Microporous zirconium silicate for the treatment of hyperkalemia.
Abstract
The present invention relates to novel microporous zirconium silicate compositions that are formulated to remove toxins, e.g. potassium ions, from the gastrointestinal tract at an elevated rate without causing undesirable side effects. The preferred formulations are designed avoid increase in pH of urine in patients and/or avoid potential entry of particles into the bloodstream of the patient. Also disclosed is a method for preparing high purity crystals of UZSi-9 exhibiting an enhanced level of potassium exchange capacity. These compositions are particularly useful in the therapeutic treatment of hyperkalemia.

Term
5.4 yearsleft in the term
Expires 10 February 2032.
- Priority
- Filed
- Granted
- Today
- Expires
18 claims: 5 independent, 13 dependent
- 1REIVINDICACIONES IMPI INSTITUTO MEXICANO DE LA MOHEDA D inbusteial Habiéndose descrito la invención como antecede, se reclama como propiedad lo contenido en las siguientes reivindicaciones:1. Una composición farmacéutica de intercambio de cationes en partículas, caracterizada porque comprende un silicato de zirconio de la fórmula (I): Α ρ ΜχΖ r i - X S i nGeyOm (I) en forma ZS-9, en donde A es un ión de potasio, un ión de sodio, un ión de rubidio, un ión de cesio, un ión de calcio, un ión de magnesio, un ión de hidronio o mezclas de los mismos, M es al menos un metal del marco, en donde el metal del marco es hafnio (4+), estallo (4+), niobio (5+), titanio (4 + ) , cerio (4 + ), germanio (4 + ), praseodimio (4 + ), terbio (4+) o mezclas de los mismos, p tiene un valor de aproximadamente 1 a ap rox imadament e 2 0, m tiene un valor de aproximadamente 3 a aproximadamente 36 y l^n+y^l2, en donde las partículas presentan una estructura microporosa uniforme y una mediana del tamaño de partícula mayor que 3 micrones y menos que un 7% de las partículas en 5 la composición tiene un diámetro menor que 3 micrones, y la composición tiene un contenido de sodio menor al 12% en peso.
- 2La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque el contenido de sodio es menor que un 6% en peso. 10
- 3La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque el contenido de sodio es de entre 0.05 a 3% en peso
- 4La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque el contenido de sodio 15 es menor que un 0.01% en peso.
- 5La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque menos que un 4% de las partículas en la composición tiene un diámetro menor que 3 micrones. 20 6. La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la composición exhibe una mediana del tamaño de partícula mayor que 3 micrones y menos que un 3% de las partículas en la composición tiene un diámetro menor que 3 micrones. 25 7. La composición de conformidad con la ΙΜΡΪ INSTITUTO MEXICANO PE LA PROPIEDAD industrial reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la composición exhibe una mediana del tamaño de partícula mayor que 3 micrones y menos que un 2.5% de las partículas en la composición tiene un diámetro menor que 3 micrones. 5 8. La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la composición exhibe una mediana del tamaño de partícula mayor que 3 micrones y menos que un 2% de las partículas en la composición tiene un diámetro menor que 3 micrones.
- 610 9. La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque menos que un 1% de las partículas en la composición tiene un diámetro menor que 3 micrones. 10. La composición de conformidad con la 15 reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la mediana del tamaño de partícula varía en un intervalo de entre 5 y 1000 micrones.
- 711. La composición de . conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la composición exhibe 20 una mediana del tamaño de partícula en el intervalo de aproximadamente 5 a aproximadamente 200 micrones.
- 812. La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la mediana del tamaño de partícula varía en un intervalo de entre 20 y 100 25 micrones. con INSTITUTO MEXICANO DE LA PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL
- 913. La composición de conformidad reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la composición presenta un patrón de difracción de rayos X en polvo generado usando una fuente de radiación K-alfa de cobre que comprende:un primer pico en 2-theta que corresponde a un espaciamiento d dentro del intervalo de 2.7-3.5 angstroms, y un segundo pico en 2-theta que corresponde a un espaciamiento d dentro del intervalo de 5.3-6.1 angstroms.
- 1014. La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 13, caracterizada porque el patrón de difracción de polvo de rayos x comprende además:un tercer pico en 2-theta correspondiente a un tercer espaciamiento d dentro del intervalo de 5.9-6.7 angstroms, un cuarto pico en 2-theta correspondiente a un cuarto espaciamiento d dentro del intervalo de 2.0-2.8 angstroms, y un quinto pico en 2theta correspondiente a un quinto espaciamiento d dentro del intervalo de 1.6-2.4 angstroms, el tercero, cuarto, y quinto picos tienen cada uno valores de intensidad que son inferiores a los primeros y segundos valores de intensidad.
- 1115. La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 13, caracterizada porque la composición presenta además un patrón de difracción de polvo de rayos x generado usando una fuente de radiación K-alfa de cobre con al menos un tercer pico en 2 theta correspondiente a un tercer espaciamiento d dentro del intervalo de 5.9-6.7 r á INSTITUTO MEXICANO t>£ LA PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL * angstroms, y un cuarto pico en 2 theta correspondiente a un cuarto espaciamiento d dentro del intervalo de 2.0-2.8 angstroms, en donde el tercer pico que tiene la tercera mayor intensidad relativa dentro del patrón de difracción, y el 5 cuarto pico que tiene la cuarta mayor intensidad relativa dentro del patrón de difracción.
- 1216. La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 15, caracterizada porque la composición presenta además al menos un quinto pico en 2 theta 10 correspondiente a un quinto espaciamiento d dentro del intervalo de 1.6-2.4 angstroms, el quinto pico tiene la quinta mayor intensidad relativa dentro del patrón de difracción.
- 1317. La composición de conformidad con la 15 reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque los espectros de FTIR de la composición no incluyen picos de absorción a aproximadamente 764 cm -1 .
- 1418. La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la composición no 20 indica picos en valores 2-theta de 7.5, 32 ó 42.5 angstroms cuando se genera el espectro de difracción de rayos x usando una fuente de radiación K-alfa de cobre.
- 1519. La composición de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la composición se 25 conforma en un artículo moldeado. IMPI INSTITUTO MEXICANA DE LA NlOmDAD INDUSTRIAL de conformidad con la porque el artículo moldeado de conformidad con la
- 1620. La composición reivindicación 19, caracterizada es una tableta o cápsula.
- 1721. La composición reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque el silicato de zirconio tiene una fórmula teórica de:A2ZrSÍ3C>9, en donde A es una mezcla de iones de sodio e hidronio y en donde la composición tiene un contenido de sodio por debajo de 12% en peso.
- 1822. Una composición farmacéutica de intercambio de cationes en polvo caracterizada porque comprende ZS-9 que tiene un patrón de difracción de rayos X generados usando una en donde el ZS-9 presenta una estructura microporosa uniforme y un tamaño medio de partícula superior a 3 micrómetros y menos de 3% de las partículas en la composición tienen un diámetro inferior a 3 micrómetros, y la composición presenta un contenido de sodio por debajo de 12% en peso. IMPI INSTITUTO MEXICANO »e LA PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL
Independent claims18
411 paragraphs in 67 sections, as filed
(54) Title: MICROPOROUS ZIRCONIUM SILICATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPERCALEMIA. (54) Title: MICROPOROUS ZIRCONIUM SILICATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPERKALEMIA.
(57) Summary
Novel microporous zirconium silicate compositions formulated to remove toxins, eg, potassium ions, from the gastrointestinal tract at a high rate without causing unwanted side effects are described. The preferred formulations are designed to prevent an increase in the pH of urine in patients and / or to prevent the potential entry of particles into the patient's bloodstream. Also disclosed is a method of preparing high purity UZSi-9 crystals with an improved level of potassium exchange capacity. These compositions are of particular utility in the therapeutic treatment of hyperkalemia.
(57) Abstract
The present invention relates to novel microporous zirconium silicate compositions that are formulated to remove toxins, eg potassium ions, from the gastrointestinal tract at an elevated rate without causing undesirable side effects. The preferred formulations are designed to avoid increase in pH of uriñe in patients and / or avoid potential entry of particles into the bloodstream of the patient. Also disclosed is a method for preparing high purity crystals of UZSi-9 exhibiting an enhanced level of potassium exchange capacity. These compositions are particularly useful in the therapeutic treatment of hyperkalemia.
_SE_ secrkma οι ronokía
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Mexican Institute of Industrial Property
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PATENT TITLE NO. 341822
Headlines):
Home:
Denomination:
Classification:
ZS PHARMA, INC.
508 Wrangler Drive, Suite 100, Coppell, Texas, 75019, USA
MICROPOROUS ZIRCONIUM SILICATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPERCALEMIA.
lnt.CI.8: A61K33 / 00; A61K33 / 24; A61K45 / 06; A61K9 / 14; A61K9 / 20; A61K9 / 48; B01J19 / 00; B01J19 / 18; B01J39 / 02; B01J39 / 14; C01B39 / 00; C07F7 / 02
Inventor (s): DONALD JEFFREY KEYSER; ALVARO F. GUILLEM
REQUEST
Number:
MX / a / 2013 / 0Q9271
International filing date:
February 2012
Country:
US
PRIORITY
Date:
February 2011
Number;
61/441,892
Validity: Twenty years
Expiration Date: February 10, 2032
The reference patent is granted based on articles 1. 2nd fraction V, fraction 1) 1, and 59 ce the Industrial Property Law | In accordance with article 2® of the Pi Law counted from the filing date, it leaves rights.
