Method and apparatus for random access in an orthogonal multiple-access communication system.

(54) Title: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RANDOM ACCESS IN A MULTIPLE ORTHOGONAL ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.

(54) Title: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RANDOM ACCESS IN AN ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE-ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.

(57) Summary

Techniques for accessing a wireless communication system are described. A user equipment (UE) sends a random access preamble for access to the system. The random access preamble may include a random identifier (iD), a channel quality indicator (CQI), among others. The UE can either randomly select the random ID or this random ID can be assigned. The UE receives a random access response from a base station. The random access response may include control channel resources (eg, PC and CQI resources), uplink resources, and / or control information (eg, forward sync and PC rectification) for the UE. The random access response can be sent in two parts using two messages. A first message can be sent on a control channel and can include identifying information and possibly other information. A second message can be sent on a shared data channel and can include the remaining information for the random access response.

(57) Abstract

Techniques for accessing a wireless communication system are described. A user equipment (UE) sends a random access preamble for system access. The random access preamble may inelude a random identifier (ID), a channel quality indicator (CQI), etc. The UE may randomly select the random ID or may be assigned this random ID. The UE receives a random access response from a base station. The random access response may inelude control channel resources (eg, CQI and PC resources), uplink resources, and / or control Information (eg, timing advance and PC correction) for the UE. The random access response may be sent in two parts using two messages. A first message may be sent on a control channel and may inelude Identification Information and possibly other Information. A second message may be sent on a shared data channel and may nelude remaining Information for the random access response.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RANDOM ACCESS IN A SYSTEM OF

ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure generally relates to communication, and more specifically to techniques for accessing a wireless communication system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Wireless communication systems are widely implemented to provide various communication contents such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, transmission, among others. These wireless systems can be multiple access systems that have the ability to support multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple access systems include entry systems.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems,

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, and Single Carrier-FDMA (SCFDMA) systems.

A wireless communication system can include any number of base stations that can support communication for any number of user equipment (UEs). Each UE can communicate with one or more base stations by means of downlink and uplink transmissions.

The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the base station to the UEs, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the UEs to the base stations.

A UE can send an access probe on the uplink when the UE wants to gain access to the system. A base station can receive the access probe and respond with access permission that may contain the relevant information for the UE. Uplink resources are consumed to send access probes, and downlink resources are consumed to send access permission. Therefore there is a need in the art to support access' to the system with the least information attached to a network advertisement to ensure error-free transmission to the correct destination to improve system capacity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

<td>In</td><td>the present invention</td><td>I know</td><td colspan="2">describe</td><td>the</td>

<td colspan="2">techniques to access efficiently</td><td>to</td><td>a</td><td>system</td><td>of</td>

<td>communication</td><td>wireless. In a design,</td><td>a</td><td>EU</td><td colspan="2">You can send</td>

<td>a preamble</td><td colspan="2">random access (or probe</td><td>of</td><td>access)</td><td>for</td>

access to the system. The random access preamble may include a random identifier (ID), a downlink channel quality indicator (CQI), among others. The UE may randomly select the random ID or the random ID may be assigned directly or indirectly (in an assigned random access preamble / access sequence), for example, during transfer. The random ID can be used as identification information for the random access preamble and can allow a base station to respond asynchronously to the random access preamble.

The UE may receive a random access response (or access permission) from the base station. The random access response may include control channel resources, uplink resources, control information, an assigned ID, among others, for the UE. Control channel resources can include CQI resources that are used to send CQIs on the uplink by the UE, power control resources (PCs) that are used to send PC rectifications on the downlink to the

EU, among others. The control information may include forward synchronization used to adjust the UE transmission timing, PC rectification is used to adjust the UE transmission power, among others. The random access response can be sent in two parts using two messages. A first message can be sent on a control channel (eg, a PDCCH) for a shared data channel (eg, a PDSCH). A second message can be sent on the shared data channel. The first message may include identifying information for the random access preamble or a random access channel used to send the random access preamble, downlink resources for the shared data channel, and possibly other information. The second message may include the remaining information for the random access response. The UE can exchange control information using the allocated control channel resources and can send data using the allocated uplink resources.

Various aspects and characteristics are described in more detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1 shows a multiple access wireless communication system.

Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a base station and a UE.

Figures 3 to 9 show the message flows for various random access procedures.

Figures 10 to 25 show various processes and apparatus for the UE and the base station, for access to the system by the UE.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The techniques described in the present invention can be used by various wireless communication systems such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and other systems. The terms system and network are often used interchangeably. A CDMA system can implement a radio technology such as Access

Universal Terrestrial Radio (UTRA for its acronym in English), cdma2000, among others. The UTRA includes Broadband-CDMA (WCDMA) and Low Integrated Circuit Transmission Rate (LCR). The

Cdma2000 complies with IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards.

A TDMA system can implement a radio technology such as the Global System for Communications

Mobile (GSM). An OFDMA system can instrument a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Broadband

Ultra Mobile (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, among others. UTRA, E-UTRA and GSM are part of the System

Universal Mobile Telecommunication (UMTS). Long Term Evolution 3GPP (LTE) is an upcoming UMTS release using EUTRA, which uses OFDMA on the downlink and SCFDMA on the uplink. The UTRA, E-UTRA, GSM, UMTS and

LTEs are described in documents from an organization called the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Cdma2 000 and UMB are described in documents of an organization called 3rd Generation

Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2). These various radio technologies and standards are known in the art. For clarity, certain aspects of system access techniques in LTE are described below, and LTE terminology is used throughout much of the following description.

Figure 1 shows a multiple access wireless communication system in accordance with a design. For simplicity, Figure 1 shows only two

Evolved B Nodes (eNB) 100 and

102. The eNB 100 includes multiple antenna groups, one group including antennas 104 and 106, another group including antennas 108 and 110, and an additional group including antennas 112 and 114. In Figure 1, only two antennas are shown for each group antenna. However, more or less antennas can also be used for each antenna group. In general, an eNB can be a fixed station that is used for communication with UEs and can also be referred to as a Node B, a base station,

<td colspan="3">an access point,</td><td colspan="4">among others.</td>

<td></td><td>A</td><td>EU 116</td><td>this</td><td>in communication</td><td>with</td><td>the antennas</td>

<td>112 and</td><td> 114,</td><td>where</td><td>the</td><td>antennas 112 and</td><td> 114</td><td>transmit</td>

information to UE 116 via downlink 120 and receive information from UE 116 via uplink 118. A UE 122 is in communication with antennas 106 and 108, where antennas 106 and 108 transmit information to UE 122 via downlink 126 and receive information from UE 122 via uplink 124. In general, a UE can be stationary or mobile and can also be referred to as a mobile station, a terminal, an access terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, among others. A UE can be a cell phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless communication device, a portable device, a wireless modem, a laptop, among others. In a frequency division duplex (FDD) system, communication links 118, 120, 124 and 126 can use different frequencies for communication. For example, downlink 120 and 126 can use one frequency, and uplink 118 and 124 can use another frequency.

