Anisotropy processing in low angle wells.
Abstract
A method for recording underground formations penetrated by a well hole includes measuring electromagnetic properties of the formations by the use of electromagnetic fields having a magnetic dipole axis parallel to a register tool axis. The electromagnetic properties of the formations are also measured by the use of electromagnetic fields that have a magnetic dipole axis oblique to the axis of the recording tool. A horizontal resistivity of the formations is determined from the parallel dipole axis measurements. A vertical resistivity, formation layer limits and a deep angle of the formations are determined from the oblique dipole axis measurements.

Term
No projected expiry on record.
- Priority
- Filed
- Granted
- Today
19 claims: 16 independent, 3 dependent
- 1CLAIMS TONS REIVINDICAC TONES 1.- A method for recording underground formations penetrated by a well, comprising:measuring electromagnetic properties of formations using electromagnetic fields that have a magnetic dipole axis parallel to a registration tool axis;measuring electromagnetic properties of formations using electromagnetic fields that have a magnetic dipole axis oblique to the registration tool axis;mapping a measured phase shift and attenuations to the properties of the formations with dipole approximations to convert non-dipole antenna measurements into an equivalent dipole antenna response;determining a horizontal resistivity of the formations from the dipole parallel axis measurements using a layered structure formation model;and determining a vertical resistivity, formation layer limits, and an angle of inclination of the formations from measurements of the oblique dipole axes. 1.- Un método para el registro de formaciones subterráneas penetradas por un pozo, que comprende: medir propiedades electromagnéticas de las formaciones que utilizan campos electromagnéticos que tienen un eje dipolar magnético paralelo a un eje de herramienta de registro;medir propiedades electromagnéticas de las formaciones que utilizan campos electromagnéticos que tienen un eje dipolar magnético oblicuo al eje de herramienta de registro;mapear un cambio de fase medido y atenuaciones a las propiedades de las formaciones con aproximaciones dipolares para convertir mediciones de antena no dipolar en una respuesta de antena dipolar equivalente;determinar una resistividad horizontal de las formaciones de las mediciones de los ejes paralelos dipolares usando un modelo de formación de estructura en capas;y determinar una resistividad vertical, límites de la capa de formación y un ángulo de inclinación de las formaciones de las mediciones de los ejes oblicuos dipolares.
- 3- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 3.- The method according to claim 1, en donde las mediciones de los ejes dipolares paralelos y/o las mediciones de los ejes oblicuos comprenden mediciones de inducción electromagnética. 1, wherein the parallel dipole axis measurements and / or the oblique axis measurements comprise electromagnetic induction measurements.
- 4- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación Four. - The method according to claim 3, en donde las mediciones se realizan a una pluralidad de separaciones de transmisor a receptor. 3, wherein the measurements are made at a plurality of transmitter-to-receiver spacings.
- 5- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 5.- The method according to claim 3, en donde las mediciones se realizan a una pluralidad de frecuencias. 3, wherein the measurements are made at a plurality of frequencies.
- 6- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 6.- The method according to claim 1, en donde las mediciones de los ejes dipolares paralelos y/o las mediciones de los ejes oblicuos dipolares comprenden mediciones de propagación electromagnéticas. 1, wherein the parallel dipole axis measurements and / or the oblique dipole axis measurements comprise electromagnetic propagation measurements.
- 7- The method according to claim 7. - El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 6, en donde las mediciones se realizan a una pluralidad de separaciones de transmisor a receptor. 6, wherein the measurements are made at a plurality of transmitter-to-receiver spacings.
- 8- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 8.- The method according to claim 6, en donde las mediciones se realizan a una pluralidad de frecuencias. 6, wherein the measurements are made at a plurality of frequencies.
- 99, - The method according to claim 9,- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, en donde determinar la resistividad horizontal de la formación comprende:mapear las mediciones de los ejes 1, where determining the horizontal resistivity of the formation comprises: mapping the axis measurements dipolares paralelo a un modelo dipolar;determinar un punto de partida inicial para las ubicaciones de resistividades horizontales y límites de lecho;y minimizar una función de costos mediante la variación de ubicaciones de resistividades horizontales y límites de lecho. dipole parallel to a dipole model;determining an initial starting point for the horizontal resistivity locations and bed limits;and minimizing a cost function by varying horizontal resistivity locations and bed boundaries.
- 10- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 10.- The method according to claim 1, en donde la determinación de la resistividad vertical de la formación comprende:determinar un punto de partida inicial para la resistividad vertical, ángulo de inclinación, y ubicar límites de lecho de las mediciones de los ejes dipolares oblicuos;y minimizar una función de costos mediante la variación de la resistividad vertical, ángulo de inclinación, y ubicaciones de límites de lecho. 1, wherein determining the vertical resistivity of the formation comprises: determining an initial starting point for vertical resistivity, tilt angle, and locating bed limits of the oblique dipole axis measurements;and minimizing a cost function by varying the vertical resistivity, tilt angle, and bed boundary locations.