'Industrial property, this patent has an agenda of twenty years that cannot be extended, at international request and will be subject to the payment of the fee to keep the' Who subscribes this title does not do so with fjndamanSB. ° bis 2; of the Industrial Property Law (Official Otario of the Federation (D.OF) 06/27/1881, amended at 84/08/1894, 10/25/1996, 12/26 / 1®7, 05/17/1999, 01/26/2004 06/16/2005, 01/25/2 ^ 06, 05/06 / 2009,06 / 01/2010 1 ** 16/2010. 28 / 0M010 ITEM «W2012 and 09/04/2012); articles!<sup>0</sup>, 3rd fraction V • subsection a), 4th and 12th I lobsters of the Regulations of the MexíóáfTOTfé Institute tS'Industrial Property (DOF 14/12 / 19®, amended on 07/01/2002, 07/16/2004 , 07/28/2 ^ 34 and 7/09/2007), articles 1,><sup>ο</sup>, 4 °, & ° íféCCtóo and tneec.ek.ift fiaeoaaas I and ULy 3Q of the Organic Law of the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (DOF 12/27/1999, amended on 10/10/2002, 07/29/204, 08/04/2004 and 09/13/2007); 1, 3 and 5 Clause a) of the Agreement that delegates powers to the Deputy Directors General, Coordinator, Divisional Directors, Holders of the Regional Offices, Divisional Deputy Directors, Departmental Coordinators and other subordinates of the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property. (DOF 12/15/1999. Amended on 02/04/2000, 07/29/2004, 08/04/2004 and 09/13/2007).
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Arenaí No. 550, Floor 1.
Coi. Santa María Tepepan town. Xochimiíco. C P. 13020.
Mexico City
Tel. (55) 53 34 07 00 www.impi gob.rox
Issue Date: September 5, 2016
THE DIVISIONAL DIRECTOR OF PATENTS
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NAHANNY CANAL REYES
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MX / 2015/71441
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¿O // 2 & ί ¿5/777 /
I HEARD THE PUGPlEÜAi) INDUSTRIAL
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MICROPOROUS ZIRCONIUM SILICATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF
HYPERCALEMIA
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel microporous zirconium silicate compositions formulated to remove toxins, eg, potassium ions or ammonium ions, from the gastrointestinal tract at an elevated rate without causing unwanted side effects. The preferred formulations are designed to prevent a potential entry of particles into the bloodstream and a potential increase in urine pH in patients. These compositions are of particular utility in the therapeutic treatment of hyperkalemia. Also disclosed are microporous zirconium silicate compositions having higher purity and potassium exchange capacity (KEC), and methods and apparatus for making the microporous zirconium silicate compositions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Acute hyperkalemia is a severe, life-threatening condition due to elevated serum potassium levels. Potassium is a ubiquitous ion, related to numerous processes in the human body. It is the most abundant intracellular cation and is critically important in numerous physiological processes, including the maintenance of cell membrane potential, homeostasis of cell volume, and transmission Ref.: 243166 iiviri
MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
<img file="MX341822B_D0009.tif" />
of action potentials. Its main sources in the diet are vegetables (tomatoes and potatoes), fruits (oranges, bananas) and meat. Normal plasma potassium levels range from 3.5-5.0 mmol / 1, with the kidney being the primary regulator of potassium levels. The renal elimination of potassium is passive (through the glomeruli) with active reabsorption in the proximal tubule and the ascending branch of the loop of
Henle. There is active excretion of potassium in the distal tubules and the collecting duct, both processes being controlled by aldosterone.
Increased extracellular potassium levels result in depolarization of the cell's membrane potential. This depolarization opens some voltage-regulated sodium channels, but it is not sufficient to generate an action potential. After a short time, the open sodium channels become inactivated and become refractory, raising the threshold to generate an action potential. This leads to deterioration of the neuromuscular, cardiac, and gastrointestinal organ systems, and this deterioration is responsible for the symptoms observed in hyperkalemia. The greatest concern is the effect on the cardiac system, where impaired cardiac conduction can lead to fatal cardiac arrhythmias, such as asystole or ventricular fibrillation. Given the possibility of fatal cardiac arrhythmias, hyperkalemia represents an emergency
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IMPI
MEXICAN INSTITUTE • E LA PROPIEoal, acute metabolic that must be corrected immediately.
Hyperkalemia can develop cnaildcr liay uiw, -. excessive production of serum potassium (oral intake, tissue degradation). Ineffective elimination, which is the most common cause of hyperkalemia, may be hormonal (as in an aldosterone deficiency), pharmacological (treatment with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers), or, more commonly, due to reduced function kidney disease or advanced heart failure. The most common cause of hyperkalemia is kidney failure, and there is a close correlation between the degree of kidney failure and serum potassium (SK) levels. In addition, numerous different commonly used drugs cause hyperkalemia, such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, potassium-sparing diuretics (eg amiloride, spironolactone), NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib), heparin, and certain cytotoxic drugs and / or antibiotics (such as cyclosporins and trimethoprim).
Finally, beta receptor, digoxin, or succinylcholine blocking agents are other well-known causes of hyperkalemia. Additionally, advanced degrees of congestive heart disease, massive injury, burns, or intravascular hemolysis cause hyperkalemia, as does metabolic acidosis, most often as part of ketoacidosis.
IMPÍ
MEXICAN INSTITUTE »AND THE« DIABETIC INDUSTRIAL OFFICE.
Symptoms of hyperkalemia are somewhat nonspecific and generally include muscle aches, palpitations, and weakness or signs of cardiac arrhythmias such as palpitations, bradycardia-tachycardia, or dizziness / fainting. However, hyperkalemia is often detected during routine blood tests for a medical condition or after severe complications, such as cardiac arrhythmias or sudden death, have developed. Obviously, the diagnosis is established by means of SK measurements.
Treatment depends on SK levels. In milder cases (SK between 5-6.5 mmol / 1), acute treatment with a potassium binding resin (Kayexalate), combined with dietary advice (low potassium diet) and possibly modification of a drug treatment (if there is treatment with drugs that cause hyperkalemia) is the usual standard of care; if the SK value is greater than
6.5 mmol / 1 or if arrhythmias are present, potassium should be urgently decreased and careful monitoring performed in a hospital setting. The following treatments are typically used:
• Kayexalate®, a resin that binds to potassium in the intestine and therefore increases faecal excretion, thereby reducing SK levels. However, it has been shown that
Kayexalate® causes obstruction and potential intestinal rupture.
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In addition, treatment should induce:
diarrhea. These factors have reduced the palatability of the Kayexalate® treatment.
• Insulin IV (+ glucose to prevent hypoglycemia), which changes potassium into the cells and out of the blood.
• Calcium supplement. Calcium does not decrease the SK, but it decreases the excitability of the myocardium and therefore stabilizes the myocardium, thus reducing the risk of cardiac arrhythmias.
• Baking soda. The bicarbonate ion will stimulate the exchange of K + for Na-s-, which leads to stimulation of sodium-potassium ATPase.
Dialysis (in severe cases).
The only pharmacological modality that really increases the elimination of potassium from the body is Kayexalate®; however, due to the need to induce diarrhea, Kayexalate cannot be administered on a chronic basis and, even in an acute situation, the need to induce diarrhea, combined with only marginal efficacy as well as an unpleasant odor and taste reduces its utility.
The use of microporous zirconium silicate or titanium silicate ion exchangers to remove toxic cations and anions from blood or dialysate is described in US Pat. N °: 6,579,460, 6,099,737 and 6,332,985,
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each of which is fully incorporated herein. Other examples of microporous ion exchangers can be found in US Pat. N °: 6,814,871, 5,891,417 and 5,888,472, each of which is fully incorporated herein.
The inventors have found that known zirconium silicate compositions can exhibit undesirable effects when used in vivo for potassium removal in the treatment of hyperkalemia. Specifically, administration of zirconium silicate molecular sieve compositions has been associated with an incidence of mixed leukocyte inflammation, minimal acute urinary bladder inflammation, and observation of unidentified crystals in the renal pelvis and urine in animal studies as well as an increase in urine pH. Furthermore, the zirconium silicate compositions had problems with crystalline impurities and an undesirably low cation exchange capacity.
The inventors have discovered new zirconium silicate molecular sieves to solve the problem associated with existing hyperkalemia treatments, and new methods of treating hyperkalemia using these new compositions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Zirconium silicate molecular sieves and
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF THE FSOI'IERaí. ' Zirconium Germanate have a structured<sup>WBI ;:</sup>flf ± t composed of ZrCh octahedral units and á ± itlÉSIlUtí ..... Oiiu OiOj · —tetrahedral units and GeCh tetrahedral units. These molecular sieves have the following empirical formula: ApMxZri-xSinGe<sub>and</sub>OR<sub>m</sub> (I) where A is an exchangeable cation selected from a potassium ion, a sodium ion, - a rubidium ion ', a cesium ion, a calcium ion, a magnesium ion, a hydronium ion, or mixtures of thereof, M is at least one framework metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (4+), tin (4+), niobium (5+), titanium (4+), cerium (4+), germanium (4 +), praseodymium (4+) and terbium (4+), p has a value of between about 1 and about 20, x has a value of between 0 and less than 1, n has a value of between approximately 0 and approximately 12, and has a value of between 0 and approximately 12, m has a value of between approximately 3 and approximately 36 and 1? n + and 12. Germanium can replace silicone, zirconium or combinations thereof, since the compositions are essentially insoluble in body fluids (at neutral or basic pH), they can be ingested orally in order to eliminate toxins from the gastrointestinal system.
In one embodiment, the composition has a median particle size greater than 3 microns and less than 7% of the particles in the composition have a diameter less than 3 microns. Preferably less than 5% of the particles
IMPI ^ a »
MEXICAN INSTITUTE ll
OF PROPERTY ($ ¿i
INDUSTRIAL in the composition has a diameter less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 4% of the particles in the composition has a diameter less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 3% of the particles in the composition have a diameter less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 2% of the particles in the composition have a diameter less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 1% of the particles in the composition have a diameter of less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 0.5% of the particles in the composition have a diameter of less than 3 microns. More preferably, none of the particles or just trace amounts are less than 3 microns in diameter.
The median and average particle size is preferably greater than 3 microns and particles reaching sizes in the order of 1,000 microns are possible for certain applications. Preferably, the median particle size ranges from 5 to 1000 microns, more preferably from 10 to 600 microns, more preferably from 15 to 200 microns, and more preferably from 20 to 100 microns.
In one embodiment, the composition having a median particle size and a fraction of particles in the composition less than 3 microns in diameter previously described also has a sodium content of less than 12% by weight. Preferably, the sodium content is
IMPI
<img file="MX341822B_D0015.tif" />
MEXICAN DE LA MOHEDAL) INDUSTRIAL is below 9% by weight, more preferably sodium content is less than 6% by weight, more preferably the sodium content is less than 3% by weight, more preferably the content Sodium is in a range of between 0.05 and 3% by weight, and more preferably 0.01% or less by weight or as low as possible.
