Expanded porphyrins: large porphyrin-like tripyrroledimethine-derived macrocycles.
Abstract
The present invention involves a novel tripyrrole dimethine-derived "expanded porphyrin" (texaphyrin), the synthesis of such compounds, their analogs or derivatives and their uses. These expanded porphyrin-like macrocycles are efficient chelators of divalent and trivalent metal ions. Metal complexes of these compounds are active as photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen and thus potentially for inactivation or destruction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), mononuclear or other cells infected with such virus and tumor cells as well. A variety of texaphyrin derivatives have been produced and many more are readily obtainable. Various metal (e.g., transition, main group, and lanthanide) complexes with the texaphyrin and texaphyrin derivatives of the present invention have unusual water solubility and stability which render them particularly useful. These metallotexaphyrin complexes have optical properties making them unique as compared to existing porphyrin-like or other macrocycles. For example, they absorb light strongly in a physiologically important region (i.e. 690-880 nm). These complexes also form long-lived triplet states in high yield and act as efficient photosensitizers for the formation of singlet oxygen. These properties, coupled with their high chemical stability and appreciable solubility in polar media such as water, add to their usefulness.

Term
Term ended
Expired 6 March 2010, 16.6 years ago.
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17 claims: 1 independent, 16 dependent
- 1(57)【特許請求の範囲】 【請求項1】次の構造:【化1】 (式中、置換基R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 及びR 5 はそれぞれ独立に、H;アルキル;アミノ;ヒドロキシ;アルコキシ;カルボキシ;カルボキサミド;エステル;エーテル;アミド;スルホナト;ハロ;ニトロ;アルコキシ、アミド、アミノ、カルボキシ、カルボキサミド、エステル、ヒドロキシおよびスルホナトからなる群より選択される置換基を有するアルキル;またはエーテルおよびポリエーテルからなる群より選択される置換基を有するアルコキシであり、Mは、水素、または二価もしくは三価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは0~+2であり、ここで、MがCd 2+ 、Zn 2+ 、Mn 2+ 、Hg 2+ 、またはNd 3+ の場合、同時に、R 1 、R 2 およびR 3 のすべてがメチルであり、かつR 4 およびR 5 の両方が水素であることはない) と、対イオンとしての硝酸イオンとからなる、化合物。
- 2【請求項2】次の構造:【化2】 (式中、置換基R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 及びR 5 はそれぞれ独立に、H;アルキル;アミノ;ヒドロキシ;アルコキシ;カルボキシ;カルボキサミド;エステル;エーテル;アミド;スルホナト;ハロ;ニトロ;アルコキシ、アミド、アミノ、カルボキシ、カルボキサミド、エステル、ヒドロキシおよびスルホナトからなる群より選択される置換基を有するアルキル;またはエーテルおよびポリエーテルからなる群より選択される置換基を有するアルコキシであり、Mは、水素、または二価もしくは三価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは0~+2であり;ここで、同時にR 1 、R 2 およびR 3 のすべてがメチルであり、かつR 4 およびR 5 の両方が水素であることはない。) を有する、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 3【請求項3】次の構造:【化3】 (式中、R及びR'はCH 3 であるか;RはHであり、そしてR'はOCH 3 であるか;RはHであり、そしてR'はClであるか;RはHであり、そして R'はCOOHであるか、又はRはHであり、そしてR'はNO 2 であり;そして Mは二価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは1であるか、又はMは三価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは2である。) を有する、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 4【請求項4】次の構造:【化4】 (式中、R及びR'はFであるか;RはHであり、そしてR'はO(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 3 であるか;RはHであり、そしてR'はSO 3 - であるか;又は RはHであり、そしてR'はCO 2 Hであり;そして Mは二価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは1であるか;又は Mは三価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは2である)。 を有する、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 5【請求項5】次の構造:【化5】 (式中、Mは二価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは1であるか、又はMは三価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは2である。) を有する、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 6【請求項6】前記置換基R 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 及びR 5 はそれぞれ独立に、H;アルキル;アミノ;ヒドロキシ;アルコキシ;カルボキシ;カルボキサミド;エステル;エーテル;アミド;スルホナト;カルボキシおよびヒドロキシからなる群より選択される置換基を有するアルキル;またはエーテルおよびポリエーテルからなる群より選択される置換基を有するアルコキシである、請求項1または2に記載の化合物。
- 7【請求項7】前記R 5 がポリエーテルで置換されたアルコキシである、請求項6に記載の化合物。
- 8【請求項8】以下の構造:【化6】 を有し、ここで、RがHであり、そしてR'がO(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 3 である、請求項7に記載の化合物。
- 9【請求項9】MがCa 2+ 、Mn 2+ 、Co 2+ 、Ni 2+ 、Zn 2+ 、Hg 2+ 、Sm 2+ 及びUO 2 2+ より成る群から選択される二価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは1である、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 10【請求項10】MがMn 3+ 、Co 3+ 、Mn 3+ 、Ni 3+ 、Y 3+ 、In 3+ 、Pr 3+ 、Nd 3+ 、Sm 3+ 、Eu 3+ 、Gd 3+ 、Tb 3+ 、Dy 3+ 、Er 3+ 、Tm 3+ 、Yb 3+ 、Lu 3+ 及びU 3+ より成る群から選択される三価の金属イオンであり、そしてnは2である、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 11【請求項11】MがIn 3+ 、Y 3+ 、Nd 3+ 、Eu 3+ 、Sn 3+ 又はGd 3+ である、請求項10に記載の化合物。
- 12【請求項12】次の構造:【化7】 (式中、MはHであり、RはCH 3 であり、そしてnは0であるか;MはGd 3+ であり、RはCH 3 であり、そしてnは2であるか;MはEu 3+ であり、RはCH 3 であり、そしてnは2であるか;MはSm 3+ であり、RはCH 3 であり、そしてnは2であるか;MはY 3+ であり、RはCH 3 であり、そしてnは2であるか;又は MはIn 3+ であり、RはCH 3 であり、そしてnは2である) を有する、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 13【請求項13】次の構造:【化8】 (式中、MはHであり、RはHであり、R'はClであり、そしてnは0であるか;MはCd 2+ であり、RはHであり、R'はClであり、そしてnは1であるか;MはSm 3+ であり、R及びR'はCH 3 であり、そしてnは2であるか;MはEu 3+ であり、R及びR'はCH 3 であり、そしてnは2であるか;または MはGd 3+ であり、R及びR'はCH 3 であり、そしてnは2である。) を有する、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 14【請求項14】次の構造:【化9】 (式中、R 1 及びR 2 はH及びCH 3 であり、MはHg 2+ 、Cd 2+ 、Co 2+ 又はMn 2+ であり、そしてnは1であるか、又はMはLn 3+ 、Gd 3+ 、Y 3+ 、Sm 3+ 又はIn 3+ であり、そしてnは2であるか;又は R 1 はHであり、R 2 はCl、Br、NO 2 、CO 2 H又はOCH 3 であり、MはZn 2+ 、Hg 2+ 、Sn 2+ 又はCd 2+ であり、そしてnは1であるか、MはLn 3+ 、Gd 3+ 、Y 3+ 、Sm 3+ 又はIn 3+ であり、そしてnは2である。) を有する請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 15【請求項15】次の構造:【化10】 (式中、R 1 はHであり、R 2 はCO 2 Hであり、MはIn 3+ であり、そしてnは2である。) を有する請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 16【請求項16】前記インジウムが 111 Inである、請求項15に記載の化合物。
- 17【請求項17】次の構造:【化11】 を有する請求項1に記載の化合物。
Independent claims17
439 paragraphs, as filed
Description: TECHNICAL FIELD [Detailed description of the invention]
【0001】
Porphyrins and related tetrapyrrole macrocycles are the most versatile tetradendate triggerants.<sup>1)</sup>(See Example 1 for references in this paragraph). Attempts to stabilize more advanced coordination morphologies with larger porphyrin-like aromatic macrocycles, however, have been largely unsuccessful.<sup>2-5)</sup>.. In fact, to date, only the uranyl complex of "superphthalocyanine" has been isolated and its structural properties have been elucidated.<sup>2)</sup>, And several other large porphyrin-like aromatic macrocycles, such as "sapphirine"<sup>3,6)</sup>, "Oxosapphirine"<sup>6,7)</sup>, "Platilin"<sup>8)</sup>, "Pentaphyrin"<sup>9)</sup>And "[26] Porphyrin"<sup>10)</sup>However, it is only manufactured in a metal-free form.
【0002】
Although porphyrins and related tetrapyrrole compounds are the most extensively studied of all known macrocycles<sup>1)</sup>, If anything, little effort has been put into developing a larger conjugated pyrrole-containing system.<sup>2-12)</sup>(See Example 2 for references in this paragraph). However, large or "expanded" porphyrin-like systems are of interest for several reasons. These systems have been studied in detail for porphyrins<sup>2-8)</sup>May serve as an aromatic analog of, and these or other naturally occurring pyrrole-containing systems<sup>13,14)</sup>May serve as a biological imitation model for. In addition, the large pyrrole-containing system offers a very interesting potential as a novel metal-bonded macro ring.<sup>2,9-12,15)</sup>.. For example, if a well-designed system is housed in a regular tetradentate porphyrin core with a diameter of about 2.0 Å.<sup>17)</sup>Better binding of larger metal cations and / or stabilization of advanced coordination morphology<sup>2,16)</sup>It is considered that it acts as a ligand that can be applied in various fields. The resulting complex is important for application in the field of heavy metal chelation therapy, acts as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as a vehicle for radioimmune labeling work, and in the range of coordination chemistry. It may serve as a new system that can be expanded. In addition, free bases (metal-free) and / or diamagnetic metal-containing substances may act as useful sensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Recently, a number of systems with potential potential as pentadentate polypyrrole aromatic systems, such as "sapphirine"<sup>3,4)</sup>, "Oxosapphirine"<sup>5)</sup>, "Smaragjirin"<sup>3,4)</sup>, "Platilin"<sup>6)</sup>And "pentaphyllin"<sup>7)</sup>Are manufactured and research is being conducted on their metal-free morphology. However, for most of them, there is little or no information on the corresponding metallized compounds. In fact, the utenyl complex of "sparphthalocyanine" was the only metal-containing pentapyrrole system produced and whose structural properties were investigated.<sup>2)</sup>.. Unfortunately, the "sparphthalocyanine" system has been shown to be unable to exist either as its free form or as any other metal-containing form.<sup>2)</sup>.. Therefore, although many non-aromatic pyridine-induced pentadentate systems have been reported prior to the present invention.<sup>19,20)</sup>It can be said that there was no flexible and structurally characterized pentadentate aromatic ligand.<sup>11)</sup>。
【0003】
Anionic ligands with strong binding properties, such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA)<sup>1,2,3)</sup>, 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane N, N', N''', N'''-Tetraacetic acid (DOTA)<sup>1,4,5)</sup>And 1,10-Diaza-4,7,13,16-Tetraoxacyclooctadecane-N, N'-diacetic acid (dacda)<sup>1,6)</sup>The gadolinium (III) complex derived from shows the most promising paramagnetic contrast of recently developed compounds for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<sup>1)</sup>(References in this paragraph are shown in Example 3).
[Gd / DTPA]<sup>-</sup>Is currently undergoing clinical trials in the United States for its availability in a protocol that examines enhanced detection of tumors.<sup>1)</sup>.. In addition, such systems are expected to have greater kinetic stability, better relaxation, and better biological distribution characteristics than existing carboxylate-based contrast media, and thus other gadoliniums ( III) I am also interested in the synthesis of complexes. One such approach has recently been to use water-soluble polyphyrin derivatives such as tetrakis (4-sulfonatephenyl) porphyrin (TPPS).<sup>7,8,9)</sup>Tracking is based on the use of. Unfortunately, the large gadolinium (III) cation has a relatively small porphyrin-binding core (γ 2.0 Å).<sup>11)</sup>) Is not completely housed<sup>10)</sup>Therefore, the gadolinium-porphyrin complex is inevitably unstable to hydrolysis.<sup>7,8,12,13)</sup>.. However, large porphyrin-like ligands may provide a means of avoiding this problem.
【0004】
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer are the most serious public health problems facing humankind today. AIDS was first reported among homosexual men in 1981<sup>1)</sup>Although it is a fatal human disease, it has now reached the rate of epidemics (references in this paragraph and in the following four paragraphs are shown in Example 5). Cancer remains the third leading cause of death in the United States, despite recent significant advances in diagnosis and treatment. The study of better methods for the detection, treatment and transmission reduction of these diseases is therefore of paramount importance.
【0005】
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the promising new physical therapies that has recently been considered for use in tumor control and treatment.<sup>1-5)</sup>.. This technique is localized to or around the tumor site and is a otherwise harmless precursor when irradiated in the presence of oxygen, such as O<sub>2</sub>(<sup>3</sup>Σg<sup>-</sup>) From singlet oxygen [O<sub>2</sub>(<sup>1</sup>It is based on the use of photosensitizing dyes that have the ability to produce cytotoxic substances such as Δg)]. Much of the recent response to the introduction of PDT is in stark contrast to its properties: current methods (eg conventional chemotherapy), in PDT where the drug is lightly "activated" by the attending physician. By being completely harmless (and must) until then. That is, a level of control and selectivity that was not possible with other methods can be achieved.
【0006】
At present, diamagnetic porphyrins and their derivatives are considered as the dyes of choice for PDT. It has been known for about 10 years that porphyrins, such as hematoporphyrins, selectively localize in rapidly growing tissues such as sarcomas and cancers.<sup>6)</sup>.. However, the rationale for its selectivity is not clear. Recently, it was produced by treating hematoporphyrin dihydrochloride with acetic acid-sulfuric acid and then with a diluting base.<sup>23,26)</sup>A so-called hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), a mixture of porphyrin monomers and oligomers, whose properties have not been fully elucidated.<sup>2-5,7-21)</sup>Particular attention is focused on. Believed to have the best tumor localization<sup>23,26)</sup>A fraction rich in oligomeric species is commercially available under the trade name Photofirin II® (PII) and has recently been clinically tested for obliterative bronchial epithelial tumors and superficial bladder tumors. In this case, the mechanism of action is often, if not all, singlet oxygen O.<sub>2</sub>(<sup>1</sup>It is believed to be due to the photoproduction of Δg), but the possibility of another mechanism of action, such as the photoproduction of superoxide anions or hydroxyl and / or porphyrin-based radicals, cannot be completely ruled out.<sup>28-33)</sup>.. Although HPD is promising, it and other available photosensitizers (eg, phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines) have significant drawbacks.
【0007】
Porphyrin derivatives have high triplet yields and long triplet lifetimes (thus, excitation energy is efficiently transferred to triplet oxygen).<sup>3b, 3g)</sup>Their absorption in the Q-band region is often parallel to that of heme-containing tissues. Phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines are absorbed in a more convenient spectral range, but triplet yields are significantly lower.<sup>4)</sup>Moreover, they tend to be completely insoluble in polar protonic solvents, making them difficult to function. Therefore, at present, the development of more effective photochemotherapeutic agents has absorption in a spectral region that is relatively permeable to living tissue (ie, 700-1000 nm).<sup>1d</sup>It seems that the synthesis of compounds with high triplet quantum yields and minimal toxicity is required. We recently reported the synthesis of a novel group of aromatic porphyrin-like macrocycles, a tripyrrole dimethine-induced "texaphyrin" with strong absorption in the 730-770 nm range of tissue permeability.<sup>5)</sup>(See Example 1). The photophysical properties of metallotexaphyrins 1c-7c are parallel to those of the corresponding metalaporphyrins, and the diamagnetic complexes 1c-4c at high quantum yields.<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>Sensitize the production of. FIG. 19 shows the schematic structure, metal complex and derivative of the compounds (1c to 7c) of the present invention.
【0008】
Singlet oxygen is also considered an important toxic species to be effective in experimental photosensitized blood purification operations.<sup>34-39)</sup>.. This very new application of photodynamic therapy has very important potential. It is from whole blood for transfusion, enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, herpes simplex (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), various forms of hepatitis-inducing viruses, and opportunistic pathogens contained in other blood (eg sterilization). And Mararia Plasmodium) promises to provide a safe and effective means of removing it. Given that AIDS currently has no effective treatment and is usually a fatal disease, the benefits of such a blood purification procedure are immeasurable.
【0009】
Today, the main reason for the AIDS epidemic is sexual relations and needle sharing.<sup>1)</sup>.. However, the rate of AIDS infection as a result of blood transfusions is increasing.<sup>1,40-43)</sup>.. Unfortunately, an essential product for the practice of modern medicine is blood components from blood banks, and as a result, transmission by this route cannot be prevented by simple lifestyle changes. If anything, an absolutely unmistakable means of ensuring that all stored blood samples are free of the AIDS virus (and ideally free of the pathogens found in all other blood) has been developed. Must be done. To some extent, this can be achieved by screening the donor's background and performing serological tests. However, at this time, serological tests for HIV-1 are inadequate for the detection of all infected blood samples, especially donors who are carriers of the disease but have not yet produced detectable antibodies. Not effective for blood samples derived from. In addition, new mutants of the AIDS virus have been detected, some or all of which are overlooked by current means.<sup>1)</sup>.. Therefore, there is a need for an antiviral system that can remove any form of HIV-1 from stored blood. This is particularly important in that a stored blood sample from one infected donor may be administered to several other patients until exhausted, for example during pediatric treatment.
【0010】
The present invention relates to novel tripyrrole dimethine-induced "expanded porphyrins" (texaphyrins), the synthesis of such compounds, their analogs or derivatives, and their use. These expanded porphyrin-like macro rings are efficient chelating agents for divalent and trivalent metal ions. Metal complexes of these compounds are effective as photosensitizers for the production of singlet oxygen and therefore tumor inactivation or disruption, as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and other viruses. It may be useful for prophylactic treatment against and removal from blood. A variety of texaphyllin derivatives are produced, many of which are readily available. Complexes of the texaphyrin and texaphyrin derivatives of the present invention with various metals (lantanides) have anomalous water solubility and stability, which makes them particularly useful. These metallotexaphyrin complexes have special optical properties that make them unique compared to existing porphyrin-like or other macro rings. For example, they strongly absorb light in physiologically important regions (ie, 690-880 nm). Certain diamagnetic complexes also form triplet states with high yields and long lifetimes and act as efficient photosensitizers in the formation of singlet oxygen. These properties, combined with their high chemical stability and proper solubility in polar solvents such as water, enhance their usefulness.
