Compositions and methods of delivery of pharmacological agents

& Lt; Desc / Clms Page number 1 & gt; Compositions and methods of delivery of pharmacological agents [

0001<b><u>Cross reference of related patent application</u></b>

0002This application is a continuation-in-part of US Provisional Application No. 60 / 432,317 filed on December 9, 2002, filed on December 3, 2003 by the Attorney General of the United States of America (Attorney Docket No. 225519), filed December 4, 2003 : 225549), and U.S. Provisional Application No. (Attorney Docket No. 225585) filed on December 5, 2003.

0003<b><u>Technical field</u></b>

0004The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically active substance for parenteral or oral use which has the effect of reducing certain adverse side effects which are undesirable at the time of administration as compared to the available preparations of similar drugs.

0005Many drugs administered parenterally, especially intravenously, can cause undesirable side effects such as vascular irritation, phlebitis, burning sensation and pain at the injection site, venous thrombosis, extravasation, and other administration related side effects. Many of these drugs are insoluble in water and are therefore formulated with excipients, surfactants, solvents, and / or emulsifiers that are irritating, allergenic, or toxic when administered to a patient (see, for example, Briggs et al , Anesthesis 37, 1099 (1982), and Waugh et al., Am. J. Hosp. Pharmacists, 48, 1520 (1991)). Often, the free drug present in the formulation causes pain or irritation upon administration. For example, phlebitis has been observed in 50% of patients receiving a peripheral vein of ifosfamide and vinorelbine, the primary chemotherapeutic agents for severe non-small cell lung cancer (for example, Vallejo et al , Am. J. Clin. Oncol., 19 (6), 584-8 (1996)). Vancomycin has also been observed to cause side effects such as phlebitis (see, for example, Lopes Rocha et al., Braz. J. Infect. Diss., 6 (4), 196-200 (2002)). The use of cisplatin, gemcitabine, and SU5416 in patients with solid tumors resulted in severe venous thrombosis and phlebitis (e.g. Kuenen et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 20 (6), 1657-67 ) Reference). In addition, propofol, an anesthetic agent, In particular, lecithin-stabilized fat emulsions can cause burning sensation and vein irritation (for example, Tan et al., Anathesia, 53, 468-76, (1998)). Other drugs that show side effects associated with administration include, for example, Taxol (paclitaxel) (see, for example, the instructions for Taxol IV), Codarone (see also the guidance of Codarone IV), thyroid hormone T3 But are not limited to, triostat, thiotepa, bleomycin, and diagnostic radiological contrast agents.

0006Another problem associated with the preparation of injectables, particularly injectables of water insoluble drugs, is the assurance of sterilization. Sterile manufacture of the emulsion / suspension of the drug can be accomplished by absolute aseptic techniques at all stages of manufacture, after all components prior to manufacture have been completely sterilized. However, such a method is time consuming and costly. In addition, oxidation of the drug formulation by exposure to air during manufacture or storage of the drug results in, for example, pH reduction, drug degradation, and discolouration, thereby destabilizing the drug formulation and / or shortening the shelf life.

0007To remedy such a problem of the side effects associated with the administration of the drug formulation, alternative agents have been tried. In the propofol, for example, a method for reducing propofol-induced pain includes administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: the fat content of the solvent (e.g., long chain triglyceride (LCT)), non- steroidal drugs, topical anesthetics, Addition, addition of cyclodextrin, and microfiltration (see for example Mayer et al., Anaesthesist, 45 (11), 1082-4 (1996), Davies, et al. Leysen et al., Anesthesiology 50, 842-5 (2001), Lilley et al., Anaesthesia, 51 (2002), Doenicke et al., Anaesth. Analg., 82, 472-4 82 (5), 920-4 (1996), and Knibbe et al., Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 47 (6), 653 -60 (1999)). However, these agents cause other side effects (e.g., cardiovascular complications) or destabilize the propofol emulsion.

0008To overcome the problem of bacterial infection, propofol preparations have been formulated with antibiotics such as EDTA equivalents (e.g., edetate), pentetate, or sulfite-containing drugs, or with lower pH (e.g., US 5,714,520, 5,731,355, 5,731,356, 6,028,108, 6,100,302, 6,147,122, 6,177,477, 6,399,087, 6,469,069 and international patent application WO 99/39696). However, because edodes and pentates are metal ion chelators, there is also the potential to be compromised by removal of the requisite metal ions from the body system. Moreover, the addition of sulfites to drug preparations has the potential to have deleterious effects on pediatric populations and on general populations with allergies to sulfur.

<p num="0009">Accordingly, there remains a need for a method of reducing or eliminating side effects associated with parenteral administration or in vivo administration of a drug. There is also a need for sterile pharmaceutical compositions, methods of making such compositions. In addition, there is a need for a pharmaceutical composition with reduced or eliminated oxidation of a pharmaceutical composition to prevent destabilization of the drug, and a method of making the same.</p>