In one embodiment, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical product comprising the composition in the form of a capsule or tablet.
In one embodiment, a molecular sieve is provided that has a high cation exchange capacity, in particular the potassium exchange capacity. The high cation exchange capacity is achieved through a specialized process and a reactor configuration that more thoroughly raises and suspends the crystals throughout the reaction. In one embodiment of the invention, the UZSi-9 crystals had a potassium exchange capacity of greater than 2.5 meq / g, more preferably greater than 3.5 meq / g, more preferably greater than 4.0 meq / g , more preferably between 4.3 and 4.8 meq / g, even more preferably between 4.4 and 4.7 meq / g and more preferably about 4.5 meq / g. UZSi-9 crystals having a potassium exchange capacity in the range of 3.7-3.9 were produced according to Example 13 described below.
IMPI
MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
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The compositions of the present invention can be used in the treatment of hyperkalemia comprising administering the composition to a patient in need. The administered dose may vary, depending on whether the treatment is for chronic or acute hyperkalemia. The dose to treat acute hyperkalemia is higher than for the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia. For the treatment of acute hyperkalemia, the dose preferably ranges from about 0.7 to 1,500 mg / kg / day, more preferably from about 500 to 1,000 mg / kg / day, and more preferably about 700 mg / kg / day. A typical daily dose for the treatment of acute hyperkalemia, depending on the capacity of potassium exchange, in a human patient will vary in a range of between about 50 mg and 60 g per day, more preferably between about 1 mg and 30 g per day, more preferably between 3 and 9 g per day, and more preferably about 3 g per day. For the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, the dose preferably ranges from 0.25 to 100 mg / kg / day, more preferably from 10 to 70 mg / kg / day, and more preferably approximately 50 mg / kg / day. A typical daily dose for the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia in a human patient will range from about 0.020 to 10 g per day, more preferably from 0.1 to 1 g per day, and more preferably is
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF THE KROFJEOau
INDUSTRIAL
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a great KEC. about 0.5 g per day.
For compositions with dosages they will typically be lower due to the greater efficacy of the compositions in decreasing potassium levels in a patient. For the treatment of acute hyperkalemia, the dose preferably ranges from about 0.7 to 800 mg / kg / day, more preferably from about 280 to 500 mg / kg / day, and more preferably about 390 mg / kg / day. A typical daily dose 10 for the treatment of acute hyperkalemia, depending on the capacity of potassium exchange, in a human patient will vary in a range of between about 50 mg and 33 g per day, more preferably between about 1 mg and 30 g per day, more preferably between 3 and 9 g per day, and more preferably about 3 g per day. For the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, the dose preferably ranges from 0.25 to 55 mg / kg / day, more preferably from 5 to 40 mg / kg / day, and more preferably approximately 30 mg / kg / day. A typical daily dose 20 for the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia in a human patient will range from about 0.020 to 5 g per day, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.7 g per day, and more preferably. it is about 0.5 g per day.
The compositions of the invention can be prepared
IMPI
<img file="MX341822B_D0019.tif" />
MIXfOíO INSTITUTE. ,, UifA «tOTIWfl» by subjecting a znwiW) silicate composition prior to a selection or a combination. Present.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 is a polyhedron drawing showing the structure of tnicroporous zirconium silicate
Na2, i9ZrSi<sub>3</sub>, oi0<sub>9</sub>, n · 2.71H<sub>2</sub>O (PM 420.71)
The particle size distribution of lot 5332-04310-A of ZS-9 is shown in Figure 2 according to Example 8.
The particle size distribution of lot 5332-15410-A of ZS-9 is shown in Figure 3 according to Example 8.
Figure 4 shows the particle size distribution of the preclinical batch of ZS-9 according to the Example.
8.
The particle size distribution of lot 5332-04310A without selection according to Example 9 is shown in Figure 5.
<td>In</td><td>the</td><td>Figure 6</td><td>it shows</td><td>the</td><td>distribution</td><td>of</td><td>sizes</td><td>of</td>
<td colspan="2">particle</td><td>of the lot</td><td>5332-04310A</td><td colspan="4">635 mesh according to</td><td>the</td>
<td>Example</td><td> 9.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>In</td><td>the</td><td>Figure 7</td><td>it shows</td><td>the</td><td>distribution</td><td>of</td><td>sizes</td><td>of</td>
batch particle 5332-04310A 450 mesh according to
IMPI
MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
Example 9.
Figure 8 shows the particle size distribution of lot 5332-04310A 325 mesh according to Example 9.
The particle size distribution of lot 5332-04310A 230 mesh according to Example 9 is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 10: XRD plot for ZS-9 prepared according to Example 12.
Figure 11: FTIR plot for ZS-9 prepared according to Example 12.
Figure 12: XRD plot for ZS-9 prepared according to Example 13.
Figure 13: FTIR plot for ZS-9 prepared according to Example 13.
Figure 14: Example of the chromatogram of the blank solution Figure 15: Example of the chromatogram of the standard test solution.
Figure 16: Example of the sample chromatogram.
Figure 17: Reactor with a standard stirring arrangement.
Figure 18: Baffled Reactor for Improved ZS-9 Production
Figure 19: Detail of the baffle design for a 200 1 reactor for the production of improved ZS-9
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IMPI
MEXICAN INSTITUTE Di LA ZROWf / .AU wtnimiAL
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The inventors have discovered novel zirconium silicate molecular sieve absorbers addressing the problems of adverse effects in the therapeutic use of molecular sieve absorbents, for example, for the treatment of hyperkalemia. Zirconium silicate has a microporous framework structure composed of Zr02 octahedral units and SÍO2 tetrahedral units. Figure 1 is a polyhedron drawing showing the structure of the microporous zirconium silicate Na2, i9ZrSÍ3, oi0<sub>9(</sub>n · 2.71Η2θ (MW 420.71) The dark polygons represent the octahedral units of zirconium oxide while the light polygons represent the tetrahedral units of silicone dioxide. The cations are not represented in Figure 1.
The microporous exchanger of the invention has a high capacity and a strong affinity, that is, selectivity, for potassium or ammonium. Eleven types of zirconium silicate available, UZSi-1 to UZSi-11, were developed, each of which has various ion affinities. See, for example, US Pat. No.: 5,891,417. The
UZSi-9 (also known as ZS-9) is a particularly effective zirconium silicate absorbent for absorbing potassium and ammonium. These zirconium silicates have the following empirical formula:
ApMxZri-xSinGSyOm (I) where A is an exchangeable cation selected from a potassium ion, a sodium ion, a rubidium ion, an ion of
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INDUTTHJAL Xfc cesium, a calcium ion, a magnesium ion, a hydronium ion, or mixtures thereof, M is at least one framework metal selected from the group consisting of hafnium (4+), tin (4+), niobium (5 +), titanium (4+), cerium (4 +), germanium (4+), praseodymium (4+) and terbium (4+), p has a value of between about 1 and about 20, x has a value of between 0 and less than 1, n has a value of between approximately 0 and approximately 12, y has a value of between 0 and about 12, m has a value of between about 3 and about 36yl ^ n + and ^ 12. Germanium can substitute for silicone, zirconium or combinations thereof. It is preferred that x and y are zero or both approaching zero, as germanium and other metals are often present in trace amounts. Since the compositions are essentially insoluble in body fluids (at neutral or basic pH), they can be ingested orally in order to remove toxins from the gastrointestinal system.
Zirconium metalates are prepared by hydrothermal crystallization of a reaction mixture prepared by combining a reactive source of zirconium, silicone and / or germanium, optionally one or more M metals, at least one alkali metal and water. The alkali metal acts as a tempering agent. Any zirconium compound can be used, which can be hydrolyzed to zirconium oxide or
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zirconium hydroxide. Specific examples of these compounds include zirconium alkoxide, for example, zirconium npropoxide, zirconium hydroxide, zirconium acetate, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium chloride, zirconium phosphate, and zirconium oxynitrate. Silica sources include colloidal silica, silica fume, and sodium silicate. Sources of germanium include germanium oxide, germanium alkoxides, and germanium tetrachloride. Alkaline sources include potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, rubidium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium halide, potassium halide halide, rubidium halide, halide cesium, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid sodium (EDTA), potassium EDTA, rubidium EDTA and cesium EDTA. The sources of the M metals include the oxides, alkoxides, halide salts, acetate salts, nitrate salts, and sulfate salts of the M metal. Specific examples of sources of the metal M include, but are not limited to, titanium alkoxides, titanium tetrachloride, titanium trichloride, titanium dioxide, tin tetrachloride, tin isopropoxide, niobium isopropoxide, niobium oxide hydrate, hafnium isopropoxide, hafnium chloride, hafnium oxychloride, cerium chloride, cerium oxide, and cerium sulfate.
In general, the hydrothermal process used to prepare the zirconium metalate ion exchange compositions
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to form
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INDUSTRIAL or titanium metallate of this invention comprises a reaction mixture that in terms of molar ratios of oxides is expressed by the formulas:
aA<sub>2</sub>O: bM0q / 2: l-bZrC> 2: CS1O2: dGeC> 2: elhO 5 where a has a value between approximately 0.25 and approximately 40, b has a value between approximately 0 and approximately 1, q is the valence of M, c has a value of between about 0.5 and about 30, d has a value of between about 0 and about 30 and e has a value of between 10 and about 3000. The reaction mixture is prepared by mixing the desired sources of zirconium, silicone and optionally germanium, an alkali metal and an optional M metal in any order to obtain the desired mixture. It is also necessary that the mixture have a basic pH and preferably a pH of at least 8. The basicity of the mixture is controlled by the addition of an excess of basic compounds and / or alkali hydroxides of the other constituents of the mixture. Once the reaction mixture is formed, it is then reacted at a temperature of between about 100 ° C and about 250 ° C for a period of between about 1 and about 30 days in a sealed reactor under autogenous pressure. After the allotted time, the mixture is filtered to isolate the solid product, which will then be washed with deionized water, acid or dilute acid and then dried. Numerous techniques of
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Df. IA WWflF. INDUÍTRIAL drying including vacuum drying, tray drying, fluid bed drying. For example, the filtered material can be oven dried with air under vacuum.