- 12- A method to determine horizontal resistivity, vertical resistivity and submergence formation of underground formations from electromagnetic measurements of underground formations, comprising:accepting as input to a computer, measurements of the electromagnetic properties of underground formations made with measurements electromagnetic dipoles that 12 .- Un método para determinar resistividad horizontal, resistividad vertical y formación de inmersión de las formaciones subterráneas a partir de mediciones electromagnéticas de formaciones subterráneas, que comprende: aceptar como entrada a una computadora, mediciones de las propiedades electromagnéticas de las formaciones subterráneas realizadas con mediciones dipolares electromagnéticas que they have magnetic dipole axis sus taImente for, lg.XQ, _ ..¿l,., ___ axis of the well logging tool;accept as input computer measurements of the electromagnetic properties of underground formations made with electromagnetic dipole measurements having magnetic oblique dipole axis to the axis of the well logging tool;mapping a measured phase shift and attenuations to formation properties with dipole approximations to convert non-dipole antenna measurements into an equivalent dipole antenna response;on the computer, determine a horizontal resistivity from parallel dipole axis measurements using a layered structure model;and on the computer, determine a formation vertical resistivity and tilt angle from measurements of oblique dipole axes. tienen eje dipolar magnético sus t anc i aIment e para,lg.X.Q,_ ..¿l,., ___ eje de la herramienta de registro para pozos;aceptar como entrada las mediciones por computadora de las propiedades electromagnéticas de las formaciones subterráneas realizadas con mediciones dipolares electromagnéticas que tienen eje dipolar oblicuo magnético al eje de la herramienta de registro para pozos;mapear un cambio de fase medido y atenuaciones a las propiedades de las formaciones con aproximaciones dipolares para convertir mediciones de antena no dipolar en una respuesta de antena dipolar equivalente;en la computadora, determinar una resistividad horizontal a partir de las mediciones de ejes dipolares paralelos usando un modelo de estructura en capas;y en la computadora, determinar una resistividad vertical y ángulo de inclinación de formación a partir de las mediciones de ejes dipolares oblicuos.
- 13- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 13.- The method according to claim 12, en donde las resistividades horizontales desde la medición del eje dipolar paralelo se utilizan como valores iniciales para un procedimiento de inversión para determinar la resistividad vertical y el ángulo de inclinación utilizando las mediciones de los ejes oblicuos dipolares. 12, where the horizontal resistivities from the parallel dipole axis measurement are used as initial values for an inversion procedure to determine the vertical resistivity and tilt angle using the oblique dipole axis measurements.
- 14- The method according to claim 14 .- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 12, en donde las mediciones de los ejes dipolares paralelos 12, where the measurements of the parallel dipole axes and / or dipole skew axis measurements are made at a plurality of transmitter-to-receiver spacings. y/o las mediciones de los ejes oblicuos dipolares se hacen en una pluralidad de separaciones de transmisor a receptor.
- 15- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación fifteen .- The method according to claim 12, en donde las mediciones de los ejes dipolares paralelos y/o las mediciones de los ejes oblicuos dipolares se realizan en una pluralidad de frecuencias. 12, wherein the parallel dipole axis measurements and / or the oblique dipole axis measurements are performed at a plurality of frequencies.
- 16- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 16.- The method according to claim 12, en donde las mediciones de los ejes dipolares paralelos y/o las mediciones de los ejes oblicuos dipolares comprenden cualquiera de mediciones de propagación electromagnéticas o mediciones de inducción electromagnética. 12, wherein the parallel dipole axis measurements and / or the oblique dipole axis measurements comprise either electromagnetic propagation measurements or electromagnetic induction measurements.
- 1717, - The method according to claim 17,- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 12, en donde la determinación de la resistividad horizontal de la formación comprende:mapear las mediciones de los ejes dipolares paralelos a un modelo dipolar;determinar un punto de partida inicial para la resistividad horizontal y la distancia;y minimizar una función de costos mediante la variación de la resistividad horizontal y la distancia. 12, wherein determining the horizontal resistivity of the formation comprises: mapping the measurements of the parallel dipole axes to a dipole model;determine an initial starting point for horizontal resistivity and distance;and minimizing a cost function by varying horizontal resistivity and distance.
- 19- The method according to claim 19 .- El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 12, en donde un valor inicial de resistividad horizontal y 12, where an initial horizontal resistivity value and 5 Formation layer boundary positions are determined from measurements of the parallel dipole axes. 5 posiciones de los límites de la capa de formación se determinan a partir de las mediciones de los ejes paralelos dipolares. IΜ PI IΜ PI INSTITUTO MÍX «ΛCFUaHv ΙΊΕΓ.-ΛΟ '! NOUST <iftL INSTITUTO MÍX «ΛCFUaHv ΙΊΕΓ.-ΛΟ' !NOUST<iftL ABSTRACT RESUMEN One method of recording wellbore penetrated underground formations includes measuring electromagnetic properties of the formations by using electromagnetic fields having a magnetic dipole axis parallel to a recording tool axis. The electromagnetic properties of the formations are also measured by using electromagnetic fields having a magnetic dipole axis oblique to the registration tool axis. Un método para registrar formaciones subterráneas penetradas por un orificio de pozo incluye medir propiedades 5 electromagnéticas de las formaciones por el uso de campos electromagnéticos que tienen un eje dipolar magnético paralelo a un eje de herramienta de registro. También se miden las propiedades electromagnéticas de las formaciones mediante el uso de campos electromagnéticos que tienen un eje 10 dipolar magnético oblicuo al eje de herramienta de registro. A horizontal resistivity of the formations is determined from measurements of the parallel dipole axis. A vertical resistivity, formation layer boundaries and an angle of inclination of the formations are determined from measurements of the oblique dipole axis. Una resistividad horizontal de las formaciones se determina a partir de las mediciones del eje dipolar paralelo. Una resistividad vertical, límites de capa de formación y un ángulo de inclinación de las formaciones se determinan a 15 partir de las mediciones del eje dipolar oblicuo.
Independent claims16
160 paragraphs in 15 sections, as filed
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PATENT TITLE No. 352015
Holder-fes): SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY BV
Address: Parkstraat 83-89m, NL-2514, JG The Hague, THE NETHERLANDS
D nomination: ANISOTROPY PROCESS IN CLOSED ANGLE WELLS
Classification:
CIP:
G01V3 / 28; G01V ^.
GO1V ^ 2K ^ oK3 £ Cf (
CPC:
JIAN YANG
Inventor (s)
The patent of refere
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i / | ;
Λ
Numbers
MX / a / 2014/011031 International on e2013.
