Silica-stabilized ultrafine anatase titania, vanadia catalysts, and methods of production thereof.
Abstract
The invention is directed to compositions and processes for the production of silica-stabilized ultrafine anatase titanias and which may further comprise tungsten and vanadia. The surface stabilization may be by treatment of the TiO2 particles with a low molecular weight and/or small nanoparticle form of silica such as, in preferred embodiments, a tetra(alkyl)ammonium silicate or silicic acid, which serves to efficiently maintain the anatase phase and prevent crystal growth under severe thermal and hydrothermal conditions, even in the presence of vanadia. The vanadia catalysts produced from the novel titanias have equal or improved catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction of NOx compared to conventional vanadia supported silica- titania based catalysts. The invention is further directed to diesel emission catalytic devices comprising the novel titania-based catalyst compositions.

Term
4 yearsleft in the term
Expires 7 September 2030.
- Priority
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8 claims: 2 independent, 6 dependent
- 1REIVINDICACIONES Habiéndose descrito la invención reclama como propiedad lo contenido en las siguientes reivindicaciones:5 1. Un material de soporte de catalizador, caracterizado porque comprende: partículas de anatasa titanio que contienen al menos 85% en peso de T1O2 y una cantidad mayor que 0% y menor o igual que 10% en peso de S1O2, el porcentaje en peso es en 10 base a peso seco;en donde la S1O2 comprende nanopartículas que se encuentran dispersas sobre la superficie de las partículas de anatasa titanio y tienen un diámetro de < 5 nm;y en donde al menos 50% de los átomos de silicio del S1O2 están en los ambientes de coordinación Q 3 , Q 2 , Q 1 y Q°, como 15 se determina por espectroscopia de 29 Si MASNMR.
- 2El material de soporte de catalizador de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque además comprende 3% a 10% de WO3.
- 3El material de soporte de catalizador de 20 conformidad con la reivindicación 2, caracterizado porque el área de superficie BET es al menos 80 m 2 /gm.
- 4El material de soporte de catalizador de conformidad con la reivindicación 2, caracterizado porque comprende > 85% en peso seco de T1O2, 3% - 9% de S1O2, y 3% 25 7% en peso seco de WO3. como antecede, se ΙΜΡΪ6 , INSTITUTOMEXICANO 'Kí' 1 *» El material de soporte de catal($,2íá$or->conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque el S1O2 está presente en un valor de monocapa fraccional de menos de 1.0 antes de que el material de soporte de catalizador sea sinterizado. 6. El material de soporte de catalizador de conformidad con la reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque el S1O2 comprende parches los cuales están sustancialmente de < 5 nm de profundidad después de la redistribución como se observa por microscopio de barrido de electrón o por microscopio de transmisión de electrón. 7. Un catalizador de vanadio, caracterizado porque comprende:el material de soporte de catalizador de conformidad con la reivindicación 2 que tiene V2O5 dispuesto en este. 8. El catalizador de vanadio de conformidad con la reivindicación 7, caracterizado porque comprende de 0.5% a 5% en peso seco de V2O5. 9. El catalizador de vanadio de conformidad con la reivindicación 7, caracterizado porque el V2O5 del mismo está presente en un valor de monocapa fraccional de menos de 1.0 antes de la sinterización. 10. El catalizador de vanadio de conformidad con la reivindicación 7, caracterizado porque ha sido sinterizado a I INSTITUTO MEXICANO DE LA FROFIF.DAO INDUSTRIAL > 650°C 11. Un dispositivo catalítico de emi sión cíiésel caracterizado porque comprende el catalizador de vanadio de conformidad con la reivindicación 7. 12. Un sistema de control de emisión diesel, caracterizado porque comprende: el dispositivo catalítico de emisión diesel de conformidad con la reivindicación 11;y un filtro de partículas de diesel, y en donde el dispositivo catalítico de emisión diesel es posicionado corriente arriba de, o corriente abajo del filtro de partículas de diesel. 13. Un método para catalizar la conversión de óxidos de nitrógeno a gas N 2 , caracterizado porque comprende: exponer emisiones de motor que comprende NOx al catalizador de vanadio de conformidad con la reivindicación 7, con un reductor agregado para producir N 2 y H 2 O. 14. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 13, caracterizado porque el reductor es NH 3 y/o urea. 15. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 13, caracterizado porque el catalizador de vanadio comprende 0.5%-3% en peso seco de V 2 Os. 16. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 13, caracterizado porque las emisiones de motor son pasadas a través de un filtro de partículas de diesel antes o después IMPI fe V. VÍ.-Í- H V.S “ ,·\·Ι INSTITUTO MEXICANO /z-'N.Küi 1 ,/j CE LA EECFIEDAD -« J INDUSTRIA!. de ser expuestas al catalizador de vanadio. veu 'ndustÍ&i 17. Un método para producir un material de soporte de catalizador de titanio estabilizado con sílice, caracterizado porque comprende:
- 55 proporcionar una pasta aguada de T1O2 que comprende partículas de T1O2; proporcionar una fuente de sílice de partículas; combinar la pasta aguada de T1O2 con la fuente de sílice de partículas para formar una mezcla de TÍO2-SÍO2; y 10 ajustar la mezcla de TÍO2-SÍO2 a un pH <8.5 y a una temperatura <80°C en donde la fuente de sílice de partículas se disuelve y reprecipita en las partículas de T1O2 para formar el material de soporte de catalizador de titanio estabilizado con sílice, en donde el sílice reprecipitado 15 comprende nanopartículas con un diámetro de < 5nm y al menos 50% de los átomos de silicio están en los ambientes de coordinación Q 3 , Q 2 , Q 1 y Q°. 18. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 17, caracterizado porque además comprende la etapa de 20 combinar el material de soporte de catalizador de titanio estabilizado con sílice con WO3 para formar un material de soporte de catalizador de tungsteno de titanio estabilizado con sílice. 19. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 25 18, caracterizado porque además comprende lavar y sinterizar V tP' fi A INSTITUTO MEXICANO el material de soporte de catalizador de tungsteñb A i^;T^t&ajbg^3^ estabilizado con sílice. 20. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 18, caracterizado porque el material de soporte de catalizador de tungsteno de titanio estabilizado con sílice, comprende:86%-94% en peso seco de T1O2, 3%-9% en peso seco de un S1O2, y 3%-7% en peso seco de WO3;y en donde el material de soporte de titanio principalmente comprende un área de
- 610 superficie de al menos 80 m 2 /gm antes de la sinterización. 21. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 17, caracterizado porque las partículas de T1O2 de la pasta aguada de T1O2 comprenden hidróxido de titanio preformado, oxihidróxido de titanio o partículas de dióxido de titanio.
- 715 22. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación
- 817, caracterizado porque el S1O2 de la mezcla de TÍO2-SÍO2, después de disolverse, comprende átomos de silicio los cuales están sustancialmente en los ambientes de coordinación Q 3 , Q 2 , Q 1 Y Q°. 23. El método de conformidad con la reivindicación 17, caracterizado porque el SÍO2 en las partículas de TÍO2 sustancialmente comprende parches los cuales son de £5 nm de profundidad después de la redistribución del SÍO2 como se observa por microscopio de barrido de electrón o por microscopio de transmisión de electrón. caí TE TAJ’F.Qr&lM'P de cataliraoo:de catalizador de caracterizado porque de catalizador de 24. El material de soporte conformidad con la reivindicación 2, además comprende V2O5. 25. El material de soporte 5 conformidad con la reivindicación 24, comprende 0.5%-3% en peso seco de V 2 0 5 . 26. El material de soporte conformidad con la reivindicación 24, caracterizado porque el V2O5 está presente en un valor de monocapa fraccional de menos 10 de 1.0 antes de que el material de soporte de catalizador sea sinterizado. 27. El material de soporte de catalizador de conformidad con la reivindicación 24, caracterizado porque ha sido sinterizado a > 650°C.
Independent claims8
640 paragraphs in 31 sections, as filed
(54) Title: CATALYZERS OF ANATASA, TITANIUM, VANADIUM ULTRA FINE, STABILIZED WITH SILICE AND PRODUCTION METHODS THEREOF.
(54) Title: SILICA-STABILIZED ULTRAFINE ANATASE TITANIA, VANADIA CATALYSTS, AND METHODS OF PRODUCTION THEREOF.
(57) Summary
The present invention relates to compositions and processes for the production of silica-stabilized ultra-firm anatase titaniums which may further comprise tungsten and vanadium. Surface stabilization may be by treating the TiO2 particles with a low molecular weight and / or small silica nanoparticle form such as, in preferred embodiments, a tetra (alkyl) ammonium silicate or silicic acid, which serves to efficiently maintain the anatase phase and prevent crystal growth under severe thermal and hydrothermal conditions, even in the presence of vanadium. Vanadium catalysts produced from the new titaniums have equal or improved catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction of NOx compared to conventional vanadium-supported titanium-silica based catalysts. The invention is further directed to catalytic diesel emission devices comprising the new titanium based catalyst compositions.
(57) Abstract
The invention is directed to compositions and processes for the production of silica-stabilized ultrafine anatase titanias and which may further comprise tungsten and vanadia. The surface stabilization may be by treatment of the TiO2 particles with a low molecular weight and / or small nanoparticle form of silica such as, in preferred embodiments, a tetra (alkyl) ammonium silicate or silicic acid, which serves to efficiently maintain the anatase phase and prevent crystal growth under severe thermal and hydrothermal conditions, even in the presence of vanadia. The vanadia catalysts produced from the novel titanias have equal or improved catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction of NOx compared to conventional vanadia supported silica- titania based catalysts. The invention is further directed to diesel emission catalytic devices comprising the novel titania-based catalyst compositions.
I KNOW
Institute
Mexican Property
Industrial
PATENT TITLE NO. 339381
Cell phone (s): CRISTAL USA INC.
Address: 20 Wight Avenue, Suite 150, HuntValley, Maryland, 21030, USA
Denomination: CATALYSTS OF ANATASE, TITANIUM, VANADIUM ULTRA FINE, STABILIZED WITH SILICE AND PRODUCTION METHODS THEREOF.
Classification: lnt.CI.8: B01D53 / 94; B01J21 / 06; B01J23 / 22; B01J23 / 30; B01J37 / 08
Inventors):
DAVID M. CHAPMAN
Núi
MX / e / 2012/000066
Country:
REQUEST
Interstate filing date September 2010
PRIORITY
Date: Number:
Validity: Twenty years
Due date; September 7, 2030
The reference patent is granted based on articles 1, 2 * fraction V, 6th useful fraction, and 59 of the Industrial Property Law.
In accordance with article 23 of the Industrial Property Law, this patent has a twenty-year non-extendable term, established as of the date of application of the international law and will be subject to the payment of the fee to maintain Agents rights. , i »epye $ o for articles 6 · fractions til and 7 ° bis 2 of I * Law of the nget,« formed on 08/02/1994, »/ 10/1996, 26/12/1997,> 7 / 05/1999, 2010, 06/28/2010, 01/272012 and 04/09/2012); articles 1, # fraction V fe Induatrial Property (DOF 14/12/1999, reported on t V Ihcfooa), 1 «Urination I and III and 30 of the Organic Statute
Who subscribes to the present title I Industrial Property (Official Journal of 01/2004, 06/16/2005, 2101/2006, Use a), 4th and 12th sections I and III | / 07 / 2002,15 / 07/2004, 2107/2004;
I Mexican Institute of Impropity ice based on 1i the Federation (MF)
15 / 2009,06 / 01/21 (I Regulation of Insl 709/2007); articles 1 ·, 3 °, egi fie delega i
Industrial (DOF 12/27/1999, reformSa9 ^ WlW2002, 07/29/2004, 08/04/2004 and 09/13/1) 07); 1 ·, 3 · djwntos ,, /: inas Regional Deputy Directors Divisionales. Oepaúamentales COOrt iinadores and other subordinates oei lnstitufo I Industrial. (DOF 12/15/1999, amended on 02/04/2000, 07/29/2004, 08/04/2004 and 09/13/2007).
ares of the Property
Issue Date: May 24, 2016
<img file="MX339381B_D0001.tif" />
MX / 2016/39544
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SAME
Background of the Invention
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides produced during combustion processes using reducers such as NH<sub>3</sub> It has been a commercially successful technology for over 30 years. Originally introduced for N0 emission control<sub>x</sub> in combustion gases from stationary power plants and other industrial facilities. Recently, interest in technology has expanded as a result of its utility in treating emissions from automotive energy sources, such as marine containers, cars, trucks, and machinery. This increased interest is largely triggered by regulations governing emissions from automotive sources. For example, the US EPA regulations that will be effective in 2010 to adjust automotive diesel engines such as low emission levels for NO<sub>X</sub> that it is efficiently consumed after treatment is essential, and SCR is a leading technological choice.
In stationary applications, the requirements on the catalyst are not very high. For example, motors
Ref.:226093 <sup>;</sup> ΤΜΡΪ ©> 5 stationary typically run at condition ^<sub>T</sub>^ 0T<sub>M</sub>1 ^ W<sup>and</sup>¥?*^$8^,
OF THE PROPERTY
INDUSTRIAL -------- * constant, close to ready, and with relatively low gas space velocity. Furthermore, the volumetric requirements for catalysts are also not demanding. In automotive highway applications, however, the catalyst requirements are much more severe. In this case, the motors are not running in a ready state or at a constant temperature, but preferably cyclical over wide variations in load (and therefore temperature). In a possible configuration system, the SCR catalyst is located downstream of a diesel particulate filter (DPF), and regeneration of the DPF from the loading soot can cause a high-temperature pulse of hot gas to pass through the downstream SCR catalyst. Furthermore, automotive applications typically involve much higher gas space velocities and the volumetric requirements on the catalyst are severe. For example, in previous applications of SCR applications to heavy duty diesel engines, the catalyst volume was several times greater than the engine displacement. For these reasons, it is imperative that improved catalysts having superior thermal stability, and improved volumetric activity, be developed so that profitable technological solutions can be found to cover increasingly stringent regulations.
<img file="MX339381B_D0003.tif" />
MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF PROPERTY
INDUSTRIAL
<img file="MX339381B_D0004.tif" />
The technology that has been used for many years in stationary applications involves catalysts based on metal oxides, and especially those based on TiO<sub>2 </sub>as the catalyst support, and the active catalytic functionality is based on vanadium, V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub>. Thus, TiO mixtures<sub>2 </sub>(80-95%), WO<sub>3</sub> (3-10%) and optionally with the balance comprising SiO<sub>2</sub> (such as DT-52 ™ and DT-58 ™) have been in use as the catalyst support, and the vanadium active component is typically present at 0.1 to 3% by weight. In these titanium catalysts it is initially present with relatively high surface area in the form of anatasay. The use and limitations of vanadium based catalysts for automotive SCR-urea systems was reviewed in Studies in
Surface Science and Catalysis, Granger, P. and Parvulescu, VI, ed., Vol. 171, Chapter 9. There are two considerations that depend more on the stability of the vanadium-based catalyst. First, the catalysts can be used in automotive applications in a configuration where a diesel particulate filter (DPF) is positioned upstream of the vanadium-SCR catalyst. In this configuration, the vanadium catalyst can be exposed to extremes in temperature associated with exothermic DPF regeneration. A second consideration is that it is desirable for a vanadium based catalyst to maintain its capacity.
<img file="MX339381B_D0005.tif" />
catalytic at high temperatures (eg, better compete with metal-based exchanged catalysts, which show a high degree of stability and activity at high temperatures. The DT58 ™ contains 10% by weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>.9 wt.% W0<sub>3</sub> and 81% TiO<sub>2</sub>, and has a surface area of approximately 90 m<sup>2</sup>/ gm. It is well known, however, that titanium and vanadium based catalysts are not particularly thermally stable. There are several reasons for this lack of technical stability. First, titanium by itself tends to sinter at elevated temperature, with an associated loss of surface area. Second, titanium also undergoes a transformation to the crystalline form of rutile at high temperatures, and this form is generally thought to be a less active support than the anatase form. Third, unsupported vanadium has a melting point of approximately 675 ° C, and thus, even when supported in titanium, at elevated temperatures it tends to be somewhat mobile and may eventually aggregate to form low surface area vanadium crystals ( and less active).