The total area coverage of the eNB 100 can be divided into multiple (eg three) smaller areas. Different groups of antennas in the eNB 100 can serve these smaller areas. In 3GPP, the term cell can refer to the smallest coverage area of ​​an eNB and / or to an eNB subsystem that serves this coverage area. In other systems, the term sector can refer to the smallest coverage area and / or to the subsystem that services this coverage area. For clarity, the cellular 3GPP concept is used in the following description. In one design, the three antenna groups of the eNB 100 support communication for the UEs in three cells of the eNB 100.

Figure 2 shows a block diagram of an eNB 100 and UE 116 design. In this design, the eNB 100 is equipped with T antennas 224a through 224t, and UE 116 is equipped with R antennas 252a through 252r, where generally T 1 and R> 1.

In eNB 100, a transmission data processor (TX) 214 can receive traffic data for one or more UEs from a data source 212. The TX data processor

214 it can process (eg format, encode, and interpolate) the traffic data for each UE based on one or more selected encoding schemes for the UE to obtain the encoded data. The data processor

TX 214 can then modulate (or map by symbols) the encoded data for each UE based on one or more modulation schemes (eg, BPSK, QSPK, M-PSK or MQAM) selected for the UE to obtain modulation symbols.

A MIMO TX 220 processor can multiplex the modulation symbols for all UEs with pilot symbols using any multiplexing scheme. The pilot is typically known data that is processed in a known manner and can be used by a receiver for channel estimation and other purposes. The MIMO TX 220 processor can process (eg, precode) the multiplexed modulation symbols and pilot symbols and provide T output symbol streams for T transmitters (TMTR) 222a to 222t. In certain designs, the MIMO TX 220 processor can apply signal waveforming weights to the modulation symbols to spatially direct these symbols. Each transmitter 222 can process a respective output symbol stream, eg, for frequency division orthogonal multiplexing (OFDM), to obtain an output integrated circuit stream. Each transmitter 222 can further process (eg, analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output IC stream to obtain a downlink signal. The T downlink signals from transmitters 222a to 222t can be transmitted by means of T antennas 224a to 224t, respectively.

At UE 116, antennas 252a through 252r can receive the downlink signals from eNB 100 and provide received signals to receivers (RCVR) 254a through 254r, respectively. Each receiver 254 can condition (eg, filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain samples, and can further process the samples (eg, for OFDM) to obtain received symbols. A detector

MIMO 260 can receive and process the received symbols from all R receivers 254a to 254r based on a MIMO receiver processing technique to obtain detected symbols, which are estimates of the modulation symbols transmitted by the eNB 100. A transmission data processor (RX) 262 can then process (eg, demodulate, deinterpolate, and decode) the detected symbols and supply the data decoded by the UE 116 to one data collector 264. In general, processing by the MIMO 260 detector and the RX 2 62 data processor is complementary to the processing by the MIMO TX 220 processor and the TX 214 data processor on the eNB 100.

On the uplink, at UE 116, traffic data from a data source 276 and signaling messages can be processed by a TX data processor 278, further processed by a modulator 280, conditioned by transmitters 254a at 254r, and are transmitted to the eNB 100. At the eNB 100, the uplink signals from the UE 116 can be received by the antennas

224, conditioned by receivers 222, demodulated by demodulator 240, and processed by an RX data processor 242 to obtain the traffic data and messages transmitted by UE 116.

Controllers / processors 230 and 270 can direct operation on eNB 100 and UE 116, respectively. Memories 232 and 272 can store data and program codes for eNB 100 and UE

116, respectively. A scheduler 234 can schedule the UEs for downlink and / or uplink transmission and can provide the resource assignments for the scheduled UEs.

The system can support one set of transport channels for downlink and another set of transport channels for uplink. These transport channels can be used to provide information transfer services for Access Control to

Media (MAC) and higher layers. Transport channels can describe how and with what characteristics information is sent on a radio link. Transport channels can be mapped to physical channels, which can be defined by various attributes such as modulation and coding, data mapping for resource blocks, among others. Table 1 lists some physical channels used for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) in LTE according to a design.

TABLE 1

<td>Link</td><td>Channel</td><td>Channel Name</td><td>Description</td>

<td>DL</td><td>PBCH</td><td>Physical Transmission Channel</td><td>Carry the control information that is transmitted in a cell</td>

<td>DL</td><td>PDCCH</td><td>Physical Downlink Control Channel</td><td>Porting specific UE control information by PDSCH</td>

<td>DL</td><td>PDSCH</td><td>Shared Physical Downlink Channel</td><td>Porting data for UEs in a shared way</td>

<td>UL</td><td>PRACH</td><td>Physical Random Access Channel</td><td>Carry random access preambles of UEs trying to access the system</td>

<td>UL</td><td>PUCCH</td><td>Physical Uplink Control Channel</td><td>Port control information of the UEs such as CQI, ACK / NAK, request of resources, among others</td>

<td>UL</td><td>PUSCH</td><td>Shared Physical Uplink Channel</td><td>Carry data sent by a UE on uplink resources assigned to the UE</td>

Other physical channels can also be used for location, multiple transmission, among others. Physical channels can also be referred to by other names. For example, PDCCH can also be referred to as a Shared Downlink Control Channel (SDCCH), Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control, among others. PDSCH can also be referred to as a downlink PDSCH (DL-PDSCH). PüSCH can also be referred to as an uplink PDSCH (UL-PDSCH).