To allow quick reference, the different structure types of zirconium silicate molecular sieves and zirconium germanate molecular sieves were assigned arbitrary designations of UZSi-1 where 1 represents a type 1 framework structure. That is, one or more zirconium silicate and / or zirconium germanate molecular sieves with different empirical formulas can have the same type of structure.
The X-ray patterns presented in the following examples were obtained using standard powder X-ray diffraction techniques and which are described in US Pat. N °: 5,891,417. The radiation source was a high intensity X-ray tube operated at 45 Kv and 35 ma. The diffraction pattern from copper K-alpha radiation was obtained using appropriate computer-based techniques. Flat compressed powder samples were continuously swept at the rate of 2 ° (2Θ) per minute. The interplanar spacings (d) expressed in Angstrom units were obtained from the position of the diffraction peaks expressed as 2Θ, where θ is the Bragg angle as observed from the digitized data. The intensities were determined from the integrated area of the diffraction peaks after subtracting
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the basal value, where it is the strongest Latin intensity σ, and I is the intensity of each one of the highest peaks.
As those skilled in the art will understand, the determination of parameter 2 del is subject to human and mechanical error, which combined can impose an uncertainty of approximately ± 0.4 for each reported value of 2Θ. Of course, this uncertainty is also manifested in the reported values of the spacings d, which are calculated from the Θ values. This imprecision is general throughout art and is not sufficient to rule out the differentiation of the crystalline materials of the present from each other and from the compositions of the prior art. In some of the reported X-ray patterns, the relative intensities of the d-spacings are indicated by the notations vs, s, m, and w, which mean very strong, strong, medium, and weak, respectively. In terms of 100 x I / Io, the above designations are defined as w = 0-15; m = 1560; s = 60-80 and vs = 80-100.
In certain cases, the purity of a synthesized product can be evaluated with reference to its powder X-ray diffraction pattern. Thus, for example, if a sample is stated to be pure, it is only intended to indicate that the sample's X-ray pattern is free of lines attributable to crystalline impurities, and not that there are no amorphous materials in it.
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the sample.
The crystalline compositions of the present invention can be characterized by their powder X-ray diffraction patterns and can then have one of the X-ray patterns containing the spacings d and intensities indicated in the following Tables. The X-ray pattern for
ZS-11 reported in US Patent No. No: 5.891.417 is as below:
Table 1: UZSi-11
<td>gives)</td><td> 1</td>
<td> 6,0-6,8</td><td>wm</td>
<td> 5,5-6,3</td><td>m</td>
<td> 5,4-6,2</td><td>vs</td>
<td> 5,2-6,0</td><td>M</td>
<td> 2,7-3,5</td><td>s</td>
<td> 2,5-3,3</td><td>m</td>
The X-ray diffraction pattern for the high purity ZS-9, high KEC is obtained according to Example 13 herein (the XRD is shown in Figure 13), had the following characteristic intensity spacing ranges:
Table 2: UZSi-9
<td>gives)</td><td> 1</td>
<td> 5,9-6,7</td><td>m</td>
<td> 5,3-6,1</td><td>m / s</td>
<td> 2,7-3,5</td><td>vs</td>
<td> 2,0-2,8</td><td>wm</td>
<td> 1,6-2,4</td><td>w</td>
The formation of zirconium silicate comprises the reaction of sodium silicate and zirconium acetate in the
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OE LA P »,.> PI5UAI). _ industrial. _ INDUSTRIAL - presence of sodium hydroxide and water. The typical reaction has been conducted in small reactors in the order of ^ TS gallons. These smaller reactors have been used to produce various crystalline forms of zirconium silicate, including ZS-9.
The inventors recognized that the ZS-9 produced in these smaller reactors had inadequate or undesirably low cation exchange capacity (CEC).
The inventors have discovered that the use and location of a baffle-like structure relative to the stirrer within the crystallization vessel produces a product of a UZSi-9 crystal that exhibits crystalline purity (as shown with the XRD and FTIR spectra) and an unexpectedly high potassium exchange capacity. In the smaller scale reactors (5 gallons (18.93 liters)), cooling coils were placed inside the reactor to provide a baffle-like structure. The cooling coils were not used for heat exchange. There are various types of cooling coils and the different designs may have some effect on the results presented here, but the inventors used a coil type coil skirting the inner wall of the reactor.
The inventors found that the crystallization reaction used to produce UZSi-9 benefited from / 1FI.
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INDUSTRIAL particularly with deflectors with respect to when they are properly located relative to the agitator. The inventors initially produced UZSi-9 with significant levels of undesirable UZSi-11 impurity. See Figures 10-11. This incomplete reaction is believed to be the result of significant amounts of solids remaining near the bottom of the reactor. These solids near the bottom of the reactor remain there even with conventional stirring. When properly located, the baffles and stirrer improved reaction conditions by creating forces within the reactor that lift the crystals into the vessel thus allowing for the necessary heat transfer and agitation to make a high purity form of UZSi- 9. Figures 11-12 show XRD and FTIR spectra of high purity UZSi-9 crystals. As shown in Table 3 below, these crystals exhibit significantly higher levels of potassium exchange capacity (KEC) than the less pure ZS-9 compositions. In one embodiment of the invention, the UZSi-9 crystals had a potassium exchange capacity of greater than 2.5 meq / g, more preferably greater than 3.5 meq / g, more preferably greater than 4.0 meq / g , more preferably between 4.3 and 4.8 meq / g, even more preferably between 4.4 and 4.7 meq / g and more preferably about 4.5 meq / g. UZSi9 crystals that have a potassium exchange capacity in the
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Intervals of 3.7-3.9 occurred according to the Ejeffi ^ To 13 described below.
Another unexpected benefit due to the use of the reactor that has a standard stirrer in combination with baffles is that ZS-9 crystals of high crystalline purity, with high capacity of potassium exchange could be produced without using any seed crystal. Previous attempts to make homogeneous crystals of high crystalline purity from a single crystalline form employed seed crystals. The ability to obviate the use of seed crystals was then an unexpected improvement in relation to the processes of the prior art.
As already stated, the microporous compositions of this invention have a framework structure of ZrC> 3 octahedral units, at least one between S1O2 tetrahedral units and GeC> 2 tetrahedral units and optionally MO3 octahedral units. This framework results in a microporous structure having an intracrystalline pore system with uniform pore diameters, i.e. the pore sizes are crystallographically regular. The pore diameter can vary considerably from about 3 angstroms and more.
As synthesized, the microporous compositions of this invention will contain some of the alkali metal quenching agent in the pores. These metals are described as interchangeable cations.
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INDUSTRIAL —___ which means they can be exchanged for other A 'cations (secondary T ^ Sri<sup>1</sup>* Generally, exchangeable cations A can be exchanged for cations A 'selected from other alkali metal cations (K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Rb<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>), alkaline earth cations (Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mr<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>), a hydronium ion or mixtures thereof.
It will be understood that cation A 'is different from cation A. The methods used to exchange one cation for another are well known in the art and comprise contacting the microporous compositions with a solution containing the desired cation (usually in molar excess) under exchange conditions. Typically, the exchange conditions include a temperature of between about 25 ° C and about 100 ° C and a time of between about 20 minutes and about 2 hours. Using water to exchange ions to replace sodium ions with hydronium ions may take longer, in the order of eight to ten hours. The particular cation (or a mixture thereof) that is present in the final product will depend on the particular use and the specific composition used. A particular composition is an ion exchanger where cation A 'is a mixture of Na ions<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>+2</sup> and H<sup>+</sup>.
When ZS-9 is formed according to these processes, it can be recovered as Na-ZS-9. The sodium content of Na-ZS-9 is approximately 12-13% by weight when the
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INSTITUTO MEXICANO Dt THE PROPERTY elaboration process is carried out at a pH ma ^ SP ^ ue * ^ Na-ZS-9 is unstable at concentrations of Cierílíllii'w (HC1) acid that exceed 0.2 M at room temperature, and will suffer a structural collapse after exposure overnight. Although ZS-9 is slightly stable in 0.2M HC1 at room temperature, at 37 ° C the material rapidly loses crystallinity. At room temperature, Na-ZS-9 is stable in 0.1 M HCI solutions and / or at a pH of between about 6 and 7. Under these conditions, the Na level decreases from 13% to
2% with an overnight treatment.
The conversion of Na-ZS-9 to H-ZS-9 can be carried out by means of a combination of a water washing and ion exchange process, i.e. an ion exchange using a dilute strong acid, for example 0.1 M HCI or by washing with water. Washing with water will lower the pH and protonate a significant fraction of the zirconium silicate, thus decreasing the weight fraction of Na in the zirconium silicate. It may be desirable to perform an initial ion exchange in a strong acid using higher concentrations, provided that the protonation of the zirconium silicate effectively prevents a drop in pH to levels at which the zirconium silicate decomposes. Additional ion exchange can be conducted with washing in water or dilute acids to further reduce the sodium level in the zirconium silicate. Zirconium silicate made in accordance with
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INSTITUTO MEXICANO OE LA PROPIF.OAD INDUSTRIAL the present invention has a sodium content below 12% by weight. Preferably, the sodium content is below 9% by weight, more preferably the sodium content is less than 6% by weight, more preferably the sodium content is less than 3% by weight, more preferably the sodium content is in a range of between 0.05 and 3% by weight, and more preferably 0.01% or less by weight or as low as possible.
The ion exchanger in the sodium form, for example Na-ZS-9, is effective in removing excess potassium ions from the gastrointestinal tract of a patient in the treatment of hyperkalemia. When the sodium form is administered to a patient, the hydronium ions replace the sodium ions in the exchanger which leads to an unwanted rise in pH in the patient's stomach and gastrointestinal tract. In vitro tests it takes approximately twenty minutes in an acid medium to stabilize a sodium ion exchanger.
Typically, the hydronium form has an equivalent efficacy to the sodium form in removing potassium ions in vivo while avoiding some of the disadvantages of the sodium form related to changes in pH in the patient's body. For example, the hydrogenated form has the advantage of avoiding excessive release
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sodium in the body with the administration of T &<sup>ST</sup>W ± smSrs can mitigate edema resulting from sodium Trivelcg uauljívoct do, particularly when used for the treatment of acute conditions. In addition, the patient who is given the hydronium form to treat chronic conditions will benefit from lower sodium levels, particularly patients at risk for congestive heart failure. It is further believed that the hydronium form will have the effect of preventing an undesirable increase in pH in the patient's urine.