【0011】
The present invention has the following structure [0012]
[Chemical 12]
(In the formula, R is H or CH<sub>3</sub>It relates to a group of compounds related to basic compounds having). This compound has the following structure [0013]
[Chemical 13]
(In the formula, M is H, L is absent, n is 0, or M is Cd, L is pyridine or benzimidazole, n is 1).
【0014】
The preferred compound of the present invention has the following structure [0015]
[Chemical 14]
It is a cadmium-texaphyllin complex having.
【0016】
Various texaphyllin derivatives and their metal complexes have been produced and have the following structures: [0017]
[Chemical 15]
(During the ceremony, M is H, R is H, n is 0, M is Cd<sup>2+</sup>, R is H, n is 1 M is Nd<sup>2+</sup>, R is H, n is 2 M is Sm<sup>3+</sup>, R is H, n is 2 M is Eu<sup>3+</sup>, R is H, n is 2 M is Gd<sup>3+</sup>, R is H, n is 2 M is Y<sup>3+</sup>, R is H, n is 2 M is In<sup>3+</sup>, R is H, n is 2 M is Zn<sup>2+</sup>, R is H, n is 1 M is Hg<sup>2+</sup>, R is H, n is 1 M is H, R is CH<sub>3</sub>, n is 0 or M is Gd<sup>3+</sup>, R is CH<sub>3</sub>, n is 2 M is Eu<sup>3+</sup>, R is CH<sub>3</sub>, n is 2 M is Sm<sup>3+</sup>, R is CH<sub>3</sub>, n is 2 M is Y<sup>3+</sup>, R is CH<sub>3</sub>, N is 2 or M is In<sup>3+</sup>, R is CH<sub>3</sub>, n is 2) Can be represented by.
【0018】
The present invention also has the following structure: [0019]
[Chemical 16]
(During the ceremony, M is Zn<sup>2+</sup>, R and R'are H, n is 1 M is Zn, R is H, R'is Cl, n is 1. M is Cd, R and R'is H, n is 1 M is Cd, R is H, R'is Cl, n is 1. M is Mn, R and R'is H, n is 1 M is Sm, R and R'is CH<sub>3</sub>, n is 2 M is Eu, R and R'is CH<sub>3</sub>, n is 2 Or M is Gd, R and R'is CH<sub>3</sub>, n is 2) Includes compounds represented by.
【0020】
In a broader sense, the present invention has the following structure: [0021] [0021]
[Chemical 17]
(In the formula, R and R'are CH<sub>3</sub>, R is H and R'is OCH<sub>3</sub>, R is H and R'is Cl, R is H and R'is COOH or R is H and R'is NO<sub>2</sub>And M is a divalent metal ion with n being 1, or M is a trivalent metal ion with n being 2).
【0022】
In another aspect, the texaphyllin of the present invention and its derivatives and their complexes have the following structure. [0023]
[Chemical 18]
(In the formula, M is a divalent metal ion and n is 1, or M is a trivalent metal ion and n is 2.).
【0024】
The texaphyllin analog of the present invention of particular interest has the following structure: [0025]
[Chemical 19]
(In the formula, M is a divalent metal ion and n is 1, or M is a trivalent metal ion and n is 2.). In the above metal complex, M is Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, Sm<sup>2+</sup>, And UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>It is a divalent metal ion selected from the group consisting of (n is 1). In some embodiments, M is Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>Or Hg<sup>2+</sup>Is preferable. If M is a trivalent metal ion, it is Mn<sup>3+</sup>, Co<sup>3+</sup>, Mn<sup>3+</sup>, Ni<sup>3+</sup>, Y<sup>3+</sup>, In<sup>3+</sup>, Pr<sup>3+</sup>, Nd<sup>3+</sup>, Sm<sup>3+</sup>,EU<sup>3+</sup>, Gd<sup>3+</sup>, Tb<sup>3+</sup>, Dy<sup>3+</sup>, Er<sup>3+</sup>, Tm<sup>3+</sup>, Yb<sup>3+</sup>, Lu<sup>3+</sup>And U<sup>3+</sup>It is preferably selected from the group consisting of (n is 2). The most preferred trivalent metal ion is In<sup>3+</sup>, Y<sup>3+</sup>, Nd<sup>3+</sup>,EU<sup>3+</sup>, Sn<sup>3+</sup>And Gd<sup>3+</sup>Is.
【0026】
Further, the compound of the present invention has the following structure. [0027]
[Chemical 20]
(In the formula, R and R'are F, or R is H and R'is O (CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>Or R is H and R'is SO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>Or R is H and R'is CO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>And M is a divalent metal ion and n is 1, or M is a trivalent metal ion and n is 2.).
【0028】
Particularly preferred texaphyllin-inducing compounds have the following structures: [0029]
[Chemical 21]
(In the formula, M is a divalent metal ion and n is 1, or M is a trivalent metal ion and n is 2.).
【0030】
In other embodiments, the present invention has the following structure: [0031]
[Chemical 22]
In the formula, M is a divalent metal ion and n is 1, or M is a trivalent metal ion and n is 2.). This is an example of the texaphyllin derivative of the present invention. Similarly, the following structure [0032]
[Chemical 23]
Compounds having (where M is a divalent metal ion and n is 1 or M is a trivalent metal ion and n is 2) are also included in the present invention.
【0033】
In still other embodiments, the present invention has the following structure: [0034]
[Chemical 24]
(In the formula, R<sub>1</sub>And R<sub>2</sub>Is H or CH<sub>3</sub>And M is Hg<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>Or Mn<sup>2+</sup>And n is 1 or M is Ln<sup>3+</sup>, Gd<sup>3+</sup>, Y<sup>3+</sup>Or In<sup>3+</sup>And n is 2 or R<sub>1</sub>Is H and R<sub>2</sub>Is Cl, Br, NO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>H or OCH<sub>3</sub>And M is Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, Sn<sup>2+</sup>Or Cd<sup>2+</sup>And n is 1).
【0035】
In the absence of metal, the compounds of the invention have the following structure: [0036]
[Chemical 25]
Or the following structure [0037]
[Chemical 26]
Can have.
【0038】
For example, a method for synthesizing a pentadentate expanded porphyrin compound is an aspect of the present invention. This method synthesizes diformyltripyran, which is condensed with orthoaryldiamine 1,2-diaminoalkene or 1,2-diaminoalkane, and then the condensation product is oxidized to give the pentadentate expanded porphyrin compound. It consists of forming. The preferred 1,2-diaminoalkene is diaminomaleonitrile. Orthoaryldiamine is preferably orthophenylenediamine or substituted orthophenylenediamine. Another preferred orthoaryldiamine is 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. Such pentadentate expanded porphyrin compounds form a complex with the metal. In this case, the metal complex is produced by the reaction of a pentadentate expanded porphyrin compound with a metal ion.
【0039】
The present invention also includes methods for inactivating retroviruses in blood and enveloped viruses. This method consists of adding the pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog metal complex as described above to the blood and exposing the mixture to light to promote the formation of singlet oxygen.
【0040】
Photodynamic tumor therapy consisting of administering a pentadentate-enlarged porphyrin analog complexed with a metal to a tumor host and irradiating the relative located proximal to the tumor is another of the present invention. Consists of aspects.
【0041】
A method for enhancing MRI, which comprises administering a diamagnetic metal ion (for example, gadolinium) complexed with texaphyrin or a texaphyrin analog, also constitutes one aspect of the present invention.
【0042】
The present invention is a novel "expanded porphyrin" system, 1<sub>B</sub>It includes the synthesis of (given the trivial name "texaphyllin") and also includes a description of the structure of the bispyridine adduct of its cadmium (III) complex. The presence of a nearly cyclic pentadentate bond core in this structure, which is approximately 20% larger than that of porphyrins, is a 6-coordinated Cd.<sup>2+</sup>(γ = 0.92Å) and Gd<sup>3+</sup>(γ = 0.94 Å)<sup>25)</sup>Coupled with the recognition that approximately the same ionic radii are retained in, this novel monoanionic porphyrin-like ligand has prompted a general study of lanthanide binding. Water-stable gadolinium (synthesis and property studies of III complexes, as well as corresponding europium (III) and samarium (III), routinely derived from the new 16,17-dimethyl-substituted analogs of the original "expanded porphyrin" system. ) The production of the complex and the examination of its properties were carried out.
【0043】
The aromatic "expanded porphyrin" system described herein provides an important supplement to the extant rich porphyrin coordination chemistry. For example, a complex of zinc (II), manganese (II), mercury (II), and neodymium (III) was produced using a method similar to the reported method and its properties were investigated.
【0044】
This new series of tripyrrole dimethine-induced "expanded porphyrins" (texaphyrins) has been shown to have photophysical properties. These compounds exhibit strong low energy light absorption over the 690-880 nm spectral range and at the same time high triplet quantum yields, and are photosensitized efficiently for the production of singlet oxygen, for example in methanol solutions. It was revealed that it acts as an agent.
【0045】
The present invention has made significant advances in the area of ligand design and synthesis, namely the first theoretically designed aromatic pentadentate macrocyclic ligand, tripyrrole dimethine-induced "expanded porphyrin". Is to provide. Given the trivial name "texaphyllin", this compound can be in the free base form as well as various metal cations such as Cd.<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, In<sup>3+</sup>, Y<sup>3+</sup>, Nd<sup>3+</sup>,EU<sup>3+</sup>, Sm<sup>3+</sup>And Gd<sup>3+</sup>It is also possible to form a hydrolysis-stable 1: 1 complex with metal ions that are too large to be stably contained within a 20% smaller tetradentate core of well-studied porphyrins, such as Is. Furthermore, since the free base form of texaphyrin is a monoanionic ligand, the texaphyrin complex formed from divalent and trivalent metal cations is positively charged even at neutral pH. As a result, many of these complexes are practically water-soluble, at least much more water-soluble than related porphyrin complexes.
【0046】
The results to date, some of which are summarized herein, are that the expanded porphyrin-like macrorings of the present invention are responsible for the disruption of free HIV-1 and the treatment of infected mononuclear cells in tumors and blood in vivo. It strongly indicates that it is an efficient photosensitizer. By changing the polarity and charge of the side chain groups of these macro rings, the degree, rate and possibly site of binding to free enveloped viruses such as HIV-1 and infected peripheral mononuclear cells are significantly altered. It is expected to do. Changes in these substituents are also expected to modify the uptake and photosensitizer of photosensitizers by bone marrow contaminated with leukemic or lymphoma cells, as well as normal bone marrow cells.
【0047】
(Example 1) Porphyrins and related tetrapyrrole macrorings are the most flexible tetradentate ligands.<sup>1)</sup>.. Attempts to stabilize the coordination morphology at higher altitudes with larger porphyrin-like aromatic macrocycles, however, have been largely unsuccessful.<sup>2-5)</sup>.. In fact, to date, only the viral complex of "superphthalocyanine" has been isolated and its structural properties have been elucidated.<sup>2)</sup>, And several other large porphyrin-like aromatic macrocycles, such as "sapphirine"<sup>3,6)</sup>, "Oxosapphirine"<sup>6,7)</sup>, "Platilin"<sup>8)</sup>, "Pentaphyrin"<sup>9)</sup>And "[26] Porphyrin"<sup>10)</sup>However, it is only manufactured in a metal-free form. In this example, one aspect of the development of a new kind of "expanded porphyrin" capable of binding to various metal cations will be described. Here is also the unique synthesis of compounds<sup>2,11)</sup>, Synthesis of a completely new porphyrin-like aromatic pentadentate ligand<sup>2,12)</sup>, And the structure of its cadmium (II) bispyridine complex 4 (see Figure 1 for compounds or complexes 1-4).
【0048】
This method is non-aromatic by direct acid catalytic condensation of 2,5-bis [3-ethyl-5-formyl-4-methylpyrrole-2-yl) methyl] -3,4-diethyl-pyrrole and orthophenylenediamine. Production of Methylene Bridged Pyrrole (Compound 1)<sup>13)</sup>Including. This has been shown to be invalid for Kirand<sup>14)</sup>.. The present inventors stirred the reduced macrocyclic compound 1 together with cadmium chloride in the presence of air in chloroform-methanol (1: 2, v / v) for 24 hours, and then purified it by chromatography on silica gel to purify chloroform-. It was found that when recrystallized from hexane, cadmium (II) complex 3 · Cl was obtained as a dark green powder in a yield of 24%. Under this reaction condition, both oxidation of the ligand and complexation of the metal occur at the same time.
【0049】
The structure of compound 3 suggests that it can be either 18π-electron-based benzene-condensed [18] annulene or the entire 22π-electron-based structure. In each case, the aromatic structure is clear. In general, Complex 3 and Cl exhibit qualitatively similar ligand properties as those found in Compound 1. However, as expected from the presence of strong diamagnetic ring currents, the alkyl, imine and aromatic peaks are all shifted towards the low region. Moreover, the crosslinked methylene signal of compound 1 (δ 4.0)<sup>13)</sup>Is replaced with a 11.3 ppm sharp single line that can be attributed to the crosslinked methine protons. The chemical shift of this "meso" signal is the Cd (OEP) of a suitable 18π electron aromatic control system.<sup>16)</sup>Value recognized in (δ 10.0)<sup>17)</sup>The value observed in the free base type of decamethylsapphirine, which is a macro ring containing 22π electron pyrrole (δ 11.5 to 11.7).<sup>3)</sup>Very similar to.
【0050】
The optical spectrum of complex 3 Cl is a macro ring containing other aromatic pyrroles.<sup>3,6,7,18)</sup>It has some similarities to the case of, and the proposed aromatic structure is further supported in this respect. The largest transition is the Soret-like band at 424 nm (ε = 72,700), which is Cd (OEP) (Pyr).<sup>16)</sup>Value seen in the case of (λ<sub>max</sub>= 421nm, ε = 288,000)<sup>18)</sup>It is considerably less strong. This peak is adjacent to the unusually strong N- and Q-like bands on the high and low energy sides. Q-like absorption (λ) of the lowest energy of complex 3 Cl, as expected from the large π-electron system<sub>max</sub>= 767.5nm, ε = 41,200) and emission (λ<sub>max</sub>= 792nm) Band is for typical cadmium porphyrins<sup>18,19)</sup>It is considerably red-shifted (about 200 nm!).
【0051】
When the above metal insertion is repeated with cadmium nitrate, trace analysis data<sup>15)</sup>Protonated complex 3 · NO based on<sub>3</sub> (HNO<sub>3</sub>A complex in which the formula () can be considered was obtained in a yield of about 30%. When treated with excess pyridine and recrystallized from chloroform-hexane, the bis-pyridine addition complex 4-NO, whose spectral characteristics are approximately the same as 3.Cl.<sub>3</sub>Was isolated as dark green crystals. 4-NO determined by X-ray diffraction analysis<sub>3</sub>The molecular structure of the ligand confirms the aromaticity of the ligand (Fig. 2).<sup>20)</sup>.. The five nitrogen donor atoms in the center of complex 4 are approximately coplanar, forming a nearly circular cavity with a radius of approximately 2.39 Å from the center to nitrogen (see Figure 3), which is the metalloporphyrin. Almost 20% larger than the case<sup>21)</sup>.. The Cd atom is the central N<sub>5</sub>It exists in the plane of the binding core. That is, in the structure of "expanded porphyrin" 4, the cadmium atom is porphyrin N.<sub>4</sub>CdTPP that existed outside the donor surface<sup>16,22)</sup>Or CdTPP- (dioxane)<sub>2</sub><sup>23)</sup>This is dramatically different from the case of (0.58 and 0.32 Å, respectively). Moreover, a 5-coordinated quadrangular pyramid structure is preferable, and only one pyridine molecule is bound.<sup>24)</sup>Complex 4-NO, as opposed to cadmium porphyrin<sub>3</sub>The cadmium atom is now 7-coordinated and forms a complex with two apex pyridine ligands. Therefore, the configuration around the Cd atom is a pentagonal compound pyramidal structure, which is rare but not an unknown structure for the cadmium (II) complex.<sup>25)</sup>。
【0052】
Under neutral conditions, complexes 3 and 4 appear to be more stable than cadmium porphyrins. CdTPP or CdTPP (Pyr) Na<sub>2</sub>Treatment with aqueous S solution results in the loss of cations and precipitation of CdS, but no demetallization in the case of complexes 3 and 4 (however, exposure to acid results in hydrolysis of the macro ring). In fact, free base ligand 2 cannot be produced by demetallization. Tripyrrole dimethine-induced free base ligand 2 is synthesized directly from 1 by stirring air in saturated chloroform-methanol containing N, N, N'-tetramethyl-1,8-diaminonaphthalene. Ta<sup>15)</sup>.. Yield is low (12%)<sup>26)</sup>However, once formed, Compound 2 appears to be quite stable. It undergoes much more gradual degradation than compound 1<sup>13)</sup>.. This probably reflects the stabilization of aromaticity in Compound 2. As an indicator of the aromaticity of the free base type "expanded porphyrin" 2, the internal pyrrole NH single line shifts upward by 10 ppm or more compared to the pyrrole protons present in the reduced macro ring 1 and the internal pyrrole NH single line is δ =. It can be mentioned that it is recognized in 0.90<sup>13)</sup>.. This shift is sp<sup>3</sup>-Linked macro ring, octaethylporphyrinogen [δ (NH) = 6.9]<sup>27)</sup>Corresponds to porphyrin, H<sub>2</sub>OEP [δ (NH) =-3.74]<sup>17)</sup>It is parallel to the shift that is observed when it is oxidized to. This suggests that the intensity of the diamagnetic ring current present in compound 2 is similar to that of porphyrin.