Transportation channels may include a

<td>Channel</td><td>Shared</td><td>in link</td><td>falling</td><td>(DL-SCH</td><td>by</td><td>their</td>

<td>acronym</td><td>in English)</td><td>used</td><td>to send</td><td>data by</td><td>UEs,</td><td>a</td>

<td>Channel</td><td>Shared</td><td>Liaison</td><td>Upward</td><td>(UL-SCH</td><td>by</td><td>their</td>

<td>acronym</td><td>in English)</td><td>used</td><td>to send</td><td>data by</td><td>UES,</td><td>a</td>

<td>Channel</td><td colspan="3">of Random Access (RACH by its</td><td>acronyms in</td><td colspan="2">English)</td>

used to access the system, among others. DL-SCH can be mapped to PDSCH and can also be referred to as a

Downlink Shared Data Channel (DL-SDCH). The UL-SCH can be mapped to

PUSCH and can also be referred to as a Data Channel

Uplink Shares (UL-SDCH). RACH can be mapped to PRACH.

A UE may transmit a random access preamble on the uplink whenever the UE wishes to access the system, for example, if the UE has data to send or if the UE is located by the system. A random access preamble can also be referred to as an access signature, an access probe, a random access probe, a signature sequence, a RACH signature sequence, among others. The random access preamble can include various types of information and can be sent in various ways, as described below. An eNB can receive the random access preamble and can respond by sending a random access response to the

EU. A random access response can also be referred to as an access permission (AGCH), an access response, among others. The random access response can carry various types of information and can be sent in various ways, as described below. The UE and the node

B can also exchange signaling to configure a radio connection and can therefore exchange data.

It may be beneficial to provide allocated resources and control information in response to random access to speed up communication between the UE and the eNB. However, a large number of bits can be used to carry the resource allocation and control information. In one aspect, the random access response can be divided into multiple parts that can be efficiently sent on the PDCCH and PDSCH, as described below. In another aspect, the eNB can respond asynchronously to the random access preamble and can identify this random access preamble using various mechanisms, as also described below.

Figure 3 shows a message flow for a design of a random access procedure 300. In this design, the UE can access the system by sending a random access preamble, for example, in response to data arriving in a data buffer. UE transmission (step

To the). The random access preamble can include L bits, where L can be any integer value. An access sequence can be selected from an accumulation of

2^l Access sequences available and sent for the Random Access Preamble. In one design, the random access preamble can include L = 6 bits, and an access sequence can be selected from an accumulation of access sequences. Access sequences can be of any length and can be designed to have good detection properties.

In one design, the random access preamble may include (i) a random ID that can be pseudo-randomly selected by the UE and (ii) a downlink CQI that indicates the downlink channel quality as measured by the UE. The random ID can be used to identify the UE's random access preamble. The downlink CQI can be used to send subsequent downlink transmission to the UE and / or to signify uplink resources to the UE. In one design, a 6-bit random access preamble can include a 4-bit random ID and a 2-bit CQI. In another design, a 6-bit random access preamble can include a 5-bit random ID and a 1-bit CQI. The random access preamble can also include different and / or additional information, and each type of information can include any number of bits.

The UE may determine an Implicit Radio Network Temporary Identifier (I-RNTI) that can be used as a temporary ID for the UE during system access. The UE can be identified by the I-RNTI until a more permanent ID such as a Cellular RNTI (C-RNTI) is assigned to the

EU. In a design, the I-RNTI may include the following:

• System Time (8 bits) - the time when the access sequence is sent by the UE, and • Preamble-RA Identifier (6 bits) - the index of the access sequence sent by the UE.

The preamble identifier-RA may be an L-bit value for the random access preamble that is sent by the UE. The preamble identifier-RA can also be referred to as a random access preamble identifier, an access signature index, among others.

The I-RNTI can have a fixed length (eg 16 bits) and can be padded with a sufficient number of zeros (eg 2 zeros) to achieve the fixed length. The UE can send the access sequence in an access slot that is present in each frame. Then the system time can be given in frame units. An 8-bit system time can be unambiguous at 256 frames. If a frame has a duration of thousandths of a second (ms), then the I-RNTI can be valid for 2560 ms with the 8-bit system time. In another design, the I-RNTI is comprised of 4-bit system time, 6-bit preamble-RA identifier, and padding bits (if needed). In this design, the I-RNTI can be valid for 160 ms. In yet another design, a frequency slot can be used either by the preamble identifier-RA or the system time. In general, the I-RNTI can be formed with any information that can (i) allow the UE or the random access preamble to be addressed individually and (ii) reduce the probability of collision with another UE that uses the same I-RNTI . The I-RNTI lifespan can be selected based on the maximum response time expected by an asynchronous response to the random access preamble.

An eNB can receive the random access preamble from the UE and can respond by sending a random access response to the UE. The eNB can determine the IRNTI of the UE in the same way as the UE. Since the I-RNTI is valid for a particular time window or lifespan (eg 2560 ms with 8-bit system time), the eNB can respond at any time within this time window. However, the eNB can typically respond at a much shorter interval (for example, 40 to 80 ms) to save on complexity and improve system access response time. The I-RNTI can therefore allow the eNB to address the UE and respond asynchronously to the UE's random access preamble.

The eNB can send the random access response on the PDCCH and PDSCH to the UE (steps A2 and A3). In a design, the PDCCH can carry a message that contains the following:

• I-RNTI - identifies the UE as the recipient of the access permission sent by the eNB, • Synchronization in advance - indicate the setting for the UE transmission timing, • UL resources - indicate the resources granted to the UE for transmission uplink, and

<td>• DL Resources - indicate the</td><td>resources</td><td>of</td><td>PDSCH</td>

<td>that are used to send information</td><td>remaining</td><td>to the</td><td>EU in</td>

<td>the random access response.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Synchronization in advance</td><td>too</td><td>I know</td><td>can</td>

refer to as timing alignment information, timing adjustment, timing correction, among others. The eNB can determine the timing of the random access preamble, as received in the eNB. The eNB may generate forward synchronization such that subsequent uplink transmissions of the UE are properly aligned in time synchronization on the eNB.

DL and UL resources can be transported in various ways. In one design, the resources available for a particular link can be divided into resource blocks, and the allocated resources can be carried by a resource block index. In another design, the permit resources can be transported by the size and time frequency location of the granted resources. The access permission can also carry modulation and coding to use the resources granted. Alternatively, modulation and coding can be set / predetermined or advertised on a transmission channel. In general, the PDCCH can carry any information used by the UE to transmit in the UL resources and any information used by the UE to receive the transmission sent in the PDSCH to the UE.