<p num="0010">The present invention provides such compositions and methods. These and other advantages and additional inventive features of the present invention can be made clear from the description of the invention described herein.</p><p num="0011"><u>A brief summary of the invention</u></p><p num="0012">The present invention provides various embodiments of pharmaceutical compositions. One, several, or all features of various implementations may be found in different implementations of the invention and fall within the scope of the appended claims.</p><p num="0013">The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical material and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a quantity of a protein, such as albumin, effective to reduce one or more side effects when administered to a human, , More preferably human serum albumin, and the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of diferoxamine effective to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the pharmaceutical composition. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical substance and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an amount effective to reduce one or more side effects upon administration of a pharmaceutical composition to a human, such as albumin Protein, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of diferoxamine effective to inhibit oxidation in the pharmaceutical composition.</p><p num="0014">The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical material and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a human pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin and diferoxamine, , A method of reducing one or more side effects associated with administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human. The present invention also provides a method of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, or a method of inhibiting oxidation, or a method of inhibiting microorganism growth and oxidation, in a pharmaceutical composition. These methods are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutical material and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is capable of inhibiting oxidation in an amount or pharmaceutical composition effective to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the pharmaceutical composition Comprising preparing an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising diferoxamine.</p><p num="0015">The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical material and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises albumin, wherein the ratio of albumin to pharmaceutical material in said pharmaceutical composition is about 18 : &amp; Lt; / RTI &amp; gt; 1 or less to a disease site. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical material and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises albumin and the ratio of albumin to pharmaceutical material in the pharmaceutical composition is about 18: 1 Or less in vivo, comprising administering to a cell in vitro or in vivo a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula &amp; lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &amp; gt; (I) &amp; lt; / RTI &amp; gt;</p><p num="0016">The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical material and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises albumin by an amount effective to promote delivery of the drug to a human disease site, wherein albumin &amp; Lt; / RTI &amp; gt; to pharmaceutical material is about 18: 1 or less.</p><p num="0017">The present invention also relates to a method for enhancing the delivery of a pharmaceutical drug to an in vitro or in vivo cell by binding the pharmaceutical substance to the protein, wherein the protein binds to a specific cell-surface receptor on the cell and the protein- Binding of the substance combination to the receptor induces delivery of the pharmaceutical agent and enhances delivery of the pharmaceutical agent to the in vitro or in vivo cells wherein the ratio of the protein to the pharmaceutical agent is about 18: &amp; Lt; / RTI &amp; gt;</p><p num="0018"><u>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION</u></p><p num="0019">The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical material and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an amount of albumin effective to reduce one or more side effects when administering the pharmaceutical composition to a human, The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same protein, preferably human serum albumin, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises an amount of diferoxamine effective to inhibit the proliferation of microorganisms in the pharmaceutical composition. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical substance and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an amount of albumin effective to reduce one or more side effects when administering the pharmaceutical composition to a human, , Wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of diferoxamine effective to inhibit oxidation in a pharmaceutical composition.</p><p num="0020">Any suitable pharmaceutical material may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Suitable pharmaceutical agents include, but are not limited to, anticancer agents or antineoplastics, antimicrotuble agents, immunosuppressants, anesthetics, hormones, cardiovascular disease drugs, antiarrhythmics, antibiotics, antifungal agents, antihypertensive agents, antihistamines, analgesics, , Anti-arthritic agents, and vasoactive drugs. The present invention may also be usefully employed in many different classes of drugs. More specifically, as a pharmaceutical substance, a taxane (e.g., Taxol^R(Paclitaxel), and Taxotere^TM(Vascular active small intestine peptide), amphotericin, corticosteroid, propofol, melatonin, cyclosporine, rapamycin (sildenafil), corticosteroids, But are not limited to, mucus), tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, ifosfamide, vinorelbine, vancomycin, gemcitabine, SU5416, thiopeta, bleomycin, diagnostic radiation contrast agent and derivatives thereof. Other drugs useful in compositions of the invention are described, for example, in US 5,916,596 and co-pending U. S. patent application 09 / 446,783. Preferably, the pharmaceutical material is propolol, paclitaxel, or martax. More preferably, the pharmaceutical substance is propolol or paclitaxel. Most preferably, the pharmaceutical material is propofol.</p><p num="0021">Taxol^R(Paclitaxel) (Bristol-Myers Squibb) is active against ovaries, breast, lung, esophagus, and head and neck carcinomas. However, Taxol has been shown to cause administration-related toxicity as well as significant toxicity and accumulating toxicity such as myelosuppression, neutrophenic fever, anaphylactic reaction, and peripheral neuropathy. Paclitaxel is very insoluble in water, and Clempore is typically used as a solvent, requiring many injection volumes and special tubing and filters. Krempora is associated with serious side effects, including side effects that may require prior treatment with corticosteroids, antihistamines, and H2 blockers (eg, Gelderblom et al. , Eur. J. of Cancer, 37, 1590-1598, (2001)). Taxotere^TMdocetaxel has been used to treat anthracycline-resistant breast cancer, but it has also been shown to induce side effects of hypersensitivity reactions and fluid retention that may already be severe. Epothilone (and its derivatives) have also been shown to typically induce severe neutropenia, hypersensitivity, and neuropathy.</p><p num="0022">Propol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a hydrophobic, water insoluble oil, which is widely used as an intravenous anesthetic to induce and maintain general anesthesia and sedation in humans. Propofol is typically administered directly into the bloodstream and through the blood-brain barrier. Pharmaceutical compositions containing propol should have sufficient lipid solubility to pass through these gates and inhibit the relevant mechanism of the brain. Propol has a maximum water solubility of 1.0 +/- 0.02 [mu] M at 22.5 [deg.] C (see, for example, Tonner et al., Anesthesiology, 77, 926-931 (1992)). The propol itself is formulated as an emulsifier, a surfactant, an emulsion containing a solvent, or as an oil-in-water emulsion (see, for example, US 6,150,423, 6,326,406, and 6,362,234). In addition to active pharmaceutical materials, the compositions of the present invention include pharmaceutical carriers or excipients. The choice of carrier is not critical, and any carrier known in the art may be used in the composition. The choice of carrier is preferably determined in part by the particular site to which the pharmaceutical composition should be administered and by the particular method used to administer the pharmaceutical composition. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a protein. Any suitable protein may be used. Examples of suitable proteins include, but are not limited to, albumin, immunoglobulins including IgA, lipoproteins, apolipoprotein B, beta-2-macroglobulin, and thyroglobulin. Most preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises albumin, most preferably human serum albumin.</p><p num="0023">Human serum albumin (HSA) is a globular protein with high Mr 65K solubility and is composed of 585 amino acids. HSA is the most abundant protein in plasma and contributes 70-80% of the colloid osmolarity of human plasma. The amino acid sequence of HSA contains a total of 17 disulfide bonds, one free thiol (Cys 34), and a single tryptophan (Trp 214). Intravenous use of HSA solutions has been used to prevent and treat hypovolumetric shock (Tullis, JAMA, 237, 355-360, 460-463m (1997) and Hauser et al., Surgery, Gynecology and Obsterics, -816 (1980)), and there is an exchange injection in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates (e.g., Finlayson, Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 6, 85-120, (1980)).</p><p num="0024">Human serum albumin (HSA) has several hydrophobic binding sites (a total of 8 endogenous ligands of HSA for fatty acids) and binds with a diverse set of drugs, particularly neutral and negatively charged hydrophobic compounds (Goodman et al. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9^th ed, McGraw-Hill New York (1996)). Two binding sites with high affinity have been proposed in subdomains IIA and IIIA of HSA, and such subdomains have a long hydrophobic nature with charged lysine and arginine residues near the surface serving as attachment points for polar ligand characteristics Bull., 46, 379-99 (1999), Kragh-Hansen, Dan. Med., Bull., &amp; Lt; / RTI &amp; gt; , 1441, 131-40 (1990), Curry et al., Nat. Struct. Biol., 5, 827-35 (1998), Sugio et al., Protein. Eng, 12, 439-46 et al., Nature, 358, 209-15 (1992), and Carter et al., Adv. Protein. Chem., 45, 153-203 (1994)). In addition, cadmium telluride has been shown to bind to human plasma proteins (see, for example, Urien et al., Invest. New Drugs, 14 (2), 147-51 (1996)). Thus, while not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the encapsulation of a protein, such as albumin, in a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, at least in part, binds to any free drug where human serum albumin is present in the composition of the invention &amp; Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &amp; gt; and / or &amp; lt; / RTI &amp; gt;</p><p num="0025">The amount of albumin contained in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will vary depending on the pharmaceutically active substance, other excipients, and the intended route of administration and site. Preferably, the amount of albumin contained in the composition is an amount effective to reduce one or more side effects of the pharmacologically active substance resulting from administration of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to a human. Typically, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared in the form of a liquid, and then albumin is added to the solution. Preferably, the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 25% (e.g., about 0.5%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% Of albumin. Most preferably, the pharmaceutical composition in liquid form comprises from about 0.5% to about 5% albumin by weight. The parenteral compositions may be dehydrated by, for example, lyophilization, spray drying, fluid bed drying, wet granulation, and other suitable methods known in the art. When the composition is prepared in solid form, such as by wet granulation, fluid bed drying, and other suitable methods known in the art, the albumin is preferably applied as a solution to the active pharmaceutical material and, if present, other excipients. The HSA solution is preferably in the range of about 0.1 wt% to about 25 wt% (about 0.5 wt%, about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 15 wt%, or about 20 wt%).</p><p num="0026">In addition to albumin, the compositions of the present invention preferably comprise diferoxamine. Diperoxamine is a natural substance liberated from Streptomyces pilosus and can form iron complexes. For example, USP injectable dipropoxamine mesylate can be used for intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration. Diperoxamine mesylate USP is a white to off-white powder. It is readily soluble in water and has a molecular weight of 656.79. The chemical name of diferoxamine mesylate is N- [5- [3 - [(5-aminopentyl) -hydroxycarbamoyl] -propion-amido] pentyl] -3- [ Amido) pentyl] -carbamoyl] propionohydroxamic acid monomethanesulfonate (salt), the structural formula of which is C₂₅H₄₈N₆O₈.CH₃SO₃H. As described in the examples, diferoxamine or its analogs, derivatives, or salts (e.g., mesylate salts) inhibit microbial growth and oxidation in pharmaceutical compositions, which are believed to bind to the free drug of the composition. Diperoxamine has also been shown to bind phenolic compounds (see, for example, Juven et al., J. Appl. Bacteriol., 76 (6), 626-31 (1994)). Paclitaxel, cidocell, propol, etc. are phenol-like compounds or have phenol or phenyl substituents. Therefore, diferoxamine binds to or reduces the amount of free drug in the composition of the present invention, thereby also reducing or alleviating irritation or pain upon injection.</p><p num="0027">The amount of diferoxamine or a preferred salt thereof, i.e. the diferoxamine mesylate salt, contained in the composition of the present invention will depend on the active pharmaceutical substance and other excipients. Preferably, the amount of diferoxamine, its salts, and analogues thereof in the composition is an amount effective to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and / or inhibit oxidation. As noted above, typically the pharmaceutical composition is prepared in the form of a liquid, which is then added to the solution with diferoxamine, its salts, and analogs thereof. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition in liquid form comprises about 0.1% by weight of dipropoxamine mesylate. When the composition is prepared in the solid form as described above, such as by wet granulation, fluid bed drying, and other methods known to those skilled in the art, the diferoxamine mesylate is preferably formulated with an active agent Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &amp; gt; and / or &amp; lt; / RTI &amp; gt; other excipients, if present. The solution of diferoxamine mesylate preferably contains about 0.0001 wt.% To about 0.5 wt.% (E.g., about 0.005 wt.%, About 0.1 wt.%, About 0.25 wt.%) Of diferoxamine.</p><p num="0028">In the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may contain other substances, excipients, or stabilizers to improve the characteristics of the composition. For example, certain negatively charged components can be added to increase stability by increasing the negative zeta potential of the nanoparticles or nanoparticles. Such negatively charged additional ingredients include, but are not limited to, glycolic acid, cholic acid, cenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, glucocenodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, urushoda deoxycholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, and Bile acids of other bile acids; Lecithin, including phosphatidylcholine, palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine, palmytoylenoloylphosphatidylcholine, stearoyloloneoylphosphatidylcholine, stearoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine, stearoyl arachidoylphosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine But not limited to, phospholipids, including phospholipids. Other phospholipids include L-alpha -dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dioloylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), distearol phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), hydrogenated hepatic phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), D-alpha-phosphatidylcholine, ? -acetyl-? -O-hexadecyl, L-? -phosphatidylcholine,? -acetyl-? -O-hexadecyl, DL-? -phosphatidylcholine,? ? -Acetyl-? -O- (octadec-9-cis-octadecyl-? -Octadecyl, L-? -Phosphatidylcholine,? -Arachidonoyl-? -O-hexadecyl, L-? -Phosphatidylcholine, Enyl), D-alpha-phosphatidylcholine, beta-arachidonoyl- gamma-O-palmitoyl, 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine, 2-arachidinoyl-1-stearoyl, L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine, Nonyl-?-stearoyl, L-?-phosphatidylcholine, diarakidonoyl, L-?-phosphatidylcholine, dibeanoyl, L-?-phosphatidylcholine, ?- (cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoyl) -?-O-hexadecyl, L-?-phosphatidylcholine, ?- phosphatidylcholine,? - (filen-1-yl) decanoyl-?-palmitoyl, 3-sn-phosphatidyl-N, N-dimethylethanolamine, 1,2-dipalmitoyl, L-?-phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphatidylethanolamine, 3-sn-phosphatidylethanolamine, 1,3-sn-phosphatidylethanolamine, 1,2-dihydropyridylamine, Alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine, L-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoyl, L-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoyl, N-lysyl, L-?-phosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoyl, N, N-dimethyl, L-?-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) Tosyl phosphatidyl glycerol (sodium salt) (DMPG), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl (Sodium salt) (DPPG), distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (sodium salt) (DSPG), N- (carbonyl-methoxypolyethyleneglycol 2000) -1,2- distearoyl-sn- glycerol Phosphoethanolamine sodium (MPEG-DSPE), L-alpha-phosphatidic acid, didecanoyl sodium salt, L- alpha -phosphatidic acid, diheptadecanoyl sodium salt, 3-sn-phosphatidic acid , 1,2-dimyristoyl sodium salt, L-? -Phosphatidic acid, dioctanoyl sodium salt, L-? -Phosphatidic acid, diolauryl sodium salt, L-? -Phosphatidic acid, Phosphatidyl-DL-glycerol, dimyristoyl sodium salt, L-?-phosphatidyl-DL-glycerol, diolauryl sodium salt, L-?-phosphatidyl- Ammonium salt, L-a-phosphatidyl-DL-glycerol, dimyristoyl sodium salt, L-alpha-phosphatidyl-DL-glycerol, dipalmitoylammonium salt, L- alpha -phosphatidyl-DL-glycerol, distearoylammonium salt, L- alpha -phosphatidyl-DL- glycerol, Alpha-phosphatidylinositol sodium salt, L- alpha -phosphatidyl inositol sodium salt, L-alpha-phosphatidyl-L-serine, diolauryl sodium salt, L- alpha -phosphatidyl-L-serine, And salts. For example, emulsifiers which are negatively charged surfactants such as sodium cholesteryl sulfate and the like are also suitable as additives.</p><p num="0029">The pharmaceutical material (e.g., propofol) may be used alone or in a water-soluble solvent. A wide range of water-insoluble solvents such as soybean, safflower, cottonseed, corn, sunflower, peanut, chestnut, or olive oil may be used. Preferred oils are vegetable oils, of which soybean oil is most preferred. Soybean oil may be used in the composition in an amount ranging from 1% to 10% by weight. Preferably the soybean oil is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 3% by weight.</p><p num="0030">The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be stabilized with a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. As used herein, the term &amp; quot; surfactant &amp; quot; refers to the surfactant group (s) of amphoteric molecules. Optional surfactants can be anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric. Any suitable surfactant may be included in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Suitable surfactants include, for example, phosphatides, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate. Suitable surfactants are egg lecithin, tween 80, and vitamin Et d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS). In soybean oil containing preparations, egg lecithin is preferred and contains at least 1.2% by weight, preferably at least 1.1% by weight, in the formulation containing 3% soybean oil. In formulations without soybean oil, 0.1 to 1.5% by weight of Tween 80 or 0.5 to 4% by weight of Vitamin E-TPGS is suitable. Preferably, 1.5 wt% Tween 80 or 1 wt% Vitamin E-TPGS is used. Examples of other suitable surfactants include, for example, Becher, Emulsions: Theory and Practice, Robert E. Kriger Publishing, Malabar, Fla. (1965).</p><p num="0031">A wide variety of suitable formulations of the compositions of the present invention exist (see, for example, US 5,916,596). The following preparations and methods are by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Formulations suitable for oral administration may be presented as (a) a liquid solution such as an effective amount of a compound dissolved in a diluent such as water, saline, or orange juice, (b) a capsule containing an active ingredient in an amount already determined as a solid or granule, , Or tablets, (c) suspensions in suitable liquids, and (d) suitable emulsions. The tablet form may be in the form of one or more of lactose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, crocamellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid and other excipients, Flavoring agents, wetting agents, preservatives, perfumes, and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The lozenge form may comprise the active ingredient in a flavoring agent, usually sucrose and acacia, or tragacanth; pastilles may contain not only the active ingredient but also excipients such as gelatin and glycerin, Or an active ingredient in an immiscible base such as sucrose and acacia, emulsion, gel and the like.