【0053】
The aromatic "expanded porphyrin" system described herein provides an important supplement to the abundant extant porphyrin coordination chemistry. For example, zinc (II), manganese (II), mercury (II), and neodymium (III) complexes of compound 2 were prepared and characterized using methods similar to those described.
【0054】
The references in the list below are incorporated herein by reference for the reasons cited.
【0055】
(References and notes) 1.The Porphrins; Dolphin, D. ed .; Academic Press, New York, 1978-1979, Volumes I-VII 2. "Super phthalocyanine", pentaaza aromatic phthalocyanine-like system was produced by nilanyl-mediated condensation. It is not available as a free base type, or any other metal-containing type. (a) Day, VW; Marks, TJ; Wachter, WAJAm.Chem.Soc.1975,97,4519-4527. (b) Marks, TJ; Stojakovic, DRJAm.Chem.Soc.1978,100,1695-1705. (c) Cuellar, EA; Marks, TJInorg.Chem.1981,208,3766-3770. 3.Bauer, VJ; Clive, DR; Dolphin, D .; Paine, JBIII; Harris, FL; King, MM; Loder, J .; Wang, S.-WC; Woodward, RBJAm.Chem.Soc.1983,105 , 6429-6436. To date, only tetracoordinated metal complexes have been produced from these potential pentadentate ligands.
【0056】
4. For examples of porphyrin-like systems with smaller central cavities: (a) Vogel, E .; Kocher, M .; Schmickler, H .; Lex, J. Angew. Chem. 1986, 98, 262-263; Angew. Chem., Int.Ed.Engl.1986,25,257-258. (B) Vogel, E .; Balci, M .; Pramod, K .; Koch, P .; Lex, J .; Ermer, O.Angew.Chem See .1987,99,909-912; Angew.Chem., Int.Ed.Engl.1987,26,928-931. 5. Mertes et al. Recently characterized a pentacoordinated copper complex of a superior (but non-aromatic) porphyrin-like "accordion" ligand derived from dipyrrometin. (a) Acholla, FV; Mertes, KB Tetra-hedron Lett.1984,3269-3270. (B) Acholla, FV; Takusagawa, F .; Mertes, KBJAm.Chem.Soc.1985,6902-6908. Recently manufactured: Adams, H .; Bailey, NA; Fenton, DA; Moss, S .; Rodriguez de Barbarin, CO; Jones, GJ Chem.Soc., Dalton Trans. 1986, 693-699. 6. Broadhurst, MJ; Grig, R; Johnson, AWJChem.Soc.Perkin Trans.1 1972,2111-2116. 7. (a) Broadhurst.MJ; Grig.R; Johnson, AWJChem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1969,23-24.Broadhurst, MJ; Grig, R; Johnson, AWJChem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1969 , 1480-1482. Broadhurst, MJ; Grig, R; Johnso, AWJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun. 1970,807-809. 8. (a) Berger, RA; LeGoff, E .; Tetra-hedron Lett. 1978,4225-4228. (B) LeGoff, E .; Weaver, OGJOrg.Chem.1987,710-711. 9.Rexhausen, H .; Gossauer, AJChem.Soc.Chem.Commun.1983,275. (B) Gossauer, A.Bull.Soc.Chim.Belg.1983,92,793-795. 10.Gosmann, M .; Franck, B.Angew.Chem.1986,98,1107-1108;Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.Engl.1986,25,1100-1101. 11. The systematic name of the compound is 4,5,9,24-tetraethyl-10,23-dimethyl-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo [20.2.1]<sup>3,6</sup>.1<sup>8,11</sup>.0<sup>14,19</sup>] Heptacosa 1,3,5,7,9,11 (27),12,14,16,18,20,22 (25), 23-Tridecaen.
【0057】
12. Non-aromatic planar pentadentate pyridine inducible ligands are known. For example, (a) Curtis, NFIn Coordination Chemistry of Macrocyclic Compounds; Melson, GA; Ed .; Plenum: New York, 1979, Chapter 4. (b) Nelson, SM; Pure Appl. Chem. 1980,52,2461-2476 (c) Ansell, CWG; Lewis, J .; Raithby, PR; Ramsden, JN; Schroder, MJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun. 1982, 546-547. (D) Lewis, J .; O'Donoghue, TD; Raithby, PRJ Chem.Soc., Dalton Trans.1980,1383-1389. (E) Constable, EC; Chung, L.-Y .; Lewis, J .; Raithby, PRJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1986,1719-1720. (F) Constable, See EC; Holmes, JM; McQueen, RCSJ Chem.Soc., Dalton Trans. 1987, 5-8. 13.Sessler, JL; Johnson, MR; Lynch, VJOrg.Chem.1987,52,4394-4397. 14.Sessler, JL; Johnson, MR; Lynch, V .; Murai, TJ Coord. Chem., Printing. 15. Satisfactory spectroscopic, mass spectrum and / or analytical data were obtained for all new compounds.
【0058】
16. OEP = octaethylporphyrin and TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin; H on the head<sub>2</sub>And Cd indicate free base and cadmium (II) type, respectively. Pyr = pyridine.
【0059】
17. (a) Schier, H .; Katz, JJ In Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins; Smith, K., ed .; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1975; Chapter 10. (b) Janson, TR; Katz, JJ; Volume 4 Chapter 1. 18. Gouterman, M., Reference 1, Volume 3, Chapter 1. 19.Becker, RS; Allison, JBJPhys.Chem.1963,67,2669. 20. Crystal data: CHCl<sub>3</sub>-From hexane, 4 · NO crystallized into the triclinic space group, P1 (no.1)<sub>3</sub>Is a = 9.650 (3) Å, b = 10.217 (4) Å, c = 11.295 (4) Å, α = 98.16 (3), β = 107.05 (2), σ = 92.62 (3) , v = 1049.3 (6) Å<sup>3)</sup>, ρc = 1.49g-cm<sup>-3</sup>(Z = 1) is shown. Unique reflections (5654) [4936, F 6σ (F)] using ω scans were collected by MoKα irradiation (λ = 0.71069Å) at 193K on Nicolet R 3m / V with a target of 2θ at 50 °. It was refined to R = 0.0534 by the conventional method. All non-H atoms were anisotropically refined. Calculate the position of the H atom (d<sub>CH</sub>0.96 Å), it was made isotropically refined by placing it on the related C atom. Non-coordinating nitrate ions are O ... C (CHCl)<sub>3</sub>) And O ... H distances are 3.00 (2) Å and 2.46 (2) Å, respectively.<sub>3</sub>It is within the H-bonding distance of the solvent molecule. For details, refer to the supplementary material.
【0060】
21. Hoard, JL, Reference 17a, Chapter 8. 22.Hazell, A.Acta Crystallogr., Sect.C: Cryst.Struct.Commun.1986, C42,296-299. 23. Rodesiler, PF; Griffith, EH; Ellis., PD; Amma, ELJChem.Soc.Chem.Commun.1980,492-493. 24. (a) Miller, JR Dorough, GDJ Am.Chem.Soc.1952,74,3977-3981. (B) Kirksey, CH; Hambright, P.Inorg.Chem.1970,9,958-960. 25. Compound 4 appears to be the first 7-coordinated cadmium complex, all derived from nitrogen donors. For other examples of pentagonal compound pyramidal cadmium complexes, see (a) Cameron, AF; Taylor, DW; Nuttall, RHJ Chem.Soc., Dalton Trans. 1972, 1608-1614. (B) Liles, DC; McPartlin, M .; Tasker, PA; Lip, HC; Lindoy, LFJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1976, 549-551. (C) Nelson, SM; McFall, SG; Drew, MGB; Othman, AHB; Mason, NGJ Chem .Soc.Chem.Commun.1977,167-168. (d) Drew, MGB; Othman, AHB; McFall, SG; Mcllroy, ADA; Nelson, SMJ Chem.Soc., Dalton Trans.1977,1173-1180. (E) Charles, NGGriffith, EAH; Rodesiler, PF; Amma, ELInorg.Chem.1983,22,2717-2723. 26.DDQ, Ag<sub>2</sub>O, I<sub>2</sub>, PtO<sub>2</sub>, PbO<sub>2</sub>And Ph<sub>3</sub>CBF<sub>4</sub>It did not react with other oxidizing agents containing, or only gave decomposition products.
【0061】
27. Whitlock, HW; Jr .; Buchanan, DH Etrahedron Lett. 1969,42,3711-3714. (Example 2) Porphyrins and related tetrapyrrole compounds are all known macrocycles.<sup>1</sup>Although it continues to be the most widely studied in Japan, only relatively little research has been done on the development of large covalent pyrrole-containing systems.<sup>2-12</sup>However, large, or "extended (expanded, expanded)" porphyrin-like systems are important for several reasons. That is, these compounds serve as possible aromatic analogs of porphyrins that have been well studied,<sup>2-8</sup>Alternatively, it serves as a powerful biomimetic model of these or other naturally produced pyrrole-containing systems.<sup>13,14</sup>In addition, large pyrrole-containing systems offer stimulating potential as novel metal-binding macrocycles.<sup>2,9-12,15</sup>For example, a well-designed system can serve as a versatile ligand capable of binding large metal cations and / or stabilizing highly coordinated structures, and these compounds are commonly used. Usually placed within the range of the tetradentate ligand porphyrin parent with a radius of about 2.0 Å.<sup>17</sup>The resulting complex has important uses in the field of heavy metal chelation therapy or as a novel medium to expand the domain and scope of coordination chemistry.<sup>15,18</sup>In recent years, "Safirin"<sup>3,4</sup>(sapphyrins), "Oxosapphirins"<sup>5</sup>(oxosapphyrins), "Smarajrin"<sup>3,4</sup>(smaragdyrins), "Platilin"<sup>6</sup>(platyrins) and "pentaphyllin"<sup>7</sup>Many potent pentavalent ligand polypyrrole aromatic systems, including (pentaphyrin), have been produced and studied as metal-free forms. However, in most cases, little or no information about the corresponding metallization form is available. In fact, the uranyl complex of "superphthalocyanine" is the only metal-containing pentapyrrole system that has been manufactured and structurally confirmed.<sup>2</sup>Unfortunately, this "superphthalocyanine" system cannot clearly exist as its free base or other metal-containing system. Therefore, despite the fact that many non-aromatic pyridine-induced pentadentate ligand systems have been previously reported.<sup>19,20</sup>Prior to the present invention, a pentadentate ligand aromatic ligand that could be used for multiple purposes and whose structure was confirmed was not available. Aspects of the invention described herein are also of a novel type capable of binding a species of metal cation and also stabilizing a range of unusual coordination structures. The development of the pyrrole-derived aromatic "expanded porphyrin" is shown. The present inventors have recently described compound 2<sub>A</sub><sup>11</sup>Was reported (see Example 1). This compound is a novel porphyrin-like monoanionic aromatic pentadentate ligand ligand, commonly known as "texaphyrin" (large Texas porphyrin).<sup>18</sup>The structure of the seven-coordinated cadmium (II) bispyridine pentagonal bipyramidal complex 5aA was reported. In therapeutic applications based on possible chelation,<sup>21,22</sup>And also as a powerful structural explorer for natural metalloproteins (<sup>113</sup>Using Cd NMR spectroscopy)<sup>23</sup>Because of its importance, the coordination properties of this cadmium-containing "texaphyllin" system have been further studied. This example is characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of a monolinked hexacoordinate cadmium (II) benzimidazole pentagonal pyramidal cationic complex 4bA, which formally corresponds to a 5aA coordinating unsaturated analog. To do. This example includes the results of a solution base binding (Keq.) Study on both pyridine (pyr) and benzimidazole (BzIm), the first report on the structure, and in this case the same. In support of metal cations, these two types, unique but unknown<sup>19</sup>, A coordination structure was used. Illustrated structures of the compounds and complexes of the present invention are shown in FIG. 4 as 1A, 2A, 3A, 4aA, 4bA, 5aA and 5bA.
【0062】
Reduction of macrocycle sp<sup>3</sup>Morphology (1<sub>A</sub>)<sup>14</sup>Is treated with cadmium chloride or cadmium nitrate in air-saturated chloroform-methanol to produce a green solution in both cases. After chromatographic purification with silica gel and recrystallization from chloroform-hexane, pentacoordinated "texaphyrin" chloride or nitrate complex, 3<sub>A</sub> Cl and 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>However, in almost 25% yield, it was obtained in analytically pure form (as demihydrate). However, when the metal insertion process is performed under the same reaction and purification conditions as above (although chromatography is performed using SEPHADEX) (using cadmium nitrate), a crystalline and non-crystalline green solid mixture is obtained. Was done. Although it failed to analyze as a pure pentacoordinate complex, this apparently heterogeneous bulky substance was treated with excess pyridine and recrystallized from chloroform-hexane to give the bispyridine complex 5aA-NO.<sub>3</sub>Was produced as dark green crystals in substantially quantitative yield. As reported earlier<sup>11</sup>(See Example 1), confirming the pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry expected for this bis-linked seven-coordination complex, and also the characteristics of the planar pentadentate ligand of the macrocyclic "texaphyllin" ligand 2A (fifth). X-ray crystal diffraction analysis was performed to confirm (see figure).
【0063】
As a first step in measuring the characteristics of the intermediate product, a single crystal was isolated from the heterogeneous solid mixture and subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis. The structure thus obtained (Fig. 6) was completely unexpected. That is, a hexacoordinated pentagonal pyramid cadmium (II) complex (4bA · NO)<sub>3</sub>) Was found, and in this complex, one of the two possible axial binding sites is occupied by benzimidazole (BzIm), which is not coordinated to the central Cd atom and is bound by a nitrate counter anion. There is. The first-coordinated nitrogen of this five-coordinated "texaphyllin" macrocycle then completes the coordinating sphere around cadmium. As shown in FIG. 6, the five coordinating atoms of this ligand are attached to the Cd atom, and this Cd atom is N with respect to the coordinating nitrogen of the benzimidazole ligand.<sub>5</sub>It is 0.338 (4) Å away from the coordinated atomic plane and outside the plane of this macrocycle. The protrusion distance from this surface is CdTPP- (dioxane).<sup>25</sup>Smaller than those found in (0.32 Å)<sup>26</sup>(But CdTPP<sup>27</sup>(Small than those found in), the corresponding bispyridine pentagonal bipyramidal adduct 5aA-NO<sub>3</sub>There is a particular difference from the numbers found with respect to. In this early structure, the cadmium (II) cation was found to be substantially in the plane of the macrocycle (see Figure 6). The cation 4bA is also different from 5aA. That is, in the crystal lattice, the two molecules are separated at a Van der Waals distance of about 3.38 Å and stacked on top of each other in a face-to-face manner. As a result, any alkyl group in any particular molecule is replaced by the BzIm-supporting side of the macrocycle surface. However, in common with the bispyridine structure,<sup>11</sup>For cation 4bA, the macrocycle sp<sup>2</sup>Atoms are substantially flat with maximum deviation from the planarity (0.154 (13) Å) found in C11 (Fig. 8). Furthermore, complex 5aA-NO<sub>3</sub>Common to, the five ligand nitrogens define a nearly circular binding space with a center-to-nitrogen radius of about 2.42 Å, which is approximately 20% larger than that found in metalloporphyrins. ..
【0064】
The structural results support that the original structure of "texaphyrin" 2A is a large 22π-electron (or benz-annealed 18π-electron) aromatic porphyrin-like ligand.<sup>28</sup>.. These results also clearly demonstrate that this "expanded porphyrin" can support one or more "abnormal" coordination structures around cadmium.
【0065】
The structural results also provide an insight into the characteristics of heterogeneous cadmium-containing intermediates obtained after metal insertion and purification with Sephadex. That is, at least a part of this substance is a hexa-coordinated BzIm-bonded complex 4bA · NO.<sub>3</sub>Consists of. Coordinated BzIm in cation 4bA is a ligand degradation reaction involving metal insertion and concomitant oxidation (perhaps electrophilic aromatic deacylation of tripyran α-carbon followed by ortho-phenylenediamine). There is a definite hypothesis that it is derived from (including condensation), but even after examining this hexacoordinate, there is no doubt that such a BzIm coordination is chemically valid. It cannot be confirmed as nothing. This is particularly important because in the presence of excess pyridine, the bis-linked seven-coordinated cationic species 5aA prefers to be in a solid state. Compound 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>It was considered important to measure the solution-bound physical characteristics in the presence of both benzimidazole and pyridine. The purpose is not only to examine the binding differences (if any) between these two axial bases, but also to characterize the intermediate heterogeneous solids produced after Cd insertion and purification by SEPHADEX. In particular, this substance is a five- and six-coordinated cation 3<sub>A</sub>And to prove a valid hypothesis that it consists of a mixture of 4bA.
【0066】
Strictly pentacoordinated starting cadmium complex, for example a counter anion, nor an accidental ligand occupies the apical (tip) coordination site, structure 3<sub>A</sub>In the case of the complex illustrated by, the base bond can be considered to occur according to the equations (1) and (2) shown below. K<sub>1</sub> K<sub>2</sub>Under the conditions of, in these processes, first a mono-bonded, perhaps pentagonal pyramidal hexacoordinate (eg, 4bA) is produced, followed by a coordinating unsaturated bis-bond to 5aA. It can be considered that the formation of pentagonal bipyramidal products occurs sequentially. However, K<sub>2</sub>>> K<sub>1</sub>If so, this step-by-step conceptual proposal is not valid. Under these conditions, it is easier to analyze the base bond in terms of the direct formation of the bis-bonded material, as shown in equation (3). L + B LB K<sub>1</sub>= [LB] / [L] [B] (1) LB + B LB<sub>2</sub> K<sub>2</sub>= [LB<sub>2</sub>] / [LB] [B] (2) L + 2B LB<sub>2</sub> K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>= [LB<sub>2</sub>] / [L] [B]<sup>2</sup> (3) Therefore, in the context of this study, this problem can be explored for changes associated with mono- and bis-bonds, using the results of solution base analysis and the approximate K.<sub>1</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>Or K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>It becomes one means of measurement of.