For these reasons, it is imperative to improve the thermal stability of the final catalyst, and at the same time maintain or increase the catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (SCR-DeNOx) from lean-mix automotive engines. Achieve both goals
INSTITUTO Ml'XlCAN'O simultaneously is a significant challenge, since ^ & DuíifÍfóS Saj '-' éA-® can often be improved on the deterioration of í-ag. For example, the incorporation of silica and / or rare earths into titanium was reported to increase stability, but further gains in both stability and activity are required.
Anatase ultrafine titanium stabilized with amorphous silica has previously been used in catalytic applications. Amorphous silica is known to improve anatase phase stability and surface area retention of ultrafine titanium anatase, and thus amorphous silica is an additive in commercial products such as DT-58 ™ and DT-S10 ™, and these Materials can be used commercially in catalytic selective catalytic control of diesel emissions, particularly in DeNox applications.
An earlier patent describes the use of silicic acid to stabilize anatase titanium by DeNOx (US Document 4,725,572). However, a careful reading of this patent shows that the source of the silica is indeed a colloidal particle silica. A
Newer US patent (US 6,956,006 Bl), also describes the use of colloidal silica to effect an anatase titanium with enhanced thermal and hydrothermal stability. A recent published US Patent Application (US 2007/0129241 Al) discusses
<img file="MX339381B_D0006.tif" />
improved. The silica source used here is also a colloidal silica. However, these colloidal silica-based titanium catalysts, as noted, lack acceptable stability and activity after high temperature extremes. Titanium catalysts which minimize these disadvantages could be of greater use and advantage.
While the DT-5 ™ backing material mentioned above is a state-of-the-art backing material for diesel emission catalysts, an improved titanium backing could, in general, be (1) more thermally stable, thus allowing its placement in close proximity to the engine, and (2) more catalytically active, thus allowing the use of a smaller can (i.e. 10L vs. 12L) to contain the catalyst, thus optimizing (reducing) the size of the emission control system.
It is for the production of such silica-supported titanium substrates, and catalysts made therefrom, that the present invention is directed.
Brief Description of the Invention
The present invention describes compositions and processes for the production of stable ultrafine anatase titanium for use, for example, as a support material.
<img file="MX339381B_D0007.tif" />
Tare,
K i
for vanadium catalysts preferably j catalytic emission control system. The i -i<sub>Z</sub>j action involves treating titanium with a small nanoparticle form and / or a low molecular weight, soluble (<5 nm) form of silica such as, in a preferred embodiment, a tetra (alkyl) ammonium silicate, such as silicate tetramethylammonium, or silicic acid, which serves to efficiently maintain the anatase phase and prevent sintering (crystal growth) under severe thermal and hydrothermal conditions, even in the presence of vanadium. The new silica-based titaniums combined with [vanadium] have equal or improved catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction of NOx compared to currently available silica-based vanadium catalysts.
In one of its aspects, the invention is a catalyst support material which comprises anatase titanium particles comprising> 85% by weight of the dry weight of TiO<sub>2</sub> and <10% by weight dry weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>, where the SiO<sub>2 </sub>it is substantially in a nanoparticle and / or low molecular weight form. The catalyst support material may further comprise, for example, 3% to 10% W0<sub>3</sub> and can have a BET surface area of at least 80m<sup>2</sup>/ gm. The catalyst support material can comprise> 85% by dry weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>, 3% - 9% of SiO<sub>2</sub>, and 3% - 9% by dry weight of WO<sub>3</sub>, by
Ρΐ
INSTITUTO M EX1CANO, _ _. , · PE THE FRCPIEPAD example. The SiO<sub>2</sub> it may be present at a fractional Wbnocap value of less than 1.0 before e4 — matter · - catalyst support is sintered. The small nanoparticle form of SiO<sub>2</sub> it can have a diameter of <5nm. The low molecular form of SiO<sub>2</sub> It can comprise a PM of <100,000. The SiO<sub>2</sub> can comprise silicon atoms which are substantially (eg> 50%) in the coordination environments of Q<sup>3</sup>, Q<sup>2</sup>, Q<sup>1 </sup>and Q °. The SiO<sub>2</sub> it may comprise patches which are substantially £ 5nm deep after redistribution as seen by scanning electron microscope or electron transmission microscope. The uncle<sub>2</sub> used may optionally not be prepared in the presence of urea.
In another aspect, the invention may be a vanadium catalyst comprising a silica stabilized titanium catalyst support material as described herein which comprises V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> arranged in this. The vanadium catalyst may comprise, for example, 0.5% to 5% by dry weight of V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> (or more preferably 1.0 to 3%). The V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> it may be present at a fractional monolayer value of less than 1.0 prior to sintering. The vanadium catalyst can be sintered at> 650 ° C for example. In another aspect, the invention may be a catalytic emission device 'IMPI
INSTITUTO MEXICANO added diesel comprising the catalyst described herein. In another aspect, the invention may be a diesel emission control system which comprises the above described diesel emission catalytic device and a diesel particulate filter, and wherein the diesel emission catalytic device is positioned upstream of, or downstream of the diesel particulate filter.
In another of its aspects, the invention is a method to catalyze the conversion of nitrogen oxides to N gas.<sub>2</sub>which comprises exposing engine emissions comprising
NOx to the vanadium catalyst as described herein with an added reducer to produce N<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>0. The reducer can be for example NH<sub>3</sub> and / or urea. In the method, the vanadium catalyst may comprise 0.5% -5% (or more preferably 1.0% to 3%) by dry weight of V<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5</sub>, for example. Engine emissions can be passed through a diesel particulate filter before or after being exposed to the vanadium catalyst.
In another of its aspects, the invention is a method of producing a catalyst support material, which comprises providing a slurry containing TiO.<sub>2</sub>,
<td>combining</td><td>the</td><td>pasta</td><td>TiO wash<sub>2</sub> with</td><td> (1)</td><td>a</td><td>solution</td>
<td>pioneer</td><td>of</td><td>silica</td><td>what does SiO include<sub>2</sub></td><td colspan="3">substantially in</td>
<td>form</td><td>of</td><td>low</td><td>molecular weight and / or</td><td>SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td>than</td><td>understands</td>
small nanoparticles and with (2) WO<sub>3</sub> for fo
<img file="MX339381B_D0008.tif" />
OTO mxrC / kNf OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
<img file="MX339381B_D0009.tif" />
of TÍO2-WO3-SÍO2, where the silica precursor solution is combined with the TiO water paste<sub>2</sub> before, after or while the WO<sub>3</sub> combines with TiO water paste<sub>2</sub>, and then the Ti0 mixture is washed and sintered<sub>2</sub>-W0<sub>3</sub>-Yes0<sub>2</sub> to form a silica stabilized titanium support material. In the method the silica stabilized titanium support material may comprise, for example, 86% -94% by dry weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.3% -9% by dry weight of a SiO<sub>2</sub>, and 3% -7% by dry weight of WO3, and the titanium support material can mainly comprise a surface area of at least 80 m<sup>2</sup>/ gm before sintering. The uncle<sub>2</sub> The watery paste may comprise, for example, preformed titanium hydroxide, titanium oxyhydroxide, or titanium dioxide particles. Optionally, TiO<sub>2</sub> of the watered paste does not occur in the presence of urea. The small nanoparticle form of SiÓ<sub>2</sub> i
The silica precursor solution can substantially comprise a diameter of <5nm. The low molecular weight form) of SiO<sub>2</sub> of the prepupsor solution, .de., AÍlice can substantially comprise a MW of <100,000. The SiO<sub>2</sub> of. the silica precursor solution may comprise silicon atoms which are substantially (eg> 50%) in the Q coordination environments<sup>3</sup>, Q<sup>2</sup>, Q<sup>1</sup> and Q °. The silica precursor solution may comprise a solution of tetra (alkyl) ammonium silicate or silicic acid. The SiO<sub>2</sub> can substantially comprise patches which'é ^ j'giq ^<sup>1</sup>
INDUSTRIAL nm deep after redistribution as seen by scanning electron microscope or electron transmission microscope. The method may further comprise combining the Ti0 mixture<sub>2</sub>-W0<sub>3</sub>-Yes0<sub>2</sub> with V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5 </sub>to form a vanadium catalyst. The vanadium catalyst thus formed may comprise, for example, 0.5% to 3% to 5% by dry weight of V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub>. The V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> thereof may be present at a fractional monolayer value of less than
1.0 before sintering. The vanadium catalyst can be sintered at> 650 ° C for example.
In another aspect, the invention contemplates a method of producing a silica stabilized titanium catalyst support material by providing a thin TiO paste<sub>2</sub> comprising TiO particles<sub>2</sub>, providing a source of particle silica, combining the diluted TiO paste<sub>2</sub> with the particle silica source to form a TiO mixture<sub>2</sub>-Yes<sub>2</sub>, and adjusting the TiO mix<sub>2</sub>-Yes<sub>2</sub> at a pH <8.5 and at a temperature of <80 ° C where the source of particulate silica dissolves and reprecipitates /
<td colspan="2">about the</td><td>particles</td><td>of</td><td colspan="2">Uncle<sub>2</sub> for</td><td>form the</td><td>material</td><td>ίθ</td>
<td>support</td><td>of</td><td>catalyst</td><td>of</td><td>titanium</td><td colspan="3">stabilized with silica.</td><td>The</td>
<td>method</td><td colspan="3">can understand</td><td>also</td><td>the</td><td>stage of</td><td>i to combine</td><td>the</td>
silica stabilized titanium catalyst support material with WO<sub>3</sub> to form a support material of
PI IMPI Stable Titanium Tungsten Catalyst <^ ¿£ $ ^ & £ 9-ix
INDUSTRIAL
The method may further comprise washing and sintering the
<img file="MX339381B_D0010.tif" />
silica stabilized titanium tungsten catalyst support material. The silica stabilized titanium tungsten catalyst support material may comprise, for example, 86% -94% by dry weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.3% -9% by dry weight of a SiO<sub>2</sub>, and 3% -7% by dry weight of WO<sub>3</sub>, and the titanium support material can mainly comprise a surface area of at least 80 m<sup>2</sup>/ gm before sintering. The TiO2 particles in the diluted TiO2 paste may comprise, for example, preformed titanium hydroxide, titanium oxyhydroxide, or titanium dioxide particles. The TiO2 particles from the Ti02 slurry are optionally not produced in the presence of urea. The SiO2 in the TiO2-SiO2 mixture, after dissolving, may comprise silicon atoms which are substantially (eg> 50%) in the Q coordination environments<sup>3</sup>, Q<sup>2</sup>, Q<sup>1</sup> and Q °. SiO2 in the TiO particles<sub>2 </sub>The method may substantially comprise patches which are <5nm deep after SiO redistribution.<sub>2</sub> as seen by scanning electron microscope or electron transmission microscope. The method may further comprise combining the TiO mixture<sub>2</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub>-Yes<sub>2</sub> with V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> to form a vanadium catalyst. In the method, the vanadium catalyst may 'ΙΜΡϊ' ,, ί INSTITUTO MEXICANO and .. <- Λ comprise, for example, 0.5% -3% by dry weight '; of the vanadium catalyst can be present at a fractional monolayer value of less than 1.0 before sintering, and the vanadium catalyst can be sintered at> 650 ° C.
Other aspects of the invention will become apparent upon consideration of the description below.
Brief Description of the Figures
Figure 1 is a graph showing the effect of calcination temperature on the surface area of the vanadium catalyst.
Figure 2 is a graph showing the effect of the calcination temperature on the percentage of the anatase phase of titanium catalysts in vanadium.
Figure 3 is a graph showing the effect of calcination temperature on DeNox activity of 1% vanadium catalysts.
Figure 4 is a graph showing the effect of calcination temperature on DeNOx conversion of 3% vanadium catalysts.
Figure 5 is a graph showing the effect of temperature on DeNox activity of various vanadium catalysts.
Figure 6 is a graph showing the effect of
IMPÍ ^. . ,<sub>η</sub> J F. INSTITUTO MÍXICANO temperature over the surface area of mruρ © ^ <6> γγ ^ 2 £ βΓ<sup>c</sup> t · industrial * catalyst of the present invention against a conventional catalyst support.
Figure 7 is a micrograph of an electron transmission (TEM) of a silica-tungstenotitanium catalyst from Example 6 showing two-dimensional patches of silica <2nm deep on the titanium surface.
Figure 8 is a scanning electron micrograph of a vanadium-titanium catalyst from Example 10 showing ~ 20nm of colloidal silica particles arranged therein.
Figure 9 is a micrograph of an electron transmission (TEM) of a catalyst showing -20nm of colloidal silica particles on the outer surface of the vanadium-titanium catalyst of Example 10.
Figure 10 is a micrograph of an electron transmission (TEM) of the catalytic particles of Example 11, showing anatase crystals with an irregular two-dimensional layer of silica on the outer surface of the crystal. In this image, no silica particles are observable.
Figure 11 is a micrograph of an electron transmission (TEM) of the catalytic particles of Example 11, showing anatase crystals with a layer of silica
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You can see a diameter silica particle.
two-dimensional, patchy, crystal. In this image, it remains that it is <5 nm from
Figure 12 is a micrograph of an electron transmission (TEM) of the catalytic particles of Example 12, showing small, two-dimensional patches of silica on anatase crystallites.
Figure 13 is a micrograph of an electron transmission of silica patches present on the surface of the anatase titanium catalyst particles of Example 13.
Figure 14 is a micrograph of an electron transmission of silica patches present on the surface of the anatase titanium catalyst particles of Example 13.
Figure 15 is a micrograph of an electron transmission (TEM) of the catalyst support prior to the addition and sintering of vanadium. The image shows the (latex stripes) latex stripes associated with anatase titanium; silica is present as 1-3nm patches on the titanium surface (Example 14).
Figure 16 is a micrograph of an electron transmission (TEM) of the vanadium catalyst showing large (> 20 nm) three-dimensional silica nodules (see arrows) that are not well dispersed on the surface of
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL FREEDOM transmission
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titanium (eg Example 15).
Figure 17 is an electron micrograph (TEM) of the vanadium catalyst showing nodules.<sup></sup>large (> 20 nm) three-dimensional silica (see arrows) that are not well dispersed on the titanium surface (eg, Example 15).
Figure 18 is a graph showing the effect of various calcination (activation) temperatures on NOx catalytic activities of forms of titanium-supported vanadium catalysts.
Detailed description of the invention
A primary objective of the present invention is the production of a stable, high surface area titanium support material, in the form of anatase crystal, primarily to be used as a support for vanadium (V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub>) in diesel emission control catalyst applications. Stabilization involves treatment of titanium with silica in a low molecular weight form and / or small nanoparticle form, such as a soluble precursor tetra (alkyl) ammonium silicate (i.e. tetramethylammonium silicate) or tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Other examples of low molecular weight silica precursors which can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to aqueous solutions of silicon halides (i.e. SiX<sub>4</sub> anhydrous, where X = F, Cl, Br, or I), alkoxides
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JSL. w 'silicon (i.e. Si (OR)<sub>4</sub>, where R = me ^ T¿<sup>b</sup>H / Ro? 'IEé ^ Si 1 *
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isopropyl, propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, terebutyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, and dodecyl, for example), other organic silicon compounds such as hexamethyldisilazane, fluoro-silicic acid salts such as ammonium hexafluorosilicate [(NH<sub>4</sub>) <sub>2</sub>YesF<sub>6</sub>], quaternary ammonium silica solutions (eg (NR<sub>4</sub>) n, (SiO<sub>2</sub>), where R = H, or alkyls such as those listed above, and when n = 0.1-2, for example), aqueous sodium and potassium silicate solutions (Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>, and MSiO<sub>3</sub> where M is Na or K in varying amounts relative to Si), silicic acid (Si (OH)<sub>4</sub>) generated by ion exchange of any of the cationic forms of silica listed herein using acidic ion exchange resin (eg, ion exchange of alkali silicate solutions or quaternary ammonium silicate solutions).
The term "low molecular weight form of silica" refers to a species of silica that has a molecular weight (MW) of less than about 100,000. The term small nanoparticle form refers to silica particles having diameters of <5 nra.