</p><p num="0032">Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injectable solutions, suspending agents, solubilizing agents, suspending agents, suspending agents, suspending agents, suspending agents, suspending agents, , Suspending agents, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preserving agents. The formulations are present in sealed, single-dose or multi-dose containers such as ampoules and vials, may be stored under lyophililzed conditions, and may be stored in a sterile liquid vehicle (e.g., water for injection) . &amp; Lt; / RTI &amp; gt; Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind described above. Injectable formulations are preferred.</p><p num="0033">Formulations suitable for aerosol administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may contain suspending agents, solubilizers, thickeners, stabilizers, and preservatives alone or in combination with other suitable components, as well as antioxidants, buffers, Together with other suitable components which may be prepared with aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile solutions which may contain solutes, either alone or in an aerosol formulation for administration by inhalation. Such aerosol formulations can be added to a suitable propellant pressurized, such as dichlorofluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like. They may also be formulated as a non-pressure-sensitive drug, such as a nebuliser or sprayer.</p><p num="0034">Other suitable formulations are also possible, for example suppositories may be prepared by the use of a variety of bases such as emulsifying bases or water-soluble bases. Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulations containing a carrier other than the active ingredient as is known in the art.</p><p num="0035">In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated to have a pH of 4.5 to 9.0, more preferably a pH of 5.0 to 8.0. Pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated to be compatible with blood by the addition of a suitable tonicity modifier. Moreover, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may also preferably contain water without pyrogen or USP water for injection. Preferably, the compositions of the present invention are prepared as sterile aqueous preparations, nanoparticles, oil-in-water (o / w) emulsions or water-in-oil (w / o) emulsions. Most preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is an oil-in-water emulsion.</p><p num="0036">In a pharmaceutical composition comprising a propol, according to the present invention, an oil-in-water emulsion is prepared by dissolving propolol in a water-soluble solvent alone and then preparing an aqueous phase containing albumin, diferoxamine, a surfactant, and other water- , Followed by mixing the oil and water phase. The pesticide is homogenized at a high pressure of 10,000 to 25,000 psi and recycles 5 to 20 cycles to form an ideal emulsion. The preferred pressure is from 15,000 psi to 20,000 psi, more preferably 10,000 psi. The stabilizer may be recycled for 7 to 15 cycles, preferably for 15 cycles. Alternatively, passage of material through a homogenizer may be utilized.</p><p num="0037">Preferably, the composition of the present invention may have a particle or droplet size of less than about 200 nm. For example, for paclitaxel, cytoskeletal, rapamycin, cyclosporin, propol, and other drugs, the average size of such dispersants is less than 200 nm.</p><p num="0038">The present invention also provides a method of reducing one or more side effects associated with administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human. The method comprises administering to a human a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical composition and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin and diferoxamine. The above-described pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutical substances, and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and descriptions of their components in connection with the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention are also applicable to the same aspect of the method of the present invention.</p><p num="0039">The dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to be administered to a human in the present invention will vary depending on the specific pharmaceutical composition, method of administration, and the particular site to be treated. The dosage should be sufficient to produce a desired response, such as a therapeutic or prophylactic response to the particular disease, or sufficient to cause an anesthetic response within a desired time frame if the pharmaceutical agent is an anesthetic agent such as a propol.</p><p num="0040">Although any suitable means of administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human can be used within the context of the present invention, preferably the composition of the invention is administered to a human by intravenous, intraarterial, intrapulmonary, oral, , Intrapulmonary, intramuscular, intravaginal, subcutaneous, intraocular, intrathecal, or transdermal administration. For example, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered by inhalation to treat the condition of the respiratory tract. Because albumin is a natural component in the inner wall of the respiratory and in the spray, there is a minimal side effect associated with the inhalation of the composition of the present invention. The composition of the present invention can be used for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, closed bronchiogeotropic pneumonia, lung cancer, bronchopulmonary cancer and the like.</p><p num="0041">The methods of the present invention result in the reduction of one or more side effects associated with administering the pharmaceutical composition to humans. Such side effects include, for example, bone marrow suppression, neurotoxicity, hypersensitivity reactions, inflammation, vascular irritation, phlebitis, pain, skin irritation, and combinations thereof. However, such side effects are very illustrative, and other side effects or combinations of side effects associated with various pharmaceutical substances may be reduced or eliminated by the use of the novel compositions and methods of the present invention.</p><p num="0042">The present invention also provides a method for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in a pharmaceutical composition. By &amp; quot; inhibition of microbial proliferation &amp; quot; is meant a complete removal of the microorganism from the pharmaceutical composition or a reduction in the amount or rate of proliferation of the microorganism in the pharmaceutical composition. The method of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical substance and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of Dipeloxamine, And analogues thereof, and combinations thereof. The present invention also provides a method for inhibiting oxidation of a pharmaceutical composition. The method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical material and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises an amount of diaporoxamine, a salt thereof, an analogue thereof, and an amount effective to inhibit oxidation of the pharmaceutical composition; and And combinations of these. The above-described pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutical substances, and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and descriptions of their components in connection with the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention are also applicable to the same aspect of the method of the present invention.</p><p num="0043">The amount of diferoxamine, or a preferred salt thereof, diferoxamine mesylate salt, contained in the composition of the present invention will vary depending on the active pharmaceutical substance and other excipients. Preferably, the amount of diferoxamine, its salts, and analogues thereof in the composition is an amount effective to inhibit the proliferation and / or oxidation of microorganisms. As noted above, typically the pharmaceutical composition is prepared in the form of a liquid, and then the diferoxamine, its salts, and analogs thereof are added in solution. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition in liquid form contains from about 0.0001% to about 0.5%, such as about 0.005%, about 0.1%, or about 0.25%, by weight of dipropoxamine, . More preferably, the composition in liquid form comprises a similar amount of a preferred diferoxamine salt, diferoxamine mesylate. Most preferably, the pharmaceutical composition in liquid form comprises about 0.5% by weight of dipropoxamine mesylate. When the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared in the solid form as described above, such as wet granulation, fluidized bed drying, and other methods known in the art, the diferoxamine mesylate is preferably an active pharmaceutical substance and If present, apply as a solution to other excipients. The solution of diphelaxamine mesylate is preferably about 0.0001% to about 0.5% (e.g., about 0.005%, about 0.1%, or about 0.25% by weight) of dipropoxamine.</p><p num="0044">The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical material and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises albumin, wherein the ratio of albumin to pharmaceutical material in said pharmaceutical composition is about 18 : &amp; Lt; / RTI &amp; gt; 1 or less, to a disease site. The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical substance and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises albumin and the ratio of albumin to pharmaceutical substance in the pharmaceutical composition is 18: 1 or less The invention provides a method of enhancing the binding of a pharmaceutical drug to an in vitro or in vivo cell, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition to a cell in vitro or in vivo. The description of the pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutical substances, and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and their ingredients as set forth above in connection with the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention is also applicable to the same aspects of the inventive transport and binding methods It is possible.</p><p num="0045">In a method for promoting the transport of a pharmaceutical substance to a disease site or for enhancing the binding of a pharmaceutical substance to a cell, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier preferably comprises albumin, most preferably human serum albumin . Without being bound to any particular theory, for example, the ratio of a protein to a pharmaceutical substance, such as human serum albumin, in a pharmaceutical composition may be determined by the ability of the pharmaceutical substance to bind to the cell and the ability of the pharmaceutical substance to transport It affects ability. In this regard, a higher ratio of protein to pharmaceutical material is associated with cell binding and transport of the poorer pharmaceutical substance, possibly as a result of competition for receptors on the cell surface. The ratio of protein (e.g., albumin) to the pharmacologically active substance should be such that the pharmaceutical substance is sufficient to bind to or be delivered by the cell. Exemplary ratios of protein-drug formulations are from 0.01 to about 100: 1 protein: drug. More preferably, the ratio is 0.02: 1 to about 40: 1. The ratio of protein to pharmaceutical material should be optimized for a combination of different proteins and pharmaceutical materials, but generally the ratio of protein (e.g., albumin) to pharmaceutical material is about 18: 1 or less (e.g., about 15 : 1, about 10: 1, about 5: 1, or about 3: 1). More preferably, the ratio is from about 0.2: 1 to about 12: 1. Most preferably, the ratio is from about 1: 1 to about 9: 1. Preferably, the formulation is essentially free of cremophor, more preferably Cremophor EL^R(BASF). Cremophor EL^RIs a polyether of chestnut oil and a nonionic emulsifier which is ethylene oxide. As mentioned above, crmpore is typically used as a solvent for paclitaxel and is associated with serious side effects (see, for example, Gelderblom et al., Supra).</p><p num="0046">The pharmaceutical material may be any suitable material as described herein (e.g., propofol, paclitaxel, or moxibustion). In addition, the pharmaceutical substance may be a nucleic acid sequence, preferably a DNA sequence. In this regard, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used to deliver a gene into cells by receptor mediated / caveolar / intra-alveolar transport. To transport DNA sequences, such as genes or other genetic material, including but not limited to plasmids or c-DNA, into cells (e.g. endothelial cells or tumor cells), pharmaceutical compositions comprising albumin with genetic material are prepared can do. Because tumor cells and other cells in the inflamed area have high protein uptake, the genetic material is preferably absorbed into these cell types and integrated into the genetic material of the cells for useful therapeutic effects. The use of proteins such as human serum albumin acts as a non-viral vector for the delivery of genetic material without the risk of virus-related diseases or side effects. For example, the pharmaceutical composition may be prepared by a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding beta -galactosidase or green fluorescent protein (GFP), and may be prepared from human navel vein or from human lung vesicles By contacting endothelial cells, the integration of the nucleic acid sequence into endothelial cells can be promoted. Integration of nucleic acid sequences can be detected using methods known in the art (e.g., fluorescence or staining).</p><p num="0047">In the method of the present invention for promoting the transport of a pharmaceutical substance to a disease site, the disease may be an appropriate disease or condition. Preferably, the disease is cancer, cardiovascular disease, or arthritis.</p><p num="0048">In the method of the present invention for delivering a pharmaceutical substance to an in vitro or in vivo cell, the pharmaceutical composition is administered as an in vitro or in vivo cell. Preferably, the cell is an animal cell. More preferably, the cell is a mammalian cell, and most preferably the cell is a human cell. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably administered as a cell in vivo. The cell may be any suitable cell that is a desirable target for administration of the pharmaceutical composition. For example, a cell can be located or derived from a tissue of a digestive organ, including, for example, the esophagus, stomach, intestine, colon, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The cell may be located in or derived from the respiratory tissue, including, for example, the larynx, lung, and bronchi. Cells are located, for example, in the bladder, kidney, pelvis, and urethra, including the cervix, uterine corpus, ovaries, vagina, prostate, testicles, and penis, and urinary tract, Or may be derived therefrom. The cells may be located in, or derived from, cardiovascular tissues including, for example, endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. The cell may also be located in or derived from a lymphatic system such as a lymphoid cell, a nervous system such as a neuron or a glial cell, and an endocrine system such as a thyroid cell. Preferably, the cell may be located in or derived from a cardiovascular tissue. Most preferably, the cell is an endothelial cell. In the context of the present invention for enhancing the transport of pharmaceutical agents to cells and enhancing the binding of pharmaceutical agents to cells, the pharmaceutical composition preferably contacts one or more cells.</p><p num="0049">In another aspect of the invention, the method of the invention for promoting the transport and binding of pharmaceutical agents can be used to treat tumor cells. Tumor cells represent, for example, increased intake of proteins including albumin and transferrin compared to normal cells. Because tumor cells divide at a rapid rate, such tumor cells require additional nutrient supply compared to normal cells. Tumor studies of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention containing paclitaxel and human serum albumin showed high uptake of albumin-paclitaxel into tumors. This has been shown to be due to albumin-drug transport by albumin-specific glycoprotein 60 (&amp; quot; gp60 &amp; quot;) receptors, which was previously unrecognized.</p><p num="0050">Thus, according to another aspect of the present invention, albumin-specific gp60 receptors and other protein transport receptors present in tumor cells can be used as a target to inhibit tumor growth. By blocking gp60 receptors using antibodies or other large or small molecules that bind to or block gp60 receptors or block or inactivate gp60 and block other protein transport receptors on tumor cells or tumor endothelial cells, , Thereby reducing their rate of proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Blocking these mechanisms thus results in the treatment of cancer or other diseases of an individual (eg, a human). Confirmation of blocking / binding of a specific protein receptor is accomplished by screening the number of compounds against other receptors such as free gp60 or gp16 or gp30 or by whole cell preparation. Also suitable animal models, such as, for example, mice containing a &amp; quot; knock-out &amp; quot; mutation of the gene encoding gp60 or caveolin-1 or containing another protein specific for transport, Can be used. Thus, methods of identifying compounds that block or bind gp60, gp16, gp30, or other protein receptors fall within the scope of the invention.</p><p num="0051">In addition, compounds that block or bind to gp60 receptors or other protein receptors can be used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer. With respect to cancer therapy, blocking or binding compounds may be used in combination with a single drug or other standard chemotherapy or chemotherapy. For example, it is useful to treat cancer with conventional chemotherapy or with an albumin-medicinal pharmaceutical composition of the present invention (a composition exhibiting a high accumulation in a tumor) and then with a compound that blocks the transport of the protein into tumor cells Do. The blocking compound is administered before or with the administration of other chemotherapeutic agents or other anti-cancer agents. Thus, any drug that blocks or binds gp60 or other protein receptors is within the scope of the present invention.</p><p num="0052">The albumin-drug compositions of the present invention (e.g., albumin-paclitaxel, albumin-toxicitabell, albumin-epothilone, albumin-camptothecin, or albumin-rapamycin) are useful in the treatment of disease. Such drug compositions are effective because of increased receptor mediated transport of the protein-drug compositions into the desired site, e.g., the tumor. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the transport of protein-drug compositions by receptor mediated transport leading to a therapeutic effect is believed to be the mechanism of transport of the albumin-paclitaxel composition into tumors, as well as albumin-paclitaxel and It is believed to be the mechanism of transport through the lungs of albumin-rapamycin. Transport is affected by the presence of gp60, gp16, or gp30 in such tissues. Thus, drugs and protein-drug compositions in which delivery to a disease site such as, for example, inflammation (e.g., arthritis) or tumor is associated with a gp60, gp16, or gp30 receptor and that elicit a therapeutic effect are considered as compositions of the present invention .</p><p num="0053">According to another aspect of the present invention, endothelial cells may be co-cultured with cells having a specific function. When endothelial cells are cultured with islet cells, hepatocytes, neuroendocrine cells, and other cells, the desired delivery of components such as proteins and other beneficial components to such cells is possible. Endothelial cells are characterized by their in vivo condition, that is, these cell types are in close proximity to endothelial cells, so that the cell types cultured to mimic endothelial cell-dependent conditions for delivery of nutrients, growth factors, Delivery. In the absence of endothelial cells, it was not possible to properly cultivate these different cell types and obtain physiological performance. The presence of endothelial cells in culture together with the desired cell type enables in vitro or ex vivo differentiation and proper function of the small cell, hepatic cell, or neuroendocrine tissue. Therefore, co-culture of endothelial cells with islet cells induces physiological characteristics, such as insulin secretion, in the case of cultured cells in the absence of endothelial cells. These tissues can then be used ex vivo or transplanted in vivo to treat diseases caused by lack of proper cellular function (for example, diabetes mellitus in the case of islet cells, hepatic dysfunction in hepatocytes, neuroendocrine cells in neuroendocrine cells Disease or pain relief) can be treated. Cells derived from other tissues and organs (as mentioned above) may be co-cultured with endothelial cells to provide the same benefits. Co-culture can also be used to integrate the genetic material into the target cell type. The presence of albumin in these cultures has been found to be very beneficial.</p>

