Airbag apparatus and methods

The present invention relates to an airbag device.

Conventionally, there is known a device in which a curtain airbag is expanded and deployed downward from above the side window so that the curtain airbag is placed between the occupant's head and the side window (for example, a patent). Reference 1).<patcit num="1"><text>Japanese Patent No. 3928591</text></patcit>

<p> However, in the device of Patent Document 1, if the side window is open or if it is broken due to a collision or the like, the curtain airbag cannot be supported by the side window. Therefore, the curtain airbag can be placed in a desired position. There is a risk that it will be difficult to place in.</p><p> Therefore, an object of the present invention is to obtain an airbag device that makes it easier to arrange an expanded and expanded curtain airbag at a desired position.</p>

<p> In the present invention, the inflated and expanded side airbag is brought into contact with the inflated and expanded curtain airbag to provide the curtain airbag.<u style="single">To the outside of the car</u>Try to restrain movement<u style="single">The side airbag has a bag body and bends more easily than other general parts to a portion capable of contacting the lower edge of the side window of the bag body in a state where the side airbag is inflated and deployed. An easily bent portion is provided, and this easily bent portion is formed by stitching the inside of the bag body and the outside of the vehicle.</u>That is the most important feature.</p>

<p> According to the present invention, since the movement of the curtain airbag can be suppressed by the side airbag, the curtain airbag can be placed in a more desired position even when the side window is open or cracked. It will be easier to place.</p>

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. 1 to 12 show one embodiment of the present invention, of which FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the interior of a vehicle equipped with the airbag device according to the present embodiment, and is an airbag. FIG. 2 is a side view schematically showing a vehicle equipped with an airbag device, and is a diagram showing a state in which the airbag is inflated and unfolded. In each figure, UP indicates the upper side, FR indicates the front side, and OUT indicates the outer side in the vehicle width direction.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the airbag device 1 according to the present embodiment expands downward from above the side window 2 along the pillars 4 and the side windows 2 forming the side surface 3 of the passenger compartment. It also has a curtain airbag 5 that deploys, and a side airbag 7 that deploys from below the side window 2 along the inner surfaces of the pillars 4 and doors 6 that form the side surface 3 of the passenger compartment.

When the curtain airbag 5 is inflated and unfolded, it hangs down like a curtain from the roof side rail 8 or the front pillar 8A (see FIG. And protects mainly the head Pa and neck Pb of the occupant P.

When the side airbag 7 is inflated and deployed, it forms a substantially oval flat cushion that is long vertically along the central part of the side surface 3 of the passenger compartment, and the occupant P mainly has a lumbar (abdominal) Pc and a chest. Protects Pd and cervical Pb.

Both the curtain airbag 5 and the side airbag 7 are arranged between the occupant P seated on the seat 9 and the side surface 3 of the passenger compartment in the expanded and deployed state. Further, in the present embodiment, the side airbag 7 is set to be located outside the vehicle from the curtain airbag 5 in the region where the curtain airbag 5 and the side airbag 7 overlap.

FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view showing the mounted state of the curtain airbag, and FIG. 4 is a vertical cross-sectional view (cross-sectional view perpendicular to the vehicle front-rear direction) showing the stored state of the curtain airbag. The curtain airbag 5 is attached to the roof side rail 8 or the inner panel 8a of the front pillar 8A from the inside of the vehicle by using a fastener 10 such as a screw in a state where the curtain airbag 5 is wound up in an elongated string shape and covered with the cover 5a. ing. The inside of the curtain airbag 5 is covered with trim 11 and the like. Reference numeral 12 in FIG. 3 is an assist grip.

In the present embodiment, the inflator 14 is connected to the rear end of the curtain airbag 5 via the tube 13. The gas generated by the inflator 14 is supplied into the curtain airbag 5 via the tube 13, flows forward in the air supply path 5b extending back and forth in the curtain airbag 5, and is wound up in all the front and rear sections. Inflate and unfold the bag body 5c. The gas-supplied bag body 5c breaks the cover 5a, pushes the lower edge 11a of the trim 11 inside the vehicle to bend it, and the gap between the lower edge 11a and the vehicle body side (roof side rail 8 etc.). Expand downward while expanding.

