-centering to the cylinder of a piston engine.

Fiqura 5 shows a perspective view of a portion of an illustrative piston assembly 500 with a self-centering feature 506, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Piston assembly 500 may include a piston surface 502, an element 504, a self-centering feature 506, any other suitable component (not shown), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the self-centering feature 506 may be part of element 504. For example, element 504 may be a bearing element (eq, an aerostatic bearing) and self-centering feature 506 may be a machined step. or other suitable feature on the bearing element. In some embodiments, the self-centering feature 506 may be part of the piston surface 502. For example, the self-centering feature 506 may be

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<td>one step, one</td><td>or more grooved alveoli, one portion</td>

tapered, or other feature included in the piston assembly 500. In some embodiments, the piston assembly may include one or more features, components, or both, which aid in centering the piston assembly. For example, the piston assembly may include a self-centering feature and a feature that can help equalize pressure on one or more side surfaces of a piston assembly, which can aid in centering the piston. Although not shown in Figure 5, the piston assembly 500 may optionally include a piston rod, a ram, a piston ring, a fluid bearing, any other suitable component, or any combination thereof.

Figure 6 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative arrangement 600 of a piston assembly 610 and a cylinder 620, with passage from the blast chamber to the crankcase (shown by arrows 640) from a combustion section 630, according with some modalities of the present description. In some embodiments, the surface of the piston 602 may contact the combustion section 630 (shown illustratively in Figure 6), the gas conductor section (not shown in Figure 6), any other suitable section of a piston engine cylinder (not shown), or any combination thereof. The passage from the to the crankcase can flow from around the length of the combustion section 630 of the piston assembly surface piston 602

610.

and axially to what

In some modes, the interplay of the camera pass the auto-centering feature from burst to crankcase and

616 it can act to center the piston assembly 610. For example, a pressure distribution can be generated in the gap between the piston assembly 610 and the cylinder 620 that acts to center the explosion chamber assembly can gap from the conductive section of gas or other

<td colspan="3">piston 610. The passage of the</td>

<td>be supplied to a</td><td>space</td><td>of</td>

<td>combustion, the</td><td>section</td><td>of</td>

<td>proper section,</td><td>operating</td><td>to</td>

any suitable pressure (eg, operating at a pressure of 800 bar, or other suitable pressure).

Figure 7 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly 610 and a cylinder 620, in which the piston assembly 610 is offset, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The center axis 750 of cylinder 620 illustrates the geometric center axis of the inside diameter of cylinder 620. When the piston assembly 610 is off-center in cylinder 620, as shown in Figure 7, the pressure field Pi (R, θ, Z), in cylinder coordinates relative to the piston assembly, along

IMPI institute μεζκτλnc · U £ LA / ': · lhVfiT&gt; ../. L the lateral flanks (ie, in the radius R that can vary with θ and Z) of the piston assembly 610 can be circumferentially (ie, in the direction Θ) non-uniform at a given Z axial position. FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly 610 and a cylinder 620, in which the piston assembly 610 is centered around the central axis 750, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. When the piston assembly 610 is centered on the cylinder 620, as shown in Figure 8, the pressure field P2 (R, θ, Z) of the piston assembly 610 can be circumferentially uniform substantially at a given axial position Z. In some embodiments, the centered piston pressure field may be non-uniform, but when integrated over the lateral surface of the piston, it provides

<img file="MX354585B_D0012.tif" />

a resultant force of substantially zero. For example, a piston assembly that has grooved alveoli may have an uneven circumferential pressure field due to the alveoli, but may provide a resultant force of zero.

<td>The</td><td>Figure</td><td>9 sample</td><td>a</td><td colspan="2">section view</td>

<td>cross</td><td>of a</td><td>portion of</td><td colspan="2">a piston engine</td><td> 900</td>

<td>illustrative</td><td>with a</td><td>assembly of</td><td>piston</td><td>910 you have</td><td>a</td>

<td colspan="2">feature 912</td><td>which can</td><td>help</td><td>to the centered</td><td>of the</td>

910 piston assembly, according to some modalities

INSTITUTE M · :. , '

OF THE l'TOtPD · 'O' 7

INDUSTRIAL of the present description. In some embodiments, a feature such as feature 912 can be included along with a self-centering feature (eg, any of the self-centering features of Figures 10 through 12) in a piston assembly. Feature 912, as illustrated in Figure 9, may include one or more indentations that extend around the full circumference of piston assembly 910, which can help equalize the pressure field in gap 950 of the Figure 9. Feature 912 can also act as a direct labyrinth seal to reduce the axial flow rate in gap 950. Although illustratively shown as slits in Figure 9, any feature or combination of features thereof may be used to aid centering in accordance with the present disclosure.

Figure 10 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston motor 1000 with a piston assembly 1010 having a tubular self-centering feature 1012, with one or more grooves 1014, in accordance with some embodiments of the present description. The self-centering feature 1012 may include one or more sockets each partially extending around the circumference of the piston assembly 1010. Slots 1014 can include one or more

<img file="MX354585B_D0013.tif" />

grooves (eg,

M £ »ICAHO INSTITUTE corresponding to the one or more * 'can act as a guide for the Ha the explosion chamber to the crankcase to flow into the alveoli. Although shown located on the side surface of the piston assembly 1010, in some embodiments, the grooves can be included within the piston assembly, and can be powered from any suitable source. For example, the self-centering feature 1012 may include three slotted sockets, each centered 120 ° apart on the circumference and each extending less than 120 ° along the circumference, and three corresponding grooves 1014 that can allowing a region of relatively high pressure 1060 to flow into the alveoli. Any suitable arrangement of segmented alveoli, including any suitable number of alveoli, may be used in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston motor 1100 with a piston assembly 1110 having a staggered self-centering feature 1112, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The self-centering feature 1112 can include a step that extends around the entire circumference of the piston assembly 1110. The step can include any suitable absolute and / or relative dimensions. In t! ¡

J i:

in

TJ μ

ÍNC'J illustrative example, gap space

<img file="MX354585B_D0014.tif" />

Rung (ie, relatively closest to piston surface 1102) may be on the order of twice the clearance in the largest diameter region of the piston assembly. In some embodiments, the piston assembly may include a segmented step, similar to the slotted socket arrangement of Figure 10 but in which the sockets extend through the piston surface 1102, and therefore need not include the grooves.

Figure 12 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a piston engine 1200 illustrative of a tapered self-centering feature.

1212, according to some modalities of the present description.

The self-centering feature 1212 may include a tapered portion that extends around the entire circumference of piston assembly 1210, in which the diameter at piston surface 1202 is relatively contracted. The taper can include any suitable absolute and / or relative dimensions. In an illustrative example, the clearance space at the small diameter of the taper (ie, relatively closest to the piston surface 1202) can be on the order of twice the clearance space at the largest diameter region of the piston. In some modalities, the

<img file="MX354585B_D0015.tif" />

Piston assembly may include more than one tapered section around the circumference, similar to the grooved socket arrangement of Figure 10, in which the tapered extends across piston surface 1202.

In some embodiments, any of the auto-centering features 1012, 1112, and 1212, feature 912, and other suitable auto-centering features or other features may be combined. For example, the piston assembly may include a taper, a step, and a series of indentations (eg, a labyrinth) to provide centering. Self-centering features can be used near the piston surface in contact with a combustion section, a gas conductor section, a gas source section, any other suitable piston surface that allows passage of the chamber Explosion to the crankcase flows past the piston surface, or any combination thereof. For example, with reference to the piston motor 300 of Figure 3, the self-centering characteristics may be included near any of the piston surfaces 312.

[Non-Contact Bearings]

In some embodiments, a bearing without contact between the piston and the corresponding cylinder can be used. Non-contact bearing can include, for

<img file="MX354585B_D0016.tif" />

INSTITUTO MiUl.'UUi

Dt LA HOHLDaU,, INDUSTRIAL example, an aerostatic bearing, a hydrostat bearing another bearing without adequate contact that can be mobile “~ n · stationary. Non-contact bearings can include a thin film of fluid that separates the piston and cylinder wall, reducing friction and associated thermal head loss. In some embodiments, the use of aerostatic bearings can allow oil-free operation of the piston and cylinder assembly of a piston engine, and therefore the piston engine does not need to require an auxiliary oil system, which can simplify some aspects of engine architecture. In some embodiments, non-contact bearings may include oil as the bearing fluid. The bearing fluid can include, for example, air, nitrogen, discharge, oil, liquid water, water vapor, CO₂ liquid,

C0₂ gas, hydraulic fluid, any other suitable fluid, or any combination thereof. The fluid used in the fluid bearing can be supplied through a piston assembly, a cylinder, or both.

Figure 13 shows a perspective view of a portion of an illustrative piston assembly 1300 with a bearing element 1310 having holes 1312, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Holes 1312 may be arranged in a pattern, randomly arranged, or any combination thereof. The

IJVIFjí

INSTITUTO Mi.ICa: ·· '.:

λ;

's-sj i -&gt;;

holes 1312 can have any dimension&gt; oirtQade ^ ila¿ír.

For example, in some modes, Ins__nrifir.ins 1 ^ 12 can range from thousandths of an inch or less, to an eighth of an inch or more.

In some embodiments, the dimensions of the holes

1310 they can be selected based on the relative flow restriction or the effective area of ​​the holes to one or more different flow restrictions or effective areas.

For example, the holes can be sized to provide a flow restriction of the same order as the flow restriction of the bearing fluid discharge path downstream of the holes

1310.