ZS-9 crystals have a wide distribution of particle sizes. It has been speculated that small particles, less than 3 microns in diameter, could potentially be absorbed into a patient's bloodstream resulting in undesirable effects, such as the accumulation of particles in the patient's urinary tract, and particularly in the kidneys. of the patient. Commercially available zirconium silicates are made in such a way that some of the particles smaller than 1 micron are separated by filtration. However, it has been found that small particles are retained in the filter cake and that the use of additional screening techniques is necessary to remove particles that are less than 3 microns in diameter.
The inventors have found that it can be used
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selection to remove particles that are less than 3 microns in diameter and that removal of the particles is beneficial for the therapeutic products containing the zirconium silicate compositions of the invention. Many techniques for particle selection can be used to achieve the objectives of the invention, including manual selection, air jet selection, screening or filtration, flotation or any other known means of particle classification. Zirconium silicate compositions that were subjected to selection techniques exhibit the desired particle size distribution that avoids potential complications related to the therapeutic use of zirconium silicate. In general, the distribution of particle sizes is not critical, provided that excessively small particles are removed. The zirconium silicate compositions of the invention have a median particle size greater than 3 microns, and less than 7% of the particles in the composition have a diameter less than 3 microns. Preferably less than 5% of the particles in the composition have a diameter of less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 4% of the particles in the composition have a diameter of less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 3% of the particles in the composition are less than 3 microns in diameter, more preferably less than 2% of the particles in the
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Df THE PROPERTY 'Λ «INDUSTRIAL composition has a diameter less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 1% of the particles in the composition has a diameter less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 0.5% of the particles in the composition is less than 3 microns in diameter. More preferably, none of the particles or just trace amounts are less than 3 microns in diameter. The median particle size is preferably greater than 3 microns and particles reaching sizes in the order of 1,000 microns are possible for certain applications. Preferably, the median particle size ranges from 5 to 1000 microns, more preferably from 10 to 600 microns, more preferably from 15 to 200 microns, and more preferably from 20 to 100 microns.
Particle selection can be performed before, during, or after the ion exchange process such as that previously described, whereby the sodium content of the zirconium silicate material is decreased below 12%. The decrease in sodium content below 3% can take place over several steps together with selection or can take place entirely before or after the selection step. Particles having a sodium content below 3% can be effective with or without selection of particle sizes as described herein.
In addition to screening or screening, the distribution of
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INDUSTRIAL desired particle sizes can be achieved using granulation or another agglomeration technique to produce particles of the appropriate size.
Also within the scope of the invention * is the use of these microporous ion exchange compositions in powder form or that can be formed into various forms with media well known in the art. Examples of these various forms include pills, extrudates, spheres, pellets, and irregularly shaped particles.
As already stated, these compositions are particularly useful in adsorbing various toxins from fluids selected from among body fluids, dialyzed solutions, and mixtures thereof. Pursuant herein, body fluids will include, but are not limited to, blood and gastrointestinal fluids. The term body also refers to the body of any mammal including, but not limited to, humans, cows, pigs, sheep, monkeys, gorillas, horses, dogs, etc. The process herein is particularly suitable for removing toxins from the human body.
Zirconium metalates can also be formed into pills or in other forms that can be taken orally and that will take toxins from the gastrointestinal fluid as the ion exchanger advances through the intestine and finally
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To protect the interchangect8 ^ 8fé<sup>L</sup> ioírrccfs against the high acid content in the stomach, ÍÓS''STt'fCU'l'Osr '' - shaped can be covered with different coatings that will not dissolve in the stomach, but in the intestines.
As also stated, although the compositions herein are synthesized with a variety of exchangeable cations (A), it is preferred to exchange the cation for secondary cations (A ') that are more compatible with or do not adversely affect blood. For this reason, the preferred cations include sodium, calcium, hydronium, and magnesium. Preferred compositions are those containing sodium and calcium ions or sodium, calcium and hydronium ions.
The relative amount of sodium and calcium can vary considerably and depends on the microporous composition and the concentration of these ions in the blood. As previously described, when sodium is the exchangeable cation, it is desirable to replace sodium ions with hydronium ions thereby reducing the sodium content of the composition.
The compositions of the present invention can be used in the treatment of hyperkalemia comprising administering the composition to a patient in need. The administered dose may vary, depending on whether the treatment is for chronic or acute hyperkalemia. The dose to treat acute hyperkalemia is higher than to treat a
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF PROPERTY chronic hyperkalemia. For the treatment of an acute, the dose preferably varies by one íñtéi'VálO 'd'tí tílltie ·· approximately 0.7 and 1,500 mg / kg / day, more preferably between approximately 500 and 1,000 mg / kg / day, and with highest preference is about 700 mg / kg / day. A typical daily dose for the treatment of acute hyperkalemia, depending on the capacity of potassium exchange, in a human patient will vary in a range of between about 50 mg and 60 g per day, more preferably between about 1 mg and 30 g per day, more preferably between 3 and 9 g per day, and more preferably about 3 g per day. For the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, the dose preferably ranges from 0.25 to 100 mg / kg / day, more preferably from 10 to 70 mg / kg / day, and more preferably approximately 50 mg / kg / day. A typical daily dose for the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia in a human patient will range from about 0.020 to 10 g per day, more preferably from 0.1 to 1 g per day, and more preferably is about 0.5 g per day.
For compositions with a higher KEC, dosages will typically be lower due to the greater efficacy of the compositions in decreasing potassium levels in a patient. For the treatment of acute hyperkalemia, the dose preferably varies in an interval between
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approximately 2 80 and 500 mg / kg / day, and more preferably it is approximately 390 mg / kg / day. A typical daily dose for the treatment of acute hyperkalemia, depending on the potassium exchange capacity, in a human patient will vary in a range of between about 50 mg and 33 g per day, more preferably between about 1 mg and 30 g per day, more preferably between 3 and 9 g per day, and more preferably about 3 g per day. For the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, the dose preferably ranges from 0.25 to 55 mg / kg / day, more preferably from 5 to 40 mg / kg / day, and more preferably approximately 30 mg / kg / day. A typical daily dose for the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia in a human patient will range from about 0.020 to 5 g per day, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.7 g per day, and more preferably is about 0.5 g per day.
The following examples are provided for the purpose of further illustrating the invention. It will be understood that the examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as an undue limitation on the broad scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.
EXAMPLE 1
A solution was prepared by mixing 2058 g of silica
WWrjTUTO MEXICANO I heard the colloidal montnw c (DuPont Corp., identified as Ludox ™ ^ §-<sup>τ</sup>4Ό), g of KOH in 7655 g of H2O. After several minut5Sde<sup>,</sup>”<sup>,</sup>- "'· vigorous stirring 1471 g of a zirconium acetate solution (22.1% by weight ZrÜ2) were added. This mixture was stirred for an additional 3 minutes and the resulting gel was transferred to a stainless steel reactor and hydrothermally reacted for 36 hours at 200 ° C. The reactor was cooled to room temperature and the mixture was filtered under vacuum to isolate solids that were washed with deionized water and air dried.
The solid reaction product was analyzed and found to contain 21.2% by weight Si, 21.5% by weight Zr, K 20.9% by weight K, loss on ignition (LOI). English) of 12.8% by weight, which gave a formula of K<sub>2</sub>, 3ZrSÍ3,2O<sub>9</sub>, 5 * 3.7H<sub>2</sub>O. This product was identified as Sample A.
EXAMPLE 2
A solution was prepared by mixing 121.5 g of colloidal silica (DuPont Corp., identified as Ludox® AS-40), 83.7 g of NaOH in 1051 g of H2O. After several minutes of vigorous stirring 66.9 g of a zirconium acetate solution (22.1 wt% ZrC> 2) were added. This was stirred for an additional 3 minutes and the resulting gel was transferred to a stainless steel reactor and hydrothermally reacted under stirring for 72 hours at 200 ° C. The
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OF THE COIN ¿VjlE reactor cooled to room temperature and T'á<sup>STR</sup>Wtezc53t filtered under vacuum to isolate solids that were dry, deionized, and air dried.
The solid reaction product was analyzed and found to contain 22.7 wt% Si, 24.8 wt% Zr, 12.8 wt% Na, LOI 13.7 wt%, which gave the formula Na2, oZrSÍ3, oOg, or * 3,5H2O. This product was identified as Sample B.
EXAMPLE 3
A solution (60.08 g) of colloidal silica (DuPont Corp., identified as Ludox® AS-40) was slowly added over a period of 15 minutes to a stirred solution of 64.52 g of KOH dissolved in 224 g of H2O deionized. This was followed by the addition of 45.61 g of zirconium acetate (Aldrich 15-16 wt% Zr, in dilute acetic acid). Upon completion of this addition, 4.75 g of Nb2O was added<sub>5</sub> hydrate (30 wt% LOT) and stirred for an additional 5 minutes. The resulting gel was transferred to an autoclave reactor with stirring and hydrothermally treated for 1 day at 200 ° C. After this period, the reactor was cooled to room temperature, the mixture was filtered under vacuum, the solid was washed with deionized water and air-dried.
The solid reaction product was analyzed and found to contain 20.3 wt% Si, 15.6 wt% Zr, 20.2 wt% K, 6.60 wt% Nb, LOT of 9.32% by weight, what
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE Say LA FXOFIEDAU which gave a formula of K2, i4 Zro, 7iNbo, 29S13O9,2 ^ 2 ^ 7 ^ 2 ^ 0 ^<sup></sup>Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of a ρδ! τά1 <3ϊΙ '(the sample, including a crystal EDAX, indicated the presence of the niobium, zirconium, and silicone framework elements. This product was identified as Sample C.