<p num="0054">The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically active substance for parenteral or oral use which has the effect of reducing certain adverse side effects that are undesirable at the time of administration compared to the available preparations of similar drugs.</p>

0055The following examples are intended to further illustrate the invention and, of course, are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

0056<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> One</u></b>

0057This example demonstrates the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin. The preparation of paclitaxel-albumin compositions is described in US 5,439, 686 and 5,916, 596, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Specifically, 30 mg of paclitaxel was dissolved in 3.0 mL of methylene chloride. The solution was added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (2% w / v). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to a rotary evaporator and methylene chloride was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting suspension was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting paclitaxel particles ranged from 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake could be easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying.

0058It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of paclitaxel dissolved in cremopore preparations, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention containing albumin exhibited substantially lower toxicity.

0059<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 2</u></b>

0060This example demonstrates the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising amiodarone and albumin. 30 mg of amiodarone was dissolved in 3.0 mL of methylene chloride. The solution was added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (1% w / v). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to a rotary evaporator and methylene chloride was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting amiodarone particles ranged from 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying.

0061It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of amiodarone dissolved in the tween formulation, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention containing albumin showed substantially lower toxicity.

0062<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 3</u></b>

0063This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising riotaronine and albumin. Raiotaurinin (or its salt) was dissolved in an aqueous solution of alcohol or alkali at a concentration of 0.5-50 mg / ml. The alcohol (or alkali) solution was added to the albumin solution (1-25% w / v) and stirred. Stirring was performed with a shear force with a low shear force using a stirrer using a sonicator or a homogenizer. When the concentration of riotaurinin was low, a clear solution of (5-1000 ? ? / ml) was obtained. As the concentration increased, a stable suspension of milky light was obtained. This solution or suspension was filtered through a sterile filter. The organic solvent was removed by evaporation or other suitable method.

0064<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 4</u></b>

0065This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising rapamycin and albumin. 30 mg of rapamycin was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform / ethanol. The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (3% w / v). The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to a rotary evaporator and methylene chloride was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting particles was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. It should be understood that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way.

0066<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 5</u></b>

0067This example demonstrates the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising epothilone B and albumin. 30 mg of epothilone B was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform / ethanol. The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (3% w / v). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to Rotavap and the solvent was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting particles was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. It should be understood that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of epothilone B dissolved in cremopore preparations, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprising albumin exhibited substantially lower toxicity.

0068<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 6</u></b>

0069This example demonstrates the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a colchicine dimer and albumin. 30 mg of colchicine dimer was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform / ethanol. The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (3% w / v). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to Rotavap and the solvent was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting particles was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. It should be understood that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of colchicine dimers dissolved in the tween formulation, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprising albumin exhibited substantially lower toxicity.

0070<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 7</u></b>

0071This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising moxa texel and albumin. 30 mg of cytotoxin was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform / ethanol. The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (3% w / v). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to Rotavap and the solvent was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting particles was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of mucopolysaccharide dissolved in tween / ethanol, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprising albumin exhibited substantially lower toxicity.

0072<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 8</u></b>

0073This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising moxa texel and albumin. 150 mg of cadmium takkel were dissolved in 1 mL of ethyl acetate / butyl acetate and 0.5 mL of oil, for example, soybean oil or vitamin E oil. Different ratios of solvents and oils were used, and these compositions are also part of the present invention. A small amount of negatively charged components, such as benzoic acid (0.001% -0.5%), was also optionally added. The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (5% w / v). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to Rotavap and the solvent was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting particles was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of urban texcel dissolved in twin / ethanol,

0074<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 9</u></b>

0075This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising taxane IDN5390 and albumin. 150 mg of taxane IDN5390 was dissolved in 1 mL of ethyl acetate / butyl acetate and 0.5 mL of oil, for example, soybean oil or vitamin E oil. Different ratios of solvents and oils were used, and these compositions are also part of the present invention. A small amount of negatively charged components, such as benzoic acid (0.001% -0.5%), was also optionally added. The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (5% w / v). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to Rotavap and the solvent was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting particles was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way.

0076<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 10</u></b>

0077This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising taxane IDN5109 and albumin. 150 mg of taxane IDN5109 was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform / ethanol. Different ratios of solvents and oils were used, and these compositions are also part of the present invention. A small amount of negatively charged components, such as benzoic acid (0.001% -0.5%), was also optionally added. The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (5% w / v). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to Rotavap and the solvent was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting particles was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of IDN5109 dissolved in tweens,

0078<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 11</u></b>

0079This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising 10-hydroxycamptothecin (10HC) and albumin. 10-HC was dissolved in 2.0 mL of DMF / methylene chloride / soybean oil. The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (3% w / v). The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to Rotavap and the solvent was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting particles was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way.

0080<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 12</u></b>

0081This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising cyclosporin and albumin. 30 mg of cyclosporin was dissolved in 3.0 mL of methylene chloride. The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (1% w / v). The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to a rotary evaporator and methylene chloride was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting particles was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying.

0082<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 13</u></b>

0083This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising oil and cyclosporine and albumin. 30 mg of cyclosporin was dissolved in 3.0 mL of an appropriate oil (sesame oil containing 10% orange oil). The solution was then added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (1% w / v). The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting average diameter of the resulting dispersion was in the range of 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours by the addition of a suitable cryoprotectant. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way.

0084<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 14</u></b>

0085This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising amphotericin and albumin. Amphotericin 30 mg was dissolved in 3.0 mL of methylpyrrolidinone / methylene chloride. The solution was added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (1% w / v). The mixture was homogenized for 5 minutes in a low RPM (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) to form a feedstock and then transferred to a high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to a rotary evaporator and the solvent was quickly removed at 40 [deg.] C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting amphotericin particles ranged from 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. The addition of other ingredients such as lipids, bile salts, and the like also resulted in the proper formulation.

0086<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 15</u></b>

0087This example shows the preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetics of a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin.

0088It cradles all pores were carried out a number of pre-clinical drug kinetic studies on mice and rats to assess the possible benefit of a pharmaceutical composition of paclitaxel-paclitaxel (Taxol) as compared to pharmaceutical compositions albumin. These studies have shown that (1) the pharmacokinetics of albumin-paclitaxel in rats is linear with respect to dosage, while the pharmacokinetics of taxol is nonlinear, and (2) the pharmaceutical compositions comprising albumin and paclitaxel have lower Plasma AUC and C_max, Suggesting that the distribution of the albumin-paclitaxel composition to tissue is faster than that of Taxol, and (3) the pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin and paclitaxel has a lower C_max(4) the half-life of a pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin and paclitaxel is about 2-fold higher in rats compared to Taxol and about 4-fold higher in mice with tumors than in Taxol, And (5) the metabolism of paclitaxel in pharmaceutical compositions comprising albumin and paclitaxel was lower than in the taxane pharmaceutical compositions. Twenty-four hours after injection into rats, 44% of total radioactivity is still associated with paclitaxel in the pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin and paclitaxel, whereas in the case of Taxol only 22% is bound. The ultimate effect of pharmacokinetics of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising albumin and paclitaxel, i.e., increased intracellular uptake, prolongation of half-life, and reduced metabolic rate, is 1.7-fold increase in tumor AUC compared to Taxol in mice bearing tumors , Tumor C_maxAnd a 1.7-fold increase in tumor half-life.

0089<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 16</u></b>

0090This example demonstrates reduced side effects and decreased toxicity associated with pharmaceutical compositions comprising paclitaxel and albumin.

0091Cradles blanket eoga Due to the unique characteristics of the non-existence pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin in a state in which, the toxicity of pharmaceutical compositions comprising paclitaxel and albumin is substantially lower than Taxol. In preclinical studies in mice and rats, single-dose acute toxicity studies in mice have shown LD₅₀ Dose was about 59-fold higher in pharmaceutical compositions comprising paclitaxel and albumin compared to Taxol. In a multi-dose toxicity study in mice, LD₅₀ Dose was about 10-fold higher in pharmaceutical compositions comprising paclitaxel and albumin compared to Taxol. In a further study, the degree of bone marrow suppression in rats treated with taxol and a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin was assessed. As a result, at equivalent doses, the pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin showed significantly lower bone marrow suppression in rats than in Taxol. In acute toxicity studies in rats, cortical necrosis or acute neurotoxic this was observed in animals treated with taxol in 9 mg / kg, treated with a composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin at a dose of less than the 120 mg / kg It did not appear in animals. Thus, the presence of albumin in a composition comprising paclitaxel causes substantial side effects and reduced toxicity compared to conventional pharmaceutical compositions comprising paclitaxel.