Piston assembly 1300 translates into the proper bore of a suitable cylinder because of forces on piston surface 1302, or another suitable piston surface (not shown) of the bearing element of the piston assembly

1300 They can help keep you focused.

Fluid can be supplied from any suitable fluid force, as shown by arrow

1322, and can be distributed within the piston assembly

1300 through internal fluid passages (not shown) to ports 1312. After exiting ports 1312, fluid can flow through the gap and along at least a portion of piston assembly 1300. The outgoing fluid flow, shown by arrows 1320, from bearing element 1310 can help prevent and / or reduce yy -f-: and

Jv 'l ®t eh'Sáft®laj§ ~ · contact

<img file="MX354585B_D0017.tif" />

piston-cylinder.

Although shown as holes in Figure 13, any port can be used to provide fluid to the clearance space to act as a fluid bearing.

For example, the separation between mating parts can be used to provide fluid to the clearance space. In a further example, a ring-shaped hole, which extends partially or entirely around the circumference of the piston assembly, can be used to provide fluid to the clearance space.

In some embodiments, the bearing element

1310 may include smaller than the mean free path of bearing fluid) to allow effusion.

The

Figure 14 shows a perspective view of a portion of an illustrative piston assembly 1400 with a porous bearing element 1410, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As the piston assembly 1400 translates into the inside diameter of a suitable cylinder due to forces on the piston surface 1402, or other suitable piston surface (not shown) of the piston assembly 1400, the bearing element may help keep focused. Fluid can be supplied from any fluid source

<img file="MX354585B_D0018.tif" />

can suitable as it is distributed within

IM i

Mf.X INSTITUTE OF THE PRO. '

INDUSTRIAL shows by arrow 1422, and from piston assembly 1400 through internal fluid passages (not shown) and can then flow through the void of any suitable portion of the bearing element

1410.

The bearing element

1410 it can have any suitable porosity and pore size.

After leaving the lateral surface of the bearing element

1410, gas can flow through the gap, and along at least a portion of the piston assembly

1400.

The outward flow of fluid from bearing element 1410, as shown by arrows 1420, can help prevent and / or reduce contact of the piston-cylinder assembly. The bearing element

1410 It can be constructed of any suitable material that has a porosity that can allow fluid flow.

For example, the porous bearing element may be constructed of graphite, sintered metal (eg, iron, steel, bronze), sintered or otherwise porous ceramic (eg, silicon carbide, alumina, magnesia), any other sintered material, or other suitable, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, bearing element 1410 may have a pore size small enough (eg, smaller than the mean free path of bearing fluid) to allow effusion.

Figure 15 shows a cross sectional view of a piston assembly

T Μ PT δ'Ο'ό'όί a fluid bearing 1510 fed through the piston assembly 1500, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Piston assembly 1500 may include a piston 1502, a bearing element 1510, a stator 1550, a bolt 1590, any other suitable component not shown in Figure 15, or any combination thereof. Piston assembly 1500 can be configured to fit the inside diameter of a cylinder of a piston engine, and can be configured to travel substantially along an axis on or near the center line of the bore. Bearing element 1510 includes fluid passages 1560, which can distribute bearing fluid from one or more inlet ports 1512, as shown by arrow 1522, to one or more ports or surfaces to flow radially outward, as shown by arrows 1520. In some embodiments, bearing element 1510 may include a multi-component assembly. In some embodiments, piston 1502 may optionally include a self-centering feature, or other suitable feature (not shown).

Figure 16 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly 1610 and cylinder 1620, with a fluid bearing 1612 (eg, the

IΜ Ι^; Ϊ &lt;'' / ¾

MEXICAN INSTITUTE

FROM THE INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY of fluids located in the gap that originates at least in part from the bearing element 1618) fed through the piston assembly 1610, according to some modalities of the present description. Piston assembly 1610 includes internal passages 1614 that can receive bearing fluid 1616. Bearing element 1618 is the portion of piston assembly 1610 that includes holes or a porous portion from which bearing fluid can flow to fluid bearing 1612. Bearing element 1618 may be an integral part of a piston (as shown in Figure 16), another portion of piston assembly 1610, a separate component coupled to piston assembly 1610 (eg, by snap fit or mounting with bolts), have any other suitable arrangement, or any combination thereof. Fluid bearing 1612 can assist in centering piston assembly 1610 around axis 1650, which represents the center of the inside diameter of cylinder 1620.

Figure 17 shows a cross sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly 1710 and a cylinder 1720, with the fluid bearing 1712 fed through the cylinder 1720, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Cylinder 1720 includes internal passages 1714, which can receive fluid from bearing 1716. The

<img file="MX354585B_D0019.tif" />

Bearing 1718 is the portion of cylinder 1720 that includes holes or an effusive surface from which fluid can flow to fluid bearing 1712 in a suitable clearance space between piston assembly 1710 and cylinder 1720. Bearing element 1718 may be an integral part of cylinder 1720 (as shown in Figure 17), a separate component coupled to cylinder 1720 (eg, such as an insert or liner), have any other suitable arrangement, or any combination thereof. Fluid bearing 1712 can assist in centering piston assembly 1710 around axis 1750, which represents the center of the inside diameter of cylinder 1720. In some embodiments, a cylinder can include one or more bearing elements, which can provide the bearing fluid to one or more corresponding fluid bearings. For example, in some embodiments, the inside diameter of a cylinder can include multiple bearing elements, each with a separate, controllable fluid source, which can supply bearing fluid to multiple locations on the cylinder inside diameter.

In some embodiments, gas passing from the blast chamber to the crankcase can be routed to reduce or prevent the flow of gas passing from the blast chamber to the crankcase in the portion of the clearance space adjacent to the

<img file="MX354585B_D0020.tif" />

bearing element. For example, the gas passing from the blast chamber to the crankcase can be routed through the cylinder, the piston assembly, or both, such that the flow of gas from the blast chamber to the crankcase does not substantially alter the flow. of the bearing fluid in the clearance gap. Some disturbances of the bearing gas flow by other flows, such as gas passing from the blast chamber to the crankcase, may adversely affect the bearing fluid's ability to avoid piston-cylinder contact. The routing of the gas passing from the explosion chamber to the crankcase can, for example, allow the

<td>download</td><td>of the fluid</td><td>of</td><td>cushion</td><td>I know</td><td colspan="2">find relatively</td>

<td>very for</td><td>under</td><td>the</td><td>Pressure</td><td>of</td><td>feeding</td><td>of the fluid</td>

<td colspan="2">(eg, allows a</td><td colspan="2">biggest drop</td><td>of</td><td>pressure</td><td>fluid</td>

bearing), which can provide the desired flow and bearing characteristics.

The Figure shows a cross sectional view of an illustrative arrangement 1800 of a piston assembly.

1810 and a cylinder 1820 with bearing elements 1812 and 1813 and a translator 1814 having a fluid passage 1875, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Piston surface 1802 can contact a gas source (eg, a gas conductor section) of arrangement 1800, while a piston surface 1804 can come into contact with

MPI A i.,

ITUTO Kf.XOiO

DE La RROF.'ECAD, INDUSTRIAL combustion section of disposition 180 · θτ --- ΕΗ ~ ό · ί · &amp; 'ρ'θ sici ú 11

1800 it may include a stator 1815 that can electromagnetically interact with the translator 1814.

In the illustrated embodiments, bearing fluid 1874 is supplied to conduit 1870, to which conduit 1872 is connected through seal 1871. Seal 1871, as illustrated in Figure 18, may allow piston assembly 1810, including conduit 1872, travel around axis 1850, while maintaining a pressure seal between conduit 1870 and 1872. The interior of conduit 1872 is coupled to fluid passage 1875, located in port 1814, from which bearing fluid 1874 can flow into passage 1816. Passage 1816 supplies bearing fluid 1874 to bearing elements 1812 and

1813, from which bearing fluid 1874 flows to fluid bearings within the gap between piston assembly 1810 and cylinder 1820. In some embodiments (not shown), conduit 1870, conduit 1872, or both. They can be flexible to allow relative movement. For example, in some embodiments (not shown), conduit 1870 may be a flexible hose connected directly to conveyor 1814 through a suitable hose installation (eg, and therefore need not include conduit 1872).

The figure shows

<img file="MX354585B_D0021.tif" />

cross-sectional view of an illustrative 1900 arrangement of ..... a piston assembly

1910 and a 1920 cylinder, with bearing elements 1912 and 1913 and a valve

1970, according to some modalities of the present description.

Piston surface

1902 may contact a gas conductor section) of arrangement 1900, while piston surface 1904 may contact a combustion section of arrangement 1900. Arrangement 1900 may include a 1915 stator, which may interact electromagnetically with the 1914 translator.

In the illustrated embodiments, at least a portion of the 1976 gas source fluid is supplied to passage 1916 as bearing fluid through valve 1970 (eg, as shown by arrow 1974), located on the piston surface 1902. Valve 1970 may include an active or passive valve, or other open device, that provides control of fluid flow in one or more directions. For example, valve 1970 may include a reed valve, a ball valve, a needle valve, a ball check valve, a diaphragm check valve, a static flow restriction within a conduit that provides different resistances for different flow directions, any other valve

<img file="MX354585B_D0022.tif" />

suitable, an electronic controller or other si'S'tem

<img file="MX354585B_D0023.tif" />

active positioning, any other device · '“¿5 deenadOv or any combination thereof.