US US
Validity: V ^ terañosr
Date of
In accordance with the arti from the date of present
Who subscribes this title it (Official Gazette of the Federation 01/25/2006, 05/06/2009, 06/01/2010, Regulation of the Mexican Institute articles 1, 3, 4, 5 ° fraction V inc
12/27/1999, amended 10/10/2002, 29/0. Deputy Generals. Coordinator, Departmental Directors and other subordinates of the Mexi Institute 08/04/2004 and 09/13/2007).
Number:
61- / 646,035 jrtje ^ of the ^^ e ^ Industrial, twenty counted to 'frechos.
s ^ of the Industrial Property Law 5/1999, 01/26/2004, 06/16/2005, a), 4<sup>or</sup> and 12th sections I and III of / 2004, 07/28/2004 and 09/07/2007);
No. of Industrial Property (DOF, do that delegates powers to the Directors, Divisional Deputy Directors, Coordinators Π 12/5/1999, amended on 02/04/2000, 07/29/2004,
This document is signed with an advanced electronic signature (FIEL), based on articles 7 BIS 2 of the Industrial Property Law; 3 of its Regulations, and 1 section III, 2 section V, 26 BIS and 26 TER of the Agreement establishing the guidelines for the use of the Payment and Electronic Services Portal (PASE) of the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, in the procedures indicated.
THE DIVISIONAL DIRECTOR OF PATENTS
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NAHANNY CANAL REYES
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ANISOTROPY PROCESS IN CLOSED ANGLE WELLS
BACKGROUND
The present description relates generally to the field of well logging, and more particularly, to techniques that use one or more inclined transceiver electromagnetic pairs to improve electromagnetic measurements of underground formations.
In the field of hydrocarbon exploration and production, various recording techniques for wells are known. These techniques typically use tools equipped with sources adapted to emit energy into an underground formation that has been penetrated by a well hole. The emitted energy can interact with the surrounding formation to produce signals that can be detected and measured by one or more sensors. Based on the detected signal data, a profile of formation properties (eg resistivity as a function of well depth) can be obtained.
Examples of logging tools for wells may include electromagnetic (EM) resistivity tools, such as induction and propagation tools. EM resistivity tools can be placed inside a well to measure the electrical conductivity (or its inverse, the resistivity) of the formation surrounding the well.
<img file="MX352015B_D0005.tif" />
well hole. A conventional electromagnetic resistivity tool includes at least one transmitter and two receivers, each receiver being arranged at a distance from the transmitter along the axis of the tool. Conventional transmitters and receivers include antennae formed of coils having one or more turns of insulated conductive wire wound around a support. As understood in the art, under the principle of reciprocity, each of these antennas can function as a transmitter and / or a receiver.
EM induction tools measure formation resistivity by measuring the voltage induced in a receiver by currents flowing in the formation in response to an EM signal emitted by a transmitter. In an induction tool, a transmitter coupled to an alternating current source, such as an oscillator, produces a time-varying EM signal. The signal from the EM transmitter is transmitted within the surrounding formation, inducing a fluctuating current or eddy current in the formation near the transmitter. The eddy current in the formation gives rise to a time-varying EM signal that induces an electrical voltage in the receiver. If a separate pair of receivers are used, the voltages induced at the two receivers will generally have different phases and amplitudes due to, '-
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INDUSTRIAL eg geometric diffusion and absorption by the surrounding formation. Tsw propagation tools operate in a similar way, but typically at higher frequencies than EM induction tools.
In many conventional propagation and EM induction recording tools, the transmitting and receiving antennas are mounted with their axes along the longitudinal axis of the tool. Therefore, these tools are implemented with antennas that have axial or longitudinal magnetic dipole moments. An antenna or transverse coil has a magnetic dipole moment that is perpendicular to the axis of the tool, and a slant antenna has a magnetic dipole moment that is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the axis of the tool.
Because electromagnetic signals transmitted and received by an EM resistivity tool pass through the surrounding formation, measurements made by these types of tools can provide information on the electromagnetic properties of the media through which the signals pass. . Information such as distance to bed boundaries, formation dip, and anisotropy can be extracted from received signals.
<img file="MX352015B_D0006.tif" />
In the drilling industry there is a growing need for accurate well placement. Optimal drilling location in the reservoir requires directional measurements on which management decisions can be based. An additional need in hydrocarbon exploration is to identify and characterize hydrocarbon reserves. For example, the anisotropy formation can be used to identify the low resistivity wages that reside in finely rolled formations.
Many recent patents describe methods and apparatus for making direction measurements and obtaining resistivity anisotropy. For logging applications during drilling, US Patent No. 5,508,616 to Sato et al. describes an induction type tool with two coils inclined in different directions not aligned with the longitudinal axis of the tool. The tool could be adapted for possible geosteering applications. The directionality of the measurement is illustrated by a simple argument that the sensitivity function of the two inclined coils is concentrated towards the region of overlap of the sensitivity zone of each coil. Through the rotation of the tool, Sato et al. states that a deep azimuthal resistivity image of the formation can be obtained to aid in decision making
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address. However, this patent does not provide details on how resistance can be obtained * 3<sup>1</sup> az does not describe the additional boundary detection / characterization techniques required to make quantitative geosteering decisions.
US Patent No. 6,181,138 to Hagiwara et al. extends the co-localized triple single fixed directional coils of Sato et al. in orthogonal induction coils at the places of transmission and reception. It is said that the rotation of the tool would not be necessary, since the focus direction can be tuned for the arbitrary orientation through the linear combination of the orthogonal coil responses.