The emphasis on improved thermal / hydrothermal stability enhancement for vanadium based catalysts is relatively new since this segment of the., 4> 'ΐ · automotive emissions control market in
MEXICAN INSTITUTE * '~ ------ OF THE PROPERTY
INDUSTRIAL development. It was only after extensive characterization by the inventor of traditional catalysts that it was recognized that optimization of vanadium-based catalysts requires that (1) the level of total silica required is minimized, and that (2) forms of silica , small nanoparticle form and / or low molecular weight soluble, are more effective towards providing the required stability and activity.
The catalytic support materials of the present invention have exceptional retention of the titanium anatase phase and surface area after various thermal and / or hydrothermal treatments, even in the presence of vanadium. The compositions and manufacturing methods of the invention use small nanoparticle forms of silica and / or low molecular weight to obtain an exceptional ultrafine anatase titanium phase and surface area stability, while the finished vanadium catalyst shows equal or improved catalytic activity. for selective vanadium-based catalytic reduction of NOx after accelerated aging. Such compositions and methods have been previously unknown in the art.
<td>Two</td><td>aspects</td><td>keys of</td><td>the present invention</td><td>than</td>
<td>differentiate</td><td>on</td><td>technique</td><td>previous involve</td><td>the</td>
<td>nature of</td><td>silica</td><td>amorphous and</td><td>the way in which</td><td>I know</td>
incorporates in titanium.
With respect to the necessary number, make ο · - ~ -<sub>v</sub> . . .. <sub>t</sub> .
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the distinction between particulate forms of amorphous silica, and gas or solution phase forms consisting of very low molecular weight amorphous silicate monomers or clusters that are not considered to be in a particulate form or comprise very small nanoparticles. Suitable forms of silica for the present invention are described herein and refer to such low molecular weight and / or small (<5nm) silica nanoparticles. Two references describing the types of amorphous silica are Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Fifth ed., Vol A23, pp. 583-660, (1993) and The Chemistry of Silica, RK Her, 1979. For example, one form of particulate amorphous silica is colloidal silica or silica sol. This type of silica consists of dense, discrete amorphous silica particle suspensions having diameters in the size range between about 5nm and 10nm. In this size range, the particles typically scatter visible light and thus form cloudy to opaque suspensions. These particles can also typically be analyzed by visible light scattering methods using commonly available commercial instruments. As will be seen from the examples below, without further modification, the colloidal silica in
I -i τ X jt i particulate form (> 5 nm) is not a suitable form ^, of /! ÍSa. L: L, 'qe?
*. FROM THE [RUHfDAJ V »'e * S« WíÍB *. · INDUSTRIAL for the present invention. One reason is that this form of silica is undesirable (without subsequent modification) in accordance with the present invention is that the majority of the silica loop in the particle is inside, and is not available on the surface to interact with it. titanium substrate. Thus, in accordance with Her (op cit., P. 8), an amorphous silica particle with a diameter of 5 nm has 1500 silicate atoms, and 37% of these silicate atoms are not on the surface of the particle, while a 1 mm particle has almost all the silicate atoms Over the surface. Thus, for the purposes of the present invention, it is desirable to use 'silica sources which substantially comprise particles which have diameters of <5nm and / or which have low molecular weights, for example, where the MW <100,000 , and therefore are available for interaction with titanium. An exception, as will be described below, involves the subsequent modification of particle silica using pH and temperature conditions where the silica particle has dissolved and re-precipitated on the titanium surface.
Where the term is used herein substantially, it is intended to mean that more than 50% of the process or material in question has the particular characteristic or condition to which p 1 'is being
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For example, as indicated above, in the present invention the catalyst support material, in a preferred embodiment, comprises silica which is substantially in a low molecular weight form and / or a small nanoparticle form. This means that more than 50% of the silica is either in the low molecular weight form (MW <100,000) or in a small nanoparticle form (diameter <5 nm), or is a combination of both. In a more preferred version the silica comprises> 60% of low molecular weight forms and / or small nanoparticle forms. In an even more preferred version the silica comprises> 70% small nanoparticle form and / or low molecular weight. In an even more preferred version the silica comprises> 80%, and even more preferred,> 90%, low molecular weight forms and / or small nanoparticle forms of silica.
Furthermore, the small, low molecular weight nanoparticle forms of the present invention preferably have geometric surface areas of> 450m<sup>2</sup>/ g.
Particulate forms of silica (ie, where the diameter is> 5 nm) include silica gel, precipitated silica, and wet silica. While the amorphous, dense silica primary particles in these particulate forms may be very small (eg, 2.5 nm), the primary particles are irreversibly agglomerated into
FIr>.
MEXICAN INSTITUTE. , J-, -<sub>Ί</sub> J L OF PROPERTY 'set to form very pleasant secondary particlesBeu. They can range in size from hundreds of nanóraafrrrns to. .-mjj.chns micras in diameter. These secondary particles obviously do not have a large portion of the silicate atoms near the surface and available for interaction with titanium. Of course, these secondary particles are easily analyzed using visible light scattering methods, and when kept in suspension, the particles are almost opaque. Particulate silica in any of these forms, without subsequent modification, is also not suitable for the present invention.
One class of silica precursor that is suitable for the present invention are highly alkaline solutions, referred to as water soluble silicates. These are described in Her (op cit., Chapter 2). These solutions are typically transparent since the silica particles, if present, are generally also small to scatter visible light. However, depending on the concentration and alkalinity of the silica, small silica particles can form in these solutions. Her (op cit., P.133) estimates that for a molar ratio of SiO<sub>2</sub>: Na<sub>2</sub>Or 3.1, the average number of SiO units<sub>2</sub> per particle in dilute solutions is about 900, which is less than the 1500 silicate units in the 5nm particle described above. Such a silicate precursor, even though r · may
<img file="MX339381B_D0017.tif" />
nanoparticles above about 5 nm ·; ... eta are adored for the present invention since most of the mass of the silica is in the form of smaller, low molecular weight species. Alkali silicates are not the most preferable form for the present invention, however, because residual alkali ions such as Na are extremely effective catalyst poisons for vanadium-based SCR catalysts.
Recently, the nature of amorphous silica nanoparticles in alkaline solutions has been examined in more detail by Fedeyko, et. al., (Langmuir, 2005, 21,
5197-5206). These authors use a variety of techniques, including small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). These methods are capable of detecting the presence of nanoparticles down to about 2 to 3 mm in size. The authors showed that in dilute solution, when the [OH] / [SiO<sub>2</sub>] is less than about 1, the silica forms small nanoparticles, while for [OH] / [SiO<sub>2</sub>] greater than 1, silica is present as monomers and oligomers that are also small to be detected in dispersion experiments. It is the last type of amorphous silica species, mainly also small because they are easily detected by visible light and X-ray scattering methods, which are
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE s
low molecular weight in the present invention, and these are the preferred forms of silica for the present invention.
A useful means of characterizing silica monomers and oligomers in solution is nuclear magnetic resonance <sup>29</sup>Yes (see, for example, Chapter 3 in the book High Resolution Solid-State NMR de silicates and Zeolites by G. Engelhardt and D. Michel, 1987). The method can provide information about the usual tetrahedral coordination environment around Si, and in particular, whether or not Si contains one or more closest nearby neighbors (linked by bridged oxygen). The notation that is commonly used to describe this coordination is as follows: Q ° refers to a central Si with no neighboring Si closest, that is, Si (OH)<sub>4</sub>; Q<sup>1</sup> refers to a central Si with a closer neighbor Si, that is, Si (OH) 3 (OSOi) 1ζ · Q<sup>2</sup> refers to a central Si with two closest neighboring Sis, that is, Si (OH) 2 (OSi) <sub>2</sub>; Q<sup>3</sup> refers to a central Si with three nearby Si neighbors, that is, Si (OH) i (OSi) <sub>3</sub>; and Q<sup>4</sup> refers to a central Si with four closest neighboring Sis, that is, Si (OSi)<sub>4</sub>.
Without wishing to be limited, it is believed that to be used directly (without subsequent treatment to change the shape of the silica), it is desired to use silicate solutions consisting predominantly of Q ° to Q<sup>3</sup> oligomers. For another
On the other hand, solutions of silicate oligomers that
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entirely of Q species<sup>4</sup> they are not desired for the present invention. Conceptually, it is reasoned that for the later types of silicate oligomers, most of the silica is completely surrounded by other silicate species and is therefore not available for reaction on the titanium surface, where it is much needed to stabilize the anatase.
One of the silica forms that is suitable for use in the present invention is the commercially available tetramethylammonium silicate alkaline solution. Insight can be gained in the nature of this solution based on your early search. Engelhardt and Michel (op cit. P. 92) describe the study of nuclear magnetic resonance<sup>29</sup>If from a SiO IM solution<sub>2</sub> (approximately 6% by weight) with TMA / Si = 1.0, which is strongly equivalent to a TMAOH concentration of 9% by weight. In this solution, the silica is mainly in the form of a cubic octahedron containing 8 silicon atoms, and these have Q coordination<sup>3</sup>. These small species represent approximately 90% of the mass of the silica. The current TMA-silicate solution in the examples of the present invention has some higher concentration of silica (9% by weight) and lower concentration of TMAOH (7% by weight) and thus the distribution of the silicate species is somewhat different than the previous literature reported as shown in Table 6, below.
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Another form of silica that is suitable for the present invention is silicic acid. This type of silica is described in Her (op cit., Chapter 3). A more detailed characterization of silicic acid is performed using nuclear magnetic resonance characterization.<sup>29</sup>Yes as described in G. Engelhardt and D. Michel (op cit. P. 100). This form of silica can be made by acidifying alkali silicate solutions, for example, by ion exchange using acidic ion exchange resins.
Fractional Monolayer Concept ·
It is of interest to show that the compositions and methods of the present invention are different from the prior art examples, and a means of doing this involves the notion of fractional monolayer coating of the substrate surface with an added oxide. In the definitions below, the subscript x denotes the added oxide of interest, eg, silica.
C<sub>x</sub> = Base amount of added oxide surface area for perfect monolayer coverage, g / m<sup>2</sup>;
SA = Surface area of mixed oxide;
M<sub>x</sub> = Mass base amount of added oxide for perfect monolayer coverage; g / g mixed oxide;
L<sub>x</sub> = Current charge of added oxide in mixed oxide, g / g;
FM<sub>X</sub> =
Fractional monolayer of added oxide in aged mixed oxide;
TFM
Monolayer
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF PROPERTY
INDUSTRIAL
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Total fractional over aged mixed oxide.
M<sub>x</sub> = C<sub>x</sub> * SA (Eq. 1).
FM<sub>X</sub> = L<sub>x</sub>/ M<sub>x</sub> , (Eq. 2)
TFM = Sum (FM<sub>x</sub>) (Eq. 3)
First, it was necessary to establish a better estimate for the monolayer coverage of perfectly well dispersed aggregate oxides on the titanium substrate or similar oxides, C<sub>x</sub>. For vanadium, the literature value for monolayer coverage of the supported oxide is 7-8 V / nm atoms<sup>2</sup>, which corresponds to 1,100 micrograms of V2O5 / m<sup>2</sup>. (see IE Wachs, et al., 2003). For tungsten, the literature value of 4.5 W / nm atoms is used<sup>2</sup> (IE Wachs, 2006), which corresponds to 1700 micrograms of WO3 / m<sup>2</sup>. For silica, the literature value of 600 micrograms SiO2 / m is obtained<sup>2</sup> (Her, p. 36, op cit.). Thus, as an example, a mixed oxide consisting of 10% by weight of SiO2 (0.10 g / g), 9% by weight of WO<sub>3</sub> (0.09 g / g) and 2% by weight of V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> (0.02 g / g) with TiO balance<sub>2</sub>, has a BET surface area of N<sub>2</sub> 250m<sup>2</sup>/ g. The TFM for this material is TFM = (1/250) * ((0.10 / 600E-6) + (0.09 / 1700E-6) + (0.02 / 1100E-6)) = 0.95. This number indicates that SiO oxides were added<sub>2</sub>, W0<sub>3</sub> and V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> perfectly well dispersed on the titanium surface, the surface coverage of the mixed oxide, β5ΤΛ, -ϋ. «ίΐ
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end, it could be 0.95 monolayer thickness, cgtrt J
J) ¿3><sup>:</sup>; ΐ =, píteos',
5. · DELA PROPERTY Ό-r · '> ^ · ** INDUSTRIAL XU <sup>l</sup>>? * ± added. With respect to silica alone, the fractional monolayer coverage could be 0.67, or two-thirds of the surface could be covered with an ideally dispersed silica coating. The compositions of the present invention, when freshly prepared (i.e., after the addition of the mixed oxides but before aging or sintering) typically have surface areas greater than about 100 m<sup>2</sup>/ g and a total amount of added oxides of 15% by weight or less, and thus the fractional monolayer coverage is approximately 1.0 or less, and the fractional monolayer coverage specifically for silica is approximately 0.80 or less.
Silica incorporation methods for the present invention
Titanium surface coating using alkali silicates or silicic acid as described above has been practiced industrially for many years in industrial coating paints. See, for example, revised chapters 52 and 53 in Colloidal Silica, Fundamentals and Applications, Surfactant Science Series Vol. 131, Η. E. Bergna, WO Roberts, eds. (2006).
As described in Ch. 52 by Bergna and Roberts, a procedure for coating the titanium surface with silica involves exposing the substrate particles to <sup>:</sup>· .1Μ ΡI titanium to silica under alkalitic conditions · 'Mcaanió .JA <sup>J</sup> CE PROPERTY V · ^ · ^ ““ í INDUSTRIAL Silica concentration below the solubility limit for amorphous silica. As described in Ch. 53 by Bergna and Roberts, another method involves exposing the surface of the titanium substrate to monosilicic acid at low pH at a silica concentration that is again very low and below the solubility limit. While the methods for incorporating silica in the above references represent suitable means of incorporating silica in accordance with the present invention, there are several important differences. One difference is that for the prior art, the titanium phase used as the substrate is rutile (due to its superior light scattering energy than anatase), and there is no suggestion of the ability of silica addition via those methods. for the prevention of conversion of anatase phase to rutile. A second important difference is that the titanium particles in the substrate of the prior art paints and coatings, with respect to whether they are anatase or rutile, are relatively low surface area substrates, with BET surface areas of N<sub>2</sub> from the substrate surface typically being less than about 15 m<sup>2</sup>/ g. Third, a key difference is the surface coverage of the added oxide such as silica. With the above definition of fractional monolayer coverage, the compositions of the
<img file="MX339381B_D0024.tif" />
greater, and the present invention coverage, if they were prepared on low surface (15 m<sup>2</sup>/ g) could total fractional of about 5 or fractional monolayer specifically for silica could be about> 3. Thus, in the prior art, the silica coating is present on the entire titanium particle, and with a thickness that exceeds the thickness of a monolayer. However, the silica coating is present in order to completely inactivate the photocatalytic activity of the titanium surface. Finally, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, titanium is coated with silica under conditions where added silica is also above the solubility limit of a few hundred ppm. As noted below, in the present invention, the silica, when initially deposited, does not completely cover the titanium surface, so that the desirable catalytic functionality of the titanium surface for the SCR reaction is still available. Therefore, the objective of the present invention to maximize the catalytic activity of the surface can then be covered, while preserving the stability of the support.
There is one more reason why particle silicas are not the preferred forms of silica for the present invention, including forms of particle silica with internal porosity and therefore high pore volume. Is
<img file="MX339381B_D0025.tif" />
well known from the literature (eg Wachs et J
Cat. 161, 211-221 (1996)) make silica itself a good support for vanadium SCR catalysts, while titanium and tungsten doped titanium are good supports. Therefore, for the present invention, it is desirable to minimize the amount of silica surface area that is available to adversely interact with vanadium, while minimizing the amount of TiO surface area.<sub>2</sub>/ WO<sub>3</sub>, in order to make the catalyst more active. Thus, only enough silica is used to stabilize the titanium, and it is used in a form (molecularly dispersed on the titanium surface) that has minimal adverse impact on the vanadium catalyst.