Passage 1916 supplies bearing fluid 1974 to bearing elements 1912 and 1913, from which bearing fluid flows to fluid bearings within the gap between the 1910 piston assembly and the 1920 cylinder. In some embodiments , valve 1970 may be a check valve. Accordingly, as piston assembly 1910 moves along axis 1950, and as fluid is supplied and / or withdrawn from gas source 1876 through ports 1990 (eg, which may include one or more valves), the pressure in the 1976 gas source can reach the cracking pressure, and the fluid can flow through valve 1970 into passage 1916. The cracking pressure of valve 1970 can be any suitable value and, in some embodiments, can be actively adjustable. In some embodiments, valve 1970 can be actively controllable, and flow in either direction can be controlled by controlling an orifice or other flow restriction of valve 1970.

In some embodiments, the bearing element may be an integral part of the piston. For example, the piston may have a collection of machined passages and holes that provide the bearing fluid to a

<img file="MX354585B_D0024.tif" />

clearance space.

one. . .I

In some of such modal'idá'des; 5th piston may, but not necessarily, ger p'a'rt'e * '' ch? · '..... tffl piston assembly. The bearing element may include a graphite element, a metal element with machined characteristics, a sintered metal element, a porous ceramic element, a non-porous ceramic element, any other suitable element of a suitable material, or any combination thereof. .

[Cylinder and / or Piston Temperature Management]

In some embodiments, the temperature of the piston (or its assembly), the cylinder, or both, can be controlled or otherwise managed. Managing the temperature of a piston (or its assembly) and / or a cylinder can help maintain or otherwise manage clearance, managing the thermal deformation of one or more components of a piston engine.

In some embodiments, one or more isothermal tubes can be used to affect heat transfer from the piston assembly. An isothermal tube may include a fluid conduit configured to aid heat transfer to and from, for example, the components of a piston engine. The piston surface of a piston assembly can experience high temperatures due to combustion. Using an isothermal tube can help transfer heat away from the piston surface, any other suitable portion of a

<img file="MX354585B_D0025.tif" />

INSTITUTO ME / iO ··. :: ·. EU LA; ATHOJA OR INC'.JSTAIAI.

<img file="MX354585B_D0026.tif" />

piston assembly, or any other suitable component, to reduce the component's operating temperature. For example, the isothermal tube can transfer heat from the surface of the piston to a heat receptacle such as a bearing element, a gap, a surface of the inside diameter of the cylinder, a piston rod cooled by a refrigerant, any another suitable heat receptacle, or any combination thereof.

An isothermal tube can include a fluid line, which can be filled with a suitable fluid such as, for example, water, ethanol, ammonia, sodium, or any other suitable fluid or mixture. The latent heat associated with a phase transition of the fluid is generally much greater than the sensible energy transfer due to a difference in temperature.

Additionally, the phase transition of the fluid can occur at a substantially constant or otherwise limited temperature (which may depend on pressure and any impurities present), which can help to reduce relatively large temperature gradients within the engine. piston. The isothermal tube can be arranged as part of the piston assembly, in thermal contact with the piston surface of the piston assembly. In some modes, the linear motion of an assembly

INSTITUTE 7 '. ·' I piston having an isothermal tube can help transport fluid within the isothermal tube, thus aiding heat transfer from the piston surface to a relatively cooler portion of the piston motor.

It will be understood that the phrase thermal contact between components will refer to the operational thermal transfer capacity between the components. For example, an isothermal tube can be arranged in contact with a piston surface, and can transfer heat from the piston surface and thus can come into direct thermal contact with the piston surface. In a further example, the isothermal tube can contact a piston stator, and the isothermal tube can transfer heat from the piston stator, which can transfer heat from the piston surface, and therefore the isothermal tube can contact indirect with the piston surface.

FIG. 20 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative 2010 piston assembly and 2020 cylinder of piston engine 2000, with an isothermal tube 2080 included as part of the piston assembly, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Isothermal tube 2080, which may be a tube or other fluid line, may include fluid 2082, which may undergo a '-u / AD V r ~' transition during operation of the p4rShfeé engine &lt;»- &lt;'- &gt; 3 ^ &amp; ü —.......... Xa heat transfer (shown by arrow 2024) can occur from combustion section 2030 to piston surface 2002 during engine operation. The thermal transfer (shown by arrow 2024) can also occur from the piston surface 2Ό2Ό? up to a portion 2084 of isothermal tube 2080, which can help reduce, maintain, or both, the temperature of piston surface 2020. Heat transfer within isothermal tube 2080 can occur from the portion

2084 from isothermal tube 2080 to portion 2086 of isothermal tube 2080. Portion 2086 can transfer heat to a portion of piston assembly 2010 away from piston surface 2002 such as, for example, the end of cylinder 2020 distal to section Combustion 2030 radially outward toward a bearing surface, into the clearance space, and then into the cylinder, where it can further be transferred, for example, through a coolant into a coolant passage. In a further example, isothermal tube 2080 can help transfer heat from combustion section 2024 to gas conductor section 2040 of cylinder 2020.

Figure 21 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly 2100 with an isothermal tube 2180 formed by a

<img file="MX354585B_D0027.tif" />

In accordance with some embodiments of the present desdiipcieit'sE1 piston assembly 2100 may include piston 2102, element 2110, stator 2150, bolt 2190, any other suitable component not shown in Figure 21, or any combination thereof. Piston assembly 2100 can be configured to fit the inside diameter of a cylinder of a piston engine, and can be configured to travel substantially along an axis on or near the center line of the inside diameter. Element 2110 may include (but is not shown) a bearing element (eg, with bearing passages), piston rings, a stator, any other suitable component, any other suitable feature, or any combination thereof. Fluid within isothermal tube 2180 can be filled, vented, or otherwise adjusted using port 2182, which may include a valve (eg, a check valve, or a shutoff valve), a plug, or other component. In some modalities, the 2180 insulated tube, with the port

2182, may have the ability to be filled, vented, or otherwise adjusted during operation of the piston motor.

In some embodiments, the 2180 isothermal tube, with port 2182, does not need to be capable of filling, ventilating, or otherwise adjusting during operation of the

<img file="MX354585B_D0028.tif" />

piston, and therefore can be adjusted while the piston motor is not running.

In some embodiments, multiple isothermal tubes may be included over the diameter close to the perimeter of a piston assembly to help transfer heat from the piston surface to the clearance space and to an inner cylinder wall. In an illustrative example, six to twelve isothermal tubes can be axially oriented, arranged at a diameter close to the perimeter of a piston assembly, although any suitable number of isothermal tubes can be used in such an annular arrangement. In some embodiments, an annular isothermal tube may be included in a piston assembly to help transfer heat to the clearance space. For example, the annular vacuum within the piston assembly can be filled with a suitable fluid and sealed during operation.

Figure 22 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston engine 2200 having a piston assembly 2210, and a cylinder 2220 having coolant passages 2222 and 2238 and isothermal tubes 2224, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the piston motor 2200 may include coolant passages 2222 to help control or otherwise limit the temperatures of one or more of the components of the piston motor 2200. Too

L · :. : · '· -'. . -.-, a temperature control can be used to control the size and / or the shape of the internal diameter of the cylinder ...... (eg controlling the thermal deformation), which can improve or otherwise adjust the characteristics of the passage from the explosion chamber to the crankcase and / or the performance of the bearing.

As illustratively shown in Figure 22, cylinder 2220 may include internal passages, fed by one or more ports, that can supply and return the refrigerant fluid, as shown by arrows 2230 and

2234, and the arrows

2232 and 2236, respectively. As shown, refrigerant passages 2222 and refrigerant passages 2238 include annular voids, although any suitable arrangement may be used in accordance with the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, a coolant such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, water, alcohol, air, any other suitable fluid, or ethylene glycol can be supplied

2222 and 2238.

any combination thereof (eg, diluted with water) to the refrigerant passages

In some embodiments (not shown), the 2200 piston motor can include a coolant subsystem that can include a pump, a radiator, a temperature regulator, a pressure regulator, fluid handling lines, any other suitable component, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, 2222 refrigerant passages and 2238 refrigerant passages

<img file="MX354585B_D0029.tif" />

IΜ ΡI

ÍNSTHDB 'Μcan be interconnected inside cylinder 2220, and therefore can be controlled as a crm ^ jnt: o''ÚTTr-c &lt;r -'- de-' '-'^:tickets. In some embodiments, the refrigerant passages 2222 and the refrigerant passages 2238 need not be interconnected within the cylinder 2220, and may be controlled separately. For example, in some embodiments, the refrigerant passages 2222 and the refrigerant passages can help selectively cool different zones of the cylinder 2220, and therefore each zone can be separately cooled. In an illustrative example, the control system can determine that the gap between piston assembly 2210 and cylinder 2220, when the piston is in combustion section 2270, is too large. Accordingly, the flow rate of the refrigerant supplied to the refrigerant passages 2222, relatively closer to the TDC than the refrigerant passages 2238, can be increased to cool the cylinder and reduce the inside diameter (through thermal contraction) and thus reduce the gap space. Any suitable number of separate refrigerant passages can be used to provide selective cooling, arranged in any suitable configuration, in accordance with the present disclosure. In some embodiments, cylinder 2220 may include one or more isothermal tubes 2224 to help control or otherwise limit

<img file="MX354585B_D0030.tif" />

temperatures of one or more of the 2200 piston engine components. One or more insulated tubes may be included