US Patent No. 6,297,639 to Clark et al., Which is the common property of the assignee of the present disclosure, describes a method and apparatus for making directional measurements using various shield designs to provide selected attenuation of EM wave energy. for axial, inclined, and transverse antenna coils. This patent describes, among other things, general directional induction and propagation measurements with inclined coils and appropriate shields, together with a process for the wellbore compensation mode. A combination of a coil transmitter and receiver with at least one of them
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is inclined with respect to the axis of the —ί «· —tool is explicitly described by Clark et al., along with its application for detecting the direction of the bed boundary by observing the azimuth variation of the induced signal as the tool. The azimuth variation of the coupling can be used for steering wells while drilling. Other patents for protection have been granted, including US Patent No. 6, 351,127 to Rosthal et al., And in US Patent No. 6, 566, 881 to Omeragic et al., Both of which are the common property of the assignee of the present disclosure.
US Patent No. 6,476,609 to Bittar extends a prior anisotropy patent (US Patent No. 6,163,155, also to Bittar) to the geosteering application area. The bed response of the up / down inclined induction and propagation apparatus is described through the difference or ratio of signals in two different orientations, but protection is not mentioned. There are no anisotropy or depth effects considered. Also, the '609 patent lacks a description of how to use these measurements to derive a precise distance to a formation bed boundary. The '609 patent implicitly assumes that the bed formation orientation is precisely known so that the up / down response is calculated. However, a technique for locating the precise up or down direction is not described before calculating the up-down direction signals.
U.S. Patent No. 6,969,994 to Minerbo al., Which is also commonly owned by the assignee of the present disclosure, discloses tool configurations and symmetry techniques that simplify direction measurement responses to the point of which become almost independent of the anisotropy or angle of inclination. Responses to layer boundaries with different steepness and anisotropy essentially overlap except near the bed boundary. Both measurements of the two-coil induction style (one transmitter and one receiver: TR) and the three-coil propagation style (one transmitter and two receivers: TRR) can be symmetrized to achieve this simplification. Symmetrization is performed using two pairs of inclined TRs of the same spacing, but with the transmitter tilt angle and receiver tilt angle exchanged.
The
US Patent No.
6,998,844 to
Omeragic et al., Also assigned to the assignee of the present disclosure, discloses propagation style direction measurements for the determination of anisotropy in well-offset quasi-vertical wells. The techniques of i ¿'.ζ · .; á ií> · iHníaL. * · _ ”Inversion are also used to obtain the property of anisotropic formation.
Furthermore, commonly assigned US Patent No. 7,202,670 to Omeragic et al. describes a method of extracting and analyzing the azimuthal dependence of heading log measurements, using measurements taken at all azimuth angles, to characterize the land formation and by steering downhole drilling assemblies with improved accuracy. Teaches how to determine azimuth bed formation from direction measurements, and generates measurements that can be used for well placement in the up / down or azimuth direction. Ways to use these directional measurements in real time are also taught to obtain bed boundary distances and obtain accurate terrestrial models such that geosteering decisions for well placement can be made. Also described is a method for detecting the presence of resistivity anisotropy in adjacent quasi-vertical well formation layers. In addition, a method is taught to obtain the structure of immersion information from directional measurements in vertical and closed angle wells.
As described above, EM induction tools measure the resistivity of the formation by measuring the induced voltage across a receiver.
<img file="MX352015B_D0010.tif" />
by the currents that flow in the formation. on fo ^ Set to an EM signal emitted by a transmitter. In general, the induced voltage in a receiver is a linear combination of all the coupling electromagnetic components, Vij (i, j = x, y, z), forming a 3x3 EM coupling tensor. In a plane geometry formation in which all the relevant bed boundaries are parallel, there are only five nonzero elements in the 3x3 EM coupling matrix, designated Vxx, Vyy, vzz, Vxz, and Vzx. The coordinate system is chosen such that the z axis is along the tool axis and the y axis is parallel to the boundary plane. Since these EM coupling components measure formation characteristics, it is desirable to have an apparatus and method to determine them.
Some of the difficulties can be experienced through the use of conventional propagation resistivity tools, where the magnetic dipole moments of the transmitters and receivers are oriented essentially parallel to the axis of the tool. One is that measurements are sensitive to, or affected by, anisotropy when the relative tilt angle is greater than 45 degrees. This can be easily understood in an extreme case of a vertical well, because in a vertical well, the induced current is generally parallel to the horizontal plane and therefore the response does not carry any
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λ <η τ Ja · 4 r I INSTITUTE w.XiONO ui: ιλ nu'itwό IIOJ 'I ΛΙAL information on vertical resistivity, assuming formation layers are also parallel to the horizontal plane. Another difficulty is that the vertical resistivity and the relative tilt angle are coupled. Therefore, even at the relative upper dive angle, the simultaneous determination of horizontal resistivity (Rh), vertical resistivity (Rv), and relative tilt angle (Θ) may not be possible for homogeneous formations. Furthermore, environmental effects can break the coupling between Rh and Θ.
SUMMARY
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of the concepts that are described later in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify the key or essential characteristics of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
One method, in accordance with one aspect for recording the underground formations penetrated by the borehole, includes the measurement of the electromagnetic properties of the formations using electromagnetic fields that have a magnetic dipole moment axis parallel to an axis of the drilling tool. record.
The electromagnetic properties of the formations are measured
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using electromagnetic fields that have a magnetic oblique to the axis of the registration tool. A horizontal resistivity of the formations is determined from measurements of the parallel dipole axes. A vertical resistivity, formation layer boundaries and an angle of inclination of the formations were determined from measurements of the parallel and oblique dipole axes.
Other aspects and advantages of the present description will be apparent from the following description and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Certain modalities are described below with reference to the following figures:
Figure 1 illustrates an illustrative well locating system in which the present disclosure may be used, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.
Figure 2 is a schematic drawing of a recording operation to obtain parameters of the underground strata, according to an illustrative embodiment.
Figure 3 illustrates a diagram of a particular configuration of a single transmitter-receiver pair, according to an illustrative embodiment.