EXAMPLE 4
To a solution prepared by mixing 141.9 g of NaOH pellets in 774.5 g of water, 303.8 g of sodium silicate were added with stirring. To this mixture, 179.9 g of zirconium acetate (15% Zr in a solution of
10% acetic acid). After thorough mixing, the mixture was transferred to a Hastalloy ™ reactor and heated to 200 ° C under autogenous pressure with stirring for 72 hours. At the end of the reaction time, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the solid product was washed with a 0.001 M NaOH solution, and then dried at 100 ° C for 16 hours. X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed that the product was pure ZS-11.
EXAMPLE 5
A solution of 37.6 g of NaOH pellets dissolved in 848.5 g of water was added to a container and to this solution 322.8 g of sodium silicate were added with mixing. To this mixture, 191.2 g of zirconium acetate (15% Zr in 10% acetic acid solution) were added dropwise. After thorough mixing, the mixture was transferred to a reactor
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF LA TROFIEDAL,
Hastalloy ™ and the reactor was heated to 200 ° C under conditioned
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autogenous pressure with stirring for 72 hours. Upon cooling, ”the product was filtered, washed with a 0.001 M NaOH solution, and then dried at 100 ° C for 16 hours. X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed the product to be ZS9.
EXAMPLE 6
Approximately 57 g (free base, nonvolatile, lot 0063-58-30) of Na-ZS-9 was suspended in approximately 25 ml of water. A 0.1 N HCI solution was gradually added, with gentle stirring, and the pH was monitored with a pH meter. A total of approximately 178 milliliters of 0.1 N HCI was added with stirring, the mixture was filtered, then further washed with additional 1.2 liter washes of 0.1 N HCI. Material was filtered, dried and washed with DI water. The pH of the resulting material was 7.0. The resulting H-ZS-9 powder from these three batch ion exchanges with 0.1N HCI has <12% Na.
As illustrated in this example, batch ion exchange with a dilute strong acid allows the sodium content of a NA-ZS-9 composition to be reduced to the desired range.
EXAMPLE 7
Approximately 85 grams (in free, non-volatile base, lot 0063-59-26) of Na-ZS-9 was washed with approximately 31 liters of DI water in 2-liter increments over a period of 3 days until the pH of the wash reached a value of 7. Material was filtered, resulting material was dried was 7, batch ion exchange
<img file="MX341822B_D0034.tif" />
The powder of H-ZS-9 results déT and washed with water has <12% of
Na.
As illustrated in this example, washing with water reduces the sodium content of a composition of
NA-ZS-9 at the desired interval.
EXAMPLE 8
Separate batches of ZS-9 crystals were analyzed using diffraction and light scattering techniques. The particle size distribution and the other measured parameters are shown in Figures 2-4. Values d (0, l), d (0.5), and d (0.9) represent the size values of 10%, 50%, and 90%. The cumulative particle size distribution is shown in Figures 4-6. As can be seen from the following figures, the cumulative volume of particles having a diameter less than 3 microns varies in a range of between about 0.3% and about 6%. Furthermore, the different lots of ZS-9 have different particle size distributions, with varying levels of particles that are less than 3 microns in diameter.
EXAMPLE 9
ZS-9 crystals were screened to remove small diameter particles. The distribution of particle sizes resulting from the
INSTITUTO MEX ICAN'T _ ZS-9 crystals selected using dif ererffc'áéfef '/ ^ ifear' mesh. As illustrated in the following, decrease and eliminate the fraction of particles that are less than 3 microns in diameter using an appropriate mesh size screen. Without selection, approximately 2.5% of the particles had a diameter less than 3 microns. See Figure 5. Selection with a 635 mesh screen reduced the fraction of particles less than 3 microns in diameter to approximately 2.4%. See Figure 6. Selection with a 450 mesh screen further reduced the fraction of particles less than 3 microns in diameter to approximately 2%. See Figure 7.When using a 325 mesh screen, the fraction of particles less than 3 microns in diameter is further reduced to about 0.14%. See Figure 8. Finally, a 230 mesh screen reduces the fraction of particles smaller than 3 microns to 0%.
See Figure 9.
The selection techniques described in this example illustrate that particle size distributions can be obtained for ZS-9 with few or no particles smaller than 3 microns. It will be seen that the ZS-9 according to the
<td>Example</td><td>5 or the H-ZS-9 of</td><td>agree with</td><td>the</td><td>Examples</td><td>6 and 7 are</td>
<td>they can</td><td>select as</td><td>It is described</td><td>in</td><td colspan="2">this example for</td>
<td>provide</td><td>the distribution</td><td>of sizes</td><td>of</td><td>particle</td><td>desired.</td>
Specifically, the particle size distributions
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MMICawí INSTITUTE:
Ot LA preferred FR <ttfifMtJ disclosed herein can be obtained using the techniques of this example for both ZS-9 and H-ZS-9,
EXAMPLE 10
A 14-day repeated dose oral toxicity study was conducted in recovering Beagle dogs. This GLP-compliant oral toxicity study was conducted in Beagle breed dogs to assess the potential oral toxicity of ZS-9 when administered at 6-hour intervals over a 12-hour period, three times per day, in food , for at least 14 consecutive days. In the Main Study, ZS-9 was administered at 3 / dogs / sex / dose at dosages of 0 (control), 325, 650, or 1,300 mg / kg / dose. Another 2 dogs / sex / dose, assigned to the Recovery Study, received 0 or 1300 mg / kg / dose concurrently with the animals in the main study and were kept out of treatment for another 10 days. A correction factor of 1.1274 was used to correct the ZS-9 based on water content. Dose records were used to confirm the accuracy of dose administration.
During the adaptation period (Day -7 to Day -1), dogs were trained to eat 3 servings of wet dog food at 6 hour intervals. During treatment, the required amount of the test article (based on the most recently recorded body weight) was mixed with -100 g of wet dog food and
IMPIOUS
<img file="MX341822B_D0035.tif" />
MEXICAN INSTITUTE Dt LA EMORISDAD
INDUSTRIAL __ administered the dogs at intervals of 6 hours. They were offered additional dry food after consuming the last daily dose. Each dog received the same amount of wet dog food. Body weights were recorded on arrival and on Days -2, -1, 6, 13 and 20. Clinical observations were made twice a day during the adaptation, treatment and recovery periods. The consumption of wet and dry food was measured daily during the treatment period. Blood and urine samples for analyzes of serum chemistry, hematology, coagulation, and urinalysis parameters were collected before the test (Day -1) and on Day 13. Ophthalmological examinations were performed before the test (Day -6/7) and Day 7 (females) or 8 (males). Electrocardiographic evaluations were carried out before the test (Day -1) and on Day 11. At the end of the study (Day 14 for the Main Study and Day 24 for the Recovery Study), necropsy exams were conducted, the weights of the specified organs were recorded, and the selected tissues were examined under a microscope.
The oral administration of 325, 650 and 1300 mg of ZS-9 / kg / dose with food, three times a day at intervals of 6 hours over a period of 12 hours for 14 days was well tolerated. The clinical signs were limited to the observation of the white material, considered as the test article, in the feces of some dogs at 325 mg / kg / dose and in all
<img file="MX341822B_D0036.tif" />
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF IA WOPIEDAD animals receiving 650 mg / kg / dose duraii ^ 'é<sup>ST</sup>Tá week of treatment. Body weight, change in body weight, food consumption, hematology and coagulation parameters, or ophthalmoscopic and ECG evaluations were not observed.
There were no macroscopic findings associated with ZS-9 administration. Microscopically, minimal to mild focal and / or multifocal inflammation was observed in the kidneys of treated animals but not in control animals. The injuries had an incidence and severity similar to 650 and 1300 mg / kg and were less frequent and severe at 325 mg / kg. In some dogs, the inflammation was unilateral rather than bilateral, and in some cases it was associated with inflammation of the urinary bladder and the origin of the ureter. Taken together, these observations suggest that factors other than direct kidney injury, such as changes in the urine composition of dogs treated with ZS-9, may have resulted in increased susceptibility to subclinical urinary tract infections, even when not Microorganisms were observed in these tissues. In the recovery animals, the inflammation had completely resolved in the females and in part in the males, suggesting that whatever caused the inflammation was reversible after dosing ended.
The highest incidence of inflammation with mixed leukocytes
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INSTITUTO MEXICAN :) observed in Beagle dogs treated with
<img file="MX341822B_D0037.tif" />
continuation.
Summary of inflammation in kidneys
Terminal necropsy (TN): Day 14
<td>Dose</td><td colspan="2">0 mg / kg</td><td colspan="2">325 mg / kg</td><td colspan="2">650 mg / kg</td><td colspan="2">1,300 mg / kg</td>
<td>Sex</td><td>M</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>F</td>
<td>Number of animals</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 3</td>
<td>. Incidence</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 3/3</td><td> 3/3</td><td> 3/3</td>
<td>Kinon z. ._____ minimum</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 3/3</td><td> 1/3</td>
<td>left | θγθ</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 1/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 2/3</td>
<td>Incidence</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 1/3</td><td> 1/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 3/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 2/3</td>
<td>Rinon z.<sub>to</sub>_____<sub>L</sub>_ minimum</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 1/3</td><td> 1/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 1/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 0/3</td>
<td>air. mild</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 2/3</td><td> 0/3</td><td> 2/3</td>
<td>. . Incidence</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 1/6</td><td> 3/6</td><td> 4/6</td><td> 6/6</td><td> 5/6</td><td> 5/6</td>
<td>AiTlDOS z. minimal</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 1/6</td><td> 3/6</td><td> 4/6</td><td> 3/6</td><td> 5/6</td><td> 1/6</td>
<td>kidneys. mild</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 3/6</td><td> 0/6</td><td> 4/6</td>
<td>Sum of</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 4</td><td> 9</td><td> 5</td><td> 9</td>
<td>ratings of</td><td> 0</td><td></td><td> 5</td><td></td><td> 13</td><td></td><td> 14</td><td></td>
<td>severity</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Average Ratings</td><td> 0,00</td><td></td><td> 0,83</td><td></td><td> 2,17</td><td></td><td> 2,33</td><td></td>
<td>group severity</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
Minimal acute urinary bladder inflammation and unidentified crystals were also observed in the renal pelvis and urine of females receiving doses of 650 mg / kg / dose as summarized below:
20___
<td colspan="4">Summary of observed crystals at 650 mg / kg / dose</td>
<td>Animal No.</td><td> 4420</td><td> 4421</td><td> 4422</td>
<td>Unidentified crystals in urine</td><td> +</td><td> -</td><td> +</td>
<td>Crystals in the renal pelvis</td><td> -</td><td> +</td><td> -</td>
<td>Acute inflammation of the urinary bladder</td><td> +</td><td> +</td><td> -</td>
No crystals were identified in group 2 or 4 of females 25 or in any of the males treated with ZS-9.