2224 in any suitable arrangement in cylinder 2220, and can include any isothermal tube fluid. For example, the one or more isothermal tubes 2224 may include multiple isothermal tubes arranged axially over a diameter centered at the center of the inside diameter of cylinder 2220. In a further example, the one or more isothermal tubes 2224 may include an annular void within the cylinder 2220. Isothermal tube ports 2226 may be used, in some embodiments, to supply, remove, or otherwise control fluid within one or more isothermal tubes 2224. For example, isothermal tube ports 2226 may include valves, regulators, ports, any other suitable feature or device, or any combination thereof, to control the properties of the one or more isothermal tubes 2224, or the fluid contained therein. In some embodiments, the refrigerant passages 2222 and / or the refrigerant passages 2238 may directly contact (not shown) with one or more isothermal tubes 224, and may provide relatively increased heat transfer from the one or more isothermal tubes 2224. Although refrigerant passages 2222 and 2238 and the one or more isothermal tubes 2224 are shown in Figure 22, some

INSΤi '!' C &lt;C: ·. ·; s &lt;, GZ:.,, CE LA &lt;· μ ·:?_;.ΛΟ modalities (not shown in Figure 22) can ^ i ^ iWclíñrr ^ -either cooling passages and one or more t ub oo — Iaofeé -r ~ -y · therefore it is not necessary to include both. The use of refrigerant passages 2222 and 2238 and one or more isothermal tubes 2224 together can provide, in some arrangements, improved heat transfer compared to the use of either alone. For example, heat can be transferred from the inside diameter of cylinder 2220 to the one or more isothermal tubes 2224 through the gap, and one or more isothermal tubes 2224 can transfer at least a portion of this heat to the coolant within the refrigerant passages 2222 and / or refrigerant passages 2238 (eg, heat transfer may include conduction through a portion of cylinder 2220).

In some embodiments, the fluid supplied to any of the ports 2250 can be used to cool the piston assembly 2210, or portions thereof. For example, heat from the piston surface of piston assembly 2210 can be transported to a piston rod of piston assembly 2210, and fluid supplied to either port 2250 can convectively cool the piston rod of piston assembly 2210.

In some embodiments, fluid bearings

<img file="MX354585B_D0031.tif" />

can help cool the piston assembly /¹'he, cl.li its components, any other suitable piston engine component, or any combination thereof. The bearing fluid can be supplied to a bearing element, which can direct the bearing fluid into a suitable clearance space of a piston-cylinder assembly. The bearing fluid can help cool at least a portion of the piston-cylinder assembly as it flows through the clearance space. In some embodiments, the bearing fluid can flow substantially away from the combustion section through the gap, and consequently can transport heat away from the combustion section thus reducing the temperature of one or more of the engine components. piston. In some embodiments, convection of the bearing fluid through the clearance space of a piston motor can increase the effective heat transfer rate between the piston surface and another portion of the piston and / or cylinder assembly. In some embodiments, one or more isothermal tubes can be included in a piston assembly having a bearing element. The one or more isothermal tubes can help keep the bearing element, or a portion of its bearing element, nearly isothermal, which can help control thermal expansion and associated changes in clearance space. In some modalities, the use of one or more isothermal tubes, refrigerant passages, bearing, any other suitable component, U¹ Any combination of these can help maintain or otherwise manage clearance, managing the thermal deformation of one or more components of a piston engine.

Cylinder Lining

In some embodiments, the clearance space between a free piston and a cylinder can be controlled or otherwise managed.

In some embodiments, a deformable cylinder liner can be used to adjust the clearance gap by adjusting the inside diameter at which the piston assembly moves. In some embodiments, a coating fluid can be used to apply pressure to the deformable cylinder liner, which can deform based on the pressure difference between the cylinder liner surfaces. The coating fluid can include, for example, water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, oil, hydraulic fluid, fuel (eg, diesel fuel), any other suitable fluid, or any suitable combination thereof.

Figure 23 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly 2310 and a cylinder 2320, with a deformable cylinder liner 2330, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The inside surface of the deformable cylinder liner 2330 can define an inside diameter, at which the piston assembly 2310, or a portion thereof, can translate along axis 2350 at the center of the inside diameter. Passages 2322 can be formed between cylinder 2320 and deformable cylinder liner 2330, to which the coating fluid can be supplied and / or returned through ports 2324. The coating fluid, controlled at a suitable pressure can impart a force deformable to the deformable cylinder liner 2330, allowing the internal diameter to be adjusted accordingly.

The gap space

2360 between inside diameter and piston assembly

2310 it can be adjusted accordingly by applying the coating fluid at a suitable pressure. Increasing the pressure of the coating fluid (eg, supplying the coating fluid to the passages

2322 through one or more ports 2324) can reduce the ID and clearance 2360 while decreasing the pressure of the coating fluid (eg, removing the coating fluid from passages 2322 through one or more ID) and gap space 2360.

Figure 24 shows a cross-sectional view of the illustrative piston assembly 2310 and cylinder 2320 of Figure 23, with the

<img file="MX354585B_D0032.tif" />

L &lt;._ 'and · iil' i, '* ·' &lt;. 4 deformable cylinder liner 2330 experiencing rfraüT © ñ^{, L},'⁴ⁱi ± e '· according to some modalities of the present description.

The pressure of the coating fluid is larger in passages 2322 as shown in Figure 24 relative to that shown in Figure 23, and therefore the gap 2460 is relatively smaller than the gap 2360.

Figure 25 shows a cross sectional view of an illustrative piston assembly 2510 and a cylinder 2520, with a sectional deformable cylinder liner 2530, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The inside surface of the deformable cylinder liner 2530 can define an inside diameter at which the piston assembly 2550, or a portion thereof, can translate along axis 2550 at the center of the inside diameter. Passages 2522 and 2523 can be formed between cylinder 2520 and deformable cylinder liner 2530, which can be separated by a seal 2532. The coating fluid can be supplied to and / or returned from passages 2522 and 2523 through ports 2524 and ports 2525, respectively, which may, but may not, be isolated from each other. Coating fluid, controlled at adequate pressure, can impart cylinder

IK or ϊ

J-Á. jl ύ '&gt; 1 J ... 1L INSTITUTO MEXICANO PE LA PLGWEOAD INOUSTKIAL a deformation force to the coating

<img file="MX354585B_D0033.tif" />

deformable 2530, allowing the inside diameter in each section (ie, the portion of the inside diameter corresponding to passages 2522 or 2523) to be adjusted accordingly.

In some embodiments, the pressure of the coating fluid can be controlled based at least in part on the pressure within a suitable ID section, because the deformation of the deformable cylinder liner 2530 may depend on the differential pressure between the fluid coating and inner diameter. The clearance gap 2560 between the inside diameter and the piston assembly 2510 can be adjusted accordingly by applying the coating fluid at a suitable pressure. The gap gap can vary in the axial direction (ie, parallel to axis 2550), because the gap gap corresponding to each of passages 2522 and 2523 can be adjusted independently. For example, in some embodiments, as the piston 2512 travels through a section of the deformable cylinder liner 2530, the clearance can be adjusted in that section. Increasing the pressure of the coating fluid (eg, supplying the coating fluid to passages 2522 and / or 2523 through one or more of the respective ports 2524 and / or 2525) can reduce the internal diameter and clearance of 2560 gap in one or more locations while decreasing coating fluid pressure (eg, mediating 5Ί ”Τ5ΐ1τσ * Ί16Τ 'coating fluid from passages 2522 and / or 2523 through one or more of ports 2524 and / or 2525 respectively) may increase the bore and clearance space 2560 at one or more locations .

Figure 26 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative 2600 piston engine, with a deformable cylinder liner.

2630, according to some modalities of the present description.

Passages 2622 can be formed between cylinder 2620 and deformable cylinder liner

2630, to which the coating fluid can be supplied and / or returned through ports 2624. The coating fluid, controlled at a suitable pressure, can impart a deformation force to the deformable cylinder liner 2630, allowing adjustment of the bore. in consecuense. In the illustrated embodiment, ports 2626 (eg, which can provide fuel and / or air, or receive discharge) can be located outside of deformable cylinder liner 2630 to eliminate the need for ports or other openings in deformable cylinder liner 2630. . Adjustment of the clearance gap between the piston assembly 2610 and the deformable cylinder liner 2630 can be accomplished by adjusting the pressure of the lining fluid in the passages 2622.

<img file="MX354585B_D0034.tif" />

INSTITUTO MCXIC / DE LA PkO? Lf!

iND JSLE

In some embodiments, the loose-from-i * -fluid-from-coating can be used to provide cooling for the deformable cylinder liner. For example, a pressure controlled and flow controlled coating fluid can be used to provide convective heat transfer away from the deformable cylinder liner (eg, near the combustion section) towards the coating fluid. Cooling with the use of a coating fluid can be used in concert with, or instead of, cooling with the use of cooling passages and / or isothermal tubes (eg, as shown in Figure 22).

Figure 27 shows a cross-sectional view (normal to ID axis) of a portion of the illustrative 2700 piston engine, with localized coolant passages 2752 and 2754, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The cylinder 2720 of the 2700 piston engine may include one or more chambers of

<td>overpressure</td><td>2724 and one or more regulators 2726. In some</td>

<td>modalities,</td><td>regulated fluid can flow from one or more</td>

<td>cameras</td><td>2722 overpressure through one or more</td>

<td>regulators</td><td>2724 to the refrigerant passages 2752,</td>

<td>configured</td><td>to cool region 2732 (eg, as</td>

shown by illustrative arrows in the passages

ΪΚ, ·, from refrigerants 2752).