The I-RNTI can be sent explicitly in a designed field. Alternatively, the I-RNTI can be implicitly sent and inserted with other information, which can reduce the amount of information to send in the

PDCCH. For example, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) can be generated based on all the information that is sent in the PDCCH (except for the I-RNTI). The CRC can be Exclusive ORed (XORed) with the I-RNTI, and the CRC XORed can be sent on the PDCCH. The UE receiver could retrieve the CRC by applying the correct I-RNTI, while other UEs could generate erroneous CRCs by applying the wrong I-RNTIs.

In a design, the PDSCH can carry a message that contains the following:

• C-RNTI - included by the eNB if one is assigned to the UE, • CQI Resources - indicate the UL resources granted to the UE to send CQI, • PC Resources - indicate the DL resources used to send the rectifications from PC to UE, and • PC Rectification - indicate adjustment to UE transmit power.

The C-RNTI can be used to identify the

UE for a communication session. A MAC ID or some other type of ID can be used instead of the C-RNTI to identify the UE. The C-RNTI can be sent in the

PDSCH as part of the random access response, if available, or can be sent at any time within the lifetime of the I-RNTI. The I-RNTI can be used to identify the UE until the CRNTI is assigned. CQI and PC resources can be transported in various ways. In a design, the CQI or the PC resources can be transported by a resource block index, the size and location of the frequency of time granted resources, the frequency of resources granted, among others. In a design, the rectification of

PC can be either (i) an ascending command to increase the UE transmit power by a predetermined increasing size adjustment step or (ii) a descending command to decrease the UE transmit power by a descending size adjustment step predetermined. In another design, the PC rectification can indicate the amount of increase or decrease in transmission power.

Messages sent on the PDCCH and PDSCH may also carry other and / or different information. The eNB may transmit the PDCCH in a transmission manner so that it can be received reliably by all UEs within the coverage of the eNB, for example, using sufficiently low modulation order and code rate and sufficiently high transmit power. The eNB may transmit the message to the UE in the PDSCH in a transmission manner. Alternatively, the eNB may transmit this message using a coding and modulation scheme (MCS) selected based on the CQI received from the UE in the random access preamble. This can result in a more efficient use of the resources available to the PDSCH.

The UE can receive and decode the messages sent in the PDCCH and PDSCH to the UE. After decoding these two messages, the UE has enough configured resources and can exchange 3 signaling

Layers and / or data with the eNB (step A4). The UE can send an acknowledgment (ACK) to the eNB using the on-off key (OOK) to indicate successful reception of messages. For OOK, an ACK can be sent as a 1 (or on), and a negative acknowledgment (NAK) can be sent as 0 (or off). If the eNB responds asynchronously to the UE random access preamble, then the use of

OOK will result in the transmission of the UE forward on the uplink only to the ACK and not to the NAK.

After synchronization is achieved, the UE can transmit

ACKs / NAKs using other modulation techniques, eg 3-state modulation.

Multiple UEs can randomly select the same

Random ID and can also send random access preambles in the same box. When such a collision occurs, a mechanism in the signaling exchange can be instrumented in step A4 to resolve the access dispute.

The UE can operate in one of several states such as LTE Separate, LTE Inactive, and LTE Active states, which can be associated with RRC_NULL, RRC_IDLE, and RRC_CONNECTED states, respectively. Radio Resource Control (RRC) can perform various functions for call establishment, maintenance and termination. In the state

LTE Detached, the UE has not accessed the system and is not unknown to the system. UE can be initialized in Separate LTE state and can be operated in state

RRC_NULL. The UE can enter either the LTE Inactive state or the LTE Active state by accessing the system and performing registration. In the LTE Inactive state, the UE may carry out the registration but may not have any data to exchange on the downlink or uplink. The UE can therefore be inactive and operate in the RRC_IDLE state. In the LTE Inactive state, the

UE and the system may have relevant context information to allow the UE to quickly go to the LTE Active state. The UE can go to the LTE Active state when there is data to send or receive. In the LTE state

Active, the UE can actively communicate with the system on the downlink and / or the uplink can operate in the RRC_CONNECTED state.

Figure 4 indicates a message flow for a design of a random access procedure 400. The UE can access the system by sending a random access preamble that may include a random ID, a downlink CQI, and an access type ( step Bl). The access type can indicate whether the UE is accessing the system in the RRC_NULL, RRC_IDLE, or RRC_CONNECTED state. The

The UE may register an authentication procedure when accessing the system in the RRC_NULL or RRC_IDLE state, and may therefore require different resource allocations than the system access in the RRC_CONNECTED state.

The UE can communicate with an eNB in ​​the state

RRC_CONNECTED and can access for transfer to another eNB. The random access preamble may also include different and / or additional information. The UE can determine an I-RNTI as described above by Figure 3.

An eNB can receive the random access preamble from the UE and can respond by sending a random access response to the UE (steps B2 and B3) on the PDCCH and

PDSCH. The eNB may determine the I-RNTI of the UE based on the random access preamble. In one design, the PDCCH may carry a message containing the I-RNTI and DL resources for the PDSCH, which is used to send remaining information to the UE. In one design, the PDSCH can carry a message that contains a C-RNTI (if available), forward synchronization, UL resources, CQI resources, PC resources, PC rectification, among others. The messages sent in the PDCCH and PDSCH can also carry other and / or different information.

The eNB can transmit the PDCCH and PDSCH as described above by Figure 3. The UE can receive and decode the messages sent in the PDCCH and PDSCH to the UE. After decoding these two messages, the

UE has enough configured resources and can change 3-layer signaling and / or data with eNB (step

B4).

Figure 5 shows a message flow for a design of a random access procedure 500. The UE can access the system by sending a random access preamble that can include a random ID and a downlink CQI (step Cl). The random access preamble may also include different and / or additional information.