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Figure 4 depicts "cTe drilling tool logging during directional deep reading drilling, as part of the LWD 120 tool (s) in Figure 1, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.
Figure 5 illustrates a flow chart depicting a method for determining the values of Rh, Rv, and Θ, according to an illustrative embodiment.
Figure 6 shows an exemplary computer system that can be used to implement signal processing that, for example, performs the method depicted in Figure 5, according to some embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which illustrative embodiments are shown. However, many different modalities can be used, and therefore the description should not be construed as limited to the modalities set forth herein. Rather, these modalities are provided so that this description is thorough and complete. Generally, like numbers refer to like elements throughout the present description.
In accordance with embodiments described herein, the present description provides methods of
<img file="MX352015B_D0015.tif" />
sample processing to determine Rh values,
Rv, and Θ (for example, horizontal resistivity, vertical resistivity, and angle of immersion). Certain embodiments will be described below, including in the following Figures 1-5, which represent representative or illustrative embodiments of the disclosure.
Figure 1 illustrates a well locating system in which the present disclosure may be employed, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. The location of the well can be land or sea. In this illustrative system, a well hole 11 is formed in the underground formations 106 by rotary drilling in a manner that is well known. The modes of the description may also use directional drilling, as will be described later.
A drillstring 12 is suspended within the well hole 11 and has a lower hole assembly 100 that includes a drill bit 105 at its lower end. The system includes the surface of the platform and the mounting derrick 10 located above the borehole 11, the assembly 10 includes a rotary table 16, kelly 17, hook 18 and rotary crank 19. Drillstring 12 is made turn around the turntable
16, energized by means not shown, which engages kelly 17 at the upper end of the drillstring.
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Drillstring 12 is suspended from a hook 18, which is attached to a displacement block (also not shown), via kelly 17 and a rotating handle 19 that allows rotation of the drillstring relative to the hook. As is well known, an overhead drive system could alternatively be used.
In the example of this embodiment, the system further includes the surface of drilling fluid or mud 26 stored in a well 27 formed at the well site. A pump 29 supplies drilling fluid 26 into drillstring 12 through a port in swivel 19, causing drilling fluid to flow down through drillstring 12 as indicated by directional arrow 8. Drilling fluid exits drillstring 12 through the ports in bit 105, and then flows upward through the annular region between the outside of the drillstring and the wall of the wellbore 11, as indicated by direction arrows 9. In this well-known manner, drilling fluid lubricates bit 105 and brings formation cuts 106 to the surface as it is returned to pit 27 for recirculation.
In various embodiments, the systems and methods described in this document can be used with
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any means of transport known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the systems and methods described in this document can be used with tools or other electronic devices transmitted by wire, slick line, drilling transport tube, coiled tubing drilling, and / or a transport interface during drilling. For the purpose of just one example, Figure 1 depicts an interface during drilling. However, the systems and methods described in this document could equally be applied to other wired and other suitable means of transport. The bottom hole assembly 100 of the illustrated embodiment includes a record-while-drilling (LWD) module 120, a measure-while-drilling (MWD) module 130, a rotary steerable steerable drilling system and motor 150, and bit 105 .
The LWD module 120 is housed in a special type of piercing neck, as is known in the art, and may contain one or a plurality of known types of registration tools (eg, tool registration 121). It will also be understood that more than one LWD and / or MWD module may be employed, eg, as depicted at 120A. (References, throughout, to a module at the 120 position may alternatively mean a module at the 120A position as well.) The LWD module
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INUUVRIAI includes capabilities for measuring, processing, and storing information, as well as for communication with surface equipment. In the present embodiment, the LWD module includes an electromagnetic resistivity measurement device.
The MWD 130 module is also found in a special type of drill neck, as is known in the art, and may contain one or more devices for measuring drillstring and bit characteristics. The MWD tool further includes an apparatus (not shown) for generating electrical power to the downhole system. This may typically include a mud turbine generator powered by the flow of drilling fluid, with the understanding that other power systems and / or the battery may be employed. In the present embodiment, the MWD module includes one or more of the following types of measuring devices: a low weight over measuring device, a torque measuring device, a vibration measuring device, a measuring device shock, a friction measuring device, a direction measuring device, and a tilt measuring device.
Figure 2 is a schematic drawing of a recording operation to obtain parameters of the underground strata, according to an illustrative embodiment. A drill hole or well hole 212 is drilled penetrating underground strata 214, typically at an angle that is not perpendicular to strata 214. A particular stratum 215 may have an upper and lower boundary. The layer 217 just above the particular layer 215 is generally known as the upper part of the shoulder and the layer 219 just below is the lower shoulder. Inside the well 212 is a tool 216 having a single pair of transmitter-receiver (TR) antennas, both antennas are inclined with respect to the axis of the tool 218 of the tool 216. The tool 216 may also carry the electronics and associated circuitry (not shown) necessary to operate the tool 216, but the description is not limited thereto. When energized, transmitter 220 transmits EM energy into surrounding strata 214, which induces a current 222 (eddy currents) in strata 214 around transmitter 220. Eddy current 222 induces a voltage in receiving antenna 224. The angle φβ between the axis of the tool 218 (which is substantially the same as the axis of the hole) and the normal to the plane of a particular stratum, such as stratum 215 is known as the relative drop of the formation or the angle orientation of the bed.