Finally, another procedure for making the materials of the present invention, where the silica particle forms described above can be used, is now described. It is well known that amorphous particulate silica is soluble to a degree that depends on the pH and temperature of the solution, see for example Her, (op cit., P. 42). Above about pH 9 and for temperatures higher than room temperature, amorphous silica will be appreciably dissolved. This dissolved silica can then be re-precipitated, for example on a titanium surface, subsequently reducing the temperature and / or pH to a region that has
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<img file="MX339381B_D0027.tif" />
lower silica solubility. In this way §7DEÍ £ t ^ $$ s
INDUSTRIAL particles that are finely mixed with anatase titanium can be dissolved and redistributed in a well dispersed way on the titanium surface via hydrothermal treatment. However, such post-treatment is not a preferred method of making the compositions of the present invention, since this step adds processing time and costs during the manufacture of the mixed oxide. It is more preferred to use a suitable silica precursor and to treat titanium directly.
EXAMPLES
Titanium Starting Material
In one embodiment of the present invention, a sulfated titanium water paste is used (see Table 1). Such a sulfated titanium water paste can be obtained as an intermediate in a production process to make titanium dioxide using the sulfuric acid process, for example, as produced by the MIC production facility in Thann, France. Such a watery paste comprises approximately 27% of a high surface area, anatase, hydrous titanium, TiO<sub>2</sub>. The uncle<sub>2</sub> it has primary crystalline particles that are less than 5 nanometers in size, and BET N surface areas<sub>2</sub> corresponding in excess of 250 m<sup>2</sup>/ g. The watery paste has a viscosity of 0.5-3 poises, a density of 1275 kg / m<sup>3</sup>, and a low pH of about
IMPI
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MEXICAN INSTITUTE
1.5 - 2.0, which results from the fact that 1 to <sup>OF</sup> Casperas í contains approximately 6.6% by weight of S0<sub>3</sub>. However, the present invention is not restricted to the use of this suspension. Any composition comprising anatase hydrous titanium could be used. However, it is not necessary to use a sulfated titanium water paste as the starting material. A dry low sulfate titanium anatase precursor could preferably be used.
Table 1. Composition of Titanium Watered Paste
Sulfated
<td>Kind</td><td>Method</td><td>Unit</td><td>Specification</td>
<td>Residue in calcination</td><td>Uncle<sub>2</sub> 43 Dried after calcination at 1000 ° C</td><td>% (weight)</td><td> 27 + 1</td>
<td>iron</td><td>Ti0<sub>2</sub>.15 X-ray fluorescence</td><td>Mg / kg</td><td> < 80</td>
<td>S0<sub>3</sub></td><td>G1.3 S Analyzer / Dryness 105 ° C</td><td>% (weight)</td><td> 6.6 + 1</td>
<td>p<sub>2</sub>or<sub>5</sub></td><td>Uncle<sub>2</sub>.16 X-ray fluorescence</td><td>% (weight)</td><td> < 0.4</td>
<td>Na</td><td>Uncle<sub>2</sub> 47 atomic absorption</td><td>% (weight)</td><td> < 0.05</td>
<td>K</td><td>Uncle<sub>2</sub>.5 X-ray fluorescence</td><td></td><td> < 0.01</td>
<td>Pb</td><td>Uncle<sub>2</sub>.13 X-ray fluorescence</td><td>% (weight)</td><td> < 0.01</td>
<td>Peak Height</td><td>G1.2 Diffraction X</td><td>% (weight)</td><td> > 1</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td>Uncle<sub>2</sub>.48 Diffraction X</td><td>Grade</td><td>None detected</td>
<td>Area specific ♦ Values statisticians</td><td>Gl.l BET</td><td>M<sup>2</sup>/ g</td><td> > 250</td>
Preferably however, the watery paste of
<img file="MX339381B_D0029.tif" />
The MEXICAN INSTITUTE titanium used herein is produced with tfEúSSSa & AiLa has not been produced in the presence of urea.
In one embodiment of the invention, the TiO component<sub>2</sub> of the catalyst support material used herein substantially comprises a surface area of <4 00 m<sup>2</sup>/ g and a pore volume of <0.40 cm<sup>3</sup>/ g.
Experimental Methods: The structure and ability of titanium-based catalysts and changes that occur during exposure to elevated temperatures were investigated by various means. The methods used consist of X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), electron transmission microscope (TEM), SEM (electron scanning microscope), high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), nitrogen porosimetry (N<sub>2</sub> BET / BJH) and catalytic evaluation of the activity for the reaction of NO with NH<sub>3</sub> (DeNOx)
XRD: Samples for crystal phase composition and crystallite size were evaluated in the following manner. Samples were prepared by XRD pressing on spherical PW1812 / 00 XRD retainers and then analyzed using a Panalytical X'Pert Pro ™ diffractometer equipped with a sealed Cu X-ray tube and X-Celerator position sensitive detector. Instrument conditions were set to 45kV, 40mA, 0.008 ° 20 / stage, and 50
<img file="MX339381B_D0030.tif" />
seconds of time interval. The identi ^ were performed through search matching of the experimental patterns with both the ICCD and ICSD databases. The Rietveld method was applied for Quantitative Phase Analysis by X-ray diffraction. The size of the crystallite was measured in the single peaks of the Scherrere formula as used in the Panalytical High Score software. Scherrer's formula depends on the fact that crystal size is inversely related to the full width of the maximum half (FWHM) of an individual peak - the narrower the peaks, the larger the size of the crystallite. The amplitude value of the instrument used for the calculation was LaB6 standard (NIST profile starting material). Furthermore, the full profile method such as the Rietveld Analysis found in the X'Pert High-Score Plus ™ software was also used for calculated grain size as well.
TEM: Samples were prepared for analysis of
TEM Carbon-coated Cu TEM grids were completely immersed directly into the provided powder. The grids were then visualized in the TEM at modifications ranging from 50 to 400,000X. Analyzes were performed using a JEOL 2000FX II TEM operated at 200kV. Particular attention was given during the imaging process to characterize the phase size and distribution. The images were collected with a camera
MPi
MEXICAN INSTITUTE V · .-. ·· OF THE PROPERTY
CCD Gatan MultiScan ™ CCD and are in frjpeg format. <sup>1ndus</sup>™ al
SEM: Samples were prepared for Analysis — SEM · by dispersing the powder provided on Al SEM fragments covered in colloidal graphite carbon. SEM analysis was conducted using a 2kV JEOL 7401 without conductive coating.
NMR Spectroscopy Characterization of <sup>29</sup>If of
Samples. Magical angle rotating nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of<sup>29</sup>Yeah<sup>29</sup>SIMASNMR) is a useful way to characterize the coordination of silica in solid samples containing silica (see, for example, Engelhardt and Michel, 1987 (op cit.)) As described above. A problem with spectroscopy of<sup>29</sup>If MASNMR is, however, that the core of <sup>29</sup>If it is present at low natural abundance (4.7%), and thus the method is not very sensitive. A common method of increasing sensitivity is the cross polarization procedure (see for example, The Colloid Chemistry of silica, H. Bergna, ed., ACS Series 234, p. 270 (1994)). In this technique, the rotated polarization of a more abundant spin having a large nuclear magnetic moment (in this case, 'Ή) is transferred via double resonance to a less abundant spin (<sup>29</sup>Yes). This method has the effect of dramatically increasing the sensitivity for the NMR signal of<sup>29</sup>Yes when the Si (OH) has been connected to it. It is well known that in silicates, silicon adopts the: ΙΜΡίν .—? 5ί tetrahedral coordination and is surrounded by 'cuSíli ^ pJ ^ íí ^ eipaé. /,; $} '1ΜΠΙ! CTD IAI' ¿**
INDUSTRIAL closest neighbors, and then either closest H or Si closest neighbors. An isolated silicate tetrahedron that sits on the titanium surface could be expected to have at least one closest neighboring H, Si-OH, and this proton should increase the sensitivity of the method to the silicon core. NMR spectroscopy of<sup>29</sup>It can also be performed on liquid samples containing soluble, low molecular weight silicates, as also described in Engelhardt and Michel (op cit.).
N porosimetry<sub>2</sub>: Samples were evaluated for nitrogen porosimetry using TriStar ™ Micrometer units. The samples were degassed overnight at 150 ° C under nitrogen flow. They were then cooled to room temperature for the adsorption measurement. The adsorption / desorption curves were measured at the temperature of the liquid nitrogen. The surface area was determined using the BET method, and the pore volumes were measured using the BJH method on the adsorption branch.
Vanadium was added by impregnation of either an alkaline solution (for example, monoethanolamine) or an acidic solution (for example, oxalic acid). The impregnated materials were then aged at high temperature in a hydrothermal environment (750 ° C p 16 hr at 10% H<sub>2</sub>O) (or at 600 ° C- 900 ° C for 6 hr in an air atmosphere) to cause easw-wa'xrrjsx .-. Ía; ?Β? ^ • ÍNSTlTUT 'i' · 'f /' C? U'3 '<sup>r</sup> 'accelerated aging. It is desirable · teneoyl <% -%> \ of ..-. ¿Anatase with high surface area (associated with very small crystallites), and without crystalline tungsten after aging treatments.
Examples 1-3: Comparative Evaluation of Materials
Commercial
In the following three examples, performance benchmarking was sought for various commercial prior art materials used in SCR, DT-52 ™ (Example 1), DT-58 ™ (Example 2), and DT-S10 applications. ™ (Example 3). The properties for these three materials are listed in Table 2. It can be seen that DT52 ™ contains added tungsten (but not silica), DT-S10 ™ contains added silica (but not tungsten), and DT-58 ™ contains both tungsten and silica added.
Table 2. Target Properties of Materials
Commercial
<td></td><td></td><td colspan="3">Material</td>
<td>Property</td><td>Unit</td><td>DT-52</td><td>DT-58</td><td>DT-510</td>
<td></td><td>Men weight</td><td> 10.0</td><td> 9.0</td><td> 0.0</td>
<td>SiO<sub>3</sub></td><td>% in weigh</td><td> 0.0</td><td> 10.0</td><td> 10.0</td>
<td>TlOj. ....</td><td>% in weigh</td><td>Balance (90)</td><td>Batane »(81)</td><td>Batanee (90)</td>
<td>Surface area</td><td>m<sup>2</sup>/to</td><td> 90</td><td> 110</td><td> 110</td>
<td>Crystal phase</td><td></td><td>Anatase</td><td>Anatase</td><td>Anatase</td>
For each of Examples 1-3, the base materials were used as received, and vanadium was charged onto them in the following manner. A solution of monoethanolamine (MEA) in deionized water was prepared; what
M (24
<img file="MX339381B_D0031.tif" />
g / L MEA). To this solution, 10.9 g / L of
V<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5</sub>, (0.06 M). To prepare a catalyst with a final vanadium charge of 1% by weight, approximately 13.7 g of the above solution were mixed with 15.8 g of the titanium support (loss of ignition = 5% by weight), and the mixture was heated in a rotary evaporator under vacuum at 75 ° C until dry. The resulting product was then calcined in a static muffle furnace at a temperature of 600 ° C, 700 ° C or 800 ° C. Similarly, the catalysts were prepared in a 3 wt% vanadium final charge using 41.2 g of the MEA / vanadium solution and 15.8 g of titanium.
The previously prepared materials were then evaluated to determine porosity N<sub>2/ </sub>phase composition and crystal size by XRD and by DeNOx activity (results are provided in Table 3). For DeNOx activity, a 0.1 g sample of each vanadium loaded catalyst sample was pelleted and -20 / + 40 mesh and loaded into a reactor to determine NO conversion in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub> . A flow stream containing 5% 02, 1000 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 1,000 ppm of NO, and
3% H<sub>2</sub>Or, it was passed over the catalyst at a space velocity of 650 1 / g.cat-hr.
Table 3. Characterization of Comparison Examples for Commercial Materials
<img file="MX339381B_D0032.tif" />
in rH 'IMPIf:
<sup>1</sup> MEXICAN INSTITUTE V! OF THE PROPERTY !
Visual inspection of Table 3 Wfifir 'trends reported in the literature, and * that eatna those higher vanadium loads and higher temperatures that are associated with loss of surface area, anatase to rutile phase conversion, tungsten crystallization, and increase in crystal size (sintering). The individual materials, however, respond differently from each other. As examples, the data for the 3% by weight of vanadium samples was plotted in Figures 1 (BET surface area) and Figure 2 (% anatase phase), which are indicators of the thermal stability of the catalyst.
It can be clearly seen from these Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 1 and 2 that DT-S10 ™ (with silica) has the highest thermal stability, followed by DT-58 ™ (with silica and tungsten), followed by DT-52 ™ (with tungsten only). If thermal stability were the only requirement for a good vanadium catalyst support, then DT-S10 ™ might be the clear choice.
Shown in the following two figures (Figs. 3 and 4) are the DeNOx conversions at 325 ° C for the materials loaded with 1% and 3% vanadium, respectively. It can be clearly seen that the sample with silica only (DT-S10 ™) has the lowest conversion for most aging temperatures; it is only the sample with
W p T í, <sup>1</sup> hee λ Hee. and '
3% vanadium, aged at 800 ° C, which has · ac ^ íS'iSM ^ iD ^ Aal
INDUSTRIAL to that of DT-58 ™.
Thus, based on the performance of these commercial samples, there is an obvious need to develop a catalyst with both stability and enhanced activity.
Examples 4-5. The following examples reveal the performance of two additional prior art commercial materials (MIC DT-60 ™ and Tayca Corporation ITAC 115GS ™) relative to DT-58 ™. Samples of these materials were analyzed by composition using X-ray fluorescence analysis, with results shown in
Table 4.
Table 4. Compositions of Materials
<td>Oxide,% by weight</td><td>DT5B</td><td>mxc meo</td><td>Tayca</td>
<td>TiOi</td><td> 80,5</td><td> 84</td><td> 84.2</td>
<td>WOa</td><td> 9.1</td><td>S.3</td><td> 5.2</td>
<td>SiO?</td><td> 9,8</td><td> 10,3</td><td> 10.2</td>
<td>SiOj</td><td> 0.4</td><td> 0.2</td><td> 0.2</td>
Results show that DT-60 ™ and Tayca ™ samples normally contain approximately 10% by weight SiO<sub>2</sub> and about 5% by weight of W0<sub>3</sub>. All three types of materials were loaded at 0.9 wt% V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> using deposition of MEA solution as in Examples 1-3. The products were then aged at 800 ° C for 6 hrs in air in a static muffle furnace, and the products were analyzed using the BET method of N<sub>2</sub>. For DeNOx activity, (micro43
IMPI iasTiTOájfeá¡ub¿-J3 reactor), a 0.1 g sample of each Ti-eafcal-ieaíidra sample. ' nc ia crntiE-nin r i & l
OF THE INDUSTRIAL FROFIEDAD loaded with vanadium was formed in pellets and passed in mesh to
-20 / + 40 mesh, and loaded into a reactor to determine NO conversion in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A flow stream containing 5% of 0<sub>2</sub>, 1000 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 1000 ppm of NO, and 3% of H<sub>2</sub>0 it was passed over the catalyst at a space velocity of 650 1 / g.cat-hr.
The stability of the surface area of the samples is compared below in Table 5.
Table 5. Surface Area of Commercial Samples
<td>Shows</td><td>Surface Area</td>
<td>DT58 ™</td><td> 45.9</td>
<td>DT60<sup>T</sup></td><td> 53.3</td>
<td>Tavca</td><td> 51.5</td>
The data shows that samples with a lower tungsten level have slightly higher stability than those with DT-58 ™. However, the DeNOx activities of the catalysts, as shown in Figure 5, shows that the activity for the DT-6 0 ™ and Tayca ™ samples is lower than that for the DT-58 ™ sample. Thus, as for Examples 1-3, Examples 4 and 5 demonstrate the need for greater stability and activity for the new materials of the present invention.
Example 6: Stabilization of the surface of
Silica
As noted elsewhere herein, the present invention is directed to providing a titanium
<img file="MX339381B_D0033.tif" />
stable using a minimal amount of additive yes<sup>D</sup>i<sup>s</sup>¿%<sup>TO</sup>l · Collection<sup></sup>indicated above, silicas of particle's fp<sup>,</sup>ÓT<sup>,</sup>e5emplO, colloidal, wet, and precipitated) are not ideal sources of silica for use in titanium-supported vanadium catalysts, because most of the silica is not available to interact with the titanium surface. An objective of the present invention was to find another form of silica that could be used to more effectively stabilize the titanium surface, but that could have minimal adverse impact on the catalytic activity of vanadium supported on the titanium surface.