An eNB can receive the random access preamble from the UE and can respond by sending a random access response to the UE (steps C2 and C3) on the PDCCH and

PDSCH. In one design, the PDCCH may carry a message containing a preamble-RA identifier for the received random access preamble, forward synchronization, UL resources, DL resources, and a validity field. The validity field can support the asynchronous access response and can indicate the box for which the random access response is applicable. In a design, the validity field can include two bits and can be set to 00 to indicate that the current response is for the random access preamble sent in the current frame, to 01 to indicate that the current response is for the preamble of random access sent in the previous table, among others · To save bits, the preamble-RA identifier can hide a generated CRC based on all the information sent in the PDCCH. In a design, the PDSCH can carry a message that contains a C-RNTI (if available), CQI resources, PC resources, PC rectification, among others. Messages sent on the PDCCH and

PDSCH may also carry other and / or different information.

The eNB can transmit the PDCCH and PDSCH as previously described by Figure 3. The UE can receive and decode the messages sent in the PDCCH and

PDSCH to the UE. After decoding these two messages, the

UE has enough configured resources and can change 3-layer signaling and / or data with eNB (step

C4).

In general, the random access preamble and the random access response can include any parameter, which can be any size. In one design, the random access preamble and the random access response may include the parameters provided below:

• The random access preamble may include the following:

Random ID - 4 bits

Downlink CQI - 2 bits • The random access response may include the following:

C-RNTI - 16 bits

Forward sync - 8 bit

CQI Resources and PC Resources - 16 bit

UL Resources - 7 bits for Resource Block ID and 5 bits for MCS

CRC - 16 bits (possibly hidden with I-RNTI or preamble identifier-RA)

In the design provided above, a total of 68 bits can be sent for the random access response. A 68-bit message may be too large to be efficiently sent on the PDCCH. Improved efficiency can be achieved by sharing the information in the two-part random access response and sending it on the PDCCH and PDSCH. In a design, the messages for the two parties can be as follows:

• The message for Part I sent in the PDCCH may include the following:

Forward sync - 8 bit

DL Resources - 7 bits for resource block ID

UL Resources - 7 bits for Resource Block ID

Validity - 2 bits

CRC hidden with preamble identifier-RA 16 bits • The message for Part II sent in the PDSCH may include the following:

C-RNTI - 16 bits

CQI Resources - 16 Bit

PC Resources - 16 Bit

In the design provided above, DL and UL resources are carried by a resource block ID or index. A default modulation scheme (eg QPSK) and / or a default encoding scheme (eg 1/3 code rate) can be used for UL resources. Alternatively, modulation and encoding for UL resources can be sent on the PDCCH or PDSCH. Similarly, a predetermined modulation plan (eg QPSK) and / or a predetermined encoding scheme (eg 1/3 code rate) can be used for DL ​​resources.

Alternatively, modulation and encoding for DL ​​resources can be sent on the PDCCH. For both UL and DL resources, the code rate may depend on the number of resource blocks allocated.

In the design provided above, a 40-bit message can be sent on the PDCCH, which can be of standard message size for the PDCCH. In general, the message sent in the PDCCH for part I can be defined in such a way that it can be sent in the same way as other messages in the PDCCH. The remaining information for the random access response can be sent on the

PDSCH.

A specific design for various parameters that can be sent for the random access preamble and the random access response has been described above. In general, the random access preamble and the random access response can each include any set of parameters that can be of any appropriate size.

Figure 6 shows a message flow for a design of a random access procedure 600. In this design, multiple RACHs may be available, and the UE may randomly select one of the RACHs available for use. Each RACH can be associated with a

Different Random Access RNTI (RA-RNTI). Available RACHs and / or their

RA-RNTI on the transmission channel or can be transported in another way. The UE can access the system by sending a random access preamble on the selected RACH (step

GAVE) . The random access preamble may include a random ID, a downlink CQI, an access type, some other information, or any combination thereof. The UE can be identified by a combination of the preamble identifier-RA and the RA-RNTI of the selected RACH during access to the system. Indeed, an I-RNTI can be defined based on the preamble identifier-RA and the RA-RNTI (instead of system time).

An eNB can receive the random access preamble from the UE and can respond by sending a random access response to the UE (steps D2 and D3) on the PDCCH and

PDSCH. In one design, the PDCCH may carry a message containing the RA-RNTI and the DL resources for the PDSCH. In one design, the PDSCH may carry a message containing the preamble identifier-RA, a C-RNTI (if available), forward synchronization, UL resources, CQI resources, PC resources, PC rectification, between others. The messages sent in the PDCCH and PDSCH can also carry different and / or other information. The eNB can transmit the PDCCH and PDSCH as previously described by Figure 3.

The UE can receive and decode the message sent in the PDCCH. The UE can recognize that a message in the PDSCH can be sent to the UE based on the RA-RNTI included in the message sent in the PDCCH. The UE can then receive and decode the message sent in the

PDSCH. The UE can recognize that this message can be addressed to the UE based on the preamble-RA identifier included in the message. After decoding these two messages, the UE has sufficient resources configured and can change the 3-Layer signaling and / or the data with the eNB (step D4).

Figure 7 shows a message flow for a design of a random access procedure 700. In this design, the UE may be in an RCC_NULL or RRC_IDLE state and may access the system by sending a random access preamble (step El). The random access preamble may include a random ID and possibly one or more additional bits for the downlink CQI and / or other information. The UE can determine an I-RNTI as previously described by Figure 3.

An eNB can receive the random access preamble from the UE and can respond by sending a random access response to the UE (steps E2) at the PDCCH and / or PDSCH. The random access response may include forward synchronization, UL resources, and a CRC. The

CRC can be XORed with the I-RNTI (as shown in Figure 7), a preamble-RA identifier, a RA-RNTI, and / or other information to identify the UE being addressed. Different and / or other information may also be sent in the PDCCH / PDSCH in step E2.

The UE can then respond with a unique UE ID to resolve the possible collision (steps E3). The unique UE ID can be a Mobile Subscriber Identity

International (IMSI), a

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), a Serial Number

Electronic (ESN), a

Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID), an IP address, among others. The unique UE ID can also be a registration area ID if the UE has already been registered in a particular area. The UE can also send downlink CQIs, the pilot measurement report, among others, at the same time as the unique UE ID.

The eNB may receive a unique flag or pointer to the unique UE ID. The eNB can then assign a C-RNTI and control the channel resources for the

EU. The eNB can send a response on the PDCCH and PDSCH (steps E4 and E5). In one design, the PDCCH may carry a message containing the I-RNTI and DL resources for the

PDSCH. In one design, the PDSCH can carry a message that contains the unique UE ID, the C-RNTI (if assigned), CQI resources, PC resources, PC rectification, among others. Messages sent on the PDCCH and PDSCH can also carry different and / or other information.