0092<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 17</u></b>

0093This example demonstrates the clinical effect in humans of a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin.

0094Clinical studies in over 500 human patients provide evidence that pharmaceutical compositions comprising paclitaxel and albumin support reduced toxicity and side effects compared to cremophor-paclitaxel compositions (Taxol). In a Phase I study of 19 patients, the maximum content of albumin-paclitaxel administered every 3 weeks was 300 mg / m² Respectively. This means that once every three weeks 175 mg / m²Is substantially higher than the generally administered dose of &amp; lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &amp; gt; Cremophor-paclitaxel &amp; lt; / RTI &amp; gt; Hematologic toxicity in these patients did not show hypersensitivity, showed weak neuropathy, and did not show administration-related side effects such as vascular stimulation.

0095In another phase I study of 27 patients, the maximum amount of albumin-paclitaxel administered weekly was 125-150 mg / m 2²Respectively. This is once every week 80 mg / m²Is substantially higher than the generally administered dose of &amp; lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &amp; gt; Cremophor-paclitaxel &amp; lt; / RTI &amp; gt; Hematologic toxicity in these patients did not show hypersensitivity, showed weak neuropathy, and did not show administration-related side effects such as vascular stimulation.

0096Albumin-paclitaxel was administered to 43 and 63 patients every 3 weeks at 175 or 300 mg / m 2²In a Phase II study, the hematologic toxicity was 175 mg / m 2² And 300 mg / m²ANC &amp; lt; 500 / mm &amp; lt;³And only 24%, respectively. Severe neuropathy is 175 mg / m 2² And 300 mg / m²And 0% and 14% of the patients receiving the drug. No serious hypersensitivity reactions were observed, and no adverse effects such as blood irritation, injection site pain, or the like occurred. These side effects were substantially lower than those present in Taxol.

0097In phase III experiments comparing alum-paclitaxel composition ABI-007 with Taxol (containing Cremophor-Paclitaxel), the dose of ABI-007 was substantially higher (260 mg / m &amp; lt;² etc. Dosage of Taxol 175 mg / m²), Indicating that ABI-007 has a higher content. The albumin-paclitaxel compositions also showed significantly lower neutropenia than cremophor-paclitaxel.

0098<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 18</u></b>

0099This example shows an increase in preclinical efficacy when using a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin.

0100In vitro cytotoxicity studies comparing the effects of albumin-paclitaxel and Taxol on cervical squamous-cell carcinoma A431 have been reported in the case of albumin-paclitaxel IC₅₀Of 0.0038 0.012 ? ? / ml and 0.012 ? ? / ml of Taxol showed an increase in cytotoxic activity of albumin-paclitaxel.

0101In the different human xenograft tumor models (MX-I breast, NCI-H522 lung, SK-OV-3 ovary, PC-3 prostate, and HT-29 large bowel) in athymic mice, the MTD of ABI- Or equivalent toxic dose was 1.5-3.4 times higher than that of Taxol and the tumor growth delay (p &lt;0.05) was significantly improved in all tumors except lung tumor (p = 0.15).

0102In the MX 1 breast model, 100% of the albumin-paclitaxel treated animals survived for 103 days, whereas only 20-40% survived in the equivalent dose of the taxol-treated group.

0103<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 19</u></b>

0104This example shows an increase in clinical efficacy when using a pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin and paclitaxel when administered intraarterially.

0105As indicated herein, in a Phase I / II study of intra-arterial administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin and paclitaxel, the patient was evaluated for both head and neck cancer (N = 31) and anal cancer (N = 12) Registered. The dose was adjusted to 120-300 mg / m &amp; lt; 2 &amp; gt;²Respectively. The patients with head and neck cancer had a response rate of 76% (N = 29) and those with anal cancer had a response rate of 64% (N = 11).

0106<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 20</u></b>

0107This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition containing 3% oil and containing propofol and albumin.

0108An oil-in-water emulsion containing 1% by weight of propol was prepared as follows. Glycerol (22% by weight) and human serum albumin (0.5% by weight) were added to the water for injection and stirred until dissolved to prepare an aqueous phase. The water phase was passed through a filter (0.2 um filter). The oil phase was prepared by dissolving egg lecithin (0.4 wt%) and propol (1 wt%) in soybean oil (3 wt%) at 50 ? to 60 ? and stirring until melting. The oil phase was added to the water phase and homogenized at 10,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The poultice was homogenized at a high pressure of 20,000 psi and recirculated for 15 cycles at 5 � C. Alternatively, discrete passes through the homogenizer were used. The final emulsion was filtered (0.2 [mu] m filter) and stored under nitrogen. The resulting pharmaceutical composition contained the following general range of ingredients (wt.%): Propolol 0.5-5%; Human serum albumin 0.5-3%; 0.5-3.0% soybean oil; Egg lecithin 0.12-1.2%; Glycerol 2.25%; Adding water for injection to 100; pH 5-8. A suitable chelator, e. G., Diferoxamine (0.001-0.1%), was selectively added.

0109<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 21</u></b>

0110This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition containing 5% oil and comprising propofol and albumin.

0111An oil-in-water emulsion containing 1% by weight of propol was prepared as follows. Glycerol (22% by weight) and human serum albumin (0.5% by weight) were added to the water for injection and stirred until dissolved to prepare an aqueous phase. The aquature was passed through a filter (0.2 um filter). The oil phase was prepared by dissolving egg lecithin (0.8 wt%) and propol (1 wt%) in soybean oil (5 wt%) at 50 ? to 60 ? and stirring until dissolved. The oil phase was added to the water phase and homogenized at 10,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The poultice was homogenized at a high pressure of 20,000 psi and recirculated for 15 cycles at 5 � C. Alternatively, discrete passes through the homogenizer were used. The final emulsion was filtered (0.2 [mu] m filter) and stored under nitrogen. The resulting pharmaceutical composition contained the following general range of ingredients (wt.%): Propolol 0.5-5%; Human serum albumin 0.5-3%; 0.5-10.0% soybean oil; Egg lecithin 0.12-1.2%; Glycerol 2.25%; Adding water for injection to 100; pH 5-8. A suitable chelator, e. G., Diferoxamine (0.001-0.1%), was selectively added.

0112<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 22</u></b>

0113This example shows the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising propofol and albumin.

0114Using a method similar to that shown in Example 18, a propol composition containing albumin and Tween 80 was prepared. Water was prepared by adding glycerol (2.25% by weight), human serum albumin (0.5% by weight), tween 80 (1.5% by weight) and diferoxamine mesylate (0.1% by weight) . The water phase was passed through a filter (0.2 ?m filter). Propol (1% by weight) was added to the water phase and homogenized at 10,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The poultice was homogenized at a high pressure of 20,000 psi and recirculated for 15 cycles at 5 � C. Alternatively, discrete passes through the homogenizer were used. The final emulsion was filtered (0.2 [mu] m filter) and stored under nitrogen. The resulting pharmaceutical composition contained the following general range of ingredients (wt.%): Propolol 0.5-5%; Human serum albumin 0.5-3%; Tween 80 0.1-1.5%; 0.0001-0.1% dipropoxamine mesylate; Glycerol 2.25%; Adding water for injection to 100; pH 5-8.

0115<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 23</u></b>

0116This example demonstrates the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising propofol, albumin, and oil-free vitamin E-TPGS.

0117Using a method similar to that shown in Example 19, a propol composition containing albumin and vitamin E-TPGS was prepared. After adding glycerol (2.25 wt%), human serum albumin (0.5 wt%), vitamin E-TPGS (1 wt%) and diferoxamine mesylate (0.1 wt%) to the water for injection, . The water phase was passed through a filter (0.2 ?m filter). Propol (1% by weight) was added to the water phase and homogenized at 10,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The poultice was homogenized at a high pressure of 20,000 psi and recirculated for 15 cycles at 5 � C. Alternatively, discrete passes through the homogenizer were used. The final emulsion was filtered (0.2 [mu] m filter) and stored under nitrogen. The resulting pharmaceutical composition contained the following general range of ingredients (wt.%): Propolol 0.5-5%; Human serum albumin 0.5-3%; Vitamin E-TPGS 0.5-4.0%; Alternatively 0.0001-0.1% diferoxamine mesylate; Glycerol 2.25%; Adding water for injection to 100; pH 5-8.

0118<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 24</u></b>

0119This example demonstrates the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising propofol, albumin, vitamin E-TPGS, and 1% oil.

0120An emulsion containing 1% by weight of propol was prepared by the following method. Glycerol (2.25% by weight) and human serum albumin (0.5% by weight) were added to the water for injection and stirred until dissolved to prepare an aqueous phase. The water phase was passed through a filter (0.2 ?m filter). Surfactants such as vitamin E-TPGS (0.5%) were added to the water phase. The oil phase consisted of propofol (1% by weight) and 1% soybean oil. The oil phase was added to the water phase and homogenized at 10,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The poultice was homogenized at a high pressure of 20,000 psi and recirculated for 15 cycles at 5 � C. Alternatively, discrete passes through the homogenizer were used. The final emulsion was filtered (0.2 [mu] m filter) and stored under nitrogen.

0121The resulting pharmaceutical composition contained the following general range of ingredients (wt.%): Propolol 0.5-5%; 0.01-3% human serum albumin; Vitamin E-TPGS 0.1-2%; Soybean oil or other oils 0.1% -5%; Glycerol 2.25%; Adding water for injection to 100; pH 5-8. Diperoxamine mesylate was optionally added (0.001-0.1 wt%).

0122<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 25</u></b>

0123This example demonstrates the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising propofol, albumin, vitamin E-TPGS, 1% oil, and negatively charged components.

0124An emulsion containing 1% by weight of propol was prepared by the following method. Glycerol (2.25% by weight) and human serum albumin (0.5% by weight) were added to the water for injection and stirred until dissolved to prepare an aqueous phase. The water phase was passed through a filter (0.2 ?m filter). Surfactants such as vitamin E-TPGS (0.5%) were added to the water phase. The oil phase consisted of propofol (1% by weight) and 1% soybean oil. A small amount of negatively charged constituents (0.001% -1%) such as phospholipids or bile salts were added. The oil phase was added to the water phase and homogenized at 10,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The poultice was homogenized at a high pressure of 20,000 psi and recirculated for 15 cycles at 5 � C. Alternatively, discrete passes through the homogenizer were used. The final emulsion was filtered (0.2 [mu] m filter) and stored under nitrogen.

0125The resulting pharmaceutical composition contained the following general range of ingredients (wt.%): Propolol 0.5-5%; 0.01-3% human serum albumin; Vitamin E-TPGS 0.1-2%; Soybean oil or other oils 0.1% -5%; Glycerol 2.25%; Adding water for injection to 100; pH 5-8. Diperoxamine was optionally added (0.001-0.1 wt%).

0126<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 26</u></b>

0127This example demonstrates the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising propofol, albumin, vitamin E-TPGS, 1% oil, and a negatively charged component (sodium deoxycholate).

0128An emulsion containing 1% by weight of propol was prepared by the following method. Glycerol (2.25% by weight) and human serum albumin (0.5% by weight) were added to the water for injection and stirred until dissolved to prepare an aqueous phase. The water phase was passed through a filter (0.2 ?m filter). Surfactants such as vitamin E-TPGS (0.5%) were added to the water phase. The oil phase consisted of propofol (1% by weight) and 1% soybean oil. A small amount of negatively charged component (0.001% -1%), for example sodium deoxycholate, was added. The oil phase was added to the water phase and homogenized at 10,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The poultice was homogenized at a high pressure of 20,000 psi and recirculated for 15 cycles at 5 � C. Alternatively, discrete passes through the homogenizer were used. The final emulsion was filtered (0.2 [mu] m filter) and stored under nitrogen.