The use of low molecular weight silica and / or small nanoparticle form was considered, preferably in the particle form which is present in the conventional amorphous silicas described above. The lowest molecular weight form of silica in aqueous solution is silicic acid, Si (OH)<sub>4</sub>. However, this chemical entity has a very low solubility in water, and is therefore restricted to concentrations of a few hundred ppm. (Discussions of the aqueous chemistry of silica in water are found, for example, in Her, (op cit.) And Brinker, C. J and Scherer, G. W, 1990, Chapter 3).
In view of the low solubility of Si (OH)<sub>4</sub>was switched to experimentation with silicate solutions of
IM
INSTITUTl SEDE \ Λ · tetra (alkyl) ammonia (including, but np tetramethylammonium, TMA). These reagents contain silica in low molecular weight forms (see Engelhardt and Michel, op cit.). Furthermore, the silica in these solutions is present at fairly high concentrations (for example, 9% by weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>). Thus, it is considered yes or no, the molecular entities in these solutions can be small enough to react selectively with the titanium surface, as long as they do not provide a separate area for vanadium for bonding, which could decrease their catalytic activity.
NMR spectrometry <sup>29</sup>If from a liquid sample of soluble silicate.
To determine the nature of the commercially available TMA silicate solution silicate species, the commercial TMA silicate source used in these examples (Alpha TMA-silicate, 9% SiO<sub>2</sub>) was evaluated using NMR spectroscopy of <sup>29</sup>If NMR on a 400 MHz instrument by Spectral Data Services, Inc. Shown in
Table 6 are the results.
Table 6. Q Forms of TMA Silicate Solutions and Titanium Solids
<td>DaKrípción</td><td> ..........</td><td>Q *</td><td></td><td></td><td> 0*</td>
<td>Alpha TMA Silicate (Liquid)</td><td> 4</td><td> 17</td><td> 39</td><td> 23</td><td> 16</td>
<td>Example 6 (Solid)</td><td> 0</td><td> 4</td><td> 1©</td><td></td><td> 30</td>
<td>Example 14 (Solid)</td><td> 11</td><td> 5</td><td> 34</td><td> 44</td><td> 6</td>
It can be seen that the TMA silicate solution contains mainly species of
C,
<img file="MX339381B_D0034.tif" />
IU rt-AT'.V'Tt DE LA PRO; IEC-AD INDUSTRIAL
1V'silica, Ά of Q<sup>3</sup> or less. However, there is some silica with Q connectivity.<sup>4</sup>, so that the solution does not contain all the silica in the ideal form (Q connectivity<sup>3</sup> or less). However, as will be shown herein, the discovery has been made (that soluble silica sources / such as tetra (alkyl) ammonium silicates can be used to make exceptionally stable vanadium-based catalysts (anatase phase, area high surface), which exhibit excellent catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction of NOx reactions.
Stability Improvement via New Silica Treatment
Examples 1-5 above reveal the stability and catalytic performance of commercial materials loaded with vanadium and subjected to accelerated aging conditions. Example 6 demonstrates the improvement in thermal stability that can be achieved using the new silica treatment method of the present invention. A production slurry of sulfated titanium hydrogel made in production was diluted to a TiO content<sub>2</sub> 21.6% by weight.
112.5 g of this watery paste was added to a round bottom flask which was equipped with a head shaker. This watery paste was heated to a temperature of 60 ° C via a temperature controlled heating mantle, and kept at such a temperature to watery paste 33.3 was added through the pre £
<img file="MX339381B_D0035.tif" />
OF THE I INDUSTRIAL KOHEDAD g of tetramethylammonium silicate (TMA-SiO<sub>2</sub>, Alfa-Aesar, 9% SiO<sub>2</sub>, TMA / SiO<sub>2</sub> = 0.5). This mixture was allowed to react for 20 min. The pH was then adjusted to 6.0 via the addition of NH<sub>4</sub>0H concentrate (29%).
3.07 g of ammonium paratungstate (APT) were then added, and the final pH was adjusted to 6.5 with NH addition<sub>4</sub>OH more concentrated. This mixture was allowed to react an additional 3 0 min, and then filtered, rinsed with DI water and dried. The final nominal composition of this product on an oxide basis was 81% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.10 wt% SiO<sub>2</sub> and 9% by weight of WO<sub>3</sub>. It was then divided into portions which were calcined over the temperature range of 600 ° C to 900 ° C for 6 hr in air using a static muffle furnace. A DT-58 ™ production sample of the same composition was also aged under identical conditions. Both samples were evaluated for surface area retention using the BET method, with data shown in Figure 6.
The data in Figure 6 clearly shows that while the compositions of the two products are nominally the same, the sample prepared using the new low molecular weight, small silica / nanoparticle form of the present invention is much more thermally stable ( it retains the surface area to a greater magnitude) than the prior art material (DT-58 ™).
Spectroscopy characterization of
<img file="MX339381B_D0036.tif" />
instSiM & SNMR ·
...... . ... ... .
üt LA J-RÜHtDAD
INDUSTRIAL
<img file="MX339381B_D0037.tif" />
Solid samples. The following analyzes of the TMA-SiO material<sub>2</sub> of the invention and the conventional material (DT-58 ™) show that silica is present in a very different morphology for the materials of the present invention. The two samples, in their fresh state (before vanadium addition but after calcination at 500 ° C) were analyzed in detail by Spectral Data Services, Inc., using SiMASNMR spectroscopy on a 270 MHz instrument. An attempt was made to run the DT-58 ™ sample with cross polarization, but no signal was observed after 1 hour, and under these conditions, a long signal could have been seen if there were (OH) clusters near the nucleus Yes as might be expected for well dispersed silica on the titanium surface. However, this sample was run for 4 hours using only the MASNMR method. A weak signal was observed at -111 ppm relative to tetramethylsilane. This signal is consistent with Si in an environment Q<sup>4</sup>, or Yes (OSi)<sub>4</sub>. Therefore, both observations (the lack of a cross-polarization signal and the presence of the Q signal<sup>4</sup>) in the NMR experiment they are consistent with particle silica where most of the Si is inside the silica particle, and there are not many Si (OH) groups on the surface of the silica.
The sample of the new catalyst support was run under
INDUSTRIAL SiO weight<sub>2</sub>, However, the
<img file="MX339381B_D0038.tif" />
which contains low weight under nominally the same sample also contains 10% in silica source was TMA-SiO<sub>2</sub>, molecular and / or small nanoparticle forms of silica. In this case, a strong signal was observed in the cross-polarization experiment of<sup>1</sup>H-<sup>29</sup>Yes, which shows that there are hydroxyl groups attached to the Si. This supports the idea that silica is well dispersed on the titanium surface in the present invention. Furthermore, the spectrum is deconvoluted in four peaks, with the following positions and relative intensities -110 ppm, 30%; -100 ppm, 50%; -90 ppm, 16%; and -82 ppm (4%), the Q coordinates are assigned to these peaks<sup>4</sup>, Q<sup>3</sup>, Q<sup>2</sup> and Q<sup>1</sup>, respectively, as shown in Table 6. It can be seen that when approximately 70% of the silica is in a coordination environment (Q<sup>3</sup>, Q<sup>2</sup> and Q<sup>1</sup>) so that hydroxyl groups are the closest close neighbors, and this further supports the notion that silica is well dispersed on the titanium surface. Thus, it is concluded that the use of small and / or low molecular weight nanoparticle silica precursor, such as TMASiO<sub>2</sub> or other decompositions described herein give rise to silica which is well dispersed on the titanium surface. In particular, a preferred coordination environment for silicon atoms of the titanium support of the present invention is substantially the coordination (al easaaü
<img file="MX339381B_D0039.tif" />
minus 50%) Q<sup>3</sup>, Q<sup>2</sup>, <sup>Q1</sup> and Q °, as
MASNMR. A key manifestation
—........... Lililí -........- 1 .... ,, .... 1..i nature of silica is that well dispersed silica is much Ϊ i
more effective, on a mass basis, toward stabilization; titanium. Therefore, less silica is required to * stabilize titanium when the silica is well dispersed ^ on the titanium surface. )
To further evaluate the nature of the silica coating on the new sample, TEM analysis was performed, as shown in Figure 7, which reveals that the silica is present as isolated patches on the surface of anatase titanium. The patches exhibit two dimensional characters in that the length is typically less than 5nm while the depth (distance from the titanium surface) is typically less than 2nm.
Example 7: Stability and Activity Advantage of
90: 4: 6 TiO<sub>2</sub>: YES2: WO<sub>3</sub>. The following example of the invention demonstrates the stability and activity benefit for materials produced in accordance with the methods of the present invention. A production sulfated titanium hydrogel slurry made from production was diluted to a TiO content<sub>2</sub> 21.6% by weight. 208.3 g of this watery paste was added to a round bottom flask that was equipped with a head stirrer. This watery paste was heated to a temperature of 60 ° C via a controlled heating mantle of
<img file="MX339381B_D0040.tif" />
temperature, and preparation was maintained at such temperature. (In one embodiment of the invention · the gaseous titanium-silica caota used herein are mixed at a temperature of <80 ° C and a pH of <8.5. Alternatively, the gaseous titanium paste and silica component used herein can be mixed at a temperature of <70 ° C and a pH of <7.0.) 3.4 g of ammonium paratungstate (APT, 88% W0<sub>3</sub>) was then added and allowed to react for 30 minutes. To this mixture was added 22.2 g of the tetramethylammonium silicate (from Example 6 and the mixture was allowed to react for 10 min. The pH was then adjusted to 6.5 via the addition of NH<sub>4</sub>0H concentrate (29%). This mixture was allowed to react an additional 20 min, and then filtered, rinsed with DI water, and dried at 105 ° C and then
<td>calcined at 500 ° C</td><td>by</td><td> 6</td><td>hr,</td><td>The nominal composition</td><td>end of</td>
<td>this product in</td><td>a</td><td colspan="2">base</td><td>oxide was 90% by weight</td><td>From uncle<sub>2</sub>,</td>
<td colspan="2">4% by weight of SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td>and</td><td> 6%</td><td>by weight of WO<sub>3</sub>. To this</td><td>dust it</td>
<td>deposited vanadium</td><td colspan="2">of a</td><td colspan="2">MEA solution, as in the</td><td>Ex emplos</td>
1-3 above, so that the final charge was 2% by weight of V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> on a total oxide basis. A portion of the dry powder was then heated to 750 ° C and held at that temperature for 16 hr in an atmosphere of air containing 10% by weight of
H<sub>2</sub>0.
Example 8: 90: 5: 5 TiO Stability and Activity Advantage<sub>2</sub>: SiO<sub>2</sub> : W0<sub>3</sub>. This example also demonstrates the f ΙΜΡϊ #, f MEXICAN INSTITUTE í. PROPERTY stability and activity benefit for materic? I<sup>or</sup>and<sup>T</sup>¿<sup>IAI</sup>· Conformity with the present invention. A production sulfated titanium hydrogel aid pa'S'ta diluted to a TiO content<sub>2</sub> 21.6% by weight. 208.3 g of this watery paste was added to a round bottom flask that was equipped with a head stirrer. This watery paste was heated to a temperature of 6 0 ° C via a temperature controlled heating mantle, and was maintained at that temperature throughout the preparation. 2.8 g ammonium paratungstate (APT, 88% W0<sub>3</sub>) were then added and allowed to react for 30 min. To this mixture was added 27.8 g of tetramethylammonium silicate (TMA-SiO<sub>2</sub>, 9% SiO<sub>2i</sub>) and the mixture was allowed to react for 10 minutes. The pH was then adjusted to 6.5 via the addition of NH<sub>4</sub>0H concentrate (29%). This mixture was allowed to react an additional 20 min, and then filtered, rinsed with DI water, and dried at 105 ° C and then calcined at 500 ° C for 6 hr. The nominal composition of this product on an oxide basis was 90% by weight of Ti0<sub>2</sub>.5 wt% SiO<sub>2</sub> and 5% by weight of WO<sub>3</sub>. Vanadium of MEA solution was deposited on this powder as in Examples 1-3, above, so that the final charge was 2% by weight of V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> on a total oxide basis. A portion of the dry powder was then heated to 750 ° C and held at that temperature for 16 hr in an atmosphere of air containing 10 wt% H<sub>2</sub>0.
JC 1 V .. '.
MEXICAN INSTITUTE
DELA PZCPIIDAO VV, »'··
I '<DLS'¡'? IAL __ ¿
To form a base series for comparison, 4 different DT-58 ™ samples were loaded with 2 wt% poison vanadium as above, and hydrothermally under the sample conditions. The results of these four samples were then averaged.
The materials of Examples 7 and 8, together with the DT-58 ™ reference materials, were analyzed by XRD, N porosimetry<sub>2</sub> and DeNOx activity, with results shown in Table 7, below. To evaluate materials for DeNOx applications, a 0.1 g sample of each aged and vanadium loaded catalyst sample was pelleted and 20 / + 40 mesh, and loaded into a reactor to determine the conversion of NO in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A flow stream containing 5% of 0<sub>2</sub>, 500 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 500 ppm of NO, and 10% of H<sub>2</sub>0 it was passed over the catalyst at a space velocity of 650 1 / g.cat-hr. For each of the materials of Example 7 and 8, two DeNOX runs were made. A total of 10 runs were obtained on the four DT-58 ™ reference materials. The results are reported in two ways. First, the NO conversion is reported. A second method involves calculating the reaction rate. As people of ordinary ability are aware, the SCR reaction is generally thought to be first order with respect to NO and zero order with cüa¿a ·.
faith<sup>l</sup>- faith faith * -fe with respect to NH<sub>3</sub>, and under these conditions, the<sup>or</sup>'<sup>, ST</sup>vafooíc | ad '^ 4¿7 reaction is to provide -ln (lx), where x is the fractional conversion (conversion% / 100). Reaction rate is a better method of comparing samples at high conversions. Basic statistics were computed from the data, and analysis of variance showed that the materials of the present invention provide significantly different activity (P value for the null hypothesis <0.05) and higher than the reference samples.
Table 7. Characterization of Samples
<td colspan="2"></td><td>DT-58 *</td><td>Example 7</td><td>Example 8</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD phase</td><td>Anatase%</td><td> 95.4</td><td> 100.0</td><td> 100.0</td>
<td>Rutile%</td><td> 2.3</td><td> 0.0</td><td> 0.0</td>
<td>% of W0<sub>3</sub></td><td> 2.3</td><td> 0.0</td><td> 0.0</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD Crystal Size (A)</td><td>Anatase</td><td> 391</td><td> 233</td><td> 333</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td> 89</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td>
<td>W0<sub>3</sub></td><td> 498</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td>
<td rowspan="2">PSD N<sub>2</sub></td><td>Surface area BET (m<sup>2</sup>/ g)</td><td> 34.9</td><td> 47.5</td><td> 30.6</td>
<td>BJH Pore Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/ g)</td><td> 0.25</td><td> 0.29</td><td> 0.24</td>
<td rowspan="3">Conversion NO,%</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 19.4</td><td> 26.7</td><td> 31.5</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 64.0</td><td> 72.6</td><td> 78.8</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 73.1</td><td> 80.2</td><td> 82.4</td>
<td rowspan="3">NO ratio,%</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 0.22</td><td> 0.31</td><td> 0.38</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 1.04</td><td> 1.30</td><td> 1.57</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 1.34</td><td> 1.62</td><td> 1.75</td>
* Average of 4 samples
By XRD N Porositometry<sub>2</sub> and DeNOx Activity Table 7 clearly teaches that samples made in accordance with the present invention (Examples 7 and 8) retain a larger portion of the anatase phase, tungsten recrystallization, and resistant crystal growth (i.e., demonstrate less sintering) that the
MSX'CANO INSTITUTE of base materials. Furthermore, the inventive materials retain large surface areas and volume pores of the reference materials. Finally, the materials made in accordance with the present invention exhibit high catalytic activity for the SCR reaction.
In the following two examples (9 and 10), the dramatic difference in stability and activity between catalysts made with particulate (colloidal) silica against inventive materials is demonstrated.