At this time, in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, since the bag body 5c is wound so that the outside of the vehicle at the time of unfolding is inside the diameter (the winding center side), the bag body 5c is expanded and unfolded. A force acts on the tip of the bag body 5c toward the outside of the vehicle. That is, by setting the winding direction in this way, the bag body 5c is easily expanded and deployed along the side surface 3 of the passenger compartment.

FIG. 5 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the seat showing the mounted state of the side airbag, FIG. 6 is a side view showing the unfolded state of the bag body of the side airbag, and FIG. 7 is the bag body of the side airbag mounted on the inflator. It is a side view seen from the opposite side of FIG. 6 in the unfolded state. In FIG. 7, the inflator is not shown.

In the present embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, the side airbag 7 is housed in the seat back 9a of the seat 9. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 5, the bag body 7b is folded with the bag body 7b attached to the inflator 15, housed in the case 7a, and bolted to the side frame 9b of the seat 9 via the bracket 9c or the like. It is fixed using a fastener 16 such as a nut. The surrounding area is covered with the cushion layer 9d of the seat 9 and the skin 9e so that it cannot be seen from the outside in the stored state. The bag body 7b to which the gas generated by the inflator 15 is supplied breaks through the case 7a with the tear line 7c set in advance, pushes the side part of the seat back 9a to the front opening state, and spreads it forward. Inflate and unfold towards.

As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the bag body 7b of the side airbag 7 is formed by suturing at least two base cloths 17 and 18 with suture lines 19. When gas is supplied to the inside of the bag body 7b from the inflator 15 (not shown in FIGS. 6 and 7), the bag body 7b expands in a direction substantially perpendicular to the paper surface of FIGS. 6 and 7 and becomes flat. It becomes a shape. When the bag body 7b is expanded and expanded, the base cloth 17 shown in FIG. 6 is on the outside of the vehicle, and the base cloth 18 shown in FIG. 7 is on the inside of the vehicle. That is, in the present embodiment, the base cloth 17 corresponds to the vehicle outer base cloth, and the base cloth 18 corresponds to the vehicle inner base cloth.

In this bag body 7b, the entire circumference except for the opening 7d for inserting the inflator 15 into the bag body 7b is sewn by the suture line 19a to form an internal space. This internal space is divided into three in the vertical direction (vertical direction in the expanded and unfolded state, vertical direction in FIGS. 6 and 7) by two suture lines 19b and 19c, and the first lower part is in order from the bottom. A chamber 20, a second lower chamber 21, and an upper chamber 22 are formed.

The inflator 15 has an elongated outer shape, and is arranged in the vicinity of the opening 7d in a posture in which the longitudinal direction thereof is oriented substantially vertically. The gas exhaust port (not shown) of the inflator 15 is exposed in the first lower chamber 20 formed at the lowermost side in the bag body 7b, and the gas generated by the inflator 15 is the first. It flows into the first lower chamber 20. A communication port 23 is formed at the boundary between the first lower chamber portion 20 and the second lower chamber portion 21, and gas flows from the inside of the first lower chamber portion 20 via the communication port 23. It flows into the second lower chamber 21.

The suture line 19c is a boundary portion 24 that separates the second lower chamber portion 21 and the upper chamber portion 22. The suture line 19c is divided at an intermediate portion to form a communication port 25 that connects the second lower chamber portion 21 and the upper chamber portion 22, and the gas in the second lower chamber portion 21 is this. It flows into the upper chamber 22 via the communication port 25.

Since the bag body 7b does not inflate at the portion where the suture line 19c is formed, the inflated bag body 7b tends to bend in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface of FIGS. 6 and 7 at the boundary portion 24 where the suture line 19c is formed. Become. That is, in the present embodiment, the boundary portion 24 is an easily bent portion of the bag body 7b (side airbag 7).

Further, in the present embodiment, two exhaust ports 26 and 27 are formed on the base cloth 17 on the outside of the vehicle. The exhaust port 26 is formed corresponding to the second lower chamber portion 21, and discharges gas from the second lower chamber portion 21 to the outside of the bag body 7b. The exhaust port 27 is formed so as to correspond to the upper chamber portion 22, and gas is discharged from the upper chamber portion 22 to the outside of the bag body 7b.