<img file="MX341822B_D0038.tif" />
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE »E LAMOPIEDAIj
In both studies it was noted that the urinary pH<sup>0</sup>? ^ compared to control and ροΒίϋ10 * '^ 11ΐ »gl change dol · ----- urinary pH and / or urinary composition affected the solubility of solutes in urine resulting in the formation of crystals that caused irritation of the urinary tract and / or increased susceptibility to urinary tract infections (UTIs).
The description of the urinary crystals (long thin pointy clusters) together with the particle size profile and insolubility of the test article make it highly unlikely that these crystals are ZS-9.
EXAMPLE 11
ZS-9 crystals are prepared and designated unselected ZS9. A selection was conducted according to the procedures of Example 10 on a sample of ZS-9 crystals and the selected sample is designated ZS-9> 5 pm. Another sample of ZS9 crystals undergo ion exchange according to the procedures of Example 6 above and were then selected according to the procedures of Example 10. The resulting H-ZS-9 crystals were designated ZS-9 +> 5 p.m.
The following 14-day study was designed to show the effect of particle size and shape
IMP
Α »TTnvrOMtXICAm. «« M HKWIMD & 'JW jt. - Τ, τ tt · T INDUSTRIAL particle on urine pH and the presence of crystals in urine. Antiore compounds are administered to Beagles orally by mixing with wet dog food. The regimen is administered 3 times per day at 6 hour intervals over a 12 hour period as follows:
STUDY DESIGN
<td>Group</td><td>mg / kg / dose *</td><td>Female</td>
<td>Control</td><td> 0</td><td> 3</td>
<td>ZS-9 not selected</td><td> 750</td><td> 3</td>
<td>ZS-9> 5 μηη</td><td> 750</td><td> 3</td>
<td>ZS-9 +> 5 μηη</td><td> 750</td><td> 3</td>
<td>ZS-9 not selected</td><td> 100</td><td> 3</td>
<td>ZS-9> 5 μητι</td><td> 100</td><td> 3</td>
<td>ZS-9 +> 5 μηι</td><td> 100</td><td> 3</td>
<td>NaHCOs</td><td> 50</td><td> 3</td>
* not corrected for water ZS-9 + = crystal at neutral pH
<td>Total number of dogs</td><td>24 females</td>
<td>Age</td><td>5 months of life upon arrival</td>
<td>Adaptation</td><td>> 10 days</td>
<td>Formulation of the article of proof</td><td>Mixed with wet dog food</td>
<td>Test article management</td><td>Within 30 minutes of administration</td>
<td>Dose formulation analysis</td><td>Dose records will be used to confirm dosage. The weight of any wet food will be recorded.</td>
Observations, toxicokinetic evaluation ^ laboratory investigation (hematology, urinalysis) are shown in the table below
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE Dt LA RROMIDAD y procedimient'S ^<sup>ST</sup>t'errn
<img file="MX341822B_D0039.tif" />
<td></td><td>Observations</td>
<td>Mortality and signs of poor health or reaction to treatment</td><td>Twice a day (after treatment and in the afternoon) including stool evaluation</td>
<td>Detailed examination</td><td>During adaptation, weekly during study</td>
<td>Body weights</td><td>Arrival, Day -1, Days 7 and 14</td>
<td>Food consumption</td><td>Daily (wet and dry food)</td>
<td>Ophthalmoloscopy</td><td>None</td>
<td colspan="2">Toxicokinetics (for a potential Zr analysis)</td>
<td>3 X 1 ml of whole blood / sample</td><td>Day -1: Pre-dosls</td>
<td>with record of sample weights</td><td>Day 13: Pre-dosls and 4 h post 2<sup>to</sup> dose</td>
<td colspan="2">Laboratory investigations</td>
<td>Hematology / chemistry clinic (see listing)</td><td>Pretreatment and during Weeks 1 and 2 of the study</td>
<td>Urine analysis (see listing)</td><td>Pretreatment and during Weeks 1 and 2 of the study (metabolic cage, urine sample must be kept cold) Remaining urine is aliquoted and stored frozen for possible future Zr analysis</td>
<td></td><td>Terminal procedures</td>
<td>Necropsy</td><td>All animals regardless of how they died. All tissues were collected in NBF (see listing)</td>
<td>Hlstopathology</td><td>Urinary tract only (kidney and bladder)</td>
These tests show that the zirconium silicates of the present invention are particularly suitable for the treatment of hyperkalemia.
EXAMPLE 12
The UZSi-9 crystals were prepared by reaction in a
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OE THE PROPERTY
<img file="MX341822B_D0040.tif" />
standard crystallization container of S'NDgaul'ibrá liters).
The reagents were prepared in the following way. A 22 1 Morton container was equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, and balanced addition funnel. The container was charged with deionized water (3.25 1). Stirring started at about 100 rpm and sodium hydroxide (1091 g NaOH) was added to the container. The contents of the container reacted exothermically as the sodium hydroxide dissolved. The solution was stirred and cooled to less than 34 ° C. A sodium silicate solution (5672.7 was added
g). To this solution, a zirconium acetate solution (3309.5 g) was added over a period of 43 minutes. The resulting suspension was stirred for another 22 minutes. ZS-9 seed crystals (223.8 g) were added to the reactor and stirred for approximately 17 minutes.
The mixture was transferred to a 5 gallon Parr reactor with the aid of deionized water (0.5 1). The container had smooth walls and a standard shaker. There was no cooling coil in the reactor. The vessel was sealed and the reaction mixture was stirred at approximately 275-325 rpm and heated to 185 +/- 10 ° C over a period of 4 hours, then held at 184-186 ° C and allowed to soak for 72 hours. Finally, the reagents were cooled to 80 ° C over 12.6 hours. The resulting white solid was filtered with the help of deionized water
ΙΜπ »· ^
MEXICAN INSTITUTE Ά
I heard LA ΓΒΟίίΕΠΑΟ (18 1). The solids were washed with desioríi ^ cSfeí water until the pH of the elution filtrate was lower.<sup>J</sup>ΪΊT9773TT<sup>7</sup>·· The wet cake was dried under vacuum (25 inches Hg (63.5 cm)) for 48 hours at 95-105 ° C to give 2577.9 g (107.1%) ZS-9 as a white solid.
The XRD plot of the ZS-9 obtained in this example is shown in Figure 10. The FTIR plot of this material is shown in Figure 11. These XRD and FTIR spectra are characterized by the presence of associated absorption peaks typically with the crystalline form ZS-11. Furthermore, the peaks that are associated with ZS-9 exhibit significant dispersion due to crystalline impurities (eg, the presence of ZS-11 crystals in a ZS-9 composition). For example, FTIR spectra show significant absorption around 764 and 955 era '<sup>1</sup>. The XRD plot for this example presents significant noise and poorly defined peaks at 2-theta values of 7.5, 32, and 42.5.
EXAMPLE 13
Large capacity UZSi-9 crystals were prepared according to the following representative example.
The reagents were prepared in the following way. A 22 1 Morton container was equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, and balanced addition funnel. The container was charged with deionized water (8,600 g, 477.37 mol). Stirring started at approximately 145-150 rpm and added
<img file="MX341822B_D0041.tif" />
INSTITUTO MEXICANO Dt LA PROFIEDAD sodium hydroxide (661.0 g, 16.53 mol Ν3θϊΡ,<sup>, υ? 1</sup>8'*<sup>ι</sup>26
Na2 0) to the container. The content (J "of the retipieitite exothermically at a temperature between 24 ° C and 40 ° C over a period of 3 minutes as the sodium hydroxide dissolved. The solution was stirred for one hour to allow the initial exotherm to cease. A sodium silicate solution (5,017 g, 22.53 mol SO2, 8.67 mol Na20) was added. To this solution, and with the help of the addition funnel, a zirconium acetate solution (2,080 g, 3.76 mol ZrC> 2) was added over a period of 30 min. The resulting suspension was stirred for an additional 30 min.
The mixture was transferred to a 5 gallon Parr Model 4555 reactor with the aid of deionized water (500 g, 27.75 mol). The reactor was equipped with a cooling coil having a coil type coil configuration to provide a baffle type structure within the reactor adjacent to the stirrer. The cooling coil was not loaded with the heat exchange fluid as this reaction was merely used to provide a baffle-like structure adjacent to the stirrer.
The vessel was sealed and the reaction mixture was stirred at approximately 230-235 rpm and heated from 21 ° C to 140-145 ° C over a period of 7.5 hours and held at 14 0-145 ° C for
10.5 hours, then heated to 210-215 ° C over a period of
6.5 hours, where a maximum pressure of 295-300 was obtained
IMPI
INSTITUTO MEXICANO DI LA RRORIEUAI,
INDUSTRIAL psi (20, 74-21, 09 km / cm<sup>2</sup>), then held at 210-215 ° C for
41.5 hours. The reactor was then cooled to 45 ° C over a period of 4.5 hours. The resulting white solid was filtered with the help of deionized water (1.0 kg). The solids were washed with deionized water (40 1) until the pH of the elution filtrate was less than 11 (10.54). A representative portion of the wet cake was dried under vacuum (25 inches Hg (63.5 cm)) overnight at 100 ° C to give 1,375 g (87.1%) of ZS-9 as a white solid.
The XRD plot of the ZS-9 obtained is shown in the
Figure 12. The FTIR plot of this material is shown in Figure 13. These XRD and FTIR spectra, when compared to those of Example 12 (Figures 10-11), presented well-delineated peaks without scattering and with no peaks associated with crystalline forms other than ZS-9 (eg, ZS-11 peaks). This example illustrates how the presence of a baffle-like structure inside the reactor dramatically and unexpectedly improves the quality of the crystals obtained. While not wishing to consider a particular theory, the inventors understand that baffles provide added turbulence that raises solids (i.e. crystals) and results in a more homogeneous suspension of crystals within the reactor while the reaction is in progress. . This improved suspension allows a more complete reaction in the desired crystalline form and reduces the presence
<img file="MX341822B_D0042.tif" />
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OE INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY of unwanted crystalline forms of zirconium silicate in the final product.