The UE can receive and decode the messages sent in the PDCCH and PDSCH to the UE. After decoding these two messages, the UE has sufficient resources configured and can change the 3-Layer signaling with the eNB (steps E6 and E7). 3-Layer signaling may include Non-Access Stratum (ÑAS) messages for UE authentication, radio link configuration between UE and eNB, connection handling, among others. The UE and the eNB can exchange data after completing the 3-Layer signaling (step

E8).

The system can support Hybrid Automatic Relay (HARQ) to improve the reliability of data transmission. For HARQ, a transmitter can send a transmission by message and can send one or more retransmissions, if necessary, until the message is successfully decoded by a receiver, or the maximum number of retransmissions has been sent, or some other termination condition. A message can also be referred to as a packet, a data box, a data unit, a data block, among others. Each transmission and each retransmission of a message can also be referred to as a HARQ transmission.

As shown in figure 7, you can use

HARQ for messages sent in steps E3 and later. A transmitter can be sent in a HARQ transmission for a message, and a receiver can send an ACK if the message is successfully decoded or a NAK if the message is decoded erroneously. An ACK or NAK can be sent for a HARQ transmission sent on allocated DL resources, on the UL control resources associated with the allocated DL resources. Similarly, for a HARQ transmission sent on the allocated UL resources, an ACK or NAK may be sent on associated DL control resources on the allocated UL resources. The location of the ACK / NAKs can therefore be implicit and known a priori based on the allocated UL or DL ​​resources.

Figure 8 shows a message flow for a design of a random access procedure 800. In this design, the UE may be in an RRC_IDLE or RRC_CONNECTED state and may still have a C-RNTI assigned to the UE. The UE can access the system from the RCC_IDLE state in response to the received data to send or the state

RRC_CONNECTED in response to a transfer command.

The UE may send a random access preamble, which may include a random ID and possibly one or more additional bits for the downlink CQI and / or other information (step Fl).

An eNB may receive the random access preamble from the UE and may respond by sending a random access response at the PDCCH and / or PDSCH to the UE (steps F2).

The random access response may include forward sync, UL resources, and a CRC that can be XORed with an I-RNTI (as shown in Figure 8), a preamble identifier-RA, a RA-RNTI, and / or other information to identify the UE. Different and / or other information can also be sent in the PDCCH / PDSCH in step

F2.

The UE can then send its C-RNTI, downlink CQI, pilot measurement report and / or other information to the eNB (steps F3). The eNB need not allocate a C-RNTI but can allocate control channel resources to the UE. The eNB can then send a response on the

PDCCH and PDSCH (steps F4 and F5). In a design, the PDCCH can carry a message that contains the C-RNTI and the

DL for the PDSCH. In a design, the PDSCH can carry a message that contains the CQI resources, the

PC, PC rectification, among others. Messages sent on the PDCCH and PDSCH can also carry different and / or other information.

The UE can receive and decode the messages sent in the PDCCH and PDSCH for the UE. After decoding these two messages, the UE has sufficient resources configured and can exchange data with the eNB (step F6). Because the UE was already authenticated before the C-RNTI was assigned, the 3-layer signaling exchange can be skipped, and the UE and eNB can exchange data immediately.

Figure 8 can also be used when the

UE does not have a C-RNTI assigned. In this case, a registration area ID or some other identifying information can be sent in place of the C-RNTI.

Figure 9 shows a message flow for a design of a random access procedure 900 for transfer. In this design, the UE can communicate with a source eNB and can be transferred to a target eNB. A random ID can be assigned to the UE by the source eNB for use when accessing the target eNB. To avoid collision, a subset of all possible random identifications can be reserved for the transfer, and the random ID assigned to the UE can be selected from this reserved subset. Information regarding the subset of reserved random IDs (or the remaining random IDs usable for normal system access) can be transmitted to all UEs or made known to UEs in other ways.

The source eNB can inform the target eNB of the

C-RNTI, the random ID, the CQI resources, the PC resources and / or other information for the UE. Collision resolution may not be necessary due to a one-to-one mapping between the assigned random ID and the UE's C-RNTI. The target eNB may therefore have information relevant to the UE prior to the random access procedure.

For simplicity, Figure 9 shows the random access procedure between the UE and the target eNode B.

The UE may send a random access preamble, which may include the random ID assigned to the UE and possibly other information (step Gl). The target eNB may receive the random access preamble and may respond by sending a random access response to the UE (steps G2) at the PDCCH and / or PDSCH. The random access response may include forward sync, UL resources, and a CRC that can be XORed with the CRNTI of the UE. Different and / or other information may also be sent in the PDCCH / PDSCH in step G2.

After receiving the information sent in step G2, the UE has sufficient resources configured and can exchange data with the eNB. The UE can send a

2 Layer ACK for the information received in step G2 and can also send data and / or other information (steps G3).

The eNB can then send the data to the UE at the PDSCH (step G5) and can transmit signaling for the PDSCH at the PDCCH (step G4).

The random access procedure in Figure 9 can also be used for initial system access. For example, the UE can operate in the state

RRC_IDLE and can receive a satellite location from the system, for example for an incoming call or for downlink data available to the UE. Satellite location can include the assigned random ID, which can be selected from the reserved subset.

Figures 3 to 9 show various random access procedures that can be used for initial system access (eg, from the RRC_NULL state), system access while idle (eg, from the RRC_IDLE state), and access to the system for the transfer (for example, of the RRC_CONNECTED state). For these random access procedures, the UE can transmit a random access preamble, and an eNB can respond with a random access response that can allocate various types of resources and / or provide various types of information. In general, the eNB can allocate any resource such as C-RNTI, UL resources, CQI resources, PC resources, among others, which can allow the UE to transmit quickly on the uplink. The eNB can also send the control information such as forward synchronization, PC rectification, among others, to control the uplink transmission of the UE.

Figure 10 shows a design of a process 1000 for access to the system by a UE. The UE may send a random access preamble for access to the system (block 1012). The random access preamble may include or may determine based on a random ID, a

Downlink CQI, one type of access, among others, or any combination thereof. An access sequence can be selected for the random access preamble from an accumulation of available access sequences. The selected access sequence can be sent to carry the random access preamble.