In

-! - '· JÁ. Jj. -Λ1 (.

ΤΟυΤΟ MEXICANO ii .. ·., Jjzq: jad some modalities *, 'el^L regulated fíuicló can flow one or more camera aes'bKT5ptüS^,Í6Tf '

2722 through one or more regulators 2726 into refrigerant passages 2754 configured to cool region 2734 (eg, as shown by illustrative arrows in refrigerant passages 2754. The one or more regulators 2724 and 2726 may each include a fixed flow restriction, an adjustable flow restriction port, a controllable regulating valve, any other suitable fluid regulating feature, or any combination thereof. The one or more 2724 regulators and

2726 they can cause a reduction in the pressure of the regulated fluid, which can also result in a reduction in the temperature and / or the enthalpy of the regulated fluid.

The reduced temperature and / or enthalpy of the fluid can improve heat transfer from the 2720 cylinder bore (eg, the illustrated bore diameter configured to accommodate the piston assembly

2710). In some embodiments, refrigerant passages 2752 and 2754 may include tubular conduits, manifolds, or other flow direction components to provide regulated fluid flow from one or more regulators 2724 and 2726 to a localized spatial region of cylinder 2720, and then return the fluid to a fluid control system (eg, which can include a line of ιτκ · «· η include any number

T Μ n -r

MEXICAN INSTITUTE

OF THE RROPIED. · .U

INDUSTRIAL

The 2700 piston motor may of suitable 2722 overpressure chambers, which may, but not necessarily, be interconnected.

For example, overpressure chambers

2722 may include multiple overpressure chambers, each separately controllable to provide selective cooling to localized spatial regions of cylinder 2720. In a further example, overpressure chambers 2722 may include a single overpressure chamber, which may be coupled to multiple regulators to provide selective cooling to localized spatial regions of cylinder 2720. The multiple regulators can be controlled separately, or otherwise have unique flow restriction properties to control the cooling of the one or more localized spatial regions of the 2720 cylinder. In some embodiments, cooling of the 2720 cylinder using a regulated fluid may allow control of cylinder temperature and clearance between cylinder 2720 and piston assembly. In some embodiments, direct or indirect measurement of the ID diameter geometry (eg, size, shape, or both) can be used by the control system to control cooling by means of localized cooling passages 2752 and 2754. For example , higher operating temperatures can be expected

<img file="MX354585B_D0035.tif" />

, 1 ί

near combustion section 2730, zeroa ^ se-i — and an inr.rsTnpntadn cooling to 1 a_xsgi ήη ... 2732 can be provided to limit the temperature field. In a further example, in some circumstances, decreased cooling can be provided to region 2732 to increase the corresponding inside diameter and associated clearance space. Increases or decreases in cooling can be provided by increasing or decreasing the regulating action of a regulator, adjusting the temperature of the regulated fluid, adjusting the flow rate of the regulated fluid, any other suitable setting, or any combination thereof. The regulated fluid can include any suitable refrigerant fluid, which can be a liquid or a gas. For example, the regulated fluid can include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, water, alcohol, air, any other suitable fluid, or any combination thereof (eg, ethylene glycol diluted with water). The 2720 cylinder may include any suitable 2770 port to supply or remove fluid (eg, air, fuel, discharge, or combinations thereof) from suitable sections of the 2700 piston engine.

Figure 28 shows a cross-sectional view (parallel to the axis of the ID) of a portion of an illustrative piston engine 2800, with localized coolant passages 2826, according to some

<img file="MX354585B_D0036.tif" />

modalities of the present description. Piston engine 2800 can include a cylinder 2820 having an overpressure chamber 2822. Cylinder 2820 can include an inside diameter configured to accommodate piston assembly 2810, configured to move substantially linearly in a direction substantially parallel to the cross product of vectors 2850 and 2860. Although not shown as an annular overpressure chamber in Figure 28, overpressure chamber 2822 can include any suitable form of conduit, arranged to provide any suitable flow path. Coolant can flow through regulators 2824, to localized coolant passages 2826 to cool the corresponding spatial regions of cylinder 2820. In the illustrated embodiment, the refrigerant flows radially inward from regulators 2824 (as shown by the four arrows pointing radially inward in Figure 28) and then flows in a direction given by the vector cross product of vector 2850 with vector 2860 (2850 x 2860 is toward the plane of Figure 28). The return flow path of the refrigerant is not shown in Figure 28, and may include radial, axial, or both flow paths. In some embodiments, regulators 2824 can create jets of fluid in localized fluid passages 2826, which can collide with

IΜ ΡI tNST'Yu'i or MEXiCA&gt; · &lt;) '*^!^*’*^r «Γ ^ut the spatial region of cylinder 2820 resulting in relatively convective heat transfer! 'tYIüY'e'ifien'tSdí ”in that region. Although shown as having four symmetrical 2826 coolant passages located in Figure 28, the 2800 piston motor can include any suitable number of localized coolant passages, arranged in any suitable symmetrical or asymmetric configuration, at any suitable axial location, and coupled to any number suitable from overpressure chambers or other cooling sources.

Figure 29 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an illustrative 2900 piston engine, with localized heating sources including the heaters 2922, 2923, 2924, 2925, 2926, and

2927, according to some modalities of the present description. Each of the 2922, 2923, 2924, 2925, 2926, and 2927 electric heaters may include one or more electrical advances used by a suitable control system to control voltage, current, electrical energy, or combinations thereof, supplied to heaters. For example, electric heaters 2922 and 2923 can be used separately or in concert to provide heating to region 2932 near combustion section 2930 (eg, to increase clearance between cylinder 2920 and piston assembly).

2910). In a further example, heaters' 9A ^ l ^ t &amp; ¿QQ¡í&gt; * 2924, 2925, 2926, and 2927 can be used to slow down corresponding regions 2934 and 2936. Localized heating sources, such as electric heaters, can be used to provide relatively rapid thermal control of one or more spatial regions of a cylinder. In some embodiments, direct or indirect measurement of inside diameter geometry (eg, size, shape, or both) can be used by a control system to control localized heating sources. For example, each of the 2922, 2923, 2924, 2925, 2926, and 2927 electric heaters can be separately controlled by a control system, in response to temperature, pressure, gap clearance, chamber pitch property crankcase explosion, thermal load interaction, any other suitable indicator, or any combination thereof, detected. Cylinder 2920 may include any port 2970 suitable for supplying or removing fluid (eg, air, fuel, discharge, or combinations thereof) from suitable 2900 piston engine sections.

Figure 30 shows a cross sectional view of a portion of an illustrative piston motor 3000, including fluid passages 3022 and 3024, which can be used to heat, cool, or both, according

<img file="MX354585B_D0037.tif" />

MUKW INSTITUTE -. · 'J

OF THE PKOrtiF.AU, ^z íwíaVSJ * '' · '----- with some modalities of the present description. In some modalities, the heating fluidLU ',¹ The rain ~ I have cooling, or both, can be supplied to fluid passages 3022 and 3024, which may be, but are not necessarily, interconnected. For example, fluid can be supplied to or removed from fluid passages 3022 and 3024 as shown by the four arrows in Figure 30 (eg, for annular fluid passages having supply and return ports). In some embodiments, fluid passages 3022 and 3024 can be localized sources of heating. For example, fluid passages 3022 and 3024 can be controlled separately to provide heating to respective regions 3032 and 3034. Fluid passages 3022 or 3024 can provide heating by acting as a conduit for a heating fluid, which may include, for example, pre-heated coolant, discharge fluid (eg, hot combustion products from the combustion section), any other suitable heating fluid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, fluid passages 3022 and 3024 can be used to both heat and cool the spatial regions of cylinder 3020. For example, heating fluid can be supplied to fluid passages 3022 to increase the temperature of region 3032 ( eg, to increase the inside diameter and

-V-HJWJÍO INSTITUTE ·. 'i

Gives LA rKOl-MaVuJ H · «.r '·. ·· ··' ·, · -. and as long as the cooling fluid ^

<img file="MX354585B_D0038.tif" />

clearance space) supplied to fluid passages 3 0 2 4p 3 easy¹ 'd iSffl ± Tra'hr * t8 ~ 3034 region temperature (eg, to decrease inside diameter and clearance space). In a further example, heating fluid or coolant can be supplied to fluid passageways 3022 depending on the determination of the control system. Cylinder 3020 may include any port 3070 suitable for supplying or withdrawing fluid (eg, air, fuel, discharge, or combinations thereof) from suitable piston motor 3000 sections.

In some embodiments, the cylinder may be configured to undergo thermal deformation corresponding to, or change in, a controlled temperature of the cylinder, such as, for example, those described in the context of Figures 22 and 27 to 30. A temperature controlled or change thereof, may correspond to a localized spatial region of the cylinder. The use of a refrigerant, a heating fluid, a regulated fluid, an electric resistance heater, any other suitable component or feature to control temperature, or any combination thereof may allow the control system to control one or more properties. of the piston engine such as, for example, the clearance gap.

- 67 Τ 4 '' f,&gt; .- iNSTinnc

OF THE γΜΟΗΕ'Ά ^ industrial

Combination of Procedures

I

In some embodiments, two or more of the above procedures can be combined.

Self-centering features, fluid bearings, isothermal tubes, coolant passages, deformable cylinder liners, and any other suitable features or components may be suitably combined in the implementation of the piston motor in accordance with the present disclosure.