【0067】
Optical spectroscopy is an important method for identifying the characteristics of stable metal complexes. Optical spectroscopy also provides a convenient method for measuring base binding constants when absorption changes occur with ligand binding.<sup>29</sup>For example, in the case of cadmium tetraphenylporphyrin (CdTPP), Miller and Dorough<sup>30</sup>By tracking the changes associated with the two low-energy Q-bands of the absorption spectrum, the number associated with the binding of one pyridine axial ligand to the uncoordinated tetra-coordinated starting metal porphyrin in benzene is 29.9 ° ( K<sub>1</sub>) At almost 2700M<sup>-1</sup>Was measured. Interestingly, these<sup>30</sup>And subsequent researchers<sup>31</sup>Is a screw-bonded CdTPP- (Pyr)<sub>2</sub><sup>25</sup>No evidence of the generation of was obtained. Therefore, the false octadentate ligand structure is CdTPP- (dioxane).<sub>2</sub>Is clarified in the solid state by the weakly bound axial ligand of<sup>26</sup>There is no evidence that such a structure can be obtained with a pyridine-containing benzene solution.
【0068】
Purified complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>The optical spectrum of (Fig. 9) shows some elements in common with cadmium porphyrin compounds.<sup>30-34</sup>For example, complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Is CHCl<sub>3</sub>Among them, it shows a strong Soret-like high energy transition at 425 nm (ε = 82,800), and this value is found in cadmium porphyrin compounds [for example, CdOEP.<sup>25</sup>: λ<sub>max</sub>(CHCl<sub>3</sub>/ MeOH v / v 19/1) = 406nm (ε = 272,000)]<sup>35</sup>Much smaller than. The complex also exhibits exceptionally strong, laterally located N- and Q-like bands at higher and lower energies. This lowest energy Q-like band (λ<sub>max</sub>= 770nm, ε = 49,800) is of particular interest. That is, it has been moved to the red side by about 200 nm, which is almost four more factors than the lowest energy Q-type transition found in typical cadmium porphyrin compounds (eg CdOEP: λ).<sub>max</sub>(CHCl<sub>3</sub>/ MeOH v / v 19/1) = 571nm, ε = 15,400)<sup>35</sup>.. We believe that such an aspect reflects the larger delocalized aromatic system present in the 22π electron "texaphyrin" overall compared to the 18π electron porphyrin compound. Importantly, the cadmium complex of 3,8,12,13,17,22-hexaethyl-2,7,18,23-decamethylsapphirine is CHCl.<sub>3</sub>Whereas the lowest energy transition shown in is 701 nm<sup>35</sup>, The lowest energy transition found in the uranyl complex of "superphthalocyanine" is at 914 nm. That is 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>The lowest energy transition of is between the energies found in these two very different 22π-electron pentapyrrole control systems.
【0069】
Unfortunately, the above 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Despite the overall qualitative similarity between the optical spectra of and other pyrrole-containing aromatic macrocycles, optical spectroscopy measurements show cation 3<sub>A</sub>It has proved to be ineffective as a means of measuring axial connectivity. For example, 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>CHCl<sub>3</sub>Addition of excess pyridine to the solution resulted in only a red shift of about 1.5 nm in the Solette-like band and a blue shift of 3.5 nm in the lowest energy Q type band. (Similar subtle changes are also seen with the addition of BzIm). Thus, at least in the case of cadmium complexes, the optical properties of the "texaphyrin" expanded porphyrin system are largely determined by their relative insensitivity to changes in the electronic environment of the synthetic macrocycle and bound cations. It is regarded as a thing.
【0070】
"Texaphyllin" 2<sub>A</sub>Cadmium (II) complex is diamagnetic and therefore<sup>1</sup>Easily accept studies by 1 H NMR. 3 as shown in Figure 10.<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>of<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR shows general characteristics typical of those expected for macroaromatic pyrrole-containing macrocycles.<sup>36</sup>For example, ligand (1)<sup>14</sup>Sp<sup>3</sup>Compared to morphology, their alkyl, imine and aromatic peaks all move down. However, even more characteristic is the cross-linking sp to both the free base "texaphyllin" 2 and its various cadmium-containing derivatives 3-5.<sup>2</sup>There is a "meso" signal due to the hybrid methine protons. These cross-linked protons are ligands (1)<sub>A</sub>) Original sp<sup>3</sup>It resonates in the field about 7 ppm below the morphologically corresponding crosslinked methylene signal.<sup>14</sup>In fact, 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>The "meso" signal of is found approximately 1 ppm downstream from that of the typical β-alkyl substituted cadmium porphyrin (eg, Cd (OEP)).<sup>25,36</sup>δ 10.0), which is close to the chemical shift value found in diamagnetic sapphirine (for example, in the case of free base and diamagnetic sapphirine)<sup>3</sup>δ 11.5 ~ 11.7). These observations are not unexpected given the highly localized π properties required for the 22π-electron "texaphyllin" system.
【0071】
Figure 11 shows 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>And the crude product obtained with crystals of cation 4bA<sup>1</sup>This is a comparison of the low-field regions of the 1 H NMR spectrum. The most shocking difference between these two spectra is the two sharp and more prominent peaks at 6.81 and 7.27 ppm in the spectrum of bulky material (line B in Figure 11) and the small and wide signal at about 6.4 ppm. Is in the existence of. These features are attributed to the signal generated from the bound BzIm present in cation 4bA, but this conclusion is not always clear. CDCl<sub>3</sub>In, the free BzIm carbon-bonded protons resonate at 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.75 (m, 2H) and 8.41 (s, 1H) ppm.<sup>37</sup>Moving to the higher field is cation 3<sub>A</sub>It is expected to bind to, but it is not clear if the expected change is as great as what was actually found. Therefore, complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>The complete spectral measurement of is important for the attempt to examine this point and assume that the signals at 6.4, 6.81 and 7.27 ppm are undoubtedly. The results of these measurements are shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.
【0072】
Shown in Figure 12<sup>1</sup>An important feature of 1 H NMR measurement is cation 3<sub>A</sub>There is a dramatic change in the chemical shift that occurs with respect to the BzIm signal in complex formation against. However, equally importantly, the qualitative characteristics of the above-mentioned cadmium-containing material with a high bulk (see Fig. 11, spectrum B) are purified 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>It is found that it is reproduced even when almost 3/5 equivalents of BzIm are added to. This dramatic result undoubtedly supports the estimated structure of cation 4bA based on X-ray diffraction analysis, according to our estimation. The heterogeneous material isolated after Cd insertion and Sephadex purification is indeed pentacoordinated and hexacoordinated (ie, 3).<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>And 4bA NO<sub>3</sub>) Is qualitatively consistent with the original expectations.
【0073】
In the case of quantitative Keq. Measurements, it is easiest to track the changes associated with the "meso" signal. In this case, rapid ligand exchange<sup>29,30</sup>A sharp peak indicating the above and a large change in resonance at the chemical shift were found (Fig. 13). Furthermore, no coherent BzIm-based resonances are found in this region. In FIG. 14, complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Changes in chemical shifts associated with medium "meso" protons are shown as a function of added BzIm. The resulting measurement curve shows that, at least for this base, axial binding can be considered to occur in two substantially independent stepwise binding processes. Standard analysis of this data at both very small and very large transformations<sup>38</sup>Then K<sub>1</sub>=1.8±0.2×10<sup>4</sup>And K<sub>2</sub>A value of = 13 ± 3 is obtained.
【0074】
As in the case of BzIm, the pentacoordinate complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Addition of pyridine to is easily detected and results in a sufficiently clear change in the chemical shift of the "meso" signal (Fig. 15). However, contrary to the results obtained by BzIm, the binding in this case cannot be considered to occur in a separate, stepwise manner. This is quite clear when examining Figure 13. In this figure 13, the complex 13<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Changes in chemical shifts associated with the "meso" protons in are graphed as a function of increasing pyridine concentration. This combined isotherm is the standard method<sup>38</sup>Analyzed by K<sub>1</sub> 1.6M<sup>-1</sup>And K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>= 315 ± 30M<sup>-2</sup>The numerical value of is obtained.
【0075】
K above<sub>1</sub>And K<sub>2</sub>(Or K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>The numbers in) are correct to assume that the cadmium complex under consideration is stable to demetallization, and that the equilibrium in equations 1 and 2 (or 3) is appropriate under base binding conditions. Is shown. The first point of these things is easily clarified. That is, it is clear that no one studies base bonds if demetallization occurs !. However, all control experiments suggested that the cadmium complex derived from the "texaphyrin" ligand was much more stable than that of the exceptionally small porphyrin. In fact, this complex has an excess of sulfide anion, which demetallizes CdTPP.<sup>25,35</sup>) Does not result in demetallization.<sup>39</sup>Therefore, it is clear that such a process cannot occur in the presence of pyridine or benzimidazole. The second point is particularly important in quantitative research. That is, for example, the starting complex 3 · NO<sub>3</sub>If is not a strict pentacoordinate, then K<sub>1</sub>(And maybe K<sub>2</sub>Also) indicates an axial ligand substitution reaction rather than a pure addition reaction, as implied above. Control experiments show that the initial five-coordination prediction is valid. 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>And H<sub>2</sub>Independent measurements by O indicate that moderate, monotonous changes in the chemical shift of the "meso" signal occur during the addition of 50 equivalents of these potent foreign ligands.<sup>40</sup>Does this mean that "perfect" bonds occur in 1: 1 stoichiometry (basically, based on analytical data, H?<sub>2</sub>Impossible in case of O), or these complexes are CHCl<sub>3</sub>Among them, it has poor coordination, meaning that the five coordination is related to cadmium, and the latter idea is considered to be more appropriate.
【0076】
To the extent that the above estimates are valid, the Keq. Values obtained for BzIm and Pyr bonds in solution accurately reflect the coordination behavior found in the solid state. For example<sup>1</sup>Concentration used for 1 H NMR measurement experiment (approx. 5 × 10)<sup>-3</sup>In M), complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Is converted to a hexacoordinated form by approximately 20% after the addition of only 0.2 molar equivalents of BzIm and 90% after the addition of 1.0 molar equivalents. Importantly, even in the presence of 10 molar equivalents, the monoconjugate 4bA produced is only 35% converted to the corresponding bis-bonded seven-coordinate form (5bA). In the case of benzimidazole, a large concentration range is relevant in solutions where the monobonded cationic complex 4bA is the major species. However, equilibrium data show that in solution, bis-bonded species 5aA or unbound starting complex 3<sub>A</sub>Has been shown to be always monopolistic in the presence of excess pyridine. For example<sup>1</sup>Under the conditions of 1 H NMR measurement, complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Is a pentagonal bipyramidal product 5a A · NO after the addition of 3 equivalents of pyridine.<sub>3</sub>It is converted to almost 5%, and after 10 equivalents of addition, it is converted to almost 35% to this species.
【0077】
Both steric and electronic factors can help explain the different binding to pyridine and benzimidazole. In particular, heme model chemistry<sup>41</sup>In this area, considerable studies with metallic porphyrins have been used to prove that imidazole-type ligands have a stronger coordination ability than pyridine-type bases. It has been found that this is generally attributed to the poor pi-basicity of the latter system.<sup>41,42</sup>Therefore, cation 3<sub>A</sub>Large K found in the BzIm bond to<sub>1</sub>The value (compared to pyridine) is a bit surprising. However, even more problematic is the K of this base.<sub>2</sub>Is in the discovery that is very small. At first glance, it does not seem reasonable that the monobond is stable in the presence of this strong π base. This is due to the selective conversion to coordinate-saturated seven-coordinated species in the presence of pyridine. However, the basis of this explanation can be seen by examining the crystal structure shown in Fig. 6. That is, the BzIm residue is almost perpendicular to the large ring in 4bA and is oriented on the pyrrole ring-containing N23. As a result, the BzIm base H8A is very close to the seven atoms of this ring and is in most contact with N23 (2.65 (2)), C24 (2.69 (2)), and C22 (2.81 (2)). (Å). Therefore, as well reported in the case of hem models and interfering imidazoles,<sup>41b,43</sup>Steric hindrance appears to be a fundamental factor favoring hexacoordination in the presence of excess BzIm. That is, both the steric effect and the electronic effect help distinguish between apparently very different binding behaviors of BzIm and Pyr in the "expanded porphyrin" system of the present invention. These effects are also, among other things, the complex 4bA · NO in the solid state.<sub>3</sub>And 5a A NO<sub>3</sub>Shows that it is rational for the formation and selective isolation of.
【0078】
The pentadentate ligand 22π electron porphyrin-like "texaphyrin" macrocycle is an effective and versatile ligand for cadmium (II). This ligand can support the formation of three novel coordination structures of this cation: pentagonal, pentagonal pyramid and pentagonal bipyramid. The first form of these forms is currently only estimated based on analytical and liquid phase studies, but the latter two structures are welded and solid by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Features have been confirmed in both states. Therefore, to our knowledge, the "texaphyllin" system is the first structurally disclosed system capable of supporting pentagonal and pentagonal pyramidal structures for the same central metal cation. This unique cheland also results in its cadmium complex, which has several other important properties.
【0079】
These important properties include an optical spectrum with an unusually low energy Q-type band and much greater stability to demetallization compared to the corresponding cadmium (II) porphyrin. This first property is an important use of the "texaphyrin" (2A) or other "expanded porphyrin" systems of the present invention in the field of photosynthetic modeling studies or photodynamic therapy where small energy absorption properties are advantageous. It suggests that it should be found.<sup>44</sup>The second property is that systems similar to those currently disclosed are cadmium, toxicologically important.<sup>21</sup>Metals that are still being pointed out, and cures, if any, just behind mercury and lead<sup>22</sup>However, it suggests that it can provide the basis for the development of effective chelation-based detoxification therapies for the few metals currently available.
【0080】
The electrical spectrum was recorded with a Beckman Du-7 spectrophotometer. Proton and<sup>13</sup>C NMR spectrum is CHCl as an internal standard<sub>3</sub>Using (<sup>1</sup>In the case of H, δ = 7.26ppm,<sup>13</sup>In the case of C, 77.0ppm), CDCl<sub>3</sub>Got inside. Proton NMR spectrum is Nicolet NT-360 (360MH)<sub>Z</sub>) Or General Electric QE-300 (300MH)<sub>Z</sub>) Recorded with a spectrometer. Carbon spectrum uses Nicolet NT-500 spectrometer, 125MH<sub>Z</sub>Measured at. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS) was performed using the Finnigan-MAT TSQ-70 instrument and 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol as the matrix. Elemental analysis was performed by Galbraith Laboratories. The X-ray structure was analyzed as described below and in references 11 and 14.
【0081】
Both solvents and reactants were of reagent grade quality purchased from the market and were used without further purification. sigma lipophilic Sephadex (LH-20-100) and Merck type 60 (230-400 mesh) silica gel were used in column chromatography. sp<sup>3</sup>Morphological ligand (1<sub>A</sub>) Is the acid catalyst method described above.<sup>14</sup>Was produced in a yield of 90%. The current higher yields do not derive from fundamental changes in the process, but merely reflect the large number of experiments performed using this special key reaction.
【0082】
4,5,9,24-Tetraethyl-10,23-Dimethyl-13,20,25,26,27-Pentaaza Pentacyclo [20.2.1.1.<sup>3,6</sup>.1<sup>8,11</sup>.0<sup>14,19</sup>] Heptacoater 1,3,5,7,9,11 (27), 12,14,, 16,18,20,22 (25), 23-tridecaene, free base "texaphyllin" 2<sub>A</sub>Manufacturing of.
【0083】
Macrocycle 1<sub>A</sub><sup>14</sup>Presence of N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-1,8-diaminonaphthalene ("proton sponge") in methanol / chloroform (150 ml, v / v 2/1) (50 mg, 0.1 mmol) Under, stirred at room temperature for 1 day. The reaction mixture was then poured into ice water. The organic layer was separated and washed with aqueous ammonium chloride solution and then with brine. After concentration on a rotary evaporator, the crude product was purified on SEPHADEX by chromatography, first with pure chloroform as eluent, then with chloroform / methanol (v / v 10/1). Discard some of the earlier red bands, collect the dark green band, concentrate under reduced pressure, then recrystallize from chloroform / n-hexane, sp.<sup>2</sup>The morphological ligand was obtained as a dark green powder in yields ranging from 3-12%. This better yield is only available in rare cases. 2<sub>A</sub>Regarding<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>): δ = 0.90 (1H, br.s, NH), 1.6-1.8 (12H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.05 (6H, s, CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.42-3.58 (8H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 8.25 (2H, m, phen.CH), 9.21 (2H, s, CH = N, 9.45 (2H, m, phen.CH), 11.25 (2H, s, CH = C); CIMS (CH)<sub>4</sub>): 491 (C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>35</sub>N<sub>5</sub> H<sup>+</sup>490): FAB MS (3-Nitrobenzyl Alcohol Matrix, 8KeV Acceleration): m / e 512 (C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>5</sub>Na<sup>+</sup>Calculated value: 512); IR (KBr) ν = 3420,2960,2920,2860,1600,1560,1540,1370,1350,1255,1210,1080,1050,980,940,905,750cm<sup>-1</sup>UV / VIS (CDCl)<sub>3</sub>) λ<sub>max</sub>nm (ε) 327.0 (30,700); 422.5 (60,500); 692.0 (10,100); 752.0 (36,400). Ligand 2<sub>A</sub>An experiment was conducted in which cadmium was bound to. A few milligrams of compound 2<sub>A</sub>Was stirred with an excess amount of cadmium chloride in chloroform / methanol according to the direct insertion method outlined above. However, even after two days, UV / VIS (Q-type band tracking in 751) showed little or no metal insertion. Compound, i.e. ligand 2<sub>A</sub>Due to the difficulty of manufacturing and the obvious success of the direct insertion method described here, no experiments were conducted to examine other metallization methods.