0129The resulting pharmaceutical composition contained the following general range of ingredients (wt.%): Propolol 0.5-5%; 0.01-3% human serum albumin; Vitamin E-TPGS 0.1-2%; Soybean oil or other oils 0.1% -5%; Glycerol 2.25%; Adding water for injection to 100; pH 5-8. Diperoxamine was optionally added (0.001-0.1 wt%).

0130<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 27</u></b>

0131This example demonstrates the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions comprising propofol, albumin, vitamin E-TPGS, 1% oil, and negatively charged components (phospholipids, bile salts, polyamino acids, etc.).

0132An emulsion containing 1% by weight of propolol was prepared as follows. Glycerol (2.25% by weight) and human serum albumin (0.5% by weight) were added to the water for injection and stirred until dissolved to prepare an aqueous phase. The water phase was passed through a filter (0.2 ?m filter). Surfactants such as vitamin E-TPGS (0.5%) were added to the water phase. The oil phase consisted of propofol (1% by weight) and 1% soybean oil. A small amount of negatively charged component (0.001% -1%), for example phosphatidyl choline, was added. The oil phase was added to the water phase and homogenized at 10,000 RPM for 5 minutes. The poultice was homogenized at a high pressure of 20,000 psi and recirculated for 15 cycles at 5 � C. Alternatively, discrete passes through the homogenizer were used. The final emulsion was filtered (0.2 [mu] m filter) and stored under nitrogen.

0133The resulting pharmaceutical composition contained the following general range of ingredients (wt.%): Propolol 0.5-5%; 0.01-3% human serum albumin; Vitamin E-TPGS 0.1-2%; Soybean oil or other oils 0.1% -5%; Glycerol 2.25%; Adding water for injection to 100; pH 5-8. Diperoxamine was optionally added (0.001-0.1 wt%).

0134<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 28</u></b>

0135This example shows the binding of propofol to albumin.

0136The binding of propofol to albumin was determined as follows. The solubility of propofol was tested in water and in albumin containing solution. 250 [mu] l of propol was added to 10 ml of water or albumin solution and stirred in a scintillation vial for 2 hours. The solution was then transferred to a 15 mL polyethylene centrifuge tube and stored at 40 � C for 16 hours. A sample of the water and albumin solution was assayed for propofol. The water solubility of the propol was determined to be 0.12 mg / mL. Solubility of propofol in albumin solution was dependent on albumin concentration and increased to 0.44 mg / ml when albumin concentration was 2% (20 mg / mL). The solution was ultrafiltered through a 30 kD MWCO filter, and the filtrate was assayed against propofol. In the propol / water solution, 61% of propolol was recovered from the filtrate, whereas only 14% of the propolol / albumin solution was recovered from the filtrate, indicating substantial binding of propolol to albumin. Based on these results, the addition of albumin to a pharmaceutical composition comprising propol leads to a reduction in the amount of free propol by the albumin binding of the propol.

0137<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 29</u></b>

0138This example demonstrates the reduction of free propofol in pharmaceutical compositions by filtration / membrane contact.

0139As observed in the experiment shown in Example 28, filtration or ultrafiltration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising propofol causes a decrease in the amount of free propofol. The pharmaceutical composition prepared according to the present invention containing Diprivan and albumin each containing 1% propolol (10 mg / mL) was ultrafiltered using a 30 kD membrane. The amount of free propofol in the filtrate was determined by HPLC. The concentration of free propolol in the filtrate was about 17 / / mL for Diprivan, while it was 7 / / mL for the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. This result corresponds to an effective reduction of the glass propofol more than two times in the case of pharmaceutical compositions comprising propofol and albumin.

0140<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 30</u></b>

0141This example shows administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising propol and albumin to a human.

0142In order to compare the deleterious skin detection of pharmaceutical compositions comprising propofol and albumin to that of the commercially available propofol formulation Diprivan, a randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted. The tests were performed according to the Good Clinical Practice, and the subjects were given consent for the study. If an adult is not fractured in any sex and the hand is clearly normal skin, it is suitable for this test.

0143Originally, the formulation stored in the refrigerator was allowed to reach room temperature, and 10 ?l of the preparation was gradually added to both hands of the individual at the same time. The overall response and feel on the hand for the formulation was recorded. The results of these studies are shown in Table 1.

0144<tables num="1"><table><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" align="center" colname="col1" colwidth="2615" /><colspec colnum="2" align="center" colname="col2" colwidth="2264" /><colspec colnum="3" align="center" colname="col3" colwidth="2259" /><colspec colnum="4" align="center" colname="col4" colwidth="2179" /><colspec colnum="5" align="center" colname="col5" colwidth="2199" /><tbody><row><entry align="justify" colname="col1" morerows="1">Test sequence for an object</entry><entry align="justify" namest="col2" nameend="col3">ABI-propofol detection%</entry><entry align="justify" namest="col4" nameend="col5">% Of the object for Diprivan detection</entry></row><row><entry align="justify" colname="col2">Weak fever or tenderness or pain </entry><entry align="justify" colname="col3">stupor</entry><entry align="justify" colname="col4">Weak fever or tenderness or pain </entry><entry align="justify" colname="col5">stupor</entry></row><row><entry align="center" colname="col1">First application</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2">0.0</entry><entry align="center" colname="col3">100.0</entry><entry align="center" colname="col4">75</entry><entry align="center" colname="col5">25</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0145<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 31</u></b>

0146This example shows the use of diferoxamine as an antioxidant in pharmaceutical compositions comprising propol.

0147A pharmaceutical composition containing propofol and albumin and containing tween or TPGS was stored at 4, 25, or 40 � C to test the effect of diferoxamine mesylate in inhibiting oxidation of the propofol. The concentration of propol in these preparations was measured over time to determine the antioxidant activity of diferoxamine. The data are presented in Tables 2 and 3 as the% potency relative to time zero.

0148<tables num="2"><table><title>Albumin / tween preparation</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" align="center" colname="col1" colwidth="2783" /><colspec colnum="2" align="center" colname="col2" colwidth="2783" /><colspec colnum="3" align="center" colname="col3" colwidth="2783" /><colspec colnum="4" align="center" colname="col4" colwidth="2783" /><tbody><row><entry align="center" colname="col1"></entry><entry align="center" namest="col2" nameend="col4">Save one month</entry></row><row><entry align="center" colname="col1">Temperature</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2">4 ?</entry><entry align="center" colname="col3">25 ?</entry><entry align="center" colname="col4">40 ?</entry></row><row><entry align="center" colname="col1">Control group</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2">100%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col3">88%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col4">48%</entry></row><row><entry align="center" colname="col1">0.01% Def</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2">100%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col3">89%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col4">61%</entry></row><row><entry align="center" colname="col1">0.1% Def</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2">100%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col3">89%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col4">64%</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0149<tables num="3"><table><title>Albumin / TPGS formulation</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" align="center" colname="col1" colwidth="2783" /><colspec colnum="2" align="center" colname="col2" colwidth="2783" /><colspec colnum="3" align="center" colname="col3" colwidth="2783" /><colspec colnum="4" align="center" colname="col4" colwidth="2783" /><tbody><row><entry align="center" colname="col1"></entry><entry align="center" namest="col2" nameend="col4">Save one month</entry></row><row><entry align="center" colname="col1">Temperature</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2">4 ?</entry><entry align="center" colname="col3">25 ?</entry><entry align="center" colname="col4">40 ?</entry></row><row><entry align="center" colname="col1">Control group</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2">99%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col3">73%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col4">42%</entry></row><row><entry align="center" colname="col1">0.01% Def</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2">99%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col3">87%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col4">55%</entry></row><row><entry align="center" colname="col1">0.1% Def</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2">99%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col3">85%</entry><entry align="center" colname="col4">58%</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0150Under these conditions, diferoxamine is effective in reducing the oxidation level of propofol. The effect was enhanced at higher temperatures. No significant oxidation was observed at 4 ?. This study was conducted using a non-inert or Teflon coated stopper.<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 32</u></b>

0151This example shows the intrapulmonary delivery of a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin (ABI-007).

0152The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of intratracheal instillation in Sprague Dawley rats,³H] ABI-007.

0153The target volume of the intranasal dosage form administered to the animal was calculated based on a dose volume of 1.5 mL / kg body weight. The dosing device consisted of a Penn-Century microsprayer attached to a 1-mL gas-tight, luer-lock syringe (Model 1A-1B; Penn-Century, Inc., Philadelphia, PA; Delong Distributors, Long Branch, NJ). The appropriate volume of the dosage form was sucked into the dosing device, the filled device was weighed and the weight recorded. The catheter was placed in an organs of anesthetized animals and the microsprayer portion of the dosing device was placed over the catheter through the catheter and a single dose was administered. After administration of the single dose, the empty dosing device was reweighed to calculate the dose administered before and after the administration of the dosing device as a weight difference. The average dose of all animals was 4.7738 � 0.0060 (CV 1.5059) mg paclitaxel per kg body weight.

0154Approximately 250 ? ? of blood samples were collected from the intestinal cannula cannula of JVC rats at pre-determined dosing-time points: 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes (min) , And 24 hours (h). 24-h blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture from anesthetized rats at sacrifice, as well as blood samples obtained from animals sacrificed at 10, 45, and 2 hours. All blood samples analyzed for total radioactivity were distributed to pre-weighed sample tubes, the sample tubes were weighed again, and the weight of each sample was calculated by subtraction. At the time of sacrifice, blood samples obtained from the carotid veins as well as 250 [mu] l aliquots of the blood collected from each animal were assayed for total tritium content.

0155In all rats, the maximum concentration of tritium in the blood was observed at 5 minutes (0.0833 hr) after administration. The elimination half-life of the tritium determined at a time interval of 4 to 24 hours is in the range of 19.73 hours to 43.02 hours. It should be noted that this interval includes only three data points, which can account for the diversity of these parameters. Clear clearance of tritium from blood is 0.04 L / h. The results of these experiments are shown in Table 4 below.

0156<tables num="4"><table><title>[³H] ABI-007 in rats following intravenous drip infusion. Profiles of non-part-time analysis of time</title><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colnum="1" align="justify" colname="col1" colwidth="5569" /><colspec colnum="2" align="justify" colname="col2" colwidth="5569" /><tbody><row><entry align="justify" colname="col1">parameter</entry><entry align="justify" colname="col2">Average +/- SD</entry></row><row><entry align="justify" colname="col1">C_max (mg-eqL)</entry><entry align="justify" colname="col2">1.615 +/- 0.279</entry></row><row><entry align="justify" colname="col1">T_max (hr)</entry><entry align="justify" colname="col2">0.0833 +/- 0.0</entry></row><row><entry align="justify" colname="col1">t1 / 2 beta (hr)</entry><entry align="justify" colname="col2">33.02 +/- 1.99</entry></row><row><entry align="justify" colname="col1">AUC_final (mg-eq x hr / L)</entry><entry align="justify" colname="col2">7.051 +/- 1.535</entry></row><row><entry align="justify" colname="col1">Cl / F (L / hr)</entry><entry align="justify" colname="col2">0.0442 +/- 0.0070</entry></row><row><entry align="justify" colname="col1">Fa (Bioavailability)</entry><entry align="justify" colname="col2">1.229 +/- 0.268</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0157[³H] ABI-007 in order to evaluate the bioavailability of tritium derived from intratracheal administration of [³H] ABI-007- The mean blood concentration of the resulting radioactivity was analyzed as a function of time. This assay included an AUC of 6.1354 mg-eq hr / L (AUC_final). Based on this data,³H] ABI-007 is highly bioavailable. This assay is based on total radioactivity. [³H] ABI-007 is rapidly absorbed after intravenous instillation. [³H] ABI-007 for the tritium in blood following intracorporeal administration (average values ??of k₀₁ Half-life and k₁₀ Half-life) (mean +/- SD) were 0.0155 +/- 0.0058 and 4.738 +/- 0.360 L / hr, respectively. The apparent clearance of tritium from the mean blood was 0.1235 +/- 0.0180 L / hr (see Table 4, above).