Here, in the present embodiment, the communication port 25 is opened toward the exhaust port 27. In FIG. 6, the opening direction of the communication port 25 is indicated by the broken line arrow OD. Further, in the present embodiment, the ends 28, 28 of the divided suture lines 19c, 19c forming the communication port 25 are bent toward the exhaust port 27 side and formed substantially parallel to each other. With this configuration, in the expanded state of the bag body 7b, a tubular flow path is formed at the communication port 25 along the extending direction of the center lines of the ends 28, 28, and the gas at the communication port 25 is formed. The outflow direction (that is, the opening direction OD of the communication port 25) can be defined more accurately.

By opening the communication port 25 toward the exhaust port 27 in this way, the gas that has flowed into the upper chamber 22 from the second lower chamber 21 via the communication port 25 is discharged from the exhaust port 27. It becomes easy to be done. In particular, in the present embodiment, since the exhaust port 27 is formed in a slit shape intersecting the opening direction OD, the upstream edge 27a and the downstream edge 27b of the exhaust port 27 are shown in the figure. The openings are separated from each other in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface of No. 6 so as to be three-dimensionally displaced, and it becomes easy to secure a relatively wide opening area.

Further, in the present embodiment, the exhaust ports 27 are formed at intervals with respect to the communication ports 25 along the opening direction OD. Therefore, depending on the size of this interval, the direction of the slit, the width and orientation of the communication ports 25 (intervals between the ends 28 and 28), the amount of gas discharged from the communication port 25, the amount discharged from the exhaust port 27. And, it is easy to adjust the ratio of the amount flowing into the upper chamber 22 as appropriate.

8 and 9 are views showing a folding procedure of the bag body of the side airbag, and FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XX of FIG.

The bag body 7b of the side airbag 7 is folded and installed at a predetermined storage position (in the seat back 9a in the present embodiment). When folding the bag body 7b, the parts above the alternate long and short dash line A and below the alternate long and short dash line B in FIG. The side E opposite to the installation side D (not shown) is folded into a bellows shape to obtain the state shown in FIG. 9, which is housed in the case 7a (see FIG. 5).

In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 10, in the state of FIG. 8, the upper end portion F forming the upper chamber portion 22 of the bag body 7b is bent into the intermediate portion C in a state of being bent toward the vehicle interior side. It is housed. By doing so, when the bag body 7b expands and expands, the upper end portion F, that is, the upper part of the bag body 7b expands toward the outside of the vehicle, so that the bag body 7b can be more reliably expanded to the side surface of the passenger compartment. It can be deployed along 3.

FIG. 11 is a control block diagram of the airbag device according to the present embodiment. The airbag device 1 includes a control unit (control unit) 29, a sensor 30, an inflator 14, 15, a curtain airbag 5, and a side airbag 7, and a detection signal from a sensor (for example, an accelerometer) 30 is used. When a side collision, rollover, or the like is detected, the control unit 29 controls the inflators 14 and 15 to generate gas, and deploys the curtain airbag 5 and the side airbag 7. At this time, the timing of expanding and deploying the curtain airbag 5 and the side airbag 7 may be the same or may be set slightly differently.

FIG. 12 is a front view showing the operation of the airbag device at the time of a side collision in the order of (a) to (d). Note that FIG. 12 assumes a case where the side window 2 is open from the beginning of the collision or a case where the side window 2 is cracked during the collision. For this reason, a part of both the curtain airbag 5 and the side airbag 7 protrudes from the side window 2 to the outside of the vehicle.

In FIG. 12 (a), when the sensor 30 (see FIG. 11) detects a side collision of the vehicle with the object 31, the inflators 14 and 15 controlled by the control unit 29 generate gas, respectively. As shown in 12 (b), the curtain airbag 5 and the side airbag 7 begin to expand and deploy. In the present embodiment, the curtain airbag 5 and the side airbag 7 are set to start expanding and deploying almost at the same time.