For example, Figure 31 shows a perspective view of a portion of an illustrative piston assembly 3100 having a seal 3104, a fluid bearing element 3108, and a self-centering feature 3106, in accordance with some embodiments of the present description. The 3100 piston assembly can include a 3102 piston surface, a 3104 seal, a 3106 self-centering feature, a fluid bearing element

3108, any other suitable component (not shown), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments (as shown), auto-center feature 3106 may be part of seal 3104. For example, seal 3104 may include auto-center feature 3106, which may be a machined rung or other suitable feature in the bearing element. In some embodiments (not shown), the auto-center feature 3106 may be part of the piston surface 3102. For example, the iMPie

INSTITUTO MEXICANO TÍ Dt LA FKOHEPAO INDUSTRIAL * self-centering feature 3106 may be a step, one or more slotted sockets, a feature portion included in the gas assembly supplied from any taper source, or other 3100 piston. Suitable fluid can be distributed within piston assembly 3100 through internal fluid passages (not shown) and can then flow through any suitable portion of fluid bearing element 3108 (shown as porous in Figure 31, but any suitable bearing element can be used).

In a further example, Figure 32 shows a cross-sectional view of an illustrative 3200 piston motor with a 3210 piston assembly having a bearing element 3214, a 3250 isothermal tube, and a self-centering feature 3212, and a cylinder 3230 having a deformable cylinder liner 3232 and refrigerant passages 3236, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Piston assembly 3210 can be configured to translate into bore created by deformable cylinder liner 3232, with clearance 3260. Application of a coating fluid, controlled at adequate pressure, can be supplied to passageway 3234, at through port 3233, to adjust clearance gap 3260. Bearing fluid can be supplied to passages 3218, and flow out

Iivi. .1 &lt;

INSTITUTO MU '-. · NO

FROM THE ΡΖΊΡΙ-.I. ' ·. ' and bearing element 3214 into clearance space 3260 to aid centering of the '72ΊΌ' piston assembly on eT bore. The 3212 auto-centering feature can assist in centering the 3210 piston assembly on the

<td>inside diameter.</td><td>Can</td><td>supply</td><td>a</td><td colspan="2">refrigerant</td>

<td>suitable to passages</td><td colspan="2">refrigerants 3236 in</td><td>the</td><td>cylinder</td><td> 3230</td>

<td>to remove heat</td><td>of the</td><td>cylinder 3230</td><td>or</td><td>servings</td><td>of the</td>

same. The 3250 isothermal tube, which has a fill port 3282, can help transfer heat away from the piston surface 3202 to another portion of the piston assembly 3210. Ports 3270 can be used to supply oxidant and / or fuel, to supply and / or remove the excitation gas, or to remove the discharge from a section of the cylinder. In some embodiments, the combination of one or more procedures may require one or more additional considerations. For example, in some embodiments, the piston assembly may include an auto-centering feature configured to provide self-centering force using the leak gas, and a bearing element configured to provide bearing fluid to the clearance space. . The self-centering feature may therefore require the flow of some of the leak gas along the gap to provide the self-centering force. Under some conditions, the flow of gas from the explosion chamber to the crankcase in the clearance space can affect the

T Μ Ό Ί ϊΝοΓίτυτο&gt; DE LA f

The performance of the element alternates the gap pattern. By flow of the bearing fluid accordingly, in some embodiments that have a bearing element behind the self-centering feature (relative to the combustion section), the leak gas can be routed away from the gap after traverse the portion of the gap space adjacent to the self-centering feature, but before entering the portion of the gap space adjacent to the bearing element.

In addition, in some arrangements, the bearing element may include a self-centering feature and a collection of holes for directing bearing fluid that can extend to the piston surface. Accordingly, in some such modalities, it is not necessary to use the leak gas routing from the gap. The previous examples may optionally apply to the gas conductor section in addition to or instead of a combustion section.

[Gap gap control and / or Other Properties]

In some embodiments, one or more aspects of the operation of a piston motor can be controlled or otherwise managed to affect the temperature, clearance, any other suitable property of the piston motor, or any combination thereof. In some modalities, the control ¡Ά í

INSTITUTE

OF THE

INJ'JiTXUl.

The temperature, pressure or other proper property of space management of a piston motor can help piston motor play. For example, relatively large temperature differences can cause deformation such as expansion of some components of a piston engine, which can affect clearance space. Control of temperature and / or field differences; to reduce deformation and by handling clearance space, clearance can include temperature management can help consequently can help

The handling of the space of any other suitable property that may affect the clearance space.

Figure 33 shows a block diagram of an illustrative control arrangement 33000 for a piston engine 3340, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. A control system 3310 can communicate with one or more sensors 3330 coupled to piston motor 3340. Control system 3310 can be configured to communicate with auxiliary systems 3320, which can be used to adjust aspects or properties of piston motor 3340. In some embodiments, the control system 3310 can be configured to interact with a user through a user interconnect system 3350.

The control system 3310 may include processing equipment 3312, a communications interconnect 3314, a sensor interconnect 3316, a

IMPI

MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF EROHEDITY

INDUSTRIAL

<img file="MX354585B_D0039.tif" />

3318 control interconnect, any other suitable component or module, or any combination thereof. The control system 3310 can be implemented at least partially in one or more computers, terminals, control stations, portable devices, modules, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the components of the 3310 control system can be communicatively coupled through a 3311 communication bus, as shown in

Figure 33.

Processing equipment 3312 may include a processor (eg, a central processing unit), an associated memory, a (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), any other suitable component, any combination thereof that can process information regarding the piston engine

3340, as received by the 3316 sensor interconnect from

Sensor interconnect

3316 it may include a power source to supply power to the 3330 sensor (s), a signal conditioner, a signal pre-processor, any other suitable component, or any combination thereof. For example, the sensor interconnect 3316 may include a filter, an amplifier, a sampler, and an analog-to-digital converter to condition and pre-process the signals from the 3330 sensor (s).

ΙΝίΤϊ:;: - /:.-..-¹.¾ sensor 3316 can communicate with the sensGrlesi 333fi ..'- a. · 'Through the communication link 3319,. than piipd.e ^^ Sjax ^ -. a ... wired connection (eg, using IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, or universal serial bus interconnection), a wireless link (eg, using IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth), an optical coupling, an inductive coupling, any other suitable coupling, or any combination thereof. Control system 3310, and more particularly processing equipment 3312, can be configured to provide control of piston motor 3340 over relevant time scales. For example, a change in one or more temperatures may be controllable in response to one or more detected engine operating parameters, and control may be provided on a time scale relevant to the operation of the piston engine (eg, a sufficiently Quick to prevent overheating and / or component failure).

The 3330 sensor (s) may include any suitable type of sensor, which can be configured to detect any suitable property or appearance of the 3340 piston motor. In some embodiments, the sensor (s) can ( n) include one or more sensors configured to detect a system aspect and / or property of the 3320 auxiliary systems. In some embodiments, the 3330 sensor (s) may (n) include a temperature sensor (eg, a thermocouple, a

TV'?·'

Jl. 1 Á. .ki; ·!

INSTiruTD Mü · O XQ D&gt; · LA F J-.OEÍÍI5AD X.

INOUSTRIAL resistance temperature detector, thermistor, or an optical temperature sensorf configured to detect the temperature of a component of the 3340 piston motor, a fluid introduced into or recovered from the 3340 piston motor, or both. In some embodiments, the 3330 sensor (s) may include one or more pressure sensors (eg, piezoelectric pressure transducers) configured to sense the pressure within a section of the 3340 piston motor (eg, a combustion section, or a gas conductor section), of the fluid introduced to or recovered from the 3340 piston engine, or both. In some embodiments, the 3330 sensor (s) may include one or more force sensors (eg, piezoelectric force transducers) configured to detect a force within the 3340 piston motor such as a tensile, compressive force or shear (eg, which may indicate information of a friction force or other relevant force). In some embodiments, the 3330 sensor (s) may include one or more current and / or voltage sensors (eg, an ammeter and / or a voltmeter coupled to a 3340 piston motor LEM) configured to detect the voltage, current, output and / or input of the thermal load (eg, current multiplied by voltage), any other suitable electrical properties of the 3340 piston motor and / or 3320 auxiliary systems, or any combination of the

<img file="MX354585B_D0040.tif" />

The 3318 control interconnect may include a ——iwí ·! -— —mi · ~ jt-Tctí-xn · wired connection (eg, using IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, or a universal serial bus interconnect), a wireless coupling (eg, used IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or other RF communication protocol), an optical coupling, an inductive coupling, any other suitable coupling, or any combination thereof, to communicate with one or more 3320 auxiliary systems. In some embodiments, the 3318 control interconnect may include a digital-to-analog converter to provide

<td>a control signal</td><td>analogous to</td><td>either or</td><td>everybody</td><td>the</td>

<td>auxiliary systems 3320</td><td> •</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>The systems</td><td>auxiliaries</td><td>3320 can</td><td>include</td><td>a</td>

<td colspan="2">cooling system 3322, a</td><td>system of</td><td>control</td><td>of</td>

pressure 3324, a gas conductor control system 3326, and / or any other suitable control system 3328. The 3322 cooling / heating system may include a pump, fluid reservoir, pressure regulator, passage, radiator, fluid lines, electrical power circuitry (eg, for electric heaters), any other suitable component, or any combination thereof to provide cooling, heating, or both to the 3340 piston motor. The 3324 pressure control system may include a pump, a compressor, a

<img file="MX354585B_D0041.tif" />

<img file="MX354585B_D0042.tif" />

INSTITUTO MEX'.CaK ·) OR £ INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY fluid reservoir, a pressure regulator, fluid lines, any other suitable component, or any combination thereof to supply (and optionally receive) a pressure controlled fluid to the engine e 3340 piston. The 3326 gas conductor system may include a compressor, a gas tank, a pressure regulator, fluid lines, any other suitable component, or any combination thereof to supply (and optionally receive) the excitation gas to the engine piston 3340. In some embodiments, another 3328 system may include a valve system such as, for example, a cam-operated system or a solenoid system for supplying oxidant and / or fuel to the 3340 piston engine.