Example 9. A new material of the present invention was prepared in the following way: A production sulfated titanium hydrogel slurry (comprising 27% TiO) was diluted<sub>2</sub>, 7% sulfate and H<sub>2</sub>0), to give a dispersion of 21.7% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>. 207.7 g of this dispersion was heated with stirring for 20 minutes at 60 ° C, and then 2.3 g of ammonium paratungstate (ATP-88% WO) was added.<sub>3</sub>) at low pH. The APT was left to react for 20 minutes. Then 44.4 g of the soluble, low molecular weight form of Silica Tetramethylammonium Silicate (TMA) (Alpha Aesar-SiO) was added<sub>2</sub> 9% by weight) and allowed to react for another 20 minutes. The pH was then adjusted to approximately 6.5 by the addition of NH<sub>4</sub>Concentrated OH (this stage can be enhanced before adding W0<sub>3</sub>). The watered down paste was then filtered, washed free of ammonium sulfate and then dried and calcined at 500 ° C for 6 hours in air. The composition
ΙΜΡΙ &
f institute ΜΕχ; ς ·; .-> · ο nominal of this base material was SiO<sub>2</sub> to 8%? in 3
4% by weight and TiO<sub>2</sub> 88% (TiO<sub>2</sub>: SiO<sub>2</sub> : W0<sub>3</sub> = RR: R: 4).
Example 10. A comparison sample was made using colloidal particulate silica in the following way: A production sulfated titanium hydrogel slurry (27% TiO) was diluted<sub>2</sub>) with water to give 21.6% by weight of a dispersion. 203.7 g of this dispersion was heated with stirring to 60 ° C, and then 2.3 g of ammonium paratungstate (APT-88% WO) was added.<sub>3</sub>). The APT was allowed to react for 20 minutes. Then 13.3 g of the colloidal particulate AS-30 silica (WR Grace- SiO) was added<sub>2</sub> 30% by weight) and allowed to react for another 20 minutes. As will be recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art, this form of colloidal silica is stabilized with NH ion.<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> instead of the Na + ion, as the latter is a catalyst poison for the SCR reaction. The pH of the mixture is then adjusted to 6.5 by the addition of concentrated NH4OH. The watered down paste was then filtered, washed and dried and calcined at 500 ° C for 6 hours in air. The nominal composition of this base material is SiO<sub>2</sub> 8% by weight, WO<sub>3</sub> 4% by weight and TiO<sub>2</sub> 88%. Thus, these materials from both Examples 9 and Example 10 have nominally the same total composition (88: 8: 4-TiO<sub>2</sub> : SiO<sub>2</sub>: W0<sub>3</sub>) on an oxide base.
For these two base materials comprising titanium, silica and tungsten, vanadium was added to a V target.<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>3</sub> at 2% by weight. Vanadium was added by impregnation of a MEA solution
O & aB £ 3SEL € 6a.S¿-iT.
Instituto aimun · »» alkaline. The impregnated materials are then
MEXICAN INSTITUTE 'Ι-ύί'Ά ·> A
PE LA FÍO H AGE en ve j eaen ^ aALalwa-rtJ ^ * 'temperature in a hydrothermal environment (750 ° C for —16 hours in H ^ Q ·. 10%) to cause accelerated aging. Aged samples are evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis, and the observed diffraction patterns are analyzed by Rietveld analysis. To evaluate the materials of Example 9 and Example 10 for DeNOx applications, a 0.1 g sample of each vanadium-loaded and aged catalyst sample was pelleted and sieved at -20 / + 40 mesh, and loaded into a reactor to determine the conversion of NO in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A flow stream containing 5% O<sub>2</sub>, 500 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 500 ppm of NO, and 10% of H<sub>2</sub>Or, it was passed over the catalyst at a space rate of 560 1 / g.cat-hr. NO conversion and data ratio were reported as described above.
Table 8. Characterization of Samples
<td colspan="2"></td><td>DT-58 *</td><td>Example 7</td><td>Example 8</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD Pass</td><td>Anatase%</td><td> 95.4</td><td> 100.0</td><td> 91.2</td>
<td>Rutile%</td><td> 2.3</td><td> 0.0</td><td> 6.1</td>
<td>% of W0<sub>3</sub></td><td> 2.3</td><td> 0.0</td><td> 2.7</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD Crystal Size (A)</td><td>Anatase</td><td> 391</td><td> 200</td><td> 1863</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td> 89</td><td> 0</td><td>NM</td>
<td>wo<sub>3</sub></td><td> 498</td><td> 0</td><td> 268</td>
<td rowspan="2">PSD N<sub>2</sub></td><td>Surface area BET (m<sup>2</sup>/ g)</td><td> 34.9</td><td> 54.2</td><td> 8.1</td>
<td>BJH Pore Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/ g)</td><td> 0.25</td><td> 0.26</td><td> 0.04</td>
<td rowspan="3">Conversion NO,%</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 19.4</td><td> 20.1</td><td> 8.4</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 64.0</td><td> 64.6</td><td> 34.0</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 73.1</td><td> 70.8</td><td> 33.2</td>
<td rowspan="3">NO ratio,%</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 0.22</td><td> 0.22</td><td> 0.09</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 1.04</td><td> 1.04</td><td> 0.42</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 1.34</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 0.40</td>
* Average 4 samples
The results in Table 8 again demonstrated euaraase;
IMPI 0<sup>5</sup>¾ for dramatic stability benefit of f ^ SBoEL ^ É ^ Oat
INDUSTRY!
sintering resistance) offered by the materials of the present invention, the retention benefit of the surface area are associated with the inventive materials, and the activity advantage associated with the present invention (Example 9) in relation to the sample made with silica colloidal (Example 10).
The aged and vanadium loaded catalyst of Example 10 was evaluated using SEM microscope (Figure 8) and
TEM (Figure 9). The images clearly show the presence of particulate colloidal silica particles having diameters of approximately 2 0nm containing the underlying vanadium-anatase -100-200 titanium particles.
Example 11. This example demonstrated another embodiment of the present invention and involves dissolving particulate silica followed by re-precipitation of a silica-coated surface on titanium via hydrothermal treatment at high pH. A production slurry made from sulfated titanium hydrogel was diluted to a TiO content<sub>2</sub> 21.6% by weight. 833.3 g of this watery paste was added to a round bottom flask that was equipped with a head shaker. This watery paste was heated to a temperature of 60 ° C by means of a temperature controlled heating blanket, and was maintained at this temperature throughout the preparation. Then 13.6 g of phot were added
A · Aá ammonium paratungstate (APT, 88% of 7 INDUSTRIAL --------- react for 2 0 minutes. The pH was then adjusted to 6.0_ by the addition of NH<sub>4</sub>0H concentrate (29%). To this mixture was added 80 g of a dispersion of wet silica (Cabot MS, 10% SiO<sub>2</sub> in DI water) and the mixture was allowed to react for 20 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 9.0 by adding NH<sub>4</sub>OH concentrate (29%), and this watery paste was heated under reflux for 6 hours. It was then cooled to precipitate the soluble silica, filtered, rinsed with DI water and dried at 105 ° C and then calcined at 500 ° C for 6 hours. The final nominal composition of this product on an oxide basis was 90% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.4 wt.% SiO<sub>2</sub> and 6% by weight of W0<sub>3</sub> (90: 4: 6). Under these conditions, the fractional monolayer cover of silica in titanium is well below 1.0. For this powder, vanadium of MEA solution was deposited as in Examples 1-3, above, so that the final charge was 2% by weight of V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> on a total oxide basis. A portion of the dry powder was then heated to 750 ° C and held at this temperature for 16 hours in an air atmosphere containing 10% by weight of H<sub>2</sub>OR.
The catalyst material of Example 11 was analyzed by XRD, Porositometry of n<sub>2</sub> and DeNOx and TEM activity. To evaluate the material for DeNOx applications, 0.1 g of sample from each load of vanadium and aged catalyst sample was pelleted and sieved at 60 mesh
<img file="MX339381B_D0041.tif" />
, „MEXICAN INSTITUTE
20 / + 40, and charged in a reactor for dg't'e.OTWPpar 'conversion of NO in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A flow stream containing 5% of 0<sub>2</sub>, 500 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 500 ppm of NO and
10% H<sub>2</sub>0 it was passed over the catalyst at a spacing rate of 650 1 / g.cat-hr. The results were shown in Table 9.
Table 9. Characterization of Samples
<td colspan="2"></td><td>DT-58 *</td><td>Example 7</td><td>Example 8</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD phase</td><td>Anatase%</td><td> 95.4</td><td> 100.0</td><td> 91.2</td>
<td>Rutile%</td><td> 2.3</td><td> 0.0</td><td> 6.1</td>
<td>% of WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 2.3</td><td> 0.0</td><td> 2.7</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD Crystal Size (A)</td><td>Anatase</td><td> 391</td><td> 200</td><td> 1863</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td> 89</td><td> 0</td><td>NM</td>
<td>WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 498</td><td> 0</td><td> 268</td>
<td rowspan="2">PSD N<sub>2</sub></td><td>BET surface area (m<sup>2</sup>/ g)</td><td> 34.9</td><td> 54.2</td><td> 8.1</td>
<td>BJH Pore Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/ g)</td><td> 0.25</td><td> 0.26</td><td> 0.04</td>
<td rowspan="3">Conversion NO,%</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 19.4</td><td> 20.1</td><td> 8.4</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 64.0</td><td> 64.6</td><td> 34.0</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 73.1</td><td> 70.8</td><td> 33.2</td>
<td rowspan="3">NO ratio,%</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 0.22</td><td> 0.22</td><td> 0.09</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 1.04</td><td> 1.04</td><td> 0.42</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 1.34</td><td> 1.23</td><td> 0.40</td>
'Average of 4 samples
TEM analyzes, as shown in Figures 10 and 11, indicate that, while there are a few remaining spherical silica particles that did not completely dissolve and re-precipitate. These are typically less than 5nm in size. For the most part, the wetted silica has been extensively dissolved and re-precipitated on the anatase surface as a rough coating where it is most effective in modifying the surface properties of the underlying titanium.
<img file="MX339381B_D0042.tif" />
to
These results revealed the dramatic anatase phase stability (and sintering resistance) offered by the present invention, the surface area retention benefit associated with the inventive materials, and the activity advantage associated with the present invention when silica, Initially in particulate form, it is solubilized and redistributed in nanoparticulate form to provide a uniform coating on the titanium surface.
Example 12. This example is another demonstration of the beneficial effect of redistribution of silica by means of hydrothermal treatment, only in this case the starting source is colloidal silica. A gouged paste from the production made from sulfated titanium hydrogel was diluted to a TiO content<sub>2</sub> 21.6% by weight. 208.3 g of this watered down paste was added to a round bottom flask that was equipped with a head stirrer. This watery paste was heated to a temperature of 6 0 ° C by means of a temperature controlled heating blanket, and was maintained at this temperature throughout the preparation. 6.7 g of an AS-30 colloidal silica dispersion (W.
R. Grace- 30% by weight SiO<sub>2</sub>) and the mixture was allowed to react for 30 minutes. Then 3.4 g of ammonium paratungstate (APT, 88% WO) was added<sub>3</sub>) and allowed to react for 10 minutes. The pH was then adjusted to 6.5 by adding
JMÍPIT
NH<sub>4</sub>Concentrated OH (29%). The pH was then adjusted'Tví¿aNBt <aNo9Vl0 '<sup>c</sup> OF PROPERTY <\ • INDUSTRIAL *** by the addition of NH<sub>4</sub>OH concentrate (29%), and this watery paste was heated under reflux for 6 hours. It was then filtered, rinsed with DI water and dried at 105 ° C and then calcined at
500 ° C for 6 hours. The final nominal composition of this product on an oxide basis was 90% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.4 wt.% SiO<sub>2</sub> and 6% by weight of WO<sub>3</sub> (90: 4: 6). Under these conditions, the fractional monolayer cover of silica in titanium is well below 1.0. Vanadium from the MEA solution was deposited on this powder as in Examples 1-3, above, so that the final charge was 2% V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> on a total oxide basis. A portion of the dry powder was then heated to 750 ° C and held at this temperature for 16 hours in an air atmosphere containing 10% by weight of H<sub>2</sub>OR.
The material from Example 12 was analyzed by XRD,
Porositometry n<sub>2</sub> and DeNOx and TEM activity. To evaluate the material of Example 12 for DeNOx applications, 0.1 g of sample from each aged and titanium-loaded catalyst sample was pelleted and screened with 20 / + 40 mesh, and loaded into a reactor to determine the conversion of NO in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A flow stream containing 5% O<sub>2</sub>, 500 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 500 ppm of NO and 10% of H<sub>2</sub>Or it was passed over the catalyst at a spacing rate of 650 1 / g.cat-hr.
The results shown in Table 10 below
<img file="MX339381B_D0043.tif" />
INSTITUTO MEXICANO DE LA PROPIEDAD l {\ L, í ILL / íaIA compared to the prep with colloidal silica (but hydrothermally treated, Example 10). The BET · XRD and Nj · analyzes revealed that the material of Example 12 has better anatase phase stability and sintering resistance, while the catalytic results showed that the material of Example 12 has better catalytic activity, thus also associated with hydrothermal redistribution of silica.
Table 10. Characterization of Samples
<td colspan="2"></td><td>Example 12</td><td>Example 13</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD phase</td><td>Anatase%</td><td> 91.6</td><td> 91.2</td>
<td>Rutile%</td><td> 6.6</td><td> 6.1</td>
<td>% of WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 1.8</td><td> 2.7</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD Crystal Size (A)</td><td>Anatase</td><td> 562</td><td> 1863</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td> 40</td><td>NM</td>
<td>wo<sub>3</sub></td><td> 694</td><td> 268</td>
<td rowspan="2">PSD N<sub>2</sub></td><td>BET surface area (m<sup>2</sup>/ g)</td><td> 23.3</td><td> 8.1</td>
<td>BJH Pore Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/ g)</td><td> 0.15</td><td> 0.04</td>
<td rowspan="3">Conversion NO, %</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 31.0</td><td> 8.4</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 76.4</td><td> 34.0</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 79.9</td><td> 33.2</td>
<td rowspan="3">NO ratio, %</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 0.37</td><td> 0.09</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 1.40</td><td> 0.42</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 1.60</td><td> 0.40</td>
* Average of 4 samples
A TEM image of the material from Example 12 is shown below in Figure 12. Analysis indicated that while there are a few remaining spherical silica particles that did not completely dissolve and reprecipitate (approximately 10nm in size or less), for the largest In addition, colloidal silica has been substantially dissolved and re-precipitated on the anatase surface as a rough, uneven coating where it is most effective in modifying titanium properties.
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<img file="MX339381B_D0044.tif" />
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H MEXICAN INSTITUTE f ,. OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
<img file="MX339381B_D0045.tif" />
Example 13: Silicon acid. This example provides another embodiment of the present invention, where the low molecular weight silica is in the form of silicic acid generated by means of ion exchange of sodium silicate. First, a dilute solution (3% by weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>) of sodium silicate was prepared by adding 569 g of DI water to 71 g of Philadelphia Quart N sodium silicate, 28.7 wt% SiO<sub>2</sub>. A portion of 65 0.7 g (as received base) of strong acid ion exchange resin (H-form Dowex 650C) was weighed. Separately, a production sulfated titanium hydrogel slurry made in production was diluted to a TiO content<sub>2</sub> 21.6% by weight. 1666.7 g of this watered down paste was added to a round bottom flask that was equipped with a head stirrer. This watery paste was heated to a temperature of 60 ° C by means of a temperature controlled heating blanket, and kept at this
<td>temperature</td><td>through</td><td>the</td><td>preparation.</td><td>The</td><td>resin</td><td>of</td>
<td>exchange</td><td>ionic after</td><td>I know</td><td>added to</td><td>the</td><td>solution</td><td>of</td>
<td>silicate</td><td>dilute sodium</td><td>with</td><td colspan="2">good mixing,</td><td>and the pH</td><td>I know</td>
<td>monitoring.</td><td>Once he</td><td>PH</td><td>indicated that</td><td>the</td><td>reaction</td><td>of</td>
ion exchange is complete (pH <3.0), the resin is filtered, and 533 g of silicic acid is added to the titanium glue paste. This mixture was allowed to react for 20
<img file="MX339381B_D0046.tif" />
minutes. Then 27.3 g of para ammonia (APT, 88% WO) was added<sub>3</sub>) and allowed to react for zu minutes
The pH was then adjusted to 6.5 by means of the 'NH ion ion'<sub>4</sub>Concentrated OH (29%). The mixture was then filtered, rinsed with DI water and dried at 105 ° C and then calcined at 500 ° C for 6 hours. The final nominal composition of this product on an oxide basis was 90% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.4 wt.% SiO<sub>2</sub> and 6% by weight of W0<sub>3</sub> (90: 4: 6). Vanadium of MEA solution was deposited to this powder as in Examples 1-3, above, so that the final charge was 2% by weight of V<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5</sub> on a total oxide basis. A portion of the dry powder was then heated to 750 ° C and held at this temperature for 16 hours in an air atmosphere containing 10% by weight of H<sub>2</sub>0. To evaluate the materials of Example 13 for DeNox applications, 0.1 g of sample was pelleted from each aged and vanadium-loaded catalyst sample and sieved to -20 / + 40 mesh, and loaded into a reactor to determine conversion NO in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A flow stream containing 5% co2, 500 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 500 ppm of NO, and 10% of H<sub>2</sub>0 it was passed over the catalyst at a spacing rate of 650 1 / g.cat-hr. The aged samples were then evaluated by XRD conversion , PSD n<sub>2</sub>, DeNOx and * PM were compared against DT-58 as shown in Table
11.
astlfsrass;
<img file="MX339381B_D0047.tif" />
<img file="MX339381B_D0048.tif" />
MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF PROPERTY
INDUSTRIAL
Table 11.