EXAMPLE 14
The potassium exchange capacity (KEC) of the zirconium silicate (ZS-9) was determined according to the following protocol.
An HPLC was used in this test method that allows the introduction of a solvent gradient and detection of cation exchange. The column was an analytical IonPac CS12A (2 x 250 mm). The flow rate was 0.5 ml / minute with a run time of approximately 8 minutes. The column temperature was defined as 35 ° C. The injection volume was 10 µΐ and the needle wash was 250 µΐ. The pump was operated in the isocratic mode and the solvent was DI water.
A standard stock solution was prepared by accurately weighing and recording the weight of approximately 383 mg of potassium chloride (ACS grade), which was transferred to a 100 ml plastic flask. The material was dissolved and diluted to volume with diluent followed by mixing. The standard stock solution had an IC concentration of 2000 ppm (2 mg / ml). Samples were prepared by accurately weighing, recording, and transferring approximately 112 mg of ZS-9 into a 20 ml plastic vial. 20.0 ml of the 2000 ppm potassium stock solution were pipetted into the vial and the
<img file="MX341822B_D0043.tif" />
MEXICAN INSTITUTE OE THE PROPERTY places <sup>1</sup> container. The sample vials are shaken powered by a flick of the wrist and be for at least 2 hours but not more than 4 hours. The sample preparation solution was filtered through a 5 0.45 pm PTFE filter into a plastic container. They were transferred
750 pl of the sample solution into a 100 ml plastic flask. The sample was diluted to volume with DI water and mixed. The initial concentration of K<sup>+</sup> it was 15 ppm (1 Spg / ml).
The samples were injected into the HPLC kit. An example of the chromatogram of the blank solution is shown in Figure 14. An example of the chromatogram of the standard test solution is shown in Figure 15. An example of the sample chromatogram is shown in Figure 16. Potassium exchange capacity was calculated using the following formula:
KEC (IC - FC) XV _Eq Wt_ (100% -% water) lg wtspLX <sub>1θθ%</sub> At 1000 mg exchange capacity of Dotasium in
KEC is mEq / g. The initial potassium concentration (ppm) is IC. The final potassium concentration (ppm) is FC. The equivalent weight (atomic weight / valence) is Eq wt. The volume (1) of the standard in sample preparation is V.
<img file="MX341822B_D0044.tif" />
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ΙΜϊΓΤΤυΤΟ MEXICANO DI LA PROPI EDA »
The weight of the ZS-9 (mg) used for the sample preparation & TiS'ñ is Wt<sub>sp</sub>i. The percentage (%) of Tbl'ltyTlldU of —agera—— · (LOD) is% of water.
Three samples of ZS-9 produced according to the procedures of Example 12, i.e., in a reactor without baffles (eg, an internal cooling coil structure), were evaluated for their potassium exchange capacity (KEC) of according to the reference procedure. Also, three samples of ZS-9 produced according to Example 13 were evaluated in a reactor having cooling coils that serve as baffles according to this procedure. The results in Table 3 below show that the procedure of Example 13 and the presence of baffles within the crystallization vessel resulted in a dramatic increase in potassium exchange capacity.
Table 3: Potassium exchange capacity (KEC)
<td colspan="2">Example 12 (Without baffles)</td><td colspan="2">Example 13 (With deflectors)</td>
<td>Lot 5368-10311A</td><td>2.3 meq / gm</td><td>Lot 2724-9A</td><td>3.9 meq / gm</td>
<td>Lot 5368-12211A</td><td>1.7 meq / gm</td><td>Lot 2724-13D</td><td>3.8 meq / gm</td>
<td>Lot 5368-13811A</td><td>1.8 meq / gm</td><td>Lot 2724-18F</td><td>3.8 meq / gm</td>
EXAMPLE 15
The use of an internal cooling coil to provide a baffle-like structure inside the reactor is only feasible in small reactors in the order of 5
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MBXICAN INSTITUTE OF LA raOFIüDA »
<img file="MX341822B_D0045.tif" />
<sub>η</sub> .c '· 1 Ί INDUSTRIAL gallons because it is not easy to equip the most g reactors:
with cooling coils, and typically not üti'íi '^ dhV The inventors have designed a reactor for the larger scale production of high purity, high purity ZS-9 crystals
KEC. Large scale reactors typically use a jacket for heat transfer to the reaction chamber instead of coils or coils suspended within the reaction chamber. A conventional reactor 100 of 200 is shown in Figure 17. Reactor 100 has smooth walls and a stirrer 101 that extends into the center of the reaction chamber. Reactor 100 also has a sensing sheath 102 and a bottom outlet valve 103. The inventors have designed an improved reactor 200, Figure 18, which also has a stirrer 201, a sensing sheath 202 and a bottom outlet valve 203. The improved reactor 200 has baffle structures 204 on its side walls, which together with the Stirrer 201 provide significant crystal lift and suspension during reaction and creation of high purity, high KEC ZS-9 crystals. The improved reactor may also include a cooling or heating jacket to control the reaction temperature during crystallization in addition to baffle structures 204. Details of a non-limiting baffle design example are shown in Figure 19.
Preferably the reactor has a volume of at least 20 1,
WICKED (s & 'CP' '-x wtrtTVTo mwwo S
Kuwaw »® more preferably 200 1 or more, or within the int ^ Vawentre 200 1 and 30,000 1. ............ ..... <sup>11</sup>.....
It is noted that in relation to this date, the best method known by the applicant to put the aforementioned invention into practice is the one that is clear from the present description of the invention.
Λ
Contents67
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| US2015004235A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2015196592A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2015225249A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2015342988A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2016000825A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| AU2012214224B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| IL227907A | Israel | A | |
| IL244704A0 | Israel | A0 | |
| IL244704D0 | Israel | D0 | |
| AU2016204124A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| MX341822BThis record | Mexico | B | |
| US9457050B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| BR112013020533A2 | Brazil | A2 | |
| US2016367598A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| CL2016001166A1 | Chile | A1 | |
| JP6071906B2 | Japan | B2 | |
| JP2017052694A | Japan | A | |
| US9662352B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| JP2017105706A | Japan | A | |
| AU2016204124B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| IL244704A | Israel | A | |
| AU2017251826A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| EP3246287A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| US9844567B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| JP6251354B2 | Japan | B2 | |
| IL255025A0 | Israel | A0 | |
| IL255025D0 | Israel | D0 | |
| US9861658B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| MX354456B | Mexico | B | |
| US2018125884A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| KR101896732B1 | Republic of Korea | B1 | |
| HK1247178A | Hong Kong, China | A | |
| HK1247178A1 | Hong Kong, China | A1 | |
| EP2673237B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| CN108969535A | China | A | |
| ZA201306240B | South Africa | B | |
| CN109106725A | China | A | |
| PT2673237T | Portugal | T | |
| PH12013501762B1 | Philippines | B1 | |
| DK2673237T3 | Denmark | T3 | |
| TR2019001002T4 | Türkiye | T4 | |
| TR201901002T4 | Türkiye | T4 | |
| SMT201900037T1 | San Marino | T1 | |
| HRP20190146T1 | Croatia | T1 | |
| LUC00111I1 | Luxembourg | I1 | |
| SI2673237T1 | Slovenia | T1 | |
| NL300976I1 | Netherlands (Kingdom of the) | I1 | |
| ES2709004T3 | Spain | T3 | |
| EP3470370A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| PL2673237T3 | Poland | T3 | |
| RS58490B1 | Serbia | B1 | |
| NO2019022I1 | Norway | I1 | |
| LT2673237T | Lithuania | T | |
| LTPA2019010I1 | Lithuania | I1 | |
| HUE041828T2 | Hungary | T2 | |
| HUS1900019I1 | Hungary | I1 | |
| US10335432B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| ME03294B | Montenegro | B | |
| NL300976I2 | Netherlands (Kingdom of the) | I2 | |
| US10398730B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US10413569B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| LUC00111I2 | Luxembourg | I2 | |
| CY1121310T1 | Cyprus | T1 | |
| CY2019015I1 | Cyprus | I1 | |
| CY2019015I2 | Cyprus | I2 | |
| CA2827056C | Canada | C | |
| US2020390805A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US11406662B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US2023181631A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| LTC2673237I2 | Lithuania | I2 | |
| EP2673237B2 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B2 | |
| DK2673237T4 | Denmark | T4 | |
| HRP20190146T4 | Croatia | T4 | |
| FI2673237T4 | Finland | T4 | |
| RS58490B2 | Serbia | B2 | |
| SI2673237T2 | Slovenia | T2 |
1 legal event, as the office reported them to INPADOC
Events
| Event | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| Grant or registrationFG | FG |
Numbers
- Publication
- 341822
- Application
- 9271
Titles2
- Spanish
- SILICATO DE ZIRCONIO MICROPOROSO PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE HIPERCALEMIA.
- English
- MICROPOROUS ZIRCONIUM SILICATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPERKALEMIA.
Classification
- CPC, 35
- A61K33/24
- C01G25/00
- A61K9/143
- A61K33/00
- A61K45/06
- B01J19/0013
- B01J19/006
- B01J19/0066
- B01J19/18
- B01J2219/00063
- B01J2219/00094
- B01J2219/00768
- C01B33/20
- B01J39/14
- B01J39/02
- Y10T428/2982
- C01B39/46
- C01B39/02
- A61P3/12
- A61P3/14
- A61P7/00
- A61P7/08
- A61P7/10
- A61P9/00
- A61P9/04
- A61P9/06
- A61K33/244
- C01B39/06
- C01B39/00
- C07F7/025
- A61K9/14
- C01P2002/72
- C01P2002/82
- C01P2004/52
- C01P2004/61
- IPC, 13
- C07F7 02
- A61K33 00
- A61K33 24
- A61K45 06
- A61K9 14
- A61K9 20
- A61K9 48
- B01J19 00
- B01J19 18
- B01J39 02
- B01J39 14
- C01B39 00
- A61K33 244