Some implementations of the present description described in this document use the answers
<img file="MX352015B_D0019.tif" />
symmetrized and anti-symmetric obtained from a single TR pair to provide direction measurements and anisotropy information. Figure 3 illustrates a diagram of a particular configuration of a single transmitter-receiver pair, according to an illustrative embodiment. In the figure, the tool shaft 218 is illustrated by a broken line in side view and an end point view. Configuration 210 includes a sloped transmitter 220 and a sloped receiver 224, that is, the magnetic dipole moments of transmitter 220 and receiver 224 are neither parallel nor perpendicular to the tool axis 218 of transmitter 220 and receiver 224 can be approximated as point magnetic dipoles. In accordance with the present disclosure, the magnetic dipole moments of transmitter 220 and receiver 224 may be, but are not required to be in the same plane, and in some embodiments it is desired that the magnetic dipole moments of transmitter 220 and receiver 224 are in two non-parallel planes, as in two orthogonal planes.
As can be seen, since transmitter 220 and receiver 224 are inclined, the dipole moments of receiver 224 and transmitter 220 can be said to have an oblique dipole moment axis (oblique is understood as neither parallel nor perpendicular to the axis of the tool, for example, 218). Therefore, the transmitter 220 can
IP iy ·; '. <> ')> generate an electromagnetic field having a magnetic dipole moment axis that is oblique with respect to the tool axis 218. Similarly, the measurements obtained by the receiver 224 can be referred to as oblique dipole axis measurements. Transmitters and receivers that are oriented axially (parallel to the tool axis) can have parallel dipole moment axes.
Figure 4 depicts a log drilling tool during directional deep reading drilling, as part of the LWD tool or 120 tools in Figure 1. Signals from tools having axially aligned symmetric cylindrical transmitter and receiver coils are not directionally sensitive. . The tool in Figure 4 provides transverse and inclined transmitter and receiver coils for directionally sensitive measurements. The tool can include six transmitting antennas and four receiving antennas. Five transmitting antennas (Ti to T5) 401A-E are arranged axially along the length of the tool. A sixth transmitting antenna (Te) 402 is oriented transversely to the axis of the tool. A receiving antenna, shown at 404, 405, is positioned at each end of the tool. This pair of receiving antennas (R3 and R4) 404, 405 parentheses the transmitters, and each of these receivers is inclined so that its dipole moment is oriented 45 degrees to the axis of the tool (for example, oblique with respect to the axis of the tool). An additional pair of receiving antennas (Ri and R2) 403A-B, located in the center of the coil array, is arranged axially (i.e. their dipole moments are substantially parallel to the axis of the tool) and can obtain measurements of propagation resistivity of the conventional type. The arrangement described produces a preferential sensitivity to conductivity on one side of the tool. As the tool rotates, its sensors can detect Korean conductive zones and record the direction from which maximum conductivity can be measured. Magnetometers and accelerometers can provide geomagnetic (ie relative to vertical) and gravitational reference directional bearing data for the tool to determine the direction of maximum conductivity. In addition to its directional ability, the tool provides relatively deeper measurements than most conventional LWD resistivity tools. In some embodiments, the toolstring containing a resistivity tool configured as shown in Figure 4 can also provide substantially bi-directional real-time drill string telemetry,
......... 'C' o: ('- lo. Ül. £ s> when used in conjunction with the capabilities of the Directional Resistivity Logging Tool, as described, can improve geosteering performance By increasing the amount of data on the surface and thus increasing the speed and precision of directional drilling control is possible.
Although the discussion in this paper focuses on EM tool propagation measurements, it should be understood that such techniques can also be applied to induction tool measurements as well. Illustrative mathematical theories that highlight the description are now presented and described below with reference to Figure 5.
In some embodiments, the description provides example processing methods for determining the values of (Rh, Rv, en) in sequence from different groups of measurements. In illustrative embodiments, Rh values can be determined using conventional tool propagation resistivity measurements, assuming an isotropic formation. This is because in low angle wells (or when the well slope is such that the well intersects with formations approximately perpendicular), conventional propagation tool resistivity measurements are largely sensitive to horizontal resistivities. . The value of Rh
<img file="MX352015B_D0020.tif" />
it can be fixed, and from that and you can determine. ^, the directional resistivity measurements, Rv and Θ.
Figure 5 is a flow chart showing an example method 500 for determining the values of Rh, Rv, and Θ, In step 501, the method begins with conventional propagation resistivity tool measurements, which may include phase shift and attenuation measurements at different transmitter-to-receiver spacings and at different transmitter frequencies. Illustrative tools for making such measurements may include a tool sold under the trademark ARC or ARCVISION, which are trademarks of Schlumberger Technology Corporation, Sugar Land, Texas. Referring to Figure 4 as an illustrative embodiment, the measurements acquired in step 501 may include measurements acquired using both the axial receivers Rl, R2 (403 A, 403B) (measurements of the parallel dipole axes) and measurements acquired using inclined receivers. R3 (404) and R4 (405) (oblique dipole axis measurements).
In step 502, the measured phase shift and attenuations are assigned to the measurements with dipole approximations. This element of the sample method may be desirable, since in the investment part explained below (minimize cost function), forward modeling code is based on a dipole model. The mapping is "nmww" ** Tw-wjn · irsST:.
<sup>Ci </sup>to convert a non-dipole antenna measurement to an equivalent dipole antenna response. In a particular mode, this step may contain the following sub-steps:
(1) For a homogeneous formation given with resistivity Rt, calculate the response of the real tool, which can include non-dipole antennas.
(2) By the same Rt formation, calculate the response for a dipole antenna, which is a simplification of the real tool.
(3) For any given formation with resistivity Rt, then there will be a response for a non-dipole antenna tool and a dipole antenna tool. A table can be constructed for all possible values of Rt, joining the dipole and non-dipole responses.
(4) Take the raw measurement of the tool (for example, as shown in Figure 4) and find the corresponding Rt according to the table. For the same Rt, you can find your answer from the dipole tool from the table. For any raw (non-dipole) measurement, a corresponding dipole response can then be found from the procedure described above.