【0084】
Complex 3<sub>A</sub>-Cl was manufactured as follows. sp<sup>3</sup>Morphological ligand (1<sub>A</sub>)<sup>14</sup>(40 mg, 0.08 mmol) was stirred in chloroform / methanol (150 ml, v / v 2/1) with cadmium chloride (21.4 mg, 0.08 mmol) for one day. This dark green reaction mixture is concentrated on a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and then passed through silica gel and chromatographed first with pure chloroform as the eluent and then with chloroform / methanol (v / v 10/1). Processed. After discarding several preceding red bands, the dark green band is harvested and dried under reduced pressure to compound 3<sub>A</sub> Cl was obtained. This product is recrystallized from chloroform / n-hexane and analytically pure compound 3<sub>A</sub>-Cl was obtained as a dark green powder in a yield of 24%. 3<sub>A</sub> Regarding Cl:<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>): δ = 1.55-1.67 (12H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.03 (6H, s, CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.04-3.55 (8H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 8.27 (2H, m, phen.CH), 9.23 (2H, s, CH = N), 9.40 (2H, m, phen.CH), 11.30 (2H, s, CH = C);<sup>13</sup>C NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>): δ = 9.8,17.3,18.1,19.1,19.2,117.6,117.8,128.4,132.7,138.2,139.3,145.4,146.7,150.5,153.5,155.0; FAB MS (3-nitrobenzyl alcohol matrix, 8KeV acceleration): m / e602 (<sup>112</sup>Cd, M<sup>+</sup>,100),601(<sup>113</sup>Cd, M<sup>+</sup>,64),600(<sup>112</sup>Cd, M<sup>+</sup>, 84); IR (KBr) ν = 2950,2910,2855,1635,1605,1380,1255,1210,1090,1010,795cm<sup>-1</sup>UV / VISλ<sub>max</sub>nm (ε) 327.0 (32,800); 424.0 (72,700); 704.5 (11,000); 767.5 (41,200); Elemental analysis: C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>5</sub>Cd Cl (1/2 H<sub>2</sub>About O) Calculated: C, 59.54; H, 5.46; N, 10.85. Measured value: C, 59.78; H, 5.32; N, 10.80. Complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Was manufactured as follows. sp<sup>3</sup>Morphological ligand (1<sub>A</sub>)<sup>14</sup>(40 mg, 0.08 mmol) was stirred in chloroform / methanol (150 ml, v / v 1/2) with cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (31 mg, 0.1 mmol) for 1 day. The dark green reaction mixture was then concentrated as described above and then passed through silica gel for chromatography. The crude material produced is then recrystallized from chloroform / n-hexane and analytically pure 3.NO.<sub>3</sub>Was obtained in a yield of 27%.<sup>45</sup>3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Regarding:<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>): δ = 1.55-1.70 (12H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.04 (6H, s, CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.42-3.55 (8H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 8.27 (2H, m, phen.CH), 9.20 (2H, s, CH = N), 9.30 (2H, m, phen.CH), 11.07 (2H, s, CH = C); FAB MS (3) -Nitrobenzyl alcohol matrix, 8KeV acceleration): m / e 602 (<sup>114</sup>Cd, M<sup>+</sup>,100),601(<sup>113</sup>Cd, M<sup>+</sup>,100),600(<sup>112</sup>Cd, M<sup>+</sup>, 87): IR (KBr) ν = 2960,2920,2860,1600,1550,1440,1375,1200,1130,1075,1040,975,930,900,740cm<sup>-1</sup>UV / Vis λ<sub>max</sub>nm (ε) = 328.0 (39,900), 425.0 (82,800), 706.0 (14,400), 770 (49,800); Elemental analysis: C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>5</sub>Cd NO<sub>3</sub> (1 / 2H<sub>2</sub>About O) Calculated: C, 57.19; H, 5.25; N, 12.50. Measured value: C, 57.12; H, 5.19; N, 11.80. Complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>We conducted an experiment on demetallization. Free sp<sup>2</sup>Crosslinking ligand 2<sub>A</sub>In an experiment to obtain, the complex was stirred in chloroform in the presence of sodium sulfide and then independently with sodium thiosulfate for several hours. No particular changes in optical properties were found. Although this does not rule out the possibility of changes in axial binding, these observations provide reasonable evidence that under these reaction conditions little or no demetallization occurs. In the case of sodium sulfide, this definitive conclusion was further supported by FAB MS. That is, in the mass spectrum, no evidence corresponding to the high molecular weight volatile product was obtained. Complex 3 when treated with aqueous acid<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Is considered to be hydrolyzed (at the site of the imine residue) and therefore appears to be demetallized. However, the rate of this process is strongly pH dependent, for example its half-life is on the order of several hours in the presence of about 0.1N HCl. Complex 4bA · NO<sub>3</sub>Manufacture and isolation. sp<sup>3</sup>Morphological ligand (1<sub>A</sub>) (40 mg, 0.08 mmol) was stirred in chloroform / methanol (150 ml, v / v = 1/2) with cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (31 mg, 0.1 mmol) for 1 day. The dark green reaction mixture was concentrated on a rotary evaporator and then passed through Sephadet and chromatographed first with genuine chloroform as eluent and then with chloroform / methanol (v / v 10/1). After discarding several preceding red bands, the dark green band was harvested and then concentrated to give a dark green solid. The product was recrystallized from chloroform / n-hexane to give a mixture of crystalline and amorphous solids in 27% yield.
【0085】
Regarding this bulky substance:<sup>1</sup>H-NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>): δ = 1.55-1.72 (12H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.04 (6H, s, CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.45-3.58 (8H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 6.4 (ca.3 / 5H, br.s, BzIm), 6.81 (ca.6 / 5H, br.s, BzIm), 7.27 (ca.6 / 5H, br.s, BzIm), 829 (2H) , m, phen.CH), 9.21 (2H, s, CH = N), 9.32 (2H, m, phen.CH), 11.08 (2H, s, CH = C): FAB MS (3-Nitrobenzyl Alcohol Matrix) , 8KeV acceleration): m / e 602 (<sup>114</sup>Cd, M<sup>+</sup>,100),601(<sup>113</sup>Cd, M<sup>+</sup>,67),600(<sup>112</sup>Cd, M<sup>+</sup>, 78): IR (KBr) ν = 2970,2935,2875,1560,1382,1356,1300,1258,1212,1085,1050,985,910,755cm<sup>-1</sup>; uv / vis λ<sub>max</sub> nm (ε) 325.0 (29,000); 425.0 (64,400); 710.5 (9,800); 767.5 (38,500); Elemental analysis: Measured value: C, 42.42; H, 4.28; N, 10.34 (C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>5</sub>Cd NO<sub>3</sub> (1/2 H<sub>2</sub>Calculated value of O): C 57.19; H 5.25; N 12.50; C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>5</sub>Cd NO<sub>3</sub> BzIm CDCl<sub>3</sub>Calculated value of: C 53.35; H 4.59; N 12.44; C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>34</sub>N<sub>5</sub>Cd NO<sub>3</sub> CDCl<sub>3</sub>Calculated value of: C 41.26; H 3.66; N, 8.25).
【0086】
The 4bA single crystal used for X-ray structure measurement is the CDCl of the above crude product.<sub>3</sub>The concentrated solution in was layered with n-hexane and then isolated from the residual amorphous material after a second recrystallization involving leaving in the refrigerator for several months.
【0087】
Complex 5a A · NO<sub>3</sub>Manufacturing of. In a manner similar to that used to produce the crude cadmium-containing complex, and sp.<sup>3</sup>Morphological ligand (1<sub>A</sub>) Was treated with cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate and then purified on Sephadex. CDCl of this product<sub>3</sub>In about 0.7 ml of 0.005M sample inside, pyr-D<sub>5</sub> 25 μl was added. The resulting solution was layered with n-hexane and placed in a refrigerator. After a few months, green crystals were isolated in near quantitative yield. The molecular composition of these crystals has been disclosed earlier.<sup>11</sup>Measured based on single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, 5a · NO<sub>3</sub> CHCl<sub>3</sub>It turned out to be.
【0088】
<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR (CDCl<sub>3</sub>/ pyrr-D<sub>5</sub>) δ = 1.55-1.70 (12H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.22 (3H, s, CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.45-3.56 (8H, m, CH)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 8.40 (2H, m, phen.CH), 9.32 (2H, s, CH = N), 9.75 (2H, m, phen.CH), 11.62 (2H, s, CH = C); UV / VIS ( CHCl<sub>3</sub>-pyr v / v 10/1) λ<sub>max</sub>nm (ε) 321.5 (45,000), 426.5 (79,000), 700.5 (13,5000), 765.5 (51,900). BzIm or Pyr-D<sub>5</sub>Have 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>2</sub>of<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR measurement was performed. Strictly refined complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Was dried under reduced pressure (1 mmHg) at 80 ° C for 1 day. CDCl this pentacoordinate complex (3.32 mg, 0.005 mmol)<sub>3</sub> A starting sample for measurement was prepared by dissolving in 0.7-0.75 ml and then quantitatively transferring to an NMR tube. A certain amount of BzIm or Pyr-D on this sample<sub>5</sub>Add while increasing the amount (CDCl<sub>3</sub>Chemical shifts of "meso" protons were recorded at 27 ° C (as a solution of known concentration in). Control experiments also with known amounts of CF<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H, D<sub>2</sub>O and NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, 3 NO<sub>3</sub>This was done by adding to a similar storage solution of. Various of these<sup>1</sup>In 1 H NMR measurements, the absolute chemical shift for any constant base-to-ligand ratio is δ-δ.<sub>0</sub>It was found that the value of was less than 0.05 ppm between independent experiments. It was found that the definitive visible changes used in the Keq. Measurement (see below) are even small (generally 0.003 ppm).
【0089】
Measurement of binding rate. Considering FIGS. 14 and 15, these drawings show cation 3<sub>A</sub>BzIm binding to can be thought of as two well-separated equilibrium processes. The chemical shift data obtained for the "meso" signal as a function of the added BzIm was analyzed for both very small and very large transformations. According to Equation 4 (which corresponds to Equation 5.13 in Reference 38), (δ-δ)<sub>0</sub>) / [BzIm] pair (δ-δ<sub>0</sub>) Is graphed to create a standard Scatchard (signal reciprocal) graph with K as the absolute value of the slope and also as the intercept (δω-δ).<sub>0</sub>) I got K. (4) (δ-δ<sub>0</sub>) / [BzIm] =-K (δ-δ<sub>0</sub>) + (δ<sub>∞</sub>-δ<sub>0</sub>) K In this equation, δ is the detected chemical shift, δ<sub>0</sub>Is a pure five- or six-coordinate starting material complex (3)<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Or 4bA NO<sub>3</sub>), Where δω is the final mono- or bis-bonded complex 4bA · NO<sub>3</sub>Or 5a A NO<sub>3</sub>Is the chemical shift calculated for, K is the equilibrium constant in question, and [BzIm] is the concentration of free, uncomplexed benzimidazole. It was found that for added benzimidazoles (BzIm), corrections for bound benzimidazoles were needed to reliably represent [BzIm] in both the small and large conversion regions. This correction was made in a simple manner according to the representations shown in equations 5 and 6.
【0090】
Low [BzIm]<sub>0</sub>In [BzIm] = [BzIm]<sub>0</sub>-[Lig]<sub>0</sub>(δ-δ<sub>0</sub>) / (δ<sub>∞</sub>-δ<sub>0</sub>) (Five) High [BzIm]<sub>0</sub>In [BzIm] [BzIm]<sub>0</sub>-[Lig]<sub>0</sub> (6) In the above equation, [lig]<sub>0</sub>Is the starting pentacoordinate ligand 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Represents the concentration of.
【0091】
Using these correction values for [BzIm], low and high [BzIm]<sub>0</sub>Linear Scatchard graphs were obtained under the conditions R 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. This makes 1.80 x 10<sup>4</sup>M<sup>-1</sup>And 12.9M<sup>-1</sup>K<sub>1</sub>And K<sub>2</sub>The value is obtained. This K<sub>1</sub>The value is considered quite reliable (estimation error 15%). However, the solubility of BzIm is low, and 5aA · NO<sub>3</sub>Since incomplete measurements occur in relation to generation, K<sub>2</sub>The numbers obtained for are somewhat ambiguous (estimated error 25%).<sup>49</sup> It shows that there is no clear change in the "meso" proton chemical shift, the two distinct bindings, as a function of the added "pyr" shown in Figure 16. Furthermore, as expected, no experiments were performed to apply this data to a simple monobinding process (to produce 6CN material) according to Equation 1. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze these data in terms of two conflicting equilibrium processes. This analysis was performed using the conventional iterative method outlined by Connors.<sup>38</sup>In this case, the equations in question correspond to Connors equations 4.31 and 4.32 suitable for NMR analysis.<sup>38</sup>:: (7) 1 / [pyr] -K<sub>1</sub>Δ<sub>11</sub>/ (δ-δ<sub>0</sub>) = K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>[pyr] {Δ<sub>12</sub>/ (δ-δ<sub>0</sub>) -1} -K<sub>1</sub>(8) (δ-δ<sub>0</sub>) {1 + K<sub>1</sub>[pyr] + K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>[pyr]<sup>2</sup>} / [pyr] = K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>Δ<sub>12</sub>[pyr] + K<sub>1</sub>Δ<sub>11</sub> In each of the above equations, δ is the chemical shift found and δ<sub>0</sub>Is a pure pentacoordinate starting complex 3 · NO<sub>3</sub>Is the initial chemical shift of<sub>11</sub>Is the total chemical shift difference corresponding to the production of purely presumed mono-bonded six-coordinated species, Δ<sub>12</sub>Is the total chemical shift corresponding to the formation of bis-bonded cationic species 5a from the initial pentacoordinated material, and "pyr" is the free pyridine concentration. The exact number for "pyr" is Equation 9<sup>38</sup>Given by, in this equation, [pyr]<sub>0</sub>Is the total concentration of added pyridine, and [lig]<sub>0</sub>Is the starting pentacoordinate ligand 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Represents the concentration of. (9) [pyr]<sub>0</sub>= [pyr] + [lig]<sub>0</sub>(K<sub>1</sub>[pyr] + 2K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>[pyr]<sup>2</sup>) / 1 + K<sub>1</sub>[pyr] + K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>[pyr]<sup>2</sup>) However, when the combined isotherm (Fig. 16) is examined, it is roughly [pyr] [pyr].<sub>0</sub>However, it was suggested that it is reasonably effective over many of the measurement ranges. Therefore, the initial iterative solution of equation 7 (1 / [pyr] -K<sub>1</sub>Δ<sub>11</sub>/ (δ-δ<sub>0</sub>) Vs. [pyr] {Δ<sub>12</sub>/ δ-δ<sub>0</sub>) -1 is plotted and K as slope and intercept, respectively<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>And -K<sub>1</sub>(To obtain) and the initial iterative solution of Equation 8 ((δ-δ))<sub>0</sub>{1 + K<sub>1</sub>[pyr] + K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>[pyr]<sup>2</sup>} / Plot [pyr] vs. [pyr] and K as slope and intercept, respectively<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>Δ<sub>12</sub>And K<sub>1</sub>Δ<sub>11</sub>To obtain) was performed using this extremely simplified premise. This is quickly collected and K<sub>1</sub>= 1.5M<sup>-1</sup>And K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>= 308M<sup>-2</sup>The initial uncorrected value of was obtained. These numbers are based on the experimental conditions ([3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>] = 0.005M), roughly [pyr] [pyr]<sub>0</sub>Is a very important condition: 3 <[pyridine] / [ligand] <10 and 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>It was confirmed that it was effective within 4% at medium 0.005M. If the correction is made at this small percentage, the final K obtained<sub>1</sub>The value is 1.6M<sup>-1</sup>And K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>The value is = 315M<sup>-2</sup>(See supplementary sample). We are K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>Although the values are well defined (estimated error 10%), this data is K<sub>1</sub>(And K<sub>2</sub>) Cannot be determined accurately (estimation error 50%). However, this uncertainty does not undermine the value of the central conclusions set forth herein.
【0092】
X-ray experiments on complex 4bA. 4bA NO<sub>3</sub> CDCl<sub>3</sub>: C<sub>40</sub>H<sub>41</sub>N<sub>8</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>For Cd, M = 900.57. The crystals in this data are very dark green plates with dimensions of 0.06 x 0.22 x 0.44 mm, CHCl.<sub>3</sub>-Growed by slow diffusion from hexanes and separated from the accompanying non-crystalline material as described above. Data are provided with a graphite monochromator, using Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71069Å) and Nicolet LT-2 cold emission system, Nicolet R<sub>3</sub>It was collected with a diffractometer. The lattice constant was obtained from the least squares refinement of 26 reflections by 19.2 ° <2θ <24.4 °. The space group is Z = 2, F (000) = 920, a = 11.276 (4), b = 12.845 (3), c = 14.913 (4) Å, α = 84.82 (2), β = 69.57 (2), λ = 85.84 (2) , v = 2014 (1) Å, ρ<sub>C</sub>= 1.48g-cm<sup>-3</sup>It was a triclinic P1 (No. 2) with.
【0093】
Data are omega scan technique (7191 reflection, 6566 unique, Rint = 0.064), 2θ range 4.0 ~ 50.0 °, 1.2 ° ω scan at 3 ~ 6 ° / min (h = 0 14, k = -15, 1 =- It was collected using 18 18). The four diffraction points (-2,2,0; 3,2,3; 2, -3, -1; -1,0,4) were remeasured every 146 reflections to ensure device and crystal stability. I examined.