The 3315 user interconnect may include a wired connection (eg, using IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, or a universal serial bus interconnect, a ring-toe-ring-seal type RCA connection), a wireless coupling (eg, using IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi , Infrared, or Bluetooth), an optical coupling, an inductive coupling, any other suitable coupling, or any combination thereof, to communicate with one or more 3350 User Interconnect Systems. The 3350 user interface systems can include a 3352 display, a 3354 keyboard, a 3356 mouse, a 3358 audio device, any other user interface device

<img file="MX354585B_D0043.tif" />

IMPI

INSTÍT'JT MEXICANO r?⁼. LA PkYí'YD'.U inqu .; Suitable, or any combination thereof, display 3352 may include a display screen such as, for example, a cathode ray tube screen, a liquid crystal display screen, a light emitting diode, a plasma display screen, any other suitable display screen that can -provide graphics, text, images or other visuals to a user, or any combination of screens thereof.

In some embodiments, display 3352 may include a touch screen, which can provide touch interaction with a user, for example, by offering one or more temporary commands on a display screen.

The visualizer

3352 can display any suitable information regarding the 3340 piston motor (eg, a timed series of a piston motor property

3340), the control system

3310, auxiliary systems 3320, the user interconnection system 3350, any other suitable information, or any combination thereof. The 3354 keyboard can include a QWERTY keyboard, a numeric keypad, any other collection of permanent command buttons, or any combination thereof. The 3356 mouse can include any suitable indicating device that can control a cursor or icon in the graphical user interface displayed on a display screen. The 3356 mouse can include a device

IΜ PI

INSTITUTO MEXICAN ·&gt; nr La l'KOZF.OÁ L. z .., INpUSTiUAL portable (eg, capable of moving in two or three dimensions), - one — a¹llTOTTadiΓΪ3 touch, any other suitable indicating device, or any combination thereof. Audio device 3358 may include a microphone, a speaker, headphones, any other device suitable for providing and / or receiving audio signals, or any combination thereof. For example, audio device 3358 may include a microphone, and processing equipment 3312 can process audio commands received through user interconnect 3315 caused by user speech to the microphone.

In some embodiments, the control system 3310 can be configured to provide manual control, receiving one or more user inputs. For example, in some embodiments, the 3310 control system may override the automatic control setting based on sensor feedback and based on a control signal to auxiliary system 3320 at one or more user inputs to the interconnect system. user 3350. In a further example, the user may enter a setpoint value for one or more control variables (eg, temperatures, pressures, flow rates, thermal load inlets / outlets, or other variables), and the control system 3310 can execute a control algorithm based on the value

<img file="MX354585B_D0044.tif" />

reference point.

In some modalities,

<img file="MX354585B_D0045.tif" />

MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY

<img file="MX354585B_D0046.tif" />

operating characteristics (eg, a collection of desired property values ​​of the 3340 piston motor or 3320 auxiliary systems) can be pre-defined by the manufacturer, the user, or both.

For example, particular operating characteristics can be stored in the memory of the processing equipment

3312 and they can be accessed to provide one or more control signals. In some embodiments, one or more of the operating characteristics can be changed by the user. The 3300 layout can be used to maintain, adjust, or otherwise manage those operating characteristics.

FIG. 34 is a flow diagram 3400 of illustrative steps for adjusting the clearance space of a piston engine, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Step 3402 may include detecting the gap gap indicator using sensor (s) 3330. The gap gap indicator can be the temperature (eg, of a coolant, heating fluid, cylinder, piston, or other component or portion of the itself), pressure, force, distance (eg, gap gap), thermal load interaction (eg, electromagnetic thermal load output), material (eg, chamber pitch of

<img file="MX354585B_D0047.tif" />

crankcase explosion or property thereof) adequate detectable property or any combination of J og.

themselves.

Sensor interconnect 3316 can receive, condition, and / or pre-process the gap gap indicator from sensor (s) 3330, and output a sensor signal to processing equipment 3312. In some embodiments , the gap clearance indicator can be stored and correlated with one or more piston motor operating conditions. For example, the cylinder temperature can be correlated with the fuel flow and stored as an expression or mathematical table. Accordingly, step 3402 may include detecting the one or more piston motor operating conditions, and recalling the stored cylinder temperature value, which can be used for further processing.

Step 3404 may include processing equipment

3312 determining a control response based at least in part on the detected gap gap indicator of step 3402. Processing equipment 3312 may receive the sensor signal from sensor interconnect 3316, and perform one or more of processing functions on the sensor signal. Processing functions may include entering the values ​​of the sensor signal into an equation or other mathematical expression, using the values

<img file="MX354585B_D0048.tif" />

L'J Ρ /.,-. 'Ίί'ΛΟ sensor signal in a lookup table u ^{, N}o £ rá^Ldata, any other processing admiaW 'or^,,“'Cfla.^,lqul.'eT combination of the same. Processing equipment 3312 can determine a control response based on the output of the one or more processing functions. For example, a calculated value can be compared to a predefined threshold to determine an adequate control response. In a further example, one or more calculated values ​​can be entered into a control algorithm (eg, a proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm (PID) and one or more values ​​of the control signal can be determined.

Step 3406 may include processing equipment 3312 that provides a control signal, based at least in part on the determined control response of step 3404, to one or more auxiliary systems 3320, using control interconnect 3318. The control signal may be an analog signal, a digital signal, or a combination thereof (eg, an analog signal with a digital timing signal), which may be provided as an electrical signal (eg, using wired cables), a electromagnetic signal (eg, using IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth receivers / transmitters), an optical signal (eg, using fiber optic cables), an inductive signal (eg, using suitable conductive coils) or other suitable signal type.

<img file="MX354585B_D0049.tif" />

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<img file="MX354585B_D0050.tif" />

Step 3408 may include the one or more auxiliary systems 3320 that received the control signal in step 3406 by adjusting the clearance, or other property, of the piston motor 3340. The one or more auxiliary systems 3320 can adjust the pressure, temperature, flow rate, flow path, current, voltage, electric power, make any other suitable adjustments, or any combination thereof based on the control signal provided. As shown by the dotted arrow in Figure 34, any or all of steps 3402 to 3408 may be repeated to allow closed loop control. In some embodiments, an open-loop procedure can be used, in which step 3402 can be omitted (but not necessarily), and steps 3404 to 3408 are performed without a loop.

In some arrangements, the temperature field of a cylinder and / or a piston assembly, or the fluid contained therein, of a piston engine can be a primary and convenient indicator of a gap gap, and the temperature field it can accordingly be actively adjusted to adjust clearance and clearance. In an illustrative example, step 3402 may include detecting a temperature such as, for example, the cylinder temperature or the temperature of the coolant (eg, of the coolant provided to the coolant passages of the

<img file="MX354585B_D0051.tif" />

ΓΝΐΤΙτί ιτη, \, '· &lt;Ζ cylinder of a piston engine). Step 34fi'4'Lpu.ede includes determining how to adjust the payg mantpnep temperature field or otherwise managing clearance space, while step 3406 may include providing the corresponding control signal to the appropriate auxiliary system. For example, the cylinder temperature can be increased by reducing the flow rate of the refrigerant, which can increase the clearance space through thermal expansion. In a further example, the cylinder temperature can be decreased by increasing the flow rate of the coolant, which can decrease the clearance space through · thermal contraction. In a further example, the flow of the refrigerant or heating fluid in more than one set of fluid passages can be adjusted to control the temperature field of the zones of a cylinder (eg, see Figure 22). Referring to the previous examples, the flow of the coolant or heating fluid can be adjusted by adjusting, for example, the flow control valve, the pump rotation speed, the bypass flow control valve, the pressure regulator , any other suitable control device to control the flow rate, or any combination thereof, based on the control signal from step 3406. In a further illustrative example, step 3402 may include detecting a temperature such as, for example, the tube temperature.

<img file="MX354585B_D0052.tif" />

<img file="MX354585B_D0053.tif" />

NU INSTITUTE:.:

<td>isothermal</td><td>DE Ló P / ÍC'F '·. ·. and '·. 'i. (eg, the temperature of the isothermal tube or</td>

<td>fluid from</td><td>insulated tube in it) inside the cylinder</td>

of a piston engine. Step 3404 may include determining how to adjust the temperature field to maintain or otherwise manage clearance, while steps 3406 may include providing the corresponding control signal to the appropriate auxiliary system. For example, the temperature of the isothermal tube can be increased by increasing the pressure of the fluid inside the tube

<td>isothermal</td><td>(eg, adding fluid to the isothermal tube, or</td>

<td>reducing</td><td>the volume of the isothermal tube), which can</td>

increase clearance space. In a further example, the temperature of the isothermal tube can be decreased by decreasing the pressure of the isothermal tube (eg, withdrawing fluid from the isothermal tube, or increasing the volume of the isothermal tube), which can decrease the clearance space. With reference to the previous example, the properties of

<td>a fluid</td><td>inside the isothermal tube (eg, which has a</td>

<td>port of</td><td>fluid, or other adjustable feature) can</td>

<td>conform,</td><td>for example, adjusting the control valve</td>

<td>flow the</td><td>pressure regulator, check valve,</td>

any other suitable control device to control the pressure of the isothermal tube and a suitable fluid port included in the isothermal tube, or any combination of

<td>the same,</td><td>based on the control signal from step 3406.</td>

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W-IDUSTUlni. --- Figure 35 is a flow diagram 3500 of illustrative steps for adjusting one or more "features" of a piston engine, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

In some modes, a gap indicator can be detected using

3330.