In one embodiment, this dipole mapping process is performed on measurements of the parallel dipole axes (for example, using axial transmitters and receivers Rl, R2 of the
<img file="MX352015B_D0021.tif" />
example of Figure 4), but not necessarily in the aoiüiit- · - -. · - · .- <sub>r</sub>-<sub>T1</sub> „Measurements of the oblique dipole axes (eg using inclined receivers R3, R4 from the example in Figure 4). In such an embodiment, measurements of the oblique dipole axes, which can be used to determine vertical resistivity, beginning at step 505 of process 500, are discussed in more detail below.
At step 503, a layered structure formation model is assumed, with Rh, i (1 <i <N) and Di (1 <i <N-1) being the horizontal resistivity and the location of the lower boundary of layer ih, respectively, and where N is the number of layers. In some embodiments, particularly when close-angle wells are being considered, the measurements may have little or no sensitivity to vertical resistivity and relative tilt angle. In this element of the method you can then use a bend algorithm to square input one of the resistivity curves, such as the phase shift resistivity at 22 'and 2 MHz frequency separation, and use the resistivity values and places boundary from the square record as an initial starting point for the parameters Rh, i (1 <i <N) and Di (1 <i <N-1).
In step 504, a cost function of type χ can be constructed<sup>2</sup>. In one modality, the cost function can be the sum of the squares of the differences between and? ·· 0 7
Λ. 7. ί / ·· Α · 'instí οί ~ ο · ......: ·<sup>?</sup> - <-. , / υι τ> τ.<sup>Γ</sup>'measured data and forward' modeled data, weighted by the inverse of the uncertainty um & r he Έη'ΊΓςύηά ^ modalities, the method can then minimize the cost function using any known optimization algorithm, such as the method of Gauss-Newton, to find the best fit model. The minimized cost function can then produce an output of the values of Rh, i (1 <i <N) and Di (1 <i <N-1) from the best fit model. Thus, to summarize, in steps 501-504, the resistivity of a horizontal formation is determined by measurements of the parallel dipole axes (for example, those obtained by receivers with magnetic dipoles having an axis parallel to the axis of the tool, such as receivers Rl, R2 of Figure 4).
In step 505, the phase shift and attenuation measurements can be obtained from the directional resistivity measurements, as well as the horizontal resistivity and boundary layer locations calculated in step 504. As noted above, the measurements obtained in the step 505 may include oblique measurements of the dipole axes, such as those acquired through the inclined antennas R3, R4 in the example of Figure 4. It should be understood that these oblique dipole axis measurements could be obtained at step 501, as noted above.
<img file="MX352015B_D0022.tif" />
above, but not expressly used in the inversion described in this document until step 505.
At step 506, a layered structure formation model is assumed. However, because the measurements are from directional resistivity tools, which are sensitive to both horizontal resistivities, vertical resistivities, and for relative immersion angles, the formation model can be parameterized by R<sub>h / i</sub> (1 <i <N), RVII (1 <i <N), and Di (1 <i <Nl) and Θ. In some embodiments, the method can assume all layers are parallel. Consequently, in some embodiments, there may be only a relative Θ tilt angle. The values of Rh, i (1 <i <N) obtained in step 504 can be set, and the method below can initialize the starting values for R<sub>v</sub>, j (1 <i <N), and Di (1 <i <N-1) and Θ, using the initial values of Di, as obtained in step 504.
In step 507, a cost function of type χ<sup>2</sup>, with all or some of the measurements obtained by the directional resistivity tool. The cost function can be minimized with any known optimization algorithm such as the Gauss-Newton method to find the best fit model. This minimized cost function can then produce an output of the values of R<sub>v</sub>, i (1 <i <N), and Di (1 <i <N-1) and θ of the
<img file="MX352015B_D0023.tif" />
best fit model. Therefore, to summarize, in steps 505 to 507, the vertical resistivity (R<sub>v</sub>, i), I<sup>to</sup> formation of the boundary layers (Di), and angle of inclination (Θ) of a formation is determined by oblique dipole axis measurements (for example, those obtained by magnetic dipole receivers that have an axis that is inclined with respect to the axis of the tool, such as receivers R3, R4 in Figure 4).
Thereafter, as shown in step 508, the inverted values of Rh, i (1 <i <N) from step 504 can be combined with R<sub>v</sub>, i (1 <i <n), and Di (1 <i <N-1) and Θ from step 507 as the end products of method 500 Essentially, the method described above provides 500 for the determination of the horizontal resistivity of a formation based on measurements of the parallel dipole axes (for example, in parallel with respect to the tool axis) and determining vertical resistivities, limits of the formation layer, and / or angle of inclination based on measurements of the dipole oblique axes (eg oblique means neither parallel nor perpendicular to the tool axis).
The example methods and steps described in the modalities presented above are illustrative and, in other modalities, certain acts can be performed in a different order, in parallel with each other, omitted by
<img file="MX352015B_D0024.tif" />
complete, and / or combined between the various example methods, and / or certain additional steps may be performed, without departing from the scope and spirit of the description. Accordingly, such other embodiments are within the scope of the invention described herein.
The methods of the present disclosure may include a computer program that incorporates the functions described herein and illustrated in the accompanying flowcharts. However, it should be apparent that there could be many different ways of applying the methods of description in computer programming, and the methods of description should not be construed as being limited to any set of computer program instructions. In addition, a skilled programmer would be able to write a computer program to implement a mode of the methods described based on the flowcharts and the associated description in the application text. Therefore, the description of a particular set of program code instructions is not considered necessary for a proper understanding of how to make and use the systems and methods of the description.