【0094】
The attenuation correction range for I was 09863 to 1.076. The data also show Lp effect and absorption (permeation factor range 0.8533 ~ 0.9557, μ = 7.867 cm based on crystal shape).<sup>-1</sup>) Was corrected. F<sub>0</sub><6σ (F<sub>0</sub>Diffraction points with) were ignored (3272 reflections). The structure was analyzed by the heavy atom and Fourier method and refined by the flu-matrix least squares method in blocks 253 and 287 with anisotropic thermal parameters for non-H atoms (however, the disturbed NO of one pyrrole ring).<sub>3</sub>O3A of the group and the terminal C atom of the disturbed ethyl group, C29 (site occupancy factor 0.44 (2)), C29A, C31 (excluding site occupancy factor 0.37 (2)) and C31A). Nitrogen was disturbed around the two orientations of (N 1B) due to the site occupancy factor for the minor orientation (O atom marked A) of 0.45 (2). The H atom was calculated and refined using isotropic thermal parameters that depend on the corresponding C atom. CHCl<sub>3</sub>The solvent is disturbed by rotation in the C-Cl bond axis (C1C to C11) due to the site occupancy factor for the minor component (Cl atom marked A) of 0.43 (2). Due to these disturbances, the position of the chloroform H atom could not be calculated. W = 1 / [(σ (F)<sub>0</sub>))<sup>2</sup>+ .0118 (F<sup>2</sup>)] And σ (F<sub>0</sub>) = 0.5KI<sup>-1/2</sup>In the case of (δ (I)), ΣW (1F)<sub>0</sub>1-1F<sub>C</sub>1)<sup>2</sup>Has become the minimum. (<sup>1</sup>peak<sup>-1</sup>The intensity I, defined by background) x (scan rate) and K, is the correction by Lp effect, absorption and attenuation. Sigma (I) was estimated from statistical calculations: σ (I) = (<sup>1</sup>peak<sup>+1</sup>Background)<sup>1/2</sup>× (scan speed)]. 3294 Final R = 0.0781 for reflection, WR = 0.114 (Rall = 0.143, WR<sub>all</sub>= 0.176) and good fit = 1.00. The maximum [Δ1σ] <0.1 in the final refinement cycle and the minimum and maximum peaks in the final ΔF map are -0.97 and 1.69e, respectively.<sup>-</sup>/ Å<sup>3</sup>Was (the region of the Cd atom). Data conversion, structural analysis and initial refinement by Nicolet's SHELX TLPL-US<sup>50</sup>This was done using a software package. The final refinement is SHELX76<sup>51</sup>Was performed using. Neutral atomic scattering coefficients for non-H atoms are Cromer and Liberman<sup>53</sup>Due to the anomalous dispersion correction from, Cromer and Mann<sup>52</sup>On the other hand, the scattering coefficient of H atom is obtained from Stewart. Davidson and Simpson.<sup>54</sup>Obtained from, the linear absorption coefficient is International Tables For X-ray Crystallography (1974)<sup>55</sup>Obtained from. Least Squares Plan Program is Cordes<sup>56</sup>Other computer programs provided by Ctadol and Davis<sup>57</sup>Obtained from Reference Publication 11 of.
【0095】
Table 1 shows 4bA · CHCl<sub>3</sub>Isotropy thermal parameter of non-hydrogen atom partition or equivalence (A)<sup>2</sup>)It is shown. Table 2 shows cations 4b<sub>A</sub>The bond length (Å) and angle (°) of the non-hydrogen atom are shown.
【0096】
[table 1]
a For anisotropic atoms, the U value is U<sub>eq</sub>= 1/3 Σ<sub>i</sub>Σ<sub>j</sub>U<sub>ij</sub>a<sub>i</sub>* a<sub>j</sub>* A<sub>ij</sub>Calculated as U<sub>eq</sub>And in this equation, A<sub>ij</sub>Is i<sup>th</sup>And i<sup>th</sup>It is the dot product (inner product) of the direct spatial unit lattice vector.
【0097】
[Table 2]
New aromatic 22π-electron pentadentate ligand "expanded porphyrin" ligand (2)<sub>A</sub>) Derived from X-ray diffraction analysis of the hexacoordinated pentagonal pyramidal cadmium (II) cationic complex 4bA. In the X-ray structure, five middle worry atoms of the macrocycle are coordinated to the benzimidazole (II) cation, and this benzimidazole (II) cation is 0.334 (2) Å on the average plane of this macrocycle. It is shown that it is bound by an apical benzimidazole ligand. As is true in the corresponding pentagonal bipyramidal adduct 5aA, the X-ray structure of the cation 4bA is that this macrocyclic ligand defines a nearly circular space with a center-nitrogen radius of approximately 2.42 Å. It has a coordination nitrogen atom of, and is almost planar (maximum deviation, 0.154 (13) Å with respect to C15). 4bA · NO used for this X-ray diffraction analysis<sub>3</sub>Crystal is sp<sup>3</sup>Morphological ligand (1<sub>A</sub>) To Cd (NO)<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>The crystalline material obtained after treatment with and subsequently purified on Sephadex was isolated from a heterogeneous mixture with non-crystalline material. CDCl of this bulky substance<sub>3</sub>The proton NMR spectrum in is a pure pentacoordinate complex produced independently 3<sub>A</sub>It was substantially identical to that of but showed the presence of two sharp peaks at 6.81 and 7.27 ppm and a wide range of features at about 6.4 ppm, attributed to the bound benzimidazole ligand. These characteristic ligand properties are pure pentacoordinated complexes containing approximately 3/5 equivalents of benzimidazole 3<sub>A</sub>It is also reproduced in the measurement of. This discovery is 4bA NO<sub>3</sub>It is suggested that the crystal-isolated bulky material consists of a mixture of crystalline and non-crystalline, six- and five-coordinated species, with the bound benzimidazole found in cation 4bA being metal-inserted and associated. It supports the hypothesis that it is derived from a degrading side reaction associated with ligand oxidation. From these measurements, the pentacoordinated cationic complex 3<sub>A</sub>Sequential formation constants (K) for binding of the first and second equivalents of benzimidazole to<sub>1</sub>And K<sub>2</sub>) Values are 1.8 × 10 respectively<sup>4</sup>M<sup>-1</sup>Was decided to be. 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>In the case of complexing pyridine with<sup>1</sup>1.6M from 1 H-NMR measurement<sup>-1</sup>And 315M<sup>-2</sup>K<sub>1</sub> K<sub>2</sub>Each value was determined. These results show that there is an extended concentration range in benzimidazole-containing chloroform solutions, where the pentagonal pyramidal complex 4bA is the major cadmium-containing species, while in the presence of pyridine, the unbound complex. 3<sub>A</sub>Alternatively, the coordinately saturated pentagonal bipyramidal species 5aA is shown to predominate in solution.
【0098】
The reference public publications listed below are cited and incorporated here for the reasons for citation.
【0099】
(Literature (reference publication)) 1. "The Porphyrins"; Dolphin, D., Ed., Academic Press: New York, 1978-1979; Vols. I-VII. 2. (a) Day, VW: Marks, TJ; Wachter, WAJAm.Chem.Soc.1975,97,4519-4527. (B) Marks, TJ; Stojakovic, DRJAm.Chem.Soc.1978,100,1695- 1705. (c) Cuellar, EA; Marks, TJInorg.Chem.1981,20,3766-3770 3.Bauer, VJ; Clive, DR; Dolphin, D .; Paine, JBIII; Harris, FL; King, MM; Loder, J .; Wang, S.-WC; Woodward, RBJAm.Chem.Soc.1983,105 , 6429-6436. To date, of these potential pentadental ligands, only tri-coordinated metal complexes have been produced. 4. Broadhurst, MJ; Grig, R .; Johnson, AWJ Chem.Soc.Perkin Trans.1,; 1972,2111-2116. 5. Broadhurst, MJ; Grig, R .; Johnson, AWJChem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1969,23-24; Broadhurst, MJ; Grig, R .; Johnson, AWJChem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1969, 1480-1482; Broadhurst, MJ; Grig, R .; Johnson, AWJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun. 1970,807-809. 6. (a) Berger, RA; LeGoff, E.Tetrahedron Lett.1978,4225-4228. (b) LeGoff, E .; Weaver, OGJOrg.Chem.1987,710-711. 7. (a) Rexhausen, H .; Gossauer, AJChem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1983,275. (B) Gossaur, A.Bull.Soc.Chim.Belg.1983,92,793-795. 8. Gosmann, M .; Franck, B.Angew.Chem.1986,98,1107-1108; Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.1986,25,1100-1101. 9. For examples of porphyrin-like systems with smaller central spaces, see the following publications: (a) Vogel, E .; Kocher, M .; Schmickler, H .; Lex, J.Anger.Chem.1986 98,262-263; Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.1986,25,257-258. (B) Vogel, E .; Balci, M .; Pramod, K .; Koch, P .; Lex.J.Ermer, O.Angew.Chem.1987,99,909-912;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.1987, 26,928-931. 10. For examples of large non-aromatic pyrrole-containing macrocycles, see the following publications: (a) Acholla, FV; Mertes, KBTetrahedron Lett.1984,3269-3270. (b) Acholla, FV; Takusagawa, F .; Mertes, KBJAm.Chem.Soc.1985,6902-6908. (c) Adams, H .; Bailey, NA; Fenton, DA; Moss, S .; Rodriguez de Barbarin, CO; Jones, GJChem.Soc., Dalton.Trans.1986,693-699. (B) Fenton, DE; Moody, RJChem.Soc ., Dalton trans. 1987,219-220. 11.Sessler, JL; Murai, T .; Lynch, V .; Cyr, MJAm.Chem.Soc.1988,110,5586-5588. 12.Sessler, JL; Cyr, M .; Murai, T.Comm.Inorg.Chem., In press. 13.Stark, WM; Baker, MG; Raithby, PR; Deeper, FJ; Battersby, ARJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1985,1294. 14.Sessler, JL; Johnson, MR; Lynch, VJOrg.Chem.1987,52,4394-4397. 15.Sessler, JL; Johnson, MR; Lynch, V .; Murai, TJ Coord. Chem., In press. 16.Sessler, JL; Murai, T. Tetrahedron Lett., To be submitted. 17.Hoard, JLIn Porphyrins & Metalloporphyrins; Chapter 8, Smith.K., Ecl .; Elsevin, Amsterdam, 1975. 18.Chemical & Engineering News August 8,1988,26-27. 19. See the following publications for scrutiny: (a) Drew, MGBProg.Inorg.Chem.1977,23,67-210. (b) Melson, GAin "Coordination Chemistry of Macrocyclic Compounds", Melson, GA, Ed .; Plenum: New York, 1979, Chapter 1. (c) NFCurtis, in "Coordination Chemistry of Macrocyclic Compounds", Melson, GAEd .; Plenum: New York, 1979, Chapter 4. (d) Nelson, SMPure and Appl. Chem.1980,52,2461-2476. (E) ) Lindoy, LFin "Synthesis of Macrocycles", Izatt, RMand Christensen, JJ, Eds., J. Wiley: New York, 1987, Chapter 2. (f) Newkome, GR; Gupta, VK; Sauer, JD "Heterocyclic Chemistry", Newkome, GR, Ed .; J. Wiley: New York, 1984, Vol.14, Chapter 3. (g) De Sousa, M .; Rest, AJAdv.Inorg.Chem.Radiochem.1978,21,1-40. (H) See also Publication 12. 20. For recent examples of bipyridine-inducing systems and related pentadentate ligands, see the following publications: (a) Ansell, CWG; Lewis, J .; Raithby, PR; Ramsden, JN; Schroder, MJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun., 1982, 546-547. (B) Lewis, J .; O'Donoghue, TD; Raithby, PRJ Chem.Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 1383-1389. (C) Constable, EC; Chung, L.-Y .; Lewis, J .; Raithby, PRJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun. , 1986,1719-1720. (D) Constable, EC; Holmes, JM; McQueen, RCSJChem.Soc., Dalton Trans., 1987,5-8. 21. Ochai, E.-I. "Bioinorganic Chemistry", Allyn and Bacon: Boston, 1977, pp.475-476. 22. Klaasen, CDin "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th Edition", Gilman, AG; Goodman, LS; Gilman, A., Eds., Macmillan: New York, 1980 Chapter 69, pp.1632-1633. 23. For recent information, see the following publications: (a) Summers, MF Coord.Chem.Rev.1988,86,43-134. (B) Ellis, PD Science 1983,21,1141-1146. (c) Ellis, PDin "The Multinuclear Approach to NMR Spectroscopy", Lambert, JB; Riddell, FG, Eds .; D. Reidel: Amsterdam, 1983, pp.457-523. 24. Notably, pentagonal and pentagonal bipyramidal structures have been found in two very closely related pentadentate ligand macrocyclic Situfu base ligands, which are rings. (16 to 17 atoms); the following publications can be found in this regard: (a) Nelson, SM; McFall, SG; Drew, MGBOthman, AHJChem.Soc., Chem. .Commun.1977,167-168, and (b) Drew, MGB; McFall, SG; Nelson, SMJ Chem.Soc., Dalton Trans.1977, 575-581. 25. OEP = octaethylporphyrin, TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin, and PPIXDME = pre-fixed H associated with free base and cadmium (II) morphology, respectively.<sub>2</sub>And protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester with Cd; BzIm = benzimidazole; pry = pyridine. 26. Rodesiler, PF; Griffith, EH; Ellis, PD; Amma, ELJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun., 1980, 429-493. 27.Hazell, A.Acta Cryst.1986, C42,296-299. 28. "Texaphyllin" 2 and its derivatives can be represented as benzanelated [18] anellenes, similar to the synthetic 22π electron aromatic system. Pre-molecular electron orbital stroke count calculation and 3.NO derived from diaminomarionitrile<sub>3</sub>At this time we prefer the 22π electron equation, based on a comparison of the spectra for the 18π-electron macrocycle analogs (where the lowest energy Q-type transition at 692 nm is found): Hemmi, G .; Krull, K., Cyr, M., Sessler, JL, unpublished results. 29. Drago, RS "Physical Methods in Chemistry", WBS aunders: Philadelphia, 1977, Chapter 5. 30. Miller, JR; Dorough, GDJ Am.Chem.Soc.1952,74,3977-3981. 31. Kirksey, CH; Hambright, P.Inorg.Chem.1970,9,958-960. 32. For general discussion, see the following publications: Gouterman, M.In ref.1, vol.III, Chapter 1. 33. Dorough, GD; Miller, JRJAm.Chem.Soc.1951,73,4315-4320. 34. Edwards, L .; Dolphin, DH; Gouterman, M .; Adler, ADJMol.Spectroscopy, 1971, 38, 16-32. 35. Johnson, MR; Cyr, M .; Sessler, JL, unpublished results. 36. (a) Cheer, H .; Katz, JJIn ref.17, Chapter 10. (b) Janson, TR; Katz, JJIn ref.1, Vol IV, Chapter 1. 37. "Aldrich Library of NMR Spectroscopy, 2nd ed.", Pouchert, CJ, Ed., Aldrich Chemical Co .: Milwaukee, 1983; Vol.2, p.558. 38. Connors, KA "Bindihg Constants", J. Wiley: New York, 1987. 39. We attribute much of this stability to kinematic factors. Cd into preformed "texaphyllin" 2 as detailed herein.<sup>25</sup>Insertion did not occur at a recognizable rate. This suggests that kinematic disorders are substantive with respect to metal insertion; the same is true with respect to complex decomposition. 40. Addition of a trace amount of acid dramatically shifts the "meso" signal to the higher field, for example 1 equivalent of CF.<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>After the addition of H, move 0.113 ppm. This suggests that the quantitative Keq. Measurement experiment actually reflects the base binding to cadmium and does not reflect the simple deprotonation of the metal complex that is advantageously protonated. 41. For general review, see the following publications: (a) Ellis, PE, Jr .; Linard, JE; Szymanski, T .; Jones.RD; Budge, JR; Basolo, FJAm.Chem.Soc.1980,102,1889-1896. Rougeee, M. Biochemistry, 1975, 13, 4591-4597. (C) Collman, JP; Brauman, JI; Doxsee, KM; Halbert, TR; Bunnenberg, E .; Linder, RE; LaMar, GN; Del Gaudio, J .; Lang, G .; Spartanian, KJAm.Chem.Soc.1980,102,4182-4192. (d) Traylor, TG Acc.Chem.Res.1981,14,102-109. 42. (a) Collman, JP; Brauman, JI; Doxsee, KM; Sessler, JL; Morris, RM; Gibson, Q, H.Inorg.Chem.1983,22,1427-1432. 43. See the following publications as an example. (a) Collman, JP; Reed, CAJAm.Chem.Soc.1973,95,2048-2049. (b) Wagner, GC; Kassner, RJBiochim.Biophys.Acta 1975,392,319-327. (c) See also See publications 41b-41d. 44. Early optical studies show that after photoexcitation at 350 nm, an excited triplet of cation 3 is produced with a quantum yield of approximately 80%. In the absence of oxygen, the lifetime of the triplelet found is 54 μs; in the presence of air, this triplelet state is completely abolished by the production of singlelet oxygen: Mallouk, T .; Sessler. , JL undisclosed results. 45. The characteristic of this substance is that it is preliminary in the solid state.<sup>113</sup>Further measured by Cd NMR experiments. (Kennedy, MA; Ellis, PD; Murai, T .; Sessler, JL, unpublished results). This complex (3 NO<sub>3</sub>) For isotropic chemical shifts, ie solid cadmium percrolate --- σ = 191 is a "normal" cadmium porphyrin, eg CdTPP<sup>25</sup> --- (σ = 399ppm<sup>46</sup>) Or CdPPIXDME<sup>25</sup> --- (σ = 480ppm<sup>47</sup>), 200 ~ 300ppm is protected. This difference may represent an increase in protection caused by the presence of additional electron pairs within the binding core of the "expansion" "texaphyllin" ligand. Maricq and Waugh technology<sup>48</sup>Stimulating the magic angle spinning spectrum with sigma results in anisotropy of Δσ = 207.6 and asymmetry of η = 0.01, indicating that the system has a 3 times axis of symmetry. Furthermore, the eigenvalues of this chemical shift tensor are σ<sub>11</sub>= 120.6ppm, σ<sub>22</sub>= 123ppm, and σ<sub>33</sub>It was found that = 329.6ppm. 46. Jakobsen, HJJAm.Chem.Soc.1982,104,7442-7542. 47. Keenedy, MA; Ellis, PD, submitted to J. Boil. Chem. 48. Maricq, M .; Waugh, JSJChem.Phys.1979,70,3330-3316. 49. This data can also be analyzed using the iterative experiments used to form the pyridine complex. 2.0 × 10 using this experiment<sup>4</sup>M<sup>-1</sup>K<sub>1</sub>Value and 1.9 × 10<sup>5</sup>M<sup>-2</sup>K<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub>The value was obtained. 50.SHELXTL-PLUS.Nicolet Instrument Corporation, Madison, WI, USA: 1987. 51. SHELX76. Problems related to crystal structure measurement. Sheldrick, GM; Univ. Of Cambridge, England: 1976. 52. Cromer, DT: Mann, JB Acta Cryst. 1968, A24, 321-324. 53. Cromer, DT; Liberman, DJ Chem.Phys. 1970,53,1891-1898. 54. Stewart, RF, Davidson, ER; Simpson, WTJPhys.Chem.1965,42,3175-3187. 55. International Tables for X-ray crystallography, 1974. Vol.IV, p55, Birmingham: Kynoch Press: 1974. 56. Cordes, AW, personal communication (1983). 57. Gadol, SM; Davis, REOrganometallics 1982, 1,1607-1613. (Example 3) Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)<sup>1,2,3</sup>, 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane N, N', N'', N'''-Tetraacetic acid (DOTA)<sup>1,4,5</sup>And 1,10-Diaza-4,7,13,16-Tetraoxacyclooctadecane-N, N'-diacetic acid (dacda)<sup>1,6</sup>The cadrinium (III) complex derived from such strongly bound anionic ligands is the most promising paramagnetic contrast agent recently developed for use in magnetic resonance contrast (MRI).