0158[³H] ABI-007 was absorbed and distributed after intravenous administration. The time course of the tritium in the blood was well described by a two compartment model with an average absorption and elimination half-life of 0.0155 and 4.738 hr, respectively. Approximately 28% of the administered dose was recovered in the lungs at 10 minutes after intravaginal administration. At all time points, less than 1% of the dose was recovered in other tissues except for the gastrointestinal tract.

0159[³H] Capsol^TM, The bioavailability of tritium from intratracheal administration was 1.229 � 0.268 (mean � SD) in the three animals in this dose group. However, it should be noted that the evaluation of such bioavailability is based on total radioactivity. Surprisingly, paclitaxel administered to the pulmonary route using the present invention in combination with albumin is capable of rapid bioavailability, indicating excellent transport through the lung endothelium. There is no toxicity in animals at all, which is surprising because the intrapulmonary administration of cytotoxic agents is known to cause lung toxicity.

0160Appropriate amount of radioactivity was present in the gastrointestinal tract (including contents) 24 hours after administration (27% of intramuscular dose). The amount of tritium in the gastrointestinal tract may be due to bile excretion or clearance of tritium from the respiratory tract due to mucociliary clearance and subsequent swallowing.

0162<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 33</u></b>

0163This example shows the investigation of Arerotech II and Pari nebulizer for intrapulmonary administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin.

0164This study was performed using paclitaxel-albumin containing pharmaceutical composition ABI-007 under the following conditions: room temperature (20-23 C), relative humidity (48-54%), ambient pressure (629 mmHg), nebulizer flow rate 10 L / min for Aerotech II; 32 lb / in for Pari²), Running time (15-60 seconds), sample volume (1.5 mL), ABI-007 paclitaxel concentration (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg / mL).

0165When reconstituting ABI-007 to a concentration range of 5-15 mg / mL, both Aerotech II and Pari nebulizer provided the appropriate overall efficiency (30-60%). The efficiency of the Pari nebulizer was higher than that of the Aerotech II nebulizer. The Pari nebulizer efficiency decreased slightly with increasing ABI-007 concentration. A fine fraction of the particles was observed (74% -96%). The Aerotech II nebulizer had a finer particle fraction than the Pari nebulizer. The fine particle fraction did not depend on the concentration.

0166Parietal nebulizer delivered 100 mg of paclitaxel in less than 30 minutes using 15 mg / mL of ABI-007 solution. Aerotech II nebulizer delivered 100 mg of paclitaxel after approximately 65 minutes with 10 mg / mL or 15 mg / mL ABI-007 solution. Performance stability was tested for both Aerotech II and Pari nebulizer. Both aerosol concentrations and efficacy were stable until the drug was depleted. At 15 mg / mL, the Pari nebulizer consumed the drug at twice the rate of the Aerotech II nebulizer and produced a darker aerosol concentration than that of the Aerotech II nebulizer.

0167In conclusion, the nanoparticle / albumin preparation of paclitaxel (ABI-007) exhibits excellent bioavailability in rats when administered by the intrapulmonary route. There was no apparent signal of early toxicity at doses administered. Intrapulmonary delivery of the nanoparticle paclitaxel (ABI-007) can be achieved using conventional nebulizers.

0168<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 34</u></b>

0169This example describes the intrapulmonary administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin and rapamycin. The aim of this study was to determine the intrapulmonary absorption of rapamycin in blood by performing intratracheal instillation in Sprague Dawley rats and then compared to intravenous drip infusion.

0170The target volume of the intranasal dosage form administered to the animal was calculated based on a dose volume of 1 mL per kg of body weight. The intratracheal administration device consisted of a Penn-Century microsprayer attached to a 1-mL gas-tight, luer-lock syringe (Model 1A-1B; Penn-Century, Inc., Philadelphia, PA; DeLong Distributors, Long Branch, NJ). The appropriate volume of the dosage form was sucked into the dosing device, the filled device was weighed and the weight recorded. The catheter was placed in an organs of anesthetized animals and the microsprayer portion of the dosing device was placed over the catheter through the catheter and a single dose was administered. After administration of the single dose, the empty dosing device was reweighed to calculate the dose administered before and after the administration of the dosing device as a weight difference.

0171Approximately 250 [mu] l of blood samples were collected from the rat intima-venous cannula at the pre-determined dosing-time points: 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes (min) And 24 hours (h). All blood samples were dispensed into pre-weighed sample tubes, the sample tubes were weighed again, and the weight of each sample was calculated by subtraction. The collected blood samples were assayed for total rapamycin concentration using LC / MS / MS.

0172Surprisingly, the results showed no significant difference in plasma concentrations of rapamycin administered intravenously and rapamycin administered by the intrapulmonary delivery route. The bioavailability of rapamycin administered by the intrapulmonary route using a pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin was calculated to be 109%, which is indicative of excellent transport of the drug through the lung endothelium.

0173<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 35</u></b>

0174This example shows the tissue distribution of albumin-rapamycin after intrapulmonary administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising rapamycin and albumin prepared according to the present invention. The aim of this study was to determine the absorption of rapamycin lungs in tissues after intravascular instillation in Sprague-Dawley rats compared to intravenous drip infusion.

0175The target volume of the intranasal dosage form administered to the animal was calculated based on a dose volume of 1 mL per kg of body weight. The dosing device consisted of a Penn-Century microsprayer attached to a 1-mL gas-tight, luer-lock syringe (Model 1A-1B; Penn-Century, Inc., Philadelphia, PA; Purchased from DeLong Distributors, Long Branch, NJ). The appropriate volume of the dosage form was sucked into the dosing device, the filled device was weighed and the weight recorded. The catheter was placed in an organs of anesthetized animals and the microsprayer portion of the dosing device was placed over the catheter through the catheter and a single dose was administered. After administration of the single dose, the empty dosing device was reweighed to calculate the dose administered before and after the administration of the dosing device as a weight difference.

0176Samples were collected from brain, lung, and liver of 3 rats per group at 10, 45, 2, and 24 hour points. The samples were collected and analyzed for total rapamycin concentration using LC / MS / MS. The results showed that the concentration of rapamycin in lung tissue was higher than that in intravenous delivery when delivered into the lungs. However, the total concentration in the brain was lower in the intravenous (IT) administration compared to intravenous (IV) administration. In liver, IT or IV delivery did not show differences in rapamycin concentrations. Based on these results, intrapulmonary administration of rapamycin would be appropriate for the treatment of diseases where high local concentrations of rapamycin are beneficial, such as lung transplantation.

0177<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 36</u></b>

0178This example shows the oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin (ABI-007).

0179The rats were gavaged by tritiated ABI-007 and the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel was determined. After overnight fasting, five rat groups A) were given 5.5 mg / kg paclitaxel in ABI-007 and another five rats (group B) were pretreated with cyclosporine (5.0 mg / kg) -007 paclitaxel at a dose of 5.6 mg / kg. Pharmacokinetic analyzes of blood samples taken at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours were performed after determination of radioactivity by burning in blood samples. Oral bioavailability was determined by comparison with previously obtained intravenous data. The results are shown in Table 5 below.

0180<tables num="5"><img id="i0001" he="64" wi="168" file="pat00001.tif" img-format="tif" /></tables>

0181AUC₀_-24 IV (6.06 x x hr./mL) and IV dose (5.1 gmkg) were used to calculate percent absorption (data based on IV dose of ABI-0007).

0182ABI-007 alone showed oral bioavailability of 44%. This is significantly greater than other paclitaxel formulations. Bioavailability increased to 121% when animals were treated with cyclosporine (CsA). This is presumed to be due to CsA being a known inhibitor of p-glycoprotein pump that normally inhibits the absorption of compounds such as paclitaxel from gastrointestinal tracts. Bioavailability greater than 100% can be explained by the resorption of paclitaxel after bile excretion into the gastrointestinal tract. Other known inhibitors or absorption enhancers may also be used for this purpose.

0183<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 37</u></b>

0184This example demonstrates the enhanced penetration of paclitaxel into erythrocytes and tumor cells upon administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin.

0185Human MX-1 breast cancer fragments were transplanted subcutaneously into athymic mice. As described previously, the pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin (&amp; quot; paclitaxel-albumin &amp; quot;) and Taxol were formulated with specific activity of 25 ?Ci / mg paclitaxel³H &amp; lt; / RTI &amp; gt; paclitaxel. Tumor volume about 500 mm³, Paclitaxel-albumin or Taxol labeled with 20 mg / kg of radioisotope was administered intravenously in saline. Plasma, blood, and tumor tissues were sampled and radioactivity analyzed at 5, 15, and 30 minutes and at 1, 3, 8, and 24 hours after administration. Tumor pharmacokinetic constants (AUC and absorbance constants) were analyzed using WiNonlinn, Pharsight, USA.

0186Paclitaxel-albumin showed rapid distribution to red blood cells (RBCs) as evidenced by a rapid decrease in plasma / blood radioactivity ratios following intravenous administration of the drug. Complete distribution to RBCs occurred early in the first hour after paclitaxel-albumin administration. In contrast, the distribution of paclitaxel formulated with taxol was much slower and was not complete after more than 8 hours.

0187Paclitaxel-albumin has an absorption constant (K_a) Showed rapid distribution to tumor tissue. K_a0.0 &amp; gt; paclitaxel-albumin &amp; lt; / RTI &amp; gt; and Taxol, respectively,^-One And 0.13 hr^-^One Respectively. Rapid uptake of paclitaxel resulted in 33% higher tumor AUC for paclitaxel-albumin than for taxol. The AUC was 3632 nCi * hr / g and 2739 nCi * hr / g for paclitaxel-albumin and Taxol, respectively.

0188<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 38</u></b>

0189This example demonstrates the stability of a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin administered to a mouse.

0190Athymic mice were treated with paclitaxel-albumin and Taxol for 5 consecutive days with increasing doses. LD₅₀Survival was expressed for dose. Survival was significantly improved for paclitaxel-albumin compared to Taxol (p = 0.017, ANOVA). Paclitaxel - LD of albumin and Taxol₅₀Were calculated as 47 mg / kg / day and 30 mg / kg / day in the q1d x 5 schedule, respectively. At a dose level of 13.4 mg / kg / day, both paclitaxel-albumin and Taxol were both resistant to a mortality of 1% (1 out of 72 mice) and 4% (2 out of 47 mice) (well tolerated). At a dose level of 20 mg / kg / day, the mortality rate of paclitaxel-albumin was 1% (1 out of 72 mice), while the death rate of Taxol was 17% (8 out of 47 mice) (p = 0.0025). At a dose level of 30 mg / kg / day, the mortality rate of paclitaxel-albumin was 4% (3 out of 72 mice), while the death rate of taxol was 49% (23 out of 47 mice) (p &amp; lt; 0.0001).

0191<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 39</u></b>

0192This example shows a new paclitaxel transport mechanism via microtubule endothelial cells (EC) of a paclitaxel-albumin composition.

0193Nanoparticles and albumin-paclitaxel compositions can be accumulated in tumor tissue by the EPR effect resulting from the &amp; quot; leaking &amp; quot; blood vessels in the tumor. The albumin-specific gp60 receptor (albundin) transports albumin through EC by the transcytosis of the receptor in the cell surface caveolae. This transcytosis mechanism allows transport to the interstitial space just below the albumin-paclitaxel. In contrast, the crmpore in Taxol inhibits paclitaxel binding to albumin and significantly reduces the transport of paclitaxel to the tumor. In addition, the gp16 and gp30 receptors are involved in the transport of the modified albumin-containing binding paclitaxel, thereby increasing the binding of paclitaxel to the endothelial cells, resulting in a remarkable antiangiogenic effect compared to Taxol.