Figure 6 depicts an example of the computing system 600 according to some embodiments. The computer system 600 may be a single computer system 601 A or an array of distributed computer systems. The computer system 601 A may include ·, »« v κτα 7 ···· Λ · .. 'x · Λ * <· .w. ». · UM. ·' * ·. One or more analysis modules 602 that can be configured to perform various tasks according to some modalities, such as the tasks depicted in Figure 6. To perform these various tasks, the analysis module 602 can run independently, or in coordination with, one or more processors 604, which can be connected to one or more storage media 606. Processor 604 may also be connected to a network interface 608 to allow computer system 601 to communicate over a data network 610 with one or more computer systems and / or computer systems, such as 601B, 601C, and / or 601D (note that the 601B, 601C and / or 601D computer systems may or may not share the same architecture as the 601A computer system, and may be located in different physical locations, for example, 601A and 601B computer systems can be on a ship underway in the ocean or at a well drilling location, while in communication with one or more computer systems such as 601C and / or 601D that can be located at one or more data centers on land, on board ships, and / or located in different countries on different continents).
A processor may include a microprocessor, microcontroller, processor module or subsystem, circuit
<img file="MX352015B_D0025.tif" />
programmable chip, programmable gate array, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system processor in a microcircuit (SoC), or other suitable computing or control device.
The storage medium 606 may be implemented as one or more computer-readable or machine-readable storage media. Note that while in the embodiment example of Figure 6 the storage medium 606 is represented as within the computer system 601A, in some embodiments, the storage medium 606 can be distributed within and / or across multiple internal enclosures and / or external computer system 601 A and / or additional calculation. Storage media 106 may include one or more other forms of memory, including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic random access or static memories (DRAM or SRAM), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROM), memory read only electrically erasable and programmable (EEPROM) and buffers; magnetic disks, such as fixed, floppy, and removable disks; other magnetic medium including the tape; Optical media such as compact discs (CDs) or digital video discs (DVDs); or other types of storage devices. Please note that the instructions described above may be provided in a medium of
<img file="MX352015B_D0026.tif" />
computer-readable or machine-readable storage, or, alternatively, they can be provided on multiple computer-readable or machine-readable storage media, distributed in a large system possibly having plural nodes. Such a computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium or medium can be considered as part of an article (or article of manufacture). An item or article of manufacture that can refer to any of the manufactured components or multiple components. The storage medium or medium can be located either on the machine that executes the machine-readable instructions, or located at a remote site from which machine-readable instructions can be downloaded over a network for execution.
It should be appreciated that the computer system 600 is just one example of a computer system, and that the computer system 600 may have more or fewer components than indicated, they may combine additional components not represented in the example embodiment of Figure 6, and / or computer system 600 may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components depicted in Figure 6. The various components shown in Figure 6 can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software, including one or more
IMPI
INSTITUTE>
U £ LZ i '' Λ INDUi i Κ.ΛΙ specific signal processing and / or application integrated circuits.
In addition, the steps of the transformation methods described above (for example, in Figure 4) can be implemented by executing one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus, such as general-purpose processors or chips for specific applications. , such as ASICs, FPGAs, SoCs, PLDs, or other suitable devices. These modules, combinations of these modules, and / or their combination with hardware in general are all included within the scope of the present description.
Although specific embodiments of the description have been described in detail above, the description is for illustration purposes only. Various modifications of, and equivalent steps corresponding to, the described aspects of the illustrative embodiments, in addition to those described above, can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention defined in the following claims, which scope is that the broadest interpretation be given to cover such modifications and equivalent structures.
Contents15
39 sheets
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3 Sheet 4 Sheet 5 Sheet 6 Sheet 7 Sheet 8 Sheet 9 Sheet 10 Sheet 11 Sheet 12 Sheet 13 Sheet 14 Sheet 15 Sheet 16 Sheet 17 Sheet 18 Sheet 19 Sheet 20 Sheet 21 Sheet 22 Sheet 23 Sheet 24 Sheet 25 Sheet 26 Sheet 27 Sheet 28 Sheet 29 Sheet 30 Sheet 31 Sheet 32 Sheet 33 Sheet 34 Sheet 35 Sheet 36 Sheet 37 Sheet 38 Sheet 39
15 members in 8 offices
Priority claims14
| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 201261616035 | United States of America | P | |
| 201261616035 | United States of America | P | |
| 61616035 | United States of America | – | |
| 13794568 | United States of America | – | |
| 201313794568 | United States of America | A | |
| 201313794568 | United States of America | A | |
| 2013034012 | United States of America | W | |
| 2013034012 | United States of America | W | |
| 13794568 | – | – | – |
| 61616035 | – | – | – |
| PCTUS2013034012 | – | – | – |
| US201261616035P | – | – | – |
| US201313794568 | – | – | – |
| WO2013US34012 | – | – | – |
Members15
| Document | Office | Kind | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2868798A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| US2013261975A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| WO2013148774A1 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A1 | |
| MX2014011631A | Mexico | A | |
| CN104321669A | China | A | |
| EP2831644A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP2831644A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| RU2014143018A | Russian Federation | A | |
| US9429675B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| EP2831644B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| RU2615219C2 | Russian Federation | C2 | |
| BR112014023997A2 | Brazil | A2 | |
| BR112014023997A8 | Brazil | A8 | |
| CN104321669B | China | B | |
| MX352015BThis record | Mexico | B |
1 legal event, as the office reported them to INPADOC
Events
| Event | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| Grant or registrationFG | FG |
Numbers
- Publication
- 352015
- Publication, DOCDB
- 352015
- Publication, EPODOC
- MX352015
- Application
- 2014011631
- Application, DOCDB
- 2014011631
- Application, EPODOC
- MX20140011631
Titles2
- English
- ANISOTROPY PROCESS IN CLOSED ANGLE WELLS.
- Spanish
- PROCESO DE ANISOTROPIA EN POZOS DE ANGULO CERRADO.
Classification
- CPC, 3
- G01V3/30
- G01V3/28
- G01V3/26
- IPC, 2
- G01V3 28
- G01V3 30