As shown in FIG. 12 (b), the inflated and deployed side airbag 7 is arranged between the occupant P and the side surface 3 of the passenger compartment. Further, the boundary portion 24 between the upper chamber portion 22 and the second lower chamber portion 21 of the side airbag 7 (bag body 7b) substantially corresponds to the lower edge 2a of the side window 2 in an expanded and unfolded state. It has become like. In this state, the upper chamber portion 22 of the side airbag 7 is hardly expanded.

As the collision progresses further, as shown in (c) of FIG. 12, the side airbag 7 pushed by the side surface 3 (door 6) of the passenger compartment approaches the occupant P from the side, and the chest Pd of the occupant P becomes the side air. It comes into contact with the bag 7 and presses the side airbag 7. At this time, as described above, since the boundary portion 24 between the second lower chamber portion 21 and the upper chamber portion 22 of the side airbag 7 corresponds to the lower edge 2a of the side window 2, the chest of the occupant P The Pd will press the second lower chamber portion 21 of the side airbag 7. Therefore, the gas in the second lower chamber portion 21 flows into the upper chamber portion 22 via the communication port 25 (see FIG. 6), and the upper chamber portion 22 swells.

As the collision progresses further, as shown in (d) of FIG. 12, the head Pa of the occupant P relatively approaches the side surface 3 side of the passenger compartment. In this state, the expanded and deployed curtain airbag 5 and the side airbag 7 (upper chamber 22) are arranged on the outside of the head Pa, thereby protecting the head Pa. From (d) of FIG. 12, it can be understood that the airbag device 1 according to the present embodiment seamlessly protects the occupant from the waist to the head.

Then, as shown in FIG. 12 (d), in the present embodiment, the inflated and expanded side airbag 7 is brought into contact with the inflated and expanded curtain airbag 5, thereby suppressing the movement of the curtain airbag 5. doing. The curtain airbag 5 expands and expands from the roof side rail 8 (see FIG. 3) along the inner surface of the side window 2 as the passenger compartment side surface 3, but if the side window 2 does not exist, the curtain airbag 5 Depending on the collision situation, etc., there is a risk that the head Pa will rotate around the upper support point (that is, the roof side rail 8) in the vehicle width direction due to the lack of support for the head Pa. In this respect, according to the present embodiment, the upper portion of the side airbag 7 can be brought into contact with the lower portion of the curtain airbag 5 to suppress the movement of the curtain airbag 5, so that the curtain airbag 5 is more appropriate. It is easier to keep in position and can improve protection. In this case, it is more preferable to hold or support the lower part of the curtain airbag 5 by the upper part of the side airbag 7, but when the head Pa approaches the side surface 3 of the passenger compartment, the curtain airbag 5 is held by the head Pa. It suffices if it can be placed in a position suitable for protecting the airbags, and in that sense, the surface of the curtain airbag 5 slides and moves along the surface of the side airbag 7 (base cloths 17, 18), and the sliding of the surface airbags 7 A state in which the movement of the curtain airbag 5 is suppressed by dynamic friction is also included in the scope of the present invention.

Further, in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12 (d), the base cloth 18 inside the vehicle of the expanded and expanded side airbag 7 is brought into contact with the lower portion of the expanded and expanded curtain airbag 5. This prevents the curtain airbag 5 from moving to the outside of the vehicle. In the collision mode as shown in FIG. 12, the head Pa, in order to move to the relatively vehicles outside the side airbag 7 to prevent the curtain airbag 5 is moved toward the vehicle outside in Rukoto, the protective Can be enhanced.

Further, as described above, in the present embodiment, the easily bent portion formed by the boundary portion 24 between the second lower chamber portion 21 and the upper chamber portion 22 of the side airbag 7 is the lower edge 2a of the side window 2. It is arranged at a position corresponding to (a position facing the lower edge 2a, a position on the side of the lower edge 2a). Therefore, as shown in (b) and (c) of FIG. 12, the side airbag 7 tends to tilt outward at the opening of the side window 2, and the base of the side airbag 7 inside the vehicle described above. It becomes easier to obtain a state in which the cloth 18 and the lower part of the curtain airbag 5 are in contact with each other.