Sample Characterization
<td colspan="2"></td><td>DT-58 *</td><td>Example 13</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD phase</td><td>Anatase%</td><td> 95.4 ~</td><td>-ΓΟΟ'.Ό '-</td>
<td>Rutile%</td><td> 2.3</td><td> 0.0</td>
<td>% of WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 2.3</td><td> 0.0</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD Crystal Size (A)</td><td>Anatase</td><td> 391</td><td> 286</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td> 89</td><td> 0</td>
<td>WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 498</td><td> 0</td>
<td rowspan="2">PSD N<sub>2</sub></td><td>BET surface area (m<sup>2</sup>/ g)</td><td> 34.9</td><td> 40.8</td>
<td>BJH Pore Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/ g)</td><td> 0.25</td><td> 0.27</td>
<td rowspan="3">Conversion NO, %</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 19.4</td><td> 29.6</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 64.0</td><td> 76.7</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 73.1</td><td> 83.0</td>
* Average of 4 samples
It can be clearly seen that the material prepared according to the present invention has higher anatase phase stability, better surface area retention (resistance to sintering) and high DeNOx activity compared to DT-58 ™. TEM analysis of the material from Example 13 was conducted, and the results, highlighted in Figures 13 and 14, revealed that silica is present as two well distributed dimensional patches on the titanium surface. There are few rare three-dimensional particles like silica present in some of the images, but these
0 they are, for the most part, less than about 5 nm in size.
Example 14. This example provides another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the low molecular weight silica is in the form of silicic acid generated by means of sodium silicate. First a dilute solution
<img file="MX339381B_D0049.tif" />
sodium silicate
SiCb. One Dorción (3% by weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>) of silicate from adding 59.7 g of DI water to 7.0 g of Philadelphia Quartz N, 28.7% by weight of 13.5 g (as base received) of strong acid ion exchange resin (Dowex 650C form H) was weighed and added to a flow through column. Separately, a production sulfated titanium hydrogel slurry made in production was diluted to a TiO content<sub>2</sub> 21.6% by weight. 208.3 g of this watered down paste was added to a round bottom flask that was equipped with a head stirrer. This watery paste was maintained at a temperature of 60 ° C by means of a temperature controlled heating blanket, and was maintained at this temperature throughout the preparation. Then 66.7 g of the diluted sodium silicate solution was passed through the column to remove the sodium. This mixture was allowed to react for 20 minutes. Then 3.4 g of ammonium paratungstate (APT, 88% WO) was added<sub>3</sub>) and allowed to react for 20 minutes. The pH was then adjusted to 6.5 by adding NH<sub>4</sub>Concentrated OH (29%). The mixture was then filtered, rinsed with DI water, and dried at 105 ° C and then calcined at 500 ° C for 6 hours. The final nominal composition of this product on an oxide basis was 90% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.4 wt.% SiO<sub>2</sub> and 6% by weight of W0<sub>3 </sub>(90: 4: 6). This composition, before the addition of vanadium, has a surface area BET n<sub>2</sub> 221 m<sup>2</sup>/ g, and so that
Μ Ρ I (.; J silica is present in a covering _<sub>}</sub> i- INDUSTRIAL <* · 'fractional of 0.30, cavity under 1 monolayer. This sample was evaluated using TEM. An identical sample was prepared, except that tungsten was added before silica, and this sample was analyzed spectroscopically.<sup>29</sup>Si-CP-MASNMR. The NMR results shown in Table 6 demonstrated that the majority of the silica present in the sample has Q3 coordination or less, as can be expected for silica distributed in two-dimensional patches on the titanium surface. The TEM image shown in Figure 15 revealed that the silica present as irregular 1-3 nm coated on the crystalline surface of titanium anatase, and not distinct, the three-dimensional silica particles can be observed larger than 5 nm in diameter.
Vanadium was deposited into this powder from the MEA solution as in Examples 1-3, above, so that the final charge was 2% by weight of V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> on a total oxide basis. A portion of the dry powder was then heated to 750 ° C and held at this temperature for 16 hours in an air atmosphere containing 10% by weight of H<sub>2</sub>0. To evaluate the materials in Example 14 for DeNOx applications, a 0.1 g sample of each vanadium loaded and aged catalyst sample was pelleted and sieved at -20 / + 40 mesh, and loaded into a reactor to determine the NO conversion in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A passed
<img file="MX339381B_D0050.tif" />
flow stream containing 5% O<sub>2</sub>, 500: ppm of NO, and 10% of H<sub>2</sub>0 over the catalyst at a spacing rate of 650 1 / g.cat-hr. The aged samples were then evaluated by XRD, PSD n<sub>2</sub> and DeNOx conversion and compared against DT-58 as shown in Table 12.
Table 12. Characterization of Samples
<td colspan="2"></td><td>DT-58 *</td><td>Example 14</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD phase</td><td>Anatase%</td><td> 95.4</td><td> 100.0</td>
<td>Rutile%</td><td> 2.3</td><td> 0.0</td>
<td>% of W0<sub>3</sub></td><td> 2.3</td><td> 01.0</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD Crystal Size (A)</td><td>Anatase</td><td> 391</td><td> 336</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td> 89</td><td> 0</td>
<td>WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 498</td><td> 0</td>
<td rowspan="2">PSD N<sub>2</sub></td><td>BET surface area (m<sup>2</sup>/ g)</td><td> 34.9</td><td> 31.9</td>
<td>BJH Pore Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/ g)</td><td> 0.25</td><td> 0.25</td>
<td rowspan="3">Conversion NO, OR, OR</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 0.22</td><td> 0.41</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 1.13</td><td> 1.67</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 1.43</td><td> 1.99</td>
It can be clearly seen that the material prepared according to the present invention has very high anatase phase stability, better surface area retention (sintering resistance) and very high DeNOx activity for DT-58 ™.
Example 15. This example is intended to show that various prior art materials are different from those of the present invention. In particular, references made to US Patent 4,221,768 column 3, 4 (line 3), Ex. 1, and US 2007/0129241 (paragraph 0026). In this example, a particulate colloidal silica is incorporated into the titanium during the precipitation of the
OF PROPERTY i><sub>t </sub>INDUSTRIAL <sup>v</sup>*-
<img file="MX339381B_D0051.tif" />
titanium. First, 1169 g of 4L glass precipitated water was added, and this was placed in an ice bath to cool it. Then 330 g of TiOCl solution was added slowly with stirring<sub>2</sub> (25.9% TiO<sub>2</sub>) to chilled water, so that the temperature of the solution does not rise above 30 ° C, to make a TiO solution<sub>2 </sub>to 5.7%. 544.6 g of this solution was then placed in a 1L beaker and vigorously shaken. 4.33 g of Ludosx AS-30 colloidal silica (WR Grace- 30% by weight SiO) was slowly added to this mixture<sub>2</sub>). NH was added to this watery paste<sub>4</sub>Concentrated 0H (29%) until pH reached 7. The precipitated watery paste was aged for 2 hours. It was then filtered, rinsed with DI water and then dried at 105 ° C. The nominal composition, on an oxide basis, of this powder was 4% by weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>, and 96% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>. Then 27 g of dry powder (84.5% solids) was stirred in 100 g of DI water, heated to 60 ° C and then 1.7 g of ATP was added and allowed to react for 20 minutes. Then the pH was adjusted to 7.0, and the final mixture was filtered and dried at 105 | C and then calcined at 500 ° C for 6 hours. The final nominal composition of this product on an oxide basis was 90% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.4 wt.% SiO<sub>2</sub> and 6% by weight of WO<sub>3</sub>. Vanadium of MEA solution was deposited to this powder as in Example 1-3, so that the final load of vanadium was 2% by weight of V<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5</sub> on a total oxide basis. A portion of the
<img file="MX339381B_D0052.tif" />
temperature for 16 hours in an air atmosphere containing 10% by weight of H<sub>2</sub>0. To evaluate the materials of Example 15 for DeNOx applications, 0.1 g of a sample each of vanadium-laden aged catalyst sample was pelleted and sieved with 20 / + 40 mesh, and loaded into a reactor to determine the NO conversion in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A flow stream containing 5% co2, 500 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 500 ppm NO and 10% H<sub>2</sub>0 it was passed through the catalyst at a spacing rate of 650 1 / g.cat-hr. The aged samples were then evaluated by XRD, PSD n<sub>2i</sub> DeNOx and TEM conversion, and were compared against DT-58 ™ as shown in Table 13 and Figure 16.
Table 13. Characterization of Samples
<td colspan="2"></td><td>DT-58 *</td><td>Example 15</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD phase</td><td>Anatase%</td><td> 95.4</td><td> 90.0</td>
<td>Rutile%</td><td> 2.3</td><td> 9.0</td>
<td>% of WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 2.3</td><td> 1.0</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD Crystal Size (A)</td><td>Anatase</td><td> 391</td><td> 935</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td> 89</td><td> 1567</td>
<td>WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 498</td><td> 190</td>
<td rowspan="2">PSD N<sub>2</sub></td><td>BET surface area (m<sup>2</sup>/ g)</td><td> 34.9</td><td> 10.2</td>
<td>BJH Pore Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/ g)</td><td> 0.25</td><td> 0.07</td>
<td rowspan="3">Conversion NO, %</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 19.4</td><td> 13.2</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 64.0</td><td> 46.3</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 73.1</td><td> 57.9</td>
* Average of 4 samples
The results clearly showed that the comparison material of Example 15 (not formed from small and / or low molecular weight nonparticulate silica) clearly has low stability i. INDUSTRIAL t
that still reference DT-58 ™ samples. Furthermore, TEM analysis (Figure 16) revealed that silica is present as large three-dimensional nodules (eg,> 20nm and up to 50nm or larger in size).
Example 16. This embodiment is similar to prior art embodiments in that silica is incorporated in a soluble form in precipitation (see for example 4,221,768 col. 3, line 36), except that in this example the TMA silicate of the present invention, in Examples 7, 8 and 9. In this example, a material was prepared where the silica is re-incorporated during the precipitation of titanium. However, in this case, TMA silicate is used as the silica source, and the titanyl sulfate solution was used as the titanium source. First, 990 g of titanyl sulfate solution (10.1% Ti0) was added<sub>2</sub>, ~ 29% H<sub>2</sub>SW<sub>4</sub>) to a 1 L beaker. In a separate beaker, 26.5 g of TMA silicate (9% by weight SiO) was diluted<sub>2</sub>, Alfa Aesar) in 350 ml with DI water. In a third container with spout for continuous removal of precipitated glue paste, 150 g of cure water was added and this container was stirred.
The titanyl sulfate solution was pumped into container 3 at a rate of 20 ml / min, and the solution
INSTITUTO MEXICANO DELA PROPERTY of TMA silicate was also pumped in the | i? Écipie<sup>,</sup>¥ fiE<sup>l</sup>‘£<sup>t</sup> 3 a speed of 10 ml / min. In addition, BUUlDeÚ<sup></sup>NH<sub>4</sub>0H concentrate (29%) in vessel 3 to maintain a pH for precipitation of the oxides at 6.0. Excess flow from vessel 3 was captured into another beaker. It will be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art that vessel 3 is a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. Once the precipitation of the oxides was complete, the precipitate was then filtered, rinsed with DI water and then dried at 105 ° C. The nominal composition, on an oxide basis of this powder was 2.5% by weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>, 97.5% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.
Then 51.2 g of the dry powder (73% solids) was formed into a slurry in 122 g of DI water, heated to 60 ° C, and then 1.8 g of APT was added and allowed to react for 20 minutes. The pH was then adjusted to 6.5 and allowed to react for 20 minutes. The final mixture was filtered and dried at 105 ° C and then calcined at
500 ° C for 6 hours. The final nominal composition of this product on an oxide basis was 93.5% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>2.5% by weight SiO<sub>2</sub> and 4% by weight of WO3 (93: 5: 2.5: 4). To this powder, vanadium of MEA solution was deposited as in Example 1-3, so that the final charge of vanadium was 2% by weight of V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> on a total oxide basis. A _ 1FI portion of the powder was then heated to *<sup>oT</sup>^ S?> ^^ DADy <sup>c</sup> JT C INDUSTRIAL ·<sup>2</sup> maintained at this temperature for 16 hours in an air atmosphere containing 10 wt% H<sub>2</sub>0. To evaluate the materials of Example 16 for DeNOx applications, a 0.1 g sample of each aged vanadium loaded catalyst sample was pelleted and sieved with -20 / + 40 mesh, and loaded into a reactor to determine converting NO in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A flow stream containing 5% of 0<sub>2</sub>, 500 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 500 ppm of NO and 10% of H<sub>2</sub>0 it was passed through the catalyst at a spacing rate of 650 1 / g.cat-hr. The aged samples were then evaluated by XRD, PSD N2, DeNOx conversion and compared against DT-58 ™ as shown in Table 14.
The results clearly showed that the material produced under the conditions where a silica forms small nanoparticles and / or low molecular weight is incorporated during the titanium precipitation has a lower anatase phase stability, lower sintering resistance and lower DeNOx activity than the materials of the base case shown in
Figure 17 is an electron transmission micrograph (TEM) of the vanadium catalyst showing large (> 20nm) three-dimensional silica nodules that are not well dispersed on the titanium surface.
Table 14.
Sample Characterization
<img file="MX339381B_D0053.tif" />
MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF PROPERTY
INDUSTRIAL
<img file="MX339381B_D0054.tif" />
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td><td>DT-58 *</td><td>Example 16</td>
<td></td><td></td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD phase</td><td>Anatase%</td><td> 95.4</td><td> 82.3</td>
<td>Rutile%</td><td> 2.3</td><td> 14.8</td>
<td>% of WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 2.3</td><td> 2.9</td>
<td rowspan="3">Size of XRD crystal (TO)</td><td>Anatase</td><td> 391</td><td> 1456</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td> 89</td><td> 1994</td>
<td>W0<sub>3</sub></td><td> 498</td><td> 353</td>
<td rowspan="2">PSD N<sub>2</sub></td><td>BET surface area (m<sup>2</sup>/ g)</td><td> 34.9</td><td> 12.0</td>
<td>BJH Pore Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/ g)</td><td> 0.25</td><td> 0.05</td>
<td rowspan="3">Conversion NO, %</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 19.4</td><td> 12.2</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 64.0</td><td> 50.0</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 73.1</td><td> 55.8</td>
* Average of 4 samples
Table 14. Characterization of Samples
Example 17. This embodiment is similar to Example 16, only the final composition is 90: 4: 6.6% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>, SiO<sub>2</sub>, WO<sub>3</sub> before adding vanadium. In this example, a material was prepared where the silica is re-incorporated during the precipitation of the titanium. First, 891 g of titanyl sulfate solution (10.1% Ti0) was added<sub>2</sub>, -29% H<sub>2</sub>SW<sub>4</sub>) to a 1 L beaker. In a separate beaker, 44.4 g of TMA silicate (9% by weight SiO) was diluted<sub>2</sub>, Alfa Aesar) with 400 mi with
.......................... .............