[Gd, DTPA]<sup>-</sup>Is undergoing clinical trials in the United States for promising use in enhanced tumor detection protocols. However, in the synthesis of other gadolinium (III) complexes, such systems have greater kinetic stability, better relaxation and better biodistribution than existing carboxylate-based contrast media. It is still interesting because it will be. One recent clue is based on the use of water-soluble porphyrin derivatives such as tetrakis (4-sulfonatephenyl) porphyrins.<sup>7,8,9</sup>.. Unfortunately, the large cadrinium (III) cation is a relatively small porphyrin-conjugated nucleus (γ = 2.0 Å).<sup>11</sup>) Cannot be completely contained, and as a result the gadolinium porphyrin complex is always hydrolytically unstable.<sup>7,8,12,13</sup>.. However, large porphyrin-like ligands will provide a means of bypassing this problem.
【0100】
As described above, the present invention is a novel "expanded porphyrin" system 1<sub>B</sub>Synthesis of (given the common name "texaphyllin"), and bispyridine-added cadmium (II) complex 2<sub>B</sub>It is related to the structure of. Compound or complex 1<sub>B</sub>-11<sub>B</sub>See Figure 17 for the structure of. Approximately 20% larger than that of porphyrins, 6-dental ligand Cd<sup>2+</sup>(γ = 0.92Å) and Gd<sup>3+</sup>(γ = 0.94 Å)<sup>25</sup>The presence of a substantially cyclic pentadentate-binding nucleus structure that actually binds to an ionic radius that is substantially equivalent to that suitable for this facilitates the search for general lanthanide binding of this novel monovalent anionic porphyrin-like ligand. did. Corresponding Europium (IV) and Samarium (III) Complex 8<sub>B</sub>And 9<sub>B</sub>In addition to the preparation and characterization of (see Figure 17), a novel 16,17-dimethyl-substituted analog of the original "expanded porphyrin" system (6).<sub>B</sub>)<sup>26</sup>Water-stable gadolinium (III) complex (7) formally derived from<sub>B</sub>) Synthesis and characterization.
【0101】
The electron spectrum was recorded with a Beckman DU-7 spectrophotometer. 4000 cm with Perkin-Elmer 1320 spectrophotometer using IR spectrum as KBr pellets<sup>-1</sup>~ 600cm<sup>-1</sup>Recorded at. Low resolution atomic impact mass spectrometry (FAB MS) was performed at Austin using the Finnigan-MAT TSQ-70 instrument and either n-nitrobenzyl alcohol or glycerol / oxalic acid as the carrier, and high resolution FAB MS spectrometry. (HRMS) was performed at the Midwest Center for Mass Spectrometry using CsI as a standard. Elemental analysis was performed by Galbraith Laboratories.
【0102】
material. All solvents and reagents were of commercially purchased reagent grade quality and were used without further purification. For column chromatography, Sigma's lipophilic SEPHADEX (LH-20-100) and Merck type 60 (230-400 mesh) silica gels were used.
【0103】
Nd complex 3<sub>B</sub>Preparation. Ligand 10<sup>27</sup>Sp<sup>3</sup>Mold (50 mg, 0.1 m mol) daily with neodymium nitrate pentahydrate (63 mg, 0.15 mmol) and proton sponge (64 mg, 0.3 m mol) in chloroform / methanol (150 ml, v / v 1/2). Stirred. The dark green reaction mixture was poured onto ice / water / ammonium chloride and extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was washed with aqueous ammonium chloride solution and concentrated under reduced pressure. The complex was passed through Sephadex and chromatographed with pure chloroform, chloroform / methanol (10: 1), methanol and water. The dark green band was recovered from methanol, concentrated and recrystallized from chloroform / methanol / n-hexane (chloroform to methanol ratio 1: 2) to give 13 mg 3 (18%). About 3: UV / VIS (CH)<sub>3</sub>OH)<sup>*</sup><sub>max</sub>(ε): 330.5 (33,096), 432.5 (85,762), 710.5 (10,724), 774.5, (38,668); FAB MS (glycerol carrier): m / e (relative strength) 631 (<sup>142</sup>Nd, 95), 633 (<sup>144</sup>Nd, 100), 635 (<sup>146</sup>Nd, 77); IR (KBr)<sup>*</sup>3360,2965,2930,2870,1610,1560,1450,1400,1350,1250,1205,1135,1080,1050,980,940,905,755cm<sup>-1</sup>。
【0104】
Sm complex 4<sub>B</sub>The preparation of is as follows. Macro cycle 10<sub>B</sub><sup>27</sup>Stir (40 mg, 0.08 m mol) with platinum oxide (18 mg, 0.2 m mol) and samarium asate hydrate (69 mg, 0.2 m mol) under reflux in benzene / methanol (50 ml, v / v, 1/1). After 2 hours, the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate was purified by chromatography through Sephadex using only chloroform as the eluent. The red band was discarded and then the green band. Was recovered, concentrated in vacuum, and recrystallized from chloroform / n-hexane to give 0.8 mg of 4 (about 1%).<sub>B</sub>About UV / VIS<sup>*</sup><sub>max</sub>nm438, 706.5, 765; FAB MS (3-nitrobenzyl alcohol carrier): m / e (relative strength) 635 (<sup>147</sup>Sm, 72), 636 (<sup>149</sup>Sm, 72), 637 (<sup>149</sup>Sm, 73), 640 (<sup>152</sup>Sm, 100), 642 (<sup>154</sup>Sm, 55).
【0105】
Eu complex 5<sub>B</sub>The preparation of is as follows. Macro cycle 10<sup>27</sup>Stir (50 mg, 0.1 m mol) with europium acetate hydrate (34 mg, 0.1 m mol) and proton sponge (64 mg, 0.3 m mol) in chloroform / methanol (150 ml, v / v, 1/2) for 1 day. did. The reaction mixture was poured onto ice / water and extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was washed with aqueous ammonium chloride solution, then concentrated and recrystallized from chloroform / n-hexane. The recrystallized solid was purified by chromatography through Sephadex using pure chloroform and pure methanol as eluents. The dark green band recovered in methanol was concentrated to give a small amount of dark green solid (<1%). About 5: UV / VIS<sup>*</sup><sub>max</sub>nm438, 700, 765; FAB MS (3-nitrobenzyl alcohol carrier): m / e (relative strength) 639 (<sup>151</sup>Eu, 94), 641 (<sup>153</sup>Eu, 100).
【0106】
4,5,9,24-Tetraethyl-10,16,17,23-Tetramethyl-13,20,25,26,27-Pentaazapentacyclo [20.2.1.1<sup>3,6</sup>.1<sup>8,11</sup>,0<sup>14,19</sup>] Heptakosar 3,5,8,10,12,14 (19),15,17,20,22,24-Undesen (11)<sub>B</sub>). This macro cycle is 10 first<sub>B</sub><sup>27</sup>Using the acid catalysis method reported for the preparation of 1,2-diamino-3,4-dimethylbenzene and 2,5-bis- (3-ethyl-5-formyl-4-methylpyrrole-2-ylmethyl). It was prepared from -3,4-diethylpyrrole in a yield of about 90%.
【0107】
About 11: mp200<sup>-</sup>C dec;<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR β 1.06 (6H, t, CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 1.13 (6H, t, CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>) 2.15 (6H, s, Phenyl-CH<sub>3</sub>), 2.22 (6H, s, pyrrole-CH<sub>3</sub>), 2.38 (4H, q, CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 2.50 (4H, q, CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>), 3.96 (4H, s, pyrrole)<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>), 7.19 (2H, s, aromatic), 8.10 (2H, s, CHN), 11.12 (1H, s, NH), 12.48 (2H, s, NH);<sup>13</sup>CNMR δ9.49,15.33,16.47,17.22,17.71,19.52,22.41,117.84,120.40,120.75,125.11,125.57,134.95,135.91,141.63; UV / VIS<sup>*</sup><sub>max</sub>367nm; FAB MS, M<sup>+</sup>522; HRMS, M<sup>+</sup>521.35045 (calculated value C)<sub>34</sub>H<sub>43</sub>N<sub>5</sub> 521.35185)。
【0108】
Gd complex 7<sub>B</sub>Preparation. Ligand 11 sp<sup>3</sup>Mold (42 mg, 0.08 m mol) with gadolinium acetate tetrahydrate (122 mg, 0.3 m mol) and proton sponge (54 mg, 0.25 m mol) in chloroform / methanol (150 ml, v / v, 1/2) 1 Stirred for days. The dark green reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and chromatographed on silica gel (25 cm x 1.5 cm) pretreated with chloroform / triethylamine (50 ml, v / v 25/1). Chloroform / triethylamine (25/1) and chloroform / methanol / triethylamine (25 / 2.5 / 1 v / v) were used as eluents. The dark red band was recovered first, followed by two green bands. The last green band, which showed a clear aromaticity by UV / VIS, was concentrated and recrystallized from chloroform / n-hexane to 14 mg (22%) of Gd complex 7.<sub>B</sub>Got 7<sub>B</sub>About: FAB MS (methanol / oxalic acid / glycerol carrier): m / e (relative value) 671 (<sup>155</sup>Gd, 58), 672 (<sup>156</sup>Gd, 78), 673 (<sup>157</sup>Gd, 94), 674 (<sup>158</sup>Gd, 100), 676 (<sup>160</sup>Gd, 64); HRMS, M<sup>+</sup>674.2366 (calculated value C<sub>34</sub>H<sub>38</sub>N<sub>5</sub><sup>158</sup>Gd 674.2368): UV / VIS (CDCl)<sub>3</sub>)<sup>*</sup><sub>max</sub>nm (ε) 339.5 (14,850), 450.5 (36,350), 694.5 (6,757), 758.0 (23,767); IR (KBr)<sup>*</sup>2990,2960,2900,2830,2765,2700,2620,2515,1710,1550,1440,1410,1395,1365,1265,1220,1180,1150,1105,1090,106,1040,1095,1045,1015, 680 cm<sup>-1</sup>Analysis, calculated value C<sub>34</sub>H<sub>38</sub>N<sub>5</sub>Gd (OH)<sub>2</sub> 2H<sub>2</sub>O: C.54.89; H, 5.96; N, 9.41. Measured values: C, 54.49; H, 5.95; N, 8.97.
【0109】
Eu complex 8<sub>B</sub>Was prepared. Macro cycle 11<sub>B</sub>(53 mg, 0.1 m mol) was stirred with europium acetate hydrate (105 mg, 0.3 m mol) and proton sponge (64 mg, 0.3 m mol) in chloroform / methanol (150 ml, v / v 1/2) for 6 hours. The dark green reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure as described above with one exception. Chloroform / triethylamine (25: 1) and chloroform / methanol / triethylamine (25: 5: 1) were used as eluents. The green complex 8 was recrystallized from chloroform / n-hexane to give 26 mg of product (33%). 8<sub>B</sub>About: UV / VIS (CHCl)<sub>3</sub>)<sup>*</sup><sub>max</sub>nm (ε) 339.5 (24,570), 450.5 (63,913), 696.0 (10,527), 759.0 (40,907); FAB MS (methanol / oxalic acid / glycerol carrier): m / e (relative intensity) 667 (<sup>151</sup>Eu, 79), 669 (<sup>153</sup>Eu, 100); HRMS, M<sup>+</sup>, 669.2336 (calculated value C<sub>34</sub>H<sub>38</sub>N<sub>5</sub><sup>153</sup>Eu669.2340); IR (KBr)<sup>*</sup>2970,2930,2870,2740,2680,2600,2500,1700,1535,1430,1350,1255,1205,1165,1135,1095,1075,1050,1030,980,900cm<sup>-1</sup>Analysis, calculated value C<sub>34</sub>H<sub>38</sub>N<sub>5</sub>Eu (OH)<sub>2</sub>O: C, 56.66; H, 5.87; N, 9.72. Measured values: C, 55.92; H, 5.47; N, 9.95.
【0110】
Sm<sup>3+</sup>The preparation of the complex is as follows. Ligand (11<sub>B</sub>) Sp<sup>3</sup>Mold (52 mg, 0.1 m mol) in chloroform / methanol (150 ml, v / v 1/2) with samarium acetate hydrate (103.5 mg, 0.3 m mol) and proton sponge (64 mg, 0.3 m mol) 1 Stirred for days. The dark green reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography as described above. The resulting crude material was then recrystallized from chloroform / n-hexane to give 29 mg of 9 in 37% yield. About 9: UV / VIS (CHCl)<sub>3</sub>)<sup>*</sup><sub>max</sub>nm (ε) 339.5 (21,617), 451.0 (56,350), 695.5 (9,393), 760.0 (35,360; FAB MS (3-nitrobenzyl alcohol): m / e (relative intensity) 663 (<sup>147</sup>Sm, 74.8), 664 (<sup>148</sup>Sm, 82.3), 665 (<sup>149</sup>Sm, 84.58), 668 (<sup>152</sup>Sm, 100), 670 (<sup>154</sup>Sm, 78.5); HRMS, M<sup>+</sup>, 668.2300 (calculated value C<sub>34</sub>H<sub>38</sub>N<sub>5</sub><sup>152</sup>Sm 668.2322); IR (KBr)<sup>*</sup>2990,2950,2890,2760,2700,2620,2520,1720,1620,1550,1440,1360,1265,1215,1175,1145,1105,1085,1066,995,945,910,680cm<sup>-1</sup>Analysis, calculated value C<sub>34</sub>H<sub>38</sub>N<sub>5</sub>Sm (OH)<sub>2</sub> O: C, 54.08; H, 6.14; N, 9.27. Measured values: C, 54.30; H, 5.66; N, 9.06.
【0111】
As previously mentioned<sup>23</sup>(See Example 1), Taxaphyllin macrocycle at ambient temperature in air-saturated methanol / chloroform 10<sub>B</sub>Methylene cross-linked or sp<sup>3</sup>Treatment of the mold with the Cd (II) salt leads to the formation of green Cd (II) complex 2 with a yield of approximately 25%, with both metal insertion and oxidation occurring simultaneously under the reaction conditions. Various trivalent lanthanide salts [ie Ce (OTf)<sub>3</sub>, Pr (OAc)<sub>3</sub>, Nd (NO)<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, Sm (OAc)<sub>3</sub>, Eu (OAc)<sub>3</sub>, Gd (OAc)<sub>3</sub>, Dy (OTf)<sub>3</sub>, TbCl<sub>3</sub>, Er (OTf)<sub>3</sub>, Tm (NO)<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, And Yb (NO)<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>] Was used to perform the same treatment, no 1 (or 10) metal complex was obtained (judged by the absence of UV / visible spectrum changes). However, when N, N', N'', N'''-tetramethyl-1,8-diaminonaphthalene (proton sponge) is added to various reaction mixtures, it takes several hours to several days (related). (Depends on the salt used)<sup>*</sup><sub>max</sub>= 10 high-energy, low-intensity bands at 365 nm disappear and are replaced by two strong transitions in the 435-455 nm (Soret) and 760-800 nm (Q-band) regions, allowing ligand oxidation and metal bonding to occur. It is suggested. Unfortunately, isolation of these presumed metal-containing products has been shown to be problematic, and direct chromatography on silica gel or lipophilic Sephadex generally involves small amounts of metal-free oxidation ligands 1<sub>B</sub>Only gave, essentially nothing of the desired metallized material. In fact, it has been shown that only in the case of samarium (III) acetate salt, the desired complex (4) with a trace amount (yield of about 1%) can be isolated by chromatography on Sephadex. However, the reaction mixture is crushed with ice water, repeatedly extracted with chloroform, washed with aqueous ammonium chloride solution, purified by chromatography on Sephadex, and recrystallized from chloroform / methanol / n-hexane to dark green. Neodim (III) Complex 3<sub>B</sub>It is interesting to find that the yield is approximately 20%. Unfortunately, this build-up process has a trace amount of Europium (III) complex (5).<sub>B</sub>) Has been shown to be obtained using this step, but other presumed lanthanide complexes (unfortunately Gd)<sup>3+</sup>It has been shown to be ineffective in the case of (including those derived from).
【0112】
Spectral evidence is sp<sup>3</sup>Macro cycle 10<sub>B</sub>The many other Ln<sup>3+</sup>It is strange that only the neodymium (III) complex (3) can be isolated with reasonable yields, suggesting that metal uptake and ligand oxidation occur when treated with salts. Careful analysis is an example, especially Sm<sup>3+</sup>,EU<sup>3+</sup>, Gd<sup>3+</sup>In this case, it suggests that the problem is not due to hydrolytic instability. Rather, it was due to the extremely high solubility of the lanthanide complex in water, which prevented re-extraction into organic solvents following the first aqueous wash. This observational estimation led to the speculation that more water-soluble texaphyrin analogs would be useful in the preparation and isolation of "expanded porphyrin" lanthanide complexes.