The UE may receive a random access response comprising control channel resources assigned to the UE (block 1014). Control channel resources may include CQI resources used to send CQIs on the uplink by the UE,

PCs used to send PC rectifications on the downlink to the UE, among others. The UE may also receive control information (eg, PC forward sync and / or rectification), UL resources, a CRNTI, among others, from the random access response (block 1016). The UE may receive a first message for the random access response on a control channel (eg PDCCH) for a shared data channel (eg PDSCH) and may receive a second message for the random access response on the shared data channel. The first message may include identification information for the random access preamble, DL resources for the shared data channel, among others. The second message may include the assigned control channel resources, control information, UL resources, C-RNTI, among others. The random access response can also be sent in other ways. The UE can exchange control information using the allocated control channel resources (block 1018). The UE can also send data using the allocated uplink resources (block 1020).

Figure 11 shows a design of an apparatus 1100 for a UE. The apparatus 1100 includes means for sending a random access preamble for system access (module 1112), means for receiving a random access response comprising control channel resources assigned to the UE (module 1114), means for receiving the information control, UL resources, a C-RNTI, among others, the random access response (module 1116), means for exchanging control information using the assigned control channel resources (module 1118), and means for sending the data using the allocated uplink resources (module 1120).

Figure 12 shows a design of a process 1200 performed by a base station, for example an eNB, to support access to the system. The base station may receive a random access preamble sent by a UE for access to the system (block 1212). The base station can send a random access response comprising control channel resources (for example, CQI resources, PC resources, among others) assigned to the

EU (block 1214). The base station can also send control information (for example, forward sync and / or PC rectification), UL resources, a C-RNTI, among others, in the random access response (block

1216). The base station can exchange control information with the UE using the allocated control channel resources (block 1218). The base station may also receive the data from the UE by means of the allocated uplink resources (block 1220).

Figure 13 shows a design of an apparatus 1300 for a base station. The apparatus 1300 includes means for receiving a random access preamble sent by a UE for access to the system (module 1312), means for sending a random access response comprising control channel resources assigned to the UE (module 1314), means to send control information, UL resources, a C-RNTI, among others, in the random access response (module

1316), means for exchanging control information with the UE using the allocated control channel resources (module 1318), and means for receiving data from the UE via the allocated uplink resources (module

1320) .

Figure 14 shows a design of a process 1400 for access to the system by a UE. The UE may send a random access preamble for access to the system, with the random access preamble comprising identification information (block 1412). The UE may receive a random access response from a base station, with the random access response being asynchronous with respect to the random access preamble and directing the random access preamble based on the identification information (block 1414). The identifying information may comprise a random ID and / or some other information. The random access response may comprise a temporary ID (eg, an I-RNTI), a preamble identifier-RA, a C-RNTI, and / or some other

ID associated with or derived from the identification information. The UE may receive the random access response within a predetermined time window of when the random access preamble was sent.

The UE can select a random ID to be used as the identifying information. The UE can also be assigned directly or indirectly to a random ID, which can be selected from an accumulation of reserved random IDs. For example, the UE may be assigned to a certain random access preamble or access sequence based on the selected random ID and additional information such as CQI. The UE may determine the random access preamble based on the

Random ID and additional information, for example a

Downlink CQI, one type of access, among others.

The UE may receive a temporary ID (eg, an IRNTI) that is formed based on the random ID, a preamble-RA identifier determined based on the random ID, a C-RNTI assigned to the UE and associated with the random ID , and / or some other ID of the random access response.

For the design shown in Figure 6, the UE may send the random access preamble on a random access channel selected from a plurality of available random access channels. The UE may receive a first message for the random access response on a control channel for a shared data channel, with the first message including a RA-RNTI for the selected random access channel. The UE may receive a second message for the random access response on the shared data channel, with the second message including the random access preamble identifier.

FIG. 15 shows a design of an apparatus 1500 for a UE. Apparatus 1500 includes means for sending a random access preamble for access to the system, with the random access preamble comprising identification information (module 1512), and means for receiving a random access response from a base station, with the random access response that is asynchronous with respect to the random access preamble and that directs the random access preamble based on the identifying information (module 1514).

Figure 16 shows a design of a 1600 process performed by a base station to support access to the system. The base station may receive a random access preamble sent by a UE for access to the system, with the random access preamble comprising identification information (block 1612). The base station may send a random access response to the UE, with the random access response being asynchronous with respect to the random access preamble and directing the random access preamble based on the identification information (block 1614). The identifying information may comprise a random ID and / or other information. The random access response may comprise a temporary ID (eg I-RNTI), a preamble identifier-RA, a C-RNTI, and / or some other

ID associated with or derived from the identification information.

Figure 17 shows a design of one apparatus

1700 for a base station. Apparatus 1700 includes means for receiving a random access preamble sent by a UE for access to the system, with the random access preamble comprising identification information (module 1712), and means for sending a random access response to the UE, with the random access response being asynchronous with respect to the random access preamble and directing the random access preamble based on the identifying information (module 1714).

Figure 18 shows a design of a process 1800 for access to the system by a UE during transfer. The UE can communicate with a source / first base station (block 1812). The UE may receive a random ID directly or indirectly for transfer of the UE from the first base station to a second / target base station (block 1814). The UE may receive the random ID from the first base station, with the random ID being selected from an accumulation of reserved random IDs. The UE may also be assigned to a random access preamble / access sequence composed of the random ID selected by the first base station and additional information such as CQI, The UE may send a random access preamble comprising the random ID to access to the second base station, with the random ID that is used to identify the UE (block 1816). The UE may receive a random access response comprising UL resources, forward synchronization, among others (block 1818). The UE may determine that the random access response is directed to the UE based on a hidden CRC with a C-RNTI assigned to the UE. The UE can exchange data with the second base station after receiving the random access response (block

1820) .

Figure 19 shows a design of a 1900 apparatus for a UE. Apparatus 1900 includes means for communicating with a first / source base station (module 1912), means for receiving a random ID for transferring the UE from the first base station to a second / target base station (module 1914), means for sending a random access preamble comprising the random ID to access the second base station, with the

Random ID that is used to identify the UE (module

1916), means for receiving a random access response comprising UL resources, forward synchronization, among others (module 1918), means for determining that the random access response is directed to the UE based on a hidden CRC with a C -RNTI assigned to the UE, and means to exchange data with the second base station after receiving the random access response (module

1920).