0194<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 40</u></b>

0195This example shows an increase in the transcytosis of the endothelium of a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin relative to Taxol.

0196Human Lung Microvessel Cells (HLMVEC) were grown in confluent wells to Confluence. Paclitaxel and albumin or fluorescein paclitaxel (Fultax) was added to the upper transparent well chamber at a concentration of 20 [mu] g / mL.

0197The transport of paclitaxel by transcytosis from the upper chamber to the lower chamber was continuously monitored using a fluorescence meter. A control group containing only Flutax without albumin was also used. The control with Flutax showed no transport and demonstrates the integrity of the confluent HLMVEC monolayer. In the presence of 5% HSA (physiological concentration), the transport of paclitaxel from albumin-paclitaxel compositions was much faster than that from paclitaxel from Taxol. The transport rate constants of albumin-paclitaxel composition and Taxol (K_t) Were 1.396 hr^-One And 0.03 hr^-^One Respectively. The total amount of paclitaxel transported through the monolayer was three times greater than albumin-paclitaxel compared to Taxol.

0198<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 41</u></b>

0199This example demonstrates that a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin improves endothelial cell (EC) binding compared to Taxol.

0200Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) were grown on 96-well microtiter plates. In one experiment, paclitaxel (Flutax-Oregon Geen-labeled paclitaxel) was reacted with HUVEC increasing the concentration of Cremophor EL-EtOH, the medium of Taxol. In another experiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising albumin and Flutax and a Taxol-Flutax composition were reacted with HUVEC at various final concentrations. Binding of paclitaxel to cells was inhibited by Cremophor. Inhibition was measured by IC of Cremophor EL / EtOH₅₀Was 0.02%. This concentration of Cremophor has been shown to persist for more than 24 hours during treatment with Taxol. Therefore, it is an in vivo related process. At all concentrations tested, a significant amount of paclitaxel from the albumin-paclitaxel composition bound to the cells. In contrast, little or no binding was observed in the case of Taxol.

0201<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 42</u></b>

0202This example shows that a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin improves albumin binding compared to Taxol.

0203Human serum albumin (HSA) was immobilized on an ELISA plate. Flutax-Oregon Geen-labeled paclitaxel was reacted with immobilized HSA while increasing the concentration of Cremophor EL-EtOH. In another experiment, albumin-paclitaxel-Flutax and Taxol-Flutax compositions were reacted with fixed HSA at a final concentration of 20 [mu] g paclitaxel / mL. The binding of paclitaxel to albumin was inhibited by Cremophor. Inhibition was measured by IC of Cremophor EL / EtOH₅₀Was 0.003%. This concentration of Cremophor has been shown to persist for more than 24 hours during treatment with Taxol. Therefore, it is an in vivo related process. At a related pharmacological paclitaxel concentration (20 [mu] g / mL), a significant amount of paclitaxel from the albumin-paclitaxel composition was bound to immobilized HSA. In contrast, little or no binding was observed in the case of Taxol.

0204<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 43</u></b>

0205This example shows that a pharmaceutical composition comprising paclitaxel and albumin improves the transport of paclitaxel to albumin relative to Taxol.

0206Taxol-Flutax and albumin-paclitaxel-Flutax compositions were mixed with one of 5% HSA or serum in Hanks buffer at concentrations of 20 [mu] g / mL, 40 [mu] g / mL, and 80 [mu] g / mL. The mixture was separated on a native 3-14% polyacrylamide gel and the amount of paclitaxel bound to albumin was determined with a scanning fluorescence meter. The transport of paclitaxel to HSA is faster than the albumin-paclitaxel composition compared to Taxol. When serum or 5% HSA was incubated with the albumin-paclitaxel-Flutax or Taxol-Flutax compositions, more paclitaxel was electrophoresed with HSA. When exposed to 5% HSA, the albumin-paclitaxel-Flutax compositions showed 45%, 60%, and 33%, respectively, at 20, 40, and 80 ug / More paclitaxel was transported to HSA. When exposed to human serum, the rates of albumin-paclitaxel-Flutax compositions were 121%, 31%, and 83% more at 20 ug / mL, 40 ug / mL, and 80 ug / mL, respectively, as compared to the Taxol- Flutax composition Many paclitaxel were transported to HSA. 260 mg / m²C in ABI-007_maxIs about 20 [mu] g / mL, and is therefore an important in vivo process.

0207<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 44</u></b>

0208This example shows that the glycoprotein receptor gp60 is responsible for the binding of albumin-paclitaxel and transcytosis.

0209Fluorescent labeling The paclitaxel albumin composition was contacted with microvascular endothelial cells during culture. Fluorescence staining was observed under a microscope, which was considered to be the gp60 receptor binding albumin-paclitaxel. This was confirmed by the use of rhodamine label albumin localized with the emphasis fluorescence of paclitaxel.

0210<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 45</u></b>

0211This example demonstrates that increasing the amount of albumin can compete with the binding of paclitaxel.

0212Albumin was fixed on a microtiter plate. Fluorescent paclitaxel was added to the wells and binding of paclitaxel was measured using a scanning fluorescence meter. The amount of albumin added to the well was increased and the degree of inhibition of binding of paclitaxel to fixed albumin was measured. The data show that as the amount of albumin added increases, the binding is reduced. Similar effects were observed in association with endothelial cells. This indicates that high concentrations of albumin inhibit the binding of paclitaxel. Therefore, the composition of the present invention is preferably a composition having a smaller amount of albumin.

0213<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 46</u></b>

0214This example shows that a stable composition is produced when the amount of albumin in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is smaller.

0215In order to investigate whether a lower amount of albumin in the composition affects the stability of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, an albumin-paclitaxel composition having a small amount of albumin was prepared. This composition was found to be as stable as a composition with higher amounts of albumin as a result of several months of irradiation at different temperatures for paclitaxel potency, impurity formation, particle size, pH, and other typical stability parameters. Therefore, it is desirable that a composition having a smaller amount of albumin not only increases transport and binding to the cell but also significantly reduces cost.

0216<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 47</u></b>

0217This example shows a composition comprising albumin and paclitaxel with a high ratio of albumin to paclitaxel.

021830 mg of paclitaxel was dissolved in 3.0 mL of methylene chloride. The solution was added to 27.0 mL of human serum albumin (3% w / v) (the ratio of albumin to paclitaxel is 27). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) at low RPM for 5 minutes to form a pellet, then transferred to high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to a rotary evaporator and methylene chloride was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting paclitaxel particles ranged from 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying.

0219It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of paclitaxel dissolved in cremopore preparations, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention containing albumin exhibited substantially lower toxicity.

0220<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 48</u></b>

0221This example shows a composition comprising albumin and paclitaxel with a low ratio of albumin to paclitaxel.

0222Specifically, 30 mg of paclitaxel was dissolved in 3.0 mL of methylene chloride. The solution was added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (5% w / v) (ratio of albumin to paclitaxel is 4.5). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) at low RPM for 5 minutes to form a pellet, then transferred to high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to a rotary evaporator and methylene chloride was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting paclitaxel particles ranged from 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying.

0223It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of paclitaxel dissolved in cremopore preparations, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention containing albumin exhibited substantially lower toxicity.

0224<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 49</u></b>

0225This example shows a composition comprising albumin and paclitaxel in which the ratio of albumin to paclitaxel is medium.

0226Specifically, 135 mg of paclitaxel was dissolved in 3.0 mL of methylene chloride. The solution was added to 27.0 ml of human serum albumin solution (5% w / v). Dipropoxamine was added essentially. The mixture was homogenized (Vitris homogenizer, model Tempest IQ) at low RPM for 5 minutes to form a pellet, then transferred to high pressure homogenizer (Avestin). The emulsions were run at 9000-40,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for more than 5 cycles. The resulting system was then transferred to a rotary evaporator and methylene chloride was quickly removed at 40 � C under reduced pressure (30 mm Hg) for 20-30 minutes. The resulting dispersion was translucent and the typical average diameter of the resulting paclitaxel particles ranged from 50-220 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer). The dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours. The resulting cake was easily reconstituted by adding sterile water or saline to make the original dispersion. The size of the particles after reconstitution was the same as the size before freeze drying. The calculated ratio (w / w) of albumin to paclitaxel in the composition of the present invention is about 10.

0227It should be noted that the amounts, types, and ratios of drugs, solvents, and proteins used in such embodiments are not intended to be limiting in any way. Compared to the toxicity of paclitaxel dissolved in cremopore preparations, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention containing albumin exhibited substantially lower toxicity.

0228<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 50</u></b>

0229This example demonstrates the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with an albumin-paclitaxel composition in an animal model.

0230A collagen-induced arthritis model of Louvain rats was used to test the therapeutic effect of arbutin on the albumin-paclitaxel composition. In order to monitor the severity of arthritis, the foot size in the experimental animals was monitored.

0231After sufficient arthritis (usually 9-10 days after collagen injection), the animals were sacrificed by intraperitoneal injection 6 times albumin-paclitaxel 1 mg / kg qod or albumin-paclitaxel 0.5 mg / kg + prednisone 0.2 mg / kg qod (Multiple treatment), and one weekly for three weeks. Foot size was measured at the start of treatment (day 0) and every time the drug was injected. Only one group received normal saline as a control. At the end of the experiment, the albumin-paclitaxel-treated group had a 42% reduction in foot size compared to the start of treatment and a 33% reduction in foot size in the combined treatment group, while a 20% increase in foot size .

0232In conclusion, the albumin-paclitaxel composition demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against arthritis. The albumin-paclitaxel combination seems to localize the arthritis lesion site through a receptor-mediated mechanism such as gp60.

0233<b><u>Example</u></b><b><u> 51</u></b>

0234This example demonstrates the use of an albumin-paclitaxel composition for the treatment of cardiovascular restenosis.

0235Stents that secrete paclitaxel in animals exhibit incomplete therapy and in some cases cause a lack of continued inhibition of neointimal proliferation in the arteries. This study examined the efficacy of a novel system delivery albumin-paclitaxel composition to reduce in-stent restenosis.

0236Saline-reconstituted albumin-paclitaxel was tested in 38 New Zealand White rabbits receiving symmetrical iliac artery stents. A dose of albumin-paclitaxel (1.0 to 5.0 mg / kg of paclitaxel dose) was administered as an intramuscular injection for 10 minutes and the control animals received medium (0.9% saline).

0237Tracking In a long-term experiment, on day 28, albumin-paclitaxel 5.0 mg / kg was given to stenting with or without intravenous 3.5 mg / kg repeat albumin-paclitaxel; This study ended at 3 months. On day 28, neointimal thickness was reduced by administration of albumin-paclitaxel&gt; = 2.5 mg / kg with evidence of delayed therapy (p &lt;= 0.02). However, the efficacy of a single dose of albumin-paclitaxel 5.0 mg / kg disappeared at 90 days. In contrast, repeated administration of the second albumin-paclitaxel 3.5 mg / kg administered 28 days later resulted in continued inhibition of neointimal thickness by virtually complete neointimal healing at 90 days (p &lt;0.009 vs. albumin- Paclitaxel 5.0 mg / kg single dose and control).

0238Although the system albumin-paclitaxel reduces neointimal hyperplasia on day 28, a single repeat dose is required for sustained neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, the composition of the present invention is suitable for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as restenosis.

0239The compositions of the present invention, including materials such as rapamycin, other taxanes, epothilones, etc., other than paclitaxel, may be used for arterial-venous access in patients requiring restenosis in blood vessels or hemodialysis And is suitable for the treatment of restenosis in the same artificial blood vessel graft as used.