DI DI water. In a third container with a spike .y '$
j. ~ INDUSTRIAL continued from the precipitated watery paste, 150 g of cure water was added, and this vessel was shaken. The titanyl sulfate solution was pumped into container 3 at a rate of 20 ml / min, and the TMA silicate solution was also pumped into container 3 at a rate of 10 ml / min. In addition, NH was also pumped<sub>4</sub>Concentrated OH (29%) in vessel 3 to maintain a pH for precipitation of the oxides at 6.0. Excess flow from vessel 3 was captured into another beaker. It will be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art that vessel 3 is a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. Once the precipitation of the oxides was complete, the precipitate was then filtered, rinsed with DI water and then dried at 105 ° C. The nominal composition with DI water and then dried at 105 ° C. The nominal composition, on an oxide basis of this powder was 4.3% by weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>, 96.7% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.
All the dry powder was then formed into paste diluted in -150 g of DI water, heated to 60 ° C and then 6.8 g of APT was added and allowed to react for 20 min. The pH was then adjusted to 6.5 and allowed to react for 20 minutes. The final mixture was filtered and dried at 105 ° C and then calcined at 500 ° C for 6 hours. The final nominal composition of this product on an oxide basis was 90% by weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>.4 wt.% SiO<sub>2</sub> and 6% of W0<sub>3</sub>. Vanadium of .Vi T 1 was deposited on this powder.
INSTITUTO MEXICANO Í & y, MEA solution as in Examples 1-3, of final form of vanadium was 2% by weight of V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> on a total oxide basis. A potion of the dry powder was then heated to 750 ° C and held at this temperature for 16 hours in an air atmosphere containing 10 wt% H<sub>2</sub>O. To evaluate the material from Example 17 for DeNOx applications, 0.1 g of sample was each pelleted from each of the aged and vanadium loaded catalyst sample and sieved with -20 / + 40 mesh, and loaded into a reactor to determine the conversion of NO in the presence of NH<sub>3</sub>. A flow stream containing 5% of 0<sub>2</sub>, 500 ppm NH<sub>3</sub>, 500 ppm of NO, and 10% of H<sub>2</sub>Or it was passed through the catalyst at a space velocity of 650 1 / g.cat-hr. The aged samples were then evaluated by XRD, PSD n<sub>2</sub>, DeNOx conversion and were compared against DT-58 ™ as shown in Table 15.
Table 15. Characterization of Samples
<td colspan="2"></td><td>DT-58 *</td><td>Example 17</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD phase</td><td>Anatase%</td><td> 95.4</td><td> 94.5</td>
<td>Rutile%</td><td> 2.3</td><td> 3.9</td>
<td>% of W0<sub>3</sub></td><td> 2.3</td><td> 1.6</td>
<td rowspan="3">XRD Crystal Size (A)</td><td>Anatase</td><td> 391</td><td> 748</td>
<td>Rutile</td><td> 89</td><td> 795</td>
<td>WO<sub>3</sub></td><td> 498</td><td> 180</td>
<td rowspan="2">PSD N<sub>2</sub></td><td>BET surface area (m<sup>2</sup>/ g)</td><td> 34.9</td><td> 18.2</td>
<td>BJH Pore Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>/ g)</td><td> 0.25</td><td> 0.09</td>
<td rowspan="3">Conversion NO, %</td><td>250 ° C</td><td> 19.4</td><td> 16.2</td>
<td>350 ° C</td><td> 64.0</td><td> 58.4</td>
<td>450 ° C</td><td> 73.1</td><td> 67.0</td>
♦ Average of 4 samples
The results clearly showed that the material
IMPI ί ·; ·. · ·,,. ,,. . ,, IfiSTJJVro MEXICANO ·. /> n produced where it is incorporated during precipitation ^^ onn titanium has a lower anatase phase stability, lower sintering resistance and lower DeNOx activity than the base case materials.
Example 18. This embodiment demonstrated the effect of calcination temperature on NOx catalytic activity of the materials of the present invention. DT-58 ™ Reference Catalysts Loaded with 2 wt% V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> described in Example 8 were used as the benchmark. A 90: 4: 6 composition of TiO was prepared<sub>2</sub>: SiO<sub>2</sub>: W0<sub>3</sub> of the present invention, as prepared in Example 13 (batch form) and Example 14 (continuous form) were loaded with 2 wt% V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> as described in those Examples. A TiO 88: 8: 4 composition was also loaded<sub>2</sub>: SiO<sub>2</sub>: W0<sub>3</sub> of the present invention, as prepared in Example 9 with 2 wt% V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> as described herein. These materials were then exposed to elevated temperatures (calcined) ranging from 500 ° C to 850 ° C and the proportion of catalytic activity of NOx was measured as in Example 17. The data of the results were fixed by regression to polynomial functions, and the fixed curves are shown in Figure 18. Figure 18 demonstrates that to obtain maximum activity for the vanadium catalyst materials of the present invention, in particular activity that is greater than the reference DT-58 activity, the catalyst materials high vanadium temperatures can be said first
Pi
INDUSTRIAL
<img file="MX339381B_D0055.tif" />
, temperatures in excess of
650 ° C.
UTILITY
The present invention is directed to an embodiment, to compositions comprising anatase titanium, wherein the titanium is solubilized by a silica provided in a low molecular weight and / or small nanoparticle form. Furthermore, the invention is directed to the use of these silica-titanium compositions as catalyst supports, in particular in combination with added tungsten and vanadium, for selective vanadium-based catalytic reduction of DeNOx from combustion (diesel) machines. The invention is further directed to methods for producing these silica stabilized titanium or titaniotungsten supports, and the vanadium based catalysts which comprise silica stabilized titanium or titanium-tungsten supports, and the production methods of the vanadium catalysts , and catalytic devices comprising these vanadium catalysts.
The current specific composition of the silica-titanium or silica-titanium-tungsten catalyst support depends on the requirements of the specific catalytic application. In a preferred composition, the invention comprises a silica stabilized titanium catalyst support the
ΤΓ o
MEXICAN INSTITUTE which comprises particles which comprise
<img file="MX339381B_D0056.tif" />
TiO dry<sub>2</sub> and 10% by weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>. In © t * su-jcxiHipxaaÍ £ ÍQJQ. Preferred, the invention comprises a silica stabilized titanium-tungsten catalyst support with> 85% dry weight titanium, 3% -10% dry weight SiO<sub>2</sub> and 3% -10% by dry weight of W0<sub>3</sub>. Alternatively, in an embodiment where the application requires particularly good thermal stability, the catalyst support comprises> 85% by dry weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>, 5.0-9.0% by dry weight of SiO<sub>2</sub>, and 3.0% -7.0% in dry weight of W0<sub>3</sub>. More particularly, this stable catalyst support comprises 87% -89% by dry weight of tio3, 7% -9% by dry weight of SiO<sub>2</sub> and 3% -5% by dry weight of W0<sub>3</sub>. In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst support comprises approximately 88% (+ 0.5%) by dry weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>, approximately 8% (+ 0.5%) in dry weight of SiO<sub>2</sub> and approximately 4% (± 0.5%) in dry weight of W0<sub>3</sub>. In one modality, the weight% of W0<sub>3</sub> is less than the SiO%<sub>2</sub>. In one embodiment, the catalytic support has a recent surface area of at least 8 0 m<sup>2</sup>/ g, and more preferably at least 100 m<sup>2</sup>/ g.
In another embodiment where the application requires particularly good catalytic activity, the catalyst support comprises> 85% by dry weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>3.0% -8.0% by dry weight of SiO<sub>2</sub> and 4.0% -9.0% by dry weight of WO<sub>3</sub>. More particularly, this active catalyst support comprises> 87% by dry weight of TiO<sub>3</sub>.3% -6% by dry weight of SiO<sub>2</sub> and 4% -8%
VI F in dry weight of W0<sub>3</sub>. In a pref eri modality ^^
FROM THE PROFILED "'>'<sup>j</sup> Industrial 'catalyst comprises approximately 90% (± 0.5%) by dry weight of TiO<sub>2</sub>, approximately 4% (+ 0.5%) by dry weight of SiO<sub>2 </sub>and approximately 6% (+ 0.5%) in dry weight of W0<sub>3</sub>. In one modality, the weight% of W0<sub>3</sub> is greater than the weight of the SiO%<sub>2</sub>. In one embodiment, the catalytic support has a fresh surface area of at least 80m<sup>2</sup>/ g, and more preferably at least 100 m<sup>2</sup>/ g.
In one embodiment of the invention, the TiO component<sub>2</sub> of the catalyst support material used herein substantially comprises a surface area of <400m<sup>2</sup> / g of a pore volume of <0.40 cm<sup>3</sup>/ g.
In one embodiment of the invention, the gaseous titanium paste and silica component used herein are mixed at a temperature of <80 ° C and a pH of <8.5. Alternatively, the aqueous titanium and silica component paste used herein can be mixed at a temperature of <70 ° C and a pH of <7.0.
In another embodiment, the invention is a vanadium catalyst comprising the novel silica stabilized titanium or titanium-tungsten catalyst support described herein in which a quantity of vanadium oxide (V<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5</sub>). In the vanadium catalyst, V<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5 </sub>preferably it comprises 0.5% to 3% to 5% by dry weight thereof. The invention is further directed to a catalytic device emission diesel machineXJ ·)]? ^ -Ía ·· ^ cúá-T<sup>c</sup> MEXICAN STATUTE θΕ THE PROPERTY ''
INDUSTRIAL contains the vanadium catalyst described herein.
The vanadium catalyst materials of the invention can also be treated by calcination (sintering) at a temperature of 650 ° C to increase their catalytic activity of NOx.
Additionally, these new catalytic devices can be used upstream or downstream of a particulate diesel filter (DPF) in a diesel emission control system. In a system upstream of the catalytic device that is between the machine and the DPF, and in a system downstream of the PDF that is between the machine and the catalytic device.
When used and used herein the term titanium silica support is intended to have the same meaning as silica-stabilized titanium support, and where the term silica support titanium tungsten is intended to have the same meaning as titanium-tungsten support stabilized with silica
Preferably most of the silica particles in the stabilized titanium support particles have diameters of <5nm, and more preferably <4nm and more preferably <3nm, and even more preferably <2nm, and / or comprise molecular weights low (for example, MW <100,000, yes or no the particles have or do not have V<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5</sub> deposited in them.
<img file="MX339381B_D0057.tif" />
JK¡¡
Where the support particles cL <
titanium contain V<sub>2</sub>0<sub>5</sub>, the V<sub>2</sub>OR<sub>5</sub> preferably it comprises' 0.5% -3.0% by dry weight of the support material.
The distribution of W0 species<sub>3</sub> y si0<sub>2</sub> on the surface of the titanium support it also plays a role in optimizing DeNOx activity of vanadium catalysts. Thus, where the catalysts are freshly prepared, that is, when the silica and tungsten oxides are added they are first deposited and prior to high temperature treatment, the fractional monolayer coverage should be approximately 1.0 or less.
As noted above, stabilization of the titanium support material with silica involves treatment of titanium with silica in a low molecular weight and / or small nanoparticle form, such as tetra (alkyl) ammonium silicate (eg, silicate tetramethylammonium) or tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Other examples of small nanoparticle and / or molecular weight silica precursors under which they can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to aqueous solutions of silicon halides (i.e. SiX<sub>4</sub> anhydrous, where X = F, Cl, Br, or I), silicon alkoxides (i.e. Si (OR)<sub>4</sub>»Where R = methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tere-butyl, pentyls,
Sf · 'hexilos, octilos, nonilos, decilos, undecilol, lodfedí ^ Ok MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF THE FKCMDAD for example), other organic compounds of sTTício ° tái such as hexamethyldisilazane, salts of flUÓVó-álicicic acid such as ammonium hexafluorosilicate [(NH<sub>4</sub>) <sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>], quaternary ammonium silicate solutions (eg (NR<sub>4</sub>) n, (SiO<sub>2</sub>), where R = H, or alkyl such as those listed above, and where n = 0.1-2, for example), aqueous sodium solutions and potassium silicate (Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> and MSiO<sub>3 </sub>wherein M is Na or K in varying amounts at a ratio of Si), silicic acid (SiOH)<sub>4</sub> generated by ion exchange of any of the cationic forms of silica listed herein using an acidic ion exchange resin (eg, ion exchange of alkali-silicate solutions or quaternary ammonium silicate solutions). In preferred embodiments, the titanium used herein has not been prepared in the presence of urea.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that changes, substitutions and alterations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. However, the scope of the present application is not intended to limit the particular modalities of the processes, articles of manufacture, compositions of matter, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary experience in the? ·.
itécnica easily appreciate from the depcTO ^ eTfcoaicArae ^ á ^^ - Jj
OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY present invention, processes, articles of manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods or stages, currently exhibited or later developed to perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding modalities described herein they can be used in accordance with the present invention. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope these processes, articles of manufacture, material compositions, media, methods or steps.
Each of the references, patents or publications cited herein are therefore expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Cited References
one. Granger, P. and Parvulescu, VI eds. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Vol. 171, Ch. 9 (2007).
2. Ullmann. Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
Fifth ed., Vol. A23, pp. 583-660, (1993).
3. Her, RK The Chemistry of Silica. (1979).
Four. Fedeyko et al. Langmuir, Vol. 21, 5179-5206, (2005).
5. Engelhardt G. and D. Michel. High Resolution Solid-State NMR of Silicates and Zeolites. John Wiley and Sons, NY (1987).
. Wachs, I., et al.
(2003) .
. Wachs, I., et al.
162-168 (2008) .
8. Bergna, HE<sub>F</sub>
Colloidal Silica, You Foundation
Catalysis
FROM THE PRCnEÓAD
INDUSTRIAL τ ·<sup>ΑΓ</sup>
Catalysis Today, 116, p.
and W. 0. Roberts, eds.
and Applications. Surfactant
<td>Science</td><td>Series, Vol.</td><td> 131,</td><td>CRC Press, Taylor and Francis</td>
<td> (2006) .</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td></td><td>9. Wachs, et</td><td>to the.</td><td>J. Catalysis, 161, pp. 211-221</td>
<td> (1996) .</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td></td><td>10. Bergna,</td><td>H.</td><td>ed. The Colloid Chemistry of</td>
<td>Silica,</td><td>ACS Series 234</td><td colspan="2"> (1994) .</td>
<td></td><td>11. Brinker,</td><td>CJ.</td><td>and GW Scherer. Sol-Gel</td>
Science, Chapter 3 (1990).
It is noted that in relation to this date, the best method known by the applicant to put the aforementioned invention into practice is the one that is clear from the present description of the invention.
one.' ea3S2ESffiSt <2a4¿ft «« irA;
MEXICAN INSTITUTE E'E LA MÍOPIEDA INDUSTRIAL
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44 members in 21 offices
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Numbers
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- Publication, DOCDB
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- Publication, EPODOC
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- Application
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- Application, DOCDB
- 2012000666
- Application, EPODOC
- MX20120000666
Titles2
- Spanish
- CATALIZADORES DE ANATASA, TITANIO, VANADIO ULTRA FINOS, ESTABILIZADOS CON SILICE Y METODOS DE PRODUCCION DE LOS MISMOS.
- English
- SILICA-STABILIZED ULTRAFINE ANATASE TITANIA, VANADIA CATALYSTS, AND METHODS OF PRODUCTION THEREOF.
Classification
- CPC, 19
- B01J21/063
- B01J21/08
- B01D53/9418
- B01D53/9477
- B01D2251/2067
- B01D2255/20707
- B01D2255/20723
- B01D2255/20776
- B01D2255/30
- B01D2258/012
- B01J23/22
- B01J37/0209
- B01J37/035
- B01J37/04
- B01J37/08
- B01J23/30
- B01J35/613
- B01J35/633
- B01J35/393
- IPC, 5
- B01J21 06
- B01D53 94
- B01J23 22
- B01J23 30
- B01J37 08