Figure 20 shows a design of a process 2000 that is performed by a target base station to support access to the system during handover. The target base station may receive from a source base station a random ID assigned to a UE for transfer from the source base station to the target base station (block

2012). The target base station may also receive other information for the UE such as a C-RNTI, CQI resources, PC resources, among others, from the source base station.

The target base station may receive a random access preamble comprising the random ID of the UE (block 2,014). The target base station can identify the random access preamble that belongs to the UE based on the random ID (block 2016). The target base station can send the UE a random access response that includes UL resources, forward synchronization, a hidden CRC with the C-RNTI, among others (block

2018). The target base station can exchange data with the UE after sending the random access response (block 2020).

Figure 21 shows a design of an apparatus 2100 for a target base station. Apparatus 2100 includes means for receiving a random ID from a source base station assigned to a UE for transfer from the source base station to the target base station (module 2112), means for receiving a random access preamble comprising the random ID of the UE (module 2114), means for identifying the random access preamble belonging to the UE based on the random ID (module 2116), means for sending a random access response to the UE including UL resources, forward synchronization, a

Hidden CRC with the C-RNTI, among others (module 2118), and means to exchange data with the UE after sending the random access response (module 2120).

Figure 22 shows a design of a process 2200 for access to the system by a UE. The UE may send a random access preamble to access a base station (block 2212). The UE may receive a random access response from the base station (block 2214). The random access response may include forward synchronization, UL resources, among others. The UE may send the base station a first message comprising a unique ID for the UE (block 2216). The unique ID can be a

IMSI, a TMSI, a C-RNTI, a registration area ID, or some other identification assigned to the UE. The UE may receive from the base station a second message addressed to the

UE based on unique ID (block 2218). The second message can include CQI resources, PC resources, among others. The UE may exchange signaling and / or data with the base station after sending the second message (block 2220).

The UE can operate in an inactive state before sending the random access preamble and can send the random access preamble to transition from the inactive state to an active state. The UE can exchange 3-layer signaling with the base station after receiving the second message and can exchange data with the base station after finishing the 3-layer signaling exchange, as shown in Figure 8.

The UE may send the random access preamble to perform the transfer to the base station. The UE can send its C-RNTI in the first message and can receive control channel resources from the second message. The UE can then exchange data with the base station after receiving the second message, as shown in Figure 9.

The random access preamble and the random access response can be sent without HARQ. The first and second messages can be sent with HARQ, as shown in Figures 8 and 9.

Figure 23 shows a design of an apparatus 2300 for a UE. Apparatus 2300 includes means for sending a random access preamble to access a base station (module 2312), means for receiving a random access response from the base station (module 2414), means for sending a first message to the base station comprising a unique ID for the UE (module 2316), means for receiving a second message from the base station addressed to the

UE based on the unique ID (module 2328), and means to exchange signaling and / or data with the base station after sending the second message (module 2320).

Figure 24 shows a design of a 2400 process performed by a base station to support access to the system. The base station may receive a random access preamble sent by a UE to access the base station (block 2412). The base station may send a random access response to the UE (block 2414). The base station may receive a first message comprising a unique ID for the UE (block 2416). The base station may send a second message addressed to the UE based on the unique ID (block 2418). The base station can exchange signaling and / or data with the UE after sending the second message (block 2420).

Figure 25 shows a design of an apparatus 2500 for a base station. Apparatus 2500 includes means for receiving a random access preamble sent by a UE to access the base station (module 2512), means for sending a random access response to the UE (module 2514), means for receiving a first message comprising a unique ID for the UE (module 2516), means for sending a second message to the UE based on the unique ID (module 2518), and means for exchanging signaling and / or data with the UE after sending the second message (module 2520).

The modules in Figures 11, 13, 15, 17, 19,

21, 23 and 25 may comprise processors, electronic devices, hardware devices, electronic components, logic circuits, memories, among others, or any combination thereof.

Those skilled in the art will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and integrated circuits that can be mentioned throughout the preceding description can be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, particles or magnetic fields, particles or optical fields, or any combination thereof.

Those skilled in the art will further appreciate that the illustrative algorithm steps, circuits, modules, logic blocks described in conjunction with the description of the present invention can be instrumented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeable quality of hardware and software, various illustrative steps, circuits, modules, blocks, and components have generally been described along with their functionality. Whether such functionality is instrumented as hardware or software will depend on the particular application and design constraints imposed on the entire system.

Those of skill in the art may implement the described functionality in different ways for each particular application, but such instrumentation decisions should not be construed as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

The various illustrative logic blocks, modules, and logic blocks described in conjunction with the description of the present invention can be instrumented or realized with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application integrated circuit specific (ASIC), a programmable field gate arrangement (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, different gate or transistor logic, different hardware components or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described in the present invention.

A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor can also be instrumented as a combination of computer devices, for example, a combination DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors together with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

The steps of a method or algorithm described in conjunction with the description of the present invention can be represented directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of both. A software module may reside in memory of

RAM, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard drive, removable disk, a

CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal.

Laη the alternative, the processor and the storage medium can reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

In one or more exemplary designs, the described functions can be implemented in hardware, software, microprogram, or any combination thereof. If instrumented in software, functions can be stored in or transmitted in one or more instructions or code on computer-readable medium. Computer readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media that include any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A storage medium can be any available medium that can be accessed by a general or private purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such a computer-readable medium may comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM,

CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other means that can be used to carry or store desired program code media in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or private-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or private-purpose processor.

Also, any connection is appropriately known as a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared , radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. The disc, as used in the present invention, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disc and blu-ray disc where discs commonly reproduce data magnetically, while discs that reproduce data optically with lasers.

Combinations of the above must also be included within the scope of the computer readable medium.

The previous representation of the description is provided to allow any person skilled in the art to make or use the description. The various modifications to the disclosure apparent to those skilled in the art will be readily apparent, and the generic principles defined in the present invention may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Therefore, the description is not intended to limit the examples and designs described in the present invention but is to be in accordance with the widest scope, compatible with the principles and novel features described in the present invention.