Sensor interconnect 3317 can receive a raw signal from sensor (s) 3330 and provide a sensor signal to processing equipment 3312.

For example, the stage

3502 it may include detecting the cylinder temperature of the 3340 piston engine using a temperature sensor such as a thermocouple positioned in contact with or near a portion of the cylinder (eg, near the combustion section).

In some circumstances, increased cylinder temperatures may indicate insufficient cooling that can affect clearance space. In a further example, step 3504 may include piston temperature of piston motor 3340 detecting the

<td>using</td><td>a</td><td>sensor</td><td>Of temperature</td><td>such</td><td colspan="2">like a thermocouple</td>

<td>positioned</td><td>in</td><td colspan="2">contact with or near</td><td>of</td><td>A portion of</td><td>a</td>

<td>Assemble</td><td>of</td><td>piston</td><td>(eg, close</td><td>of</td><td>the surface</td><td>of</td>

<td>piston).</td><td>In</td><td>some</td><td>circumstances,</td><td colspan="2">the temperatures</td><td>of</td>

They may indicate insufficient increased piston cooling that can affect clearance. In a further example, step 3506 may include detecting the

<img file="MX354585B_D0054.tif" />

MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY fluid temperature (eg

a coolant, a heating fluid, or a discharge, which can be supplied to or recovered from the piston motor 3340) from the piston motor 3340 using a temperature sensor such as a thermocouple positioned in contact with or near the fluid (eg, inserted into a fluid line using a suitable metering port). For example, in some circumstances, increased coolant temperatures may indicate insufficient cooling that can affect clearance space. In a further example, step 3507 may include detecting the pressure of a combustion section, a gas conductor section, a gap, a coolant, a heating fluid, any other fluid from the 3340 piston engine, or any combination thereof using a pressure sensor such as a piezoelectric transducer positioned in contact with or near the refrigerant (eg, inserted into a conduit using a suitable measurement port). In a further example, step 3508 may include detecting friction between components of piston motor 3340 using a force sensor between components of piston motor 3340 using a force sensor such as a piezoelectric transducer and / or a pressure sensor. temperature such as a thermocouple positioned in contact with or near the component interconnect. In some circumstances,

<img file="MX354585B_D0055.tif" />

the increased effect of friction (eg £ üe'rz.a friction, or the heat generated by friction) may indicate._tinsufficient clearance space. In a further example, step 3509 may include detecting one or more clearance space properties of a 3340 piston engine. The one or more properties may include the thickness of the gap (eg, using a proximity sensor such as an induction sensor), the asymmetry of the gap (eg, using multiple proximity sensors such as induction sensors), the temperature of the passage from the explosion chamber to the crankcase (eg, using a temperature sensor), the pressure of the passage from the explosion chamber to the crankcase (eg, using a pressure sensor), a composition for passing from the explosion chamber to the crankcase (eg, using a gas sensor such as an optical absorption sensor) and other suitable properties or any combination thereof. In a further example, step 3510 may include detecting a 3340 piston motor thermal load interaction using an electromagnetic sensor (eg, a voltmeter, anemometer, or energy meter), a pressure transducer (eg, to detect the pressure to calculate the effective mean pressure (MEP) such as the indicated MEP, the brake MEP, and / or the friction MEP), or another suitable sensor, to provide an indication of the clearance space. In some circumstances,

<img file="MX354585B_D0056.tif" />

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MIXED PROPERTY INSTITUTE the requirements of a thermal load output will reduce an increased thermal load input “puKdé'ñ lflUiüáf U'Il 'insufficient and / or excessive clearance space.

Step 3512 may include processing equipment

3312 which determines the control response based at least in part on any or all of the detected gap space indicators of steps 3502, 3504,

3506, 3508, and

3510. Processing equipment 3312 can receive the sensor signal from sensor interface 3316, and perform one or more processing functions on the sensor signal.

Processing functions may include entering the sensor signal values ​​into an equation or other mathematical expression, using the sensor signal values ​​in a lookup table or other database, any other suitable processing, or any combination of the themselves.

Processing equipment

3312 You can determine the control response based on the output of the one or more processing functions. For example, the calculated value can be compared to a predefined threshold to determine the appropriate control response. In a further example, one or more calculated values ​​can be entered into a control algorithm (eg, a control algorithm

PID), and one or more control signal values ​​can be determined.

Step 3514 may include processing equipment

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3312 which provides a control signal in bad ^ ST'-minus-in 'part to the determined control response ^ do 13- · β ^ ρΒ- · 351Β7 to one or more auxiliary systems 3320, using the control interconnect 3318 . The control signal may be an analog signal, a digital signal, or a combination thereof (eg, an analog signal with a digital timing signal), which may be provided as an electrical signal (eg, using wired cables), a electromagnetic signal (eg, using IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth receivers / transmitters), an optical signal (eg, using fiber optic cables), an inductive signal (eg, using suitable conductive coils) or other suitable signal type.

In some embodiments, the control signal from step 3514 can be received by one or more auxiliary systems

3320, which can adjust the clearance gap, or other property, of the piston motor

3340.

For example, as shown by step 3516, the stage control signal

3514 can be received by the cooling / heating system

3322 which can adjust the temperature of a coolant or heating fluid.

The 3322 cooling / heating system may include a thermostat or other temperature regulating device, which can adjust the temperature of the coolant or heating fluid provided to the 3340 piston engine in the

<img file="MX354585B_D0057.tif" />

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INSTITUTE MFXfC'.NQ I heard Μ? ΊΟ · ρ; Ε!; ΛΩ step 3516 according to the control signal.

additional, step 3516 may include 'Ull ¹ 3322 cooling / heating alternator that adjusts one or more of the regulating properties to control the temperature of the regulated fluid. In a further example, as shown by step 3518, the control signal from step 3514 can be received by cooling / heating system 3322, which can adjust the flow rate of the cooling or heating fluid. The cooling / heating system 3322 may include a flow regulator (eg, a metering valve or orifice), which can adjust the flow rate of the cooling or heating fluid provided to the 3340 piston motor in step 3518 in accordance with the control signal. In a further example, step 3518 may include a cooling / heating system 3322 that adjusts one or more regulating properties to control the flow rate of the regulated fluid. In a further example, as shown by step 3520, the control signal from step 3514 can be received by cooling / heating system 3322, which can adjust the flow path of a cooling or heating fluid in step 3520 The 3322 cooling / heating system may include one or more valves, regulators, or other flow control devices that can direct and control the flow rate of the coolant or

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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF PROPERTY heating provided to the JWOac piston engine

<img file="MX354585B_D0058.tif" />

from one or more fluid passages, control water. In a further example, as shown by step 3522, the control signal from step 3514 can be received by pressure control system 3324, which can adjust one or more properties of the isothermal tube in step 3522. The 3324 pressure control system may include one or more valves and a fluid reservoir and can adjust the fluid pressure within the isothermal tube of the 3340 piston motor (eg, supplying or removing fluid from the isothermal tube), in accordance with the control signal. In a further example, as shown by step 3524, the control signal from step 3514 can be received by pressure control system 3324, which can adjust the pressure and / or flow of the coating fluid to a coating of 3340 piston engine deformable cylinder. The pressure control system 3324 can include one or more valves, pumps and a fluid reservoir and can adjust the pressure and / or the flow rate of the coating fluid, and therefore the deformation of the deformable cylinder liner of the engine of piston 3340 (eg, increasing or decreasing the pressure in the liner passages) in step 3524, according to the control signal. In a further example, as shown by step 3526, the control signal from step 3514 may

<img file="MX354585B_D0059.tif" />

<img file="MX354585B_D0060.tif" />

received by another 3328 system, which can ^LajíLS ^; a $ properties of the 3340 piston motor. The system 3328 can include any suitable component to achieve the adjustment of the one or more properties of the 3340 piston motor in the step 3526, based at least in part on the signal of control. For example, the other system 3328 may include power electronics configured to supply electrical power to one or more electrical resistance heaters incorporated in the piston motor 3340, and step 3526 may include adjusting the voltage, current, or both, supplied to electric resistance heaters.

Any of the illustrative steps in flowcharts 3400 to 3500 may be combined with other steps, omitted, rearranged, or otherwise altered in accordance with the present disclosure.

The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this disclosure and various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The modalities described above are presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation. The present description may also take many different forms from those explicitly described herein. Accordingly, it is emphasized that this description is not limited to the methods, systems and apparatus explicitly described, but is intended to include

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ÍÜ ^ Tj ·; ··:! ο MF.XiC'AHO variations and modifications thereof, which are within the spirit of the following reí vi ndi cari nnp.s.

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