Further, in the present embodiment, since the exhaust port 27 (see FIG. 6) for discharging gas toward the outside of the vehicle is provided corresponding to the upper chamber portion 22 which is the upper portion of the side airbag 7, the upper chamber portion is provided. The reaction force Fr of gas exhaust can be applied to 22 toward the inside of the vehicle. Therefore, the upper part of the side airbag 7 (upper chamber part 22) is prevented from going too far to the outside of the vehicle, and when the airbag 5 comes into contact with the curtain airbag 5, the curtain airbag 5 can be pressed inside the vehicle, and the head The protection of Pa can be increased.

The above embodiment is characterized in that the protection of the head Pa can be enhanced by the curtain airbag 5. It goes without saying that the head airbag 7 can also protect the head Pa, but since the side airbag 7 expands from the waist Pc of the occupant P along the chest Pd, the height of the head Pa is a curtain. Compared to the airbag 5, the head Pa is often separated to the side. In this respect, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to further enhance the protection of the head Pa by using the curtain airbag 5 that can be arranged closer to the head Pa.

Further, if the movement of the curtain airbag 5 is suppressed by a member other than the side airbag 7, problems such as an increase in the number of parts, a complicated device configuration, and restrictions on the parts layout occur. It could be. In this regard, in the present embodiment, since the side airbag 7 that protects the lumbar region Pc and the chest Pd of the occupant P is effectively used to suppress the movement of the curtain airbag 5, such a problem is unlikely to occur, and the above-mentioned problems occur. As described above, since the cushion area by the airbags 5 and 7 can be formed seamlessly from the waist Pc of the occupant P to the head Pa, not only the head Pa but also the wider range of the occupant P's body. On the other hand, it functions more effectively.

Moreover, in the present embodiment, although both the curtain airbag 5 and the side airbag 7 have a portion slightly protruding from the opening portion of the side window 2, they are basically expanded and expanded in the vehicle interior. Needless to say, the protection can be improved compared to the case where either one is deployed on the outside of the vehicle.

As described above, in the present embodiment, the inflated and expanded side airbag 7 is brought into contact with the inflated and expanded curtain airbag 5 to suppress the movement of the curtain airbag 5. Therefore, it becomes easier to arrange the curtain airbag 5 at a desired position, and the protection of the occupant P (particularly the head Pa) by the curtain airbag 5 can be enhanced.

In particular, in the present embodiment, the inflated and expanded side airbag 7 is brought into contact with the inflated and expanded curtain airbag 5 to suppress the movement of the curtain airbag 5 to the outside of the vehicle. Therefore, when the head Pa of the occupant P moves relatively to the outside of the vehicle at the time of a collision, it is possible to prevent the curtain airbag 5 from being pushed to the outside of the vehicle by the head Pa and to move. The protection against the head Pa can be enhanced.

Further, in the present embodiment, the side airbag 7 has a base cloth 17 which is the outside of the vehicle when expanded and deployed, and a base cloth 18 which is the inside of the vehicle when expanded and deployed, and is expanded and deployed. The base cloth 18 inside the car of the inflated and expanded side airbag 7 is brought into contact with the lower part of the curtain airbag 5. This makes it easier to obtain a state in which the tip portion (upper end portion) of the side airbag 7 is arranged outside the vehicle from the curtain airbag 5, and the side airbag 7 suppresses the movement of the curtain airbag 5 to the outside of the vehicle. It becomes easier to obtain the state of doing.

Further, in the present embodiment, the upper chamber portion 22 and the second lower chamber portion 21 are easily bent portions corresponding to (along with) the lower edge 2a of the side window 2 in the expanded and expanded state of the side airbag 7. The boundary part 24 with is set. Therefore, the upper part of the side airbag 7 is tilted from the easily bent portion (boundary portion 24) to the outside of the vehicle through the opening portion of the side window 2, and the base cloth 18 inside the vehicle of the side airbag 7 is used as the curtain airbag 5. It becomes easy to obtain a state in which the movement of the curtain airbag 5 to the outside of the vehicle can be suppressed by contacting with.

In particular, in the present embodiment, since the boundary portion 24 between the upper chamber portion 22 and the second lower chamber portion 21 is an easily bent portion, the easily bent portion can be obtained as a relatively simple configuration. In particular, the suture line 19c makes it extremely easy to obtain the boundary portion 24, that is, the easily bent portion.

Further, in the present embodiment, an exhaust port 27 for discharging gas toward the outside of the vehicle is formed on the upper portion of the side airbag 7. Therefore, the reaction force Fr of gas discharge can be applied to the upper part of the side airbag 7 toward the inside of the vehicle to prevent the upper part of the side airbag 7 from moving too much to the outside of the vehicle, and the side airbag 7 It is possible to generate a force that presses the curtain airbag 5 in contact with the inside of the vehicle, and more reliably suppress the movement of the curtain airbag 5 to the outside of the vehicle interior.

Further, in the present embodiment, a communication port 25 for communicating the upper chamber portion 22 and the second lower chamber portion 21 is formed at the boundary portion 24 between the upper chamber portion 22 and the second lower chamber portion 21. Then, the communication port 25 was opened toward the exhaust port 27. Therefore, the gas that has flowed into the upper chamber 22 from the second lower chamber 21 is efficiently discharged from the exhaust port 27, and the effect of providing the exhaust port 27 can be obtained more reliably.

Further, in the present embodiment, with the side airbag 7 inflated and deployed, the upper chamber portion 22 corresponds to the head Pa of the occupant P, and the second lower chamber portion 21 corresponds to the chest Pd of the occupant P. By compressing the second lower chamber 21 by the chest Pd of the occupant P, the gas in the second lower chamber 21 is introduced into the upper chamber 22 through the communication port 25. did. That is, it is more appropriate based on the timing when the chest Pd of the occupant P pushes the second lower chamber 21 with the chest Pd by effectively utilizing the fact that the second lower chamber 21 of the side airbag 7 is first hit. The upper chamber 22 can be inflated at the right timing to further enhance the protection of the head Pa.

Although the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described above, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, and various modifications are possible. For example, in the above embodiment, the case where the side airbag mainly suppresses the movement of the curtain airbag to the outside of the vehicle interior has been illustrated, but the movement of the curtain airbag to the inside of the vehicle may be suppressed. In addition, the layout, size, shape, and other specifications of the curtain airbag and side airbag can be changed as appropriate. For example, the side airbag may be housed in the side wall of the passenger compartment such as a door or a pillar, or may be housed in the floor.

<figref num="1">It is a perspective view which shows the passenger interior of the vehicle equipped with the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention, and is the figure which shows the state which the airbag is expanded and expanded.</figref><figref num="2">It is a side view which shows typically the vehicle equipped with the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention, and is the figure which shows the state which the airbag is expanded and expanded.</figref><figref num="3">It is an exploded perspective view which shows the attachment state of the curtain airbag of the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention.</figref><figref num="4">It is a vertical sectional view which shows the stored state of the curtain airbag of the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention.</figref><figref num="5">It is a horizontal sectional view of the sheet which shows the attachment state of the side airbag of the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention.</figref><figref num="6">It is a side view which shows the expanded state of the bag body of the side airbag of the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention.</figref><figref num="7">It is a side view seen from the opposite side of FIG. 6 in a state where the bag body of the side airbag of the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention is attached to an inflator and is unfolded.</figref><figref num="8">It is a figure which shows the initial process of the bag body folding procedure of the side airbag of the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention.</figref><figref num="9">It is a figure which shows the process after FIG. 8 of the folding procedure of the bag body of the side airbag of the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention.</figref><figref num="10">It is XX sectional view of FIG.</figref><figref num="11">It is a control block diagram of the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention.</figref><figref num="12">It is a front view which shows the operation at the time of the side collision of the airbag device which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention in the order of (a)-(d).</figref>

Code description

1 Airbag device 2 side window 2a lower edge 3 Side of the passenger compartment 5 curtain airbag 7 Side airbag 7b bag body 17 Base cloth (outside the car) 18 Base cloth (inside the car) 19c Suture line (easy bend) 21 Second lower chamber (lower chamber) 22 Upper room 24 Boundary (easy bending) 25 communication port 27 Exhaust port Fr reaction force OD opening direction P Crew Pa head Pd chest