【0113】
To test the above reasoning, the original sp<sup>3</sup>Hybridized ligand 10<sub>B</sub>Simple dimethylated analog of<sub>B</sub>) Was prepared. This new, more water-soluble sp<sup>3</sup>Hybridized ligand is 10<sup>27</sup>1,2-Diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene with 2,5-bis- (3-ethyl-5-formyl-4-methylpyrrole-2-ylmethyl) under the same acid catalytic conditions as used for the preparation of ) -3,4-By condensing with diethylpyrrole, it was obtained with a yield of about 90%. Then this texaphyllin precursor and Gd (OAc)<sub>3</sub>, Eu (OAc)<sub>3</sub>And Sm (OAc)<sub>3</sub>And 3<sub>B</sub>Treatment under the same reactions and preparation conditions as used to obtain the cationic complex 7<sub>B</sub>、8<sub>B</sub>And 9<sub>B</sub>Was given as their dihydroxyd adduct in yields of 22%, 33% and 37%, respectively. These increased yields are based on the novel dimethyl-substituted texaphyllin ligand system (6).<sub>B</sub>It seems that it was directly derived from the increased hydrophobicity of).
【0114】
The novel lanthanide complexes reported here are unique in several respects. For example, complex 3 as determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS) analysis.<sub>B</sub>-5<sub>B</sub>And 7<sub>B</sub>-9<sub>B</sub>Is a 1: 1 mononuclear species, and this conclusion is that compound 7<sub>B</sub>-9<sub>B</sub>In this case, it is further supported by both high-resolution FAB MS high-precision molecular weight measurement and combustion analysis. In other words, no evidence of higher binding was found, as is often the case with 1: 2 metal-to-ligand "sandwich" systems, or the more studied lanthanide porphyrins.
【0115】
The electron spectrum shows the second salient feature of these novel materials: the six lanthanide complexes isolated to date all show a predominant Soret-like transition in the 435-455 nm region, which is It is significantly less intense than that observed in the corresponding metalloporphyrins (see Figure 18) and also exhibits a prominent low 5-energy Q-type band in the 760-800 nm region. This latter feature is a feature of this 22π-electron "expanded porphyrin" class and is also a suitable reference Latinanide porphyrin (eg [Gd TPPS]].<sup>+</sup>、<sup>*</sup><sub>max</sub>It is considerably stronger than the corresponding transition (= 575 nm) and has a substantially redshift (about 200 nm). In connection with these general observations, the more electron-rich ligand 6<sub>B</sub>All of the complexes derived from the original taxaphyllin 1<sub>B</sub>It shows a Q-type band that is blue-shifted by about 5-15 nm compared to the one obtained from.
【0116】
Complex 7<sub>B</sub>-9<sub>B</sub>The third notable property of is high solubility in both chloroform and methanol. These three compounds have moderate solubility in a 1: 1 (vv) methanol / water mixture (approximately 10).<sup>-3</sup>The fact that it also has the concentration of M) is particularly interesting. Furthermore, as previously suggested by 3-5 above based on preliminary studies, these materials are stable to these solvent conditions. For example, 1: 1 (vv) methanol / water gadolinium complex 7<sub>B</sub>3.5 × 10<sup>-5</sup>Solution M showed less than 10% bleaching of Soret and Q-type bands when spectroscopically monitored at ambient temperature for 2 weeks. This suggests that the half-life for decomplexation and / or degradation of this compound is 100 days under these conditions. Under the above experimental conditions, no detectable displacement was observed at the position of the Q-type band, but the free base 6<sub>B</sub>Q-type transition is 7<sub>B</sub>It fell 20 nm blue from the one, while displacement in this direction was expected when simple metal desorption was the predominant path leading to the observed small amount of spectral bleaching.
【0117】
Complex 7<sub>B</sub>-9<sub>B</sub>High hydrolytic stability causes water-induced metal desorption over the course of several days when exposed to an aquatic environment [Gd TPPS]<sup>+</sup>This is in stark contrast to what is observed for simple water-soluble gadolinium porphyrins such as. Therefore, the novel texaphyllin ligand 6<sub>B</sub>Or gadolinium (III) complexes derived from analogs thereof will provide the basis for developing new paramagnetic contrast agents for use in MRI applications. In addition, complex 7<sub>B</sub>-9<sub>B</sub>The ease of preparation and stable mononuclear properties suggest that such expanded porphyrin ligands will provide a substrate that further advances the relatively undeveloped coordination chemistry of lanthanide. There is. Citations of the references in the list below are included here for reference for reasons cited.
【0118】
(Reference) 1.For a recent review see: Lauffer, RBChem.Rev.1987,87,901-927. 2. Kornguth, SE; Turski, PA; Perman, WH; Schultz, R .; Kalinke, T .; Reale, R .; Raybaud, FJ Neurosurg. 1987,66,898-906. 3.Koenig, SH; Spiller, M .; Brown, RD; Wolf, GLInvest.Radiol.1986,21,697-704. 4.Cacheris, WP; Nickle, SK; Sherry, ADInorg.Chem.1987,26,958-960. 5. (a) London, MF; Desreux, JF; Merciny, E.Inorg.Chem.1986,25,2646-2648. (b) Spirlet, M.-R .; Rebizant, J .; Desreux, JF; London , M.-F.Inorg.Chem.1984,23,359-363. 6. (a) Chang, CA; Sekhar, VCInorg.Chem.1987,26,1981-1985. (b) Chang, CA; Ochaya, VOInorg.Chem.1986,25,355 -358. (c) Chang, CA; Rowland , MEInorg.Chem.1983,22,3866-3869. 7.Horrocks.WD; Hove, EGJAm.Chem.Soc.1978,100,4386-4392. 8. Lyon, RC; Faustino, PJ; Cohen, JS; Katz, A .; Mornex, F .; Colcher, D .; Baglin, C .; Koenig, SH; Hambright, P.Magn.Reson.Med.1987, 4,24-33. 9.Radzki, S .; Krauz, P .; Gaspard, S .; Giannotti, C.Inorg.Chim.Acta 1987,138,139-143. 10. Buchler, JW, in "The Porphyrins," Dolphin, D.ed., Academic Press, New York, 1978, Vol.1, Chapter 10. 11. Hoard, JLin "Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins"; Smith, K., Ed; Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1975, Chapter 8. 12. (a) (Horrocks, WD, Jr .; Wong, C.-PJAm.Chem.Soc.1976,98,7157-7162. (B) Wong, C.-P .; Venteicher, RF; Horrocks, WD , Jr.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1974,96,7149-7150. 13.Srivastava, TSBioinorg.Chem.1978,8,61-76. 14. "Sapphyrins",<sup>15,16</sup>"Platyrins",<sup>17</sup>"Pentaphyrins",<sup>18</sup>And "[26] Porphyrin"<sup>19</sup>Several large porphyrin-like aromatic macrocycles, including, are prepared in their metal-free form, and the uranyl complex is a large "superphthalocyanine".<sup>20</sup>Stabilized by, but we have these systems<sup>21</sup>I don't know anything about the lanthanide complex formed from. 15.Bauer, VJ; Clive, DR; Dolphin, D .; Paine, JBIII; Harris, FL; King, MM; Loder, J .; Wang, S.-WC; Woodward, RBJAm.Chem.Soc.1983,105 , 6429-6436. 16. Broadhurst, MJ; Grig, R .; Johnson, AWJ Chem.Soc.Perkin Trans.1,1972,2111-2116. 17. (a) Berger, RA .; LeGoff, E.Tetrahedron Lett.1978,4225-4228. (b) LeGoff, E .; Weaver, OGJOrg.Chem.1987,710-711. 18. (a) Rexhausen, H .; Gossauer, AJChem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1983,275. (B) Gossauer, A.Bull.Soc.Chim.Belg.1983,92,793-795. 19.Gosmann, M .; Franck, B.Angew.Chem.1986,98,1107-1108; Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.1986,25,1100-1101. 20. (a) Day, VW; Marks, TJ; Wachter, WAJAm.Chem.Soc.1975,97,4519-4527. (B) Marks, TJ; Stojakovic, DRJAm.Chem.Soc.1978,100,1695- 1705. (c) Cuellar, EA; Marks, TJInorg.Chem.1981,20,3766-3770. 21. Sessler, JL; Cyr, M .; Murai, T.Comm.Inorg.Chem, in press. 22. Examples of lanthanide cation complexes stabilized by the more conventional Schiff base macrocycle include: (a) Backer-Dirks, JDJ; Cray, CJ; Hart, FA; Hursthouse, MB; Schoop, BCJ Chem.Soc., Chem.Commmun.1979,774-775. (B) De Cola, L .; Smailes, DL Vallarino, LMInorg.Chem.1986,25,1729-1732. (c) Sabbatini, N .; De Cola, L .; Vallarino, LM; Blasse, GJPhys.Chem.1987,91,4681-4685. (D) Abid, KK; Fenton, DE; Casellato, U .; Vigato, P .; Graziani, RJChem.Soc., Dalton Trans.1984,351. (E) Abid, KK; Fenton, DEInorg.Chim.Acta 1984,95,119- 125. (f) Sakamoto, M.Bull Chem.Soc.Jpn.1987,60,1546-1548. 23. Sessler, JL; Murai, T .; Lynch, V .; Cyr, MJAm.Chem.Soc.1988,110,5586-5588. 24.Chemical & Engineering News August 8,1988,26-27. 25. Cotton, FA; Wilkinson, G. "Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 4"<sup>th</sup> ed., "John Wiley, New, York, 1980, pp. 589 and 982. 26. The systematic name for this compound is 4,5,9,24-tetraethyl-10,16,17,23-tetramethyl-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo- [20.2.1.1<sup>3,6</sup>.1<sup>8,11</sup>.0<sup>14,19</sup>] Heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11 (27), 12,14,16,18,20,22 (25), 23-Tridecaen. 27. Sessler, JL; Johnson, MR; Lynch, VJOrg.Chem.1987,52,4394-4397. 28. The relationship between the optical band (nm) observed immediately after the reaction and the trivalent lanthanide used is as follows. Ce: 453,782; Pr: 437,797; Nd: 439,786; Sm: 438,769; Eu: 438,765; Gd: 438,765; Tb: 439,764; Dy: 438,765; Tm: 437,765; Yb: 437,7664. 29. Hydroxide anions serve to replace the acetate ligands that are likely to be present following the initial metal insertion procedure, as determined from IR and microanalytical data under reaction and production conditions. Similar substitutions<sup>1</sup>Easy H NMR analysis<sup>30</sup>Cadmium complex (Cd (OAc)<sub>2</sub>It was also observed in the case of (prepared from). 30. Murai, T .; Hemmi, G .; Sessler, JL, unpublished results. 31. (a) Buchler, JW; Cian, AD; Fischer, J .; Kihn-Botulinski, M .; Paulus, H .; Weiss, RJAm.Chem.Soc.1986,108,3652-3659. (B) Buchler , JW; Cian, AD; Fischer, J .; Kihn-Botulinski, M .; Weiss, R.Inorg.Chem.1988,27,339-345. (c) Buchler, JW; Scharbert, BJAm.Chem.Soc.1988, 110,4272-4276. (D) Buchler, JW; Kapellmann, H.-G .; Knoff, M .; Lay, K.-L .; Pfeifer, SZNaturforsch.1983,38b,1339-1345. (Example 4) We report the photophysical properties of a novel series of tripyrrole dimethine-induced "expanded porphyrins" ("texaphyrins"). These compounds exhibit high intensity low energy light absorption in the spectroscopic region of 730-770 nm in addition to high triplet quantum yields, as efficient photosensitizers for singlet oxygen production in methanol solution. It works.
【0119】
Photodynamic therapy is among the more promising modes recently considered for the treatment of localized neoplasms and the eradication of viral contaminants in the blood. As a result, considerable effort has been made to develop effective photochemotherapeutic agents. To date, porphyrins and their derivatives, phthalocyanines, and naphthalocyanines are among the most widely studied compounds in this regard. Unfortunately, all of these dyes have critical inconveniences. Porphyrin derivatives have high triplet yields and long triplet lifetimes (thus sufficient transition excitation energy for triplet oxygen).<sup>3b, 3g</sup>The absorption of their Q-band region is often similar to that of heme-containing tissues. Phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines have absorption in a more convenient spectral range, but have significantly lower triplet yields; in addition, they tend to be totally insoluble in polar protic solvents. It is also difficult to sensitize. Therefore, the development of more effective photochemical therapeutic agents at present is in the spectral region (ie 700-1000 nm) where the biological tissue is relatively transparent.<sup>1d</sup>It seems that it is necessary to synthesize a compound having absorption in, a high triplet quantum yield, and a minimum toxicity. We recently reported the synthesis of tripyrrole dimethine-induced "texaphyrins", a novel type of aromatic porphyrin-like macrocycle with strong absorption in the clear tissue range of 730-770 nm (eg). 1). Metallotexaphyrins 1<sub>c</sub>-7<sub>c</sub>The photophysical properties of are similar to those of the corresponding metalloporphyrins, and the diamagnetic complex 1<sub>c</sub>-4<sub>c</sub>With high quantum yield<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>Is functionalized in the production of. FIG. 19 shows the compound of the present invention (1).<sub>c</sub>-7<sub>c</sub>) Schematic structure, metal complex and derivative are shown.
【0120】
1<sub>c</sub> The absorption spectrum of Cl is shown in FIG. This spectrum, which is representative of this type of compound (see Table 3), is characterized by strong Soret- and Q-type bands, the latter of particular interest. The fluorescence excitation and absorption spectra of this compound monitored at maximum radiation (approximately 780 nm; see insert in Figure 20) can be superimposed in the visible region (370-800 nm) to the first excited singlet state. It shows that the internal conversion is quantitative for photoexcitation in the Soret or Q-band region. 1<sub>c</sub>-4<sub>c</sub>About Fluorescent Quantum Absorption (φ<sub>f</sub>) Is only 0-1%, but the quantum yield (φ) for triplet formation of these diamagnetic metal texafylins.<sub>t</sub>) Is nearly equal to a single and is similar to that found for metalloporphyrins. 1 shown in Figure 21<sub>c</sub> The triplet-triplet transition spectrum of Cl shows bleaching in the ground state Soret- and Q-bands, and positive absorbance changes in the 450-600 nm region, as well as regression of the metaloporphyrin triplet spectrum. The insert in FIG. 21 shows the decay of the triplet state in oxygen scavenger methanol, from which it has a lifetime of 67 μs (τ<sub>t</sub>) Is calculated. Similar triplet spectra, lifetimes, and quantum yields were found for other diamagnetic metallotexaphyllin derivatives in methanol, and in mixed methanol / aqueous solution 1<sub>c</sub> Measured for Cl. Interestingly, no low temperature phosphorescence was observed in the methanol glass for any of the compounds. Finally, paramagnetic metal ions (eg Mn)<sup>II</sup>Sn<sup>III</sup>, And Eu<sup>III</sup>, Structure 5<sub>c</sub>-7<sub>c</sub>) Was evaluated. Their triplet excited states were not detected by our laser flash photoanalyzer, which showed that they were non-radioactive and had a temporal resolution of about 10 ns.
【0121】
In methanol solution, 1<sub>c</sub>-4<sub>c</sub>The triplet excited state of is (2.6 ± 0.2) × 10<sup>9</sup>dm<sup>3</sup>mol<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>It is cooled by molecular oxygen with the biomolecular rate constant of. In aerated solution, the triplet state decay profile is described by a single exponential step with an average lifetime of (175 ± 20) ns, thus the triplet molecular species and O.<sub>2</sub>The interaction with is quantitative. Laser excitation of the compound in aerated methanol (355 nm, 80 mJ, 10 ns) gave no redox products (eg, taxaphyllin cations and peroxide anions), but using a Ge diode.<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>The formation of was clearly observed from its characteristic 1270 nm light radiation. This light radiation decayed with a lifetime of 12.5 ± 0.3 μs, and its initial intensity was a linear function of the number of photons absorbed by the taxaphyllin complex, extrapolated to the center of the laser pulse. A comparison of the initial intensity with that obtained using tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (THPP) as a photosensitizer under the same conditions is singlet oxygen.<sup>φ</sup>1<sub>02</sub>It made it possible to calculate the quantum yield of production. The derived values are similar to the values in triplet quantum yield (Table 3), and the triplet state reaction is<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>Generation (74-78%) and oscillatingly excited O<sub>2</sub>It seems to be distributed among the formation of (22-26%). these<sup>φ</sup>1<sub>02</sub>The values are preferably compared to those observed with porphyrins and are significantly superior to those obtained with phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines due to the improved triplet state yield. Therefore, the diamagnetic taxaphyllin complex is<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>It appears to be a highly efficient photosensitizer for the formation of.
【0122】
[Table 3]
In summary, the novel metallotexaphyrin complexes discussed here have three important optical properties that make them unique among the porphyrin-like macrocycles that exist. They have strong absorption in physiologically important regions (ie 730-770 nm), form long-lived triplet states in high yields, and as efficient photosensitizers for singlet oxygen formation. It works (see, for example, Figure 21). These properties, combined with their high chemical stability and favorable solubility in polar media, are used as a viable photosensitizer in the photodynamic protocols in which these cationic complexes emerge. Suggests to get. 3 in 10% human serum<sub>c</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>In a preliminary in vitro study of herpes simplex (HSV-1), a marked reduction in infectivity and lymphocyte mitotic promoter activity was observed by radiation at 767 nm.<sup>9</sup>, The possibility of this approach was confirmed.
【0123】
(Reference) 1. For general information, see CJ Gomer, Photochem, Photbiol. 1987,46,561 (this special issue is entirely about this topic). Also: (b) TJ Dowerty, Photochem.Photobiol.1987,45,879; (c) AROseroff, D.Ohuoha, G.Ara, D.McAuliffe, J.Foley, and L.Cincotta, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA , 1986,83,9729; (d) S.Wan, JAPANRish, RRAnderson, and M.Madden, Photochem.Photobiol., 1981,34,679; See also Cancer Res., 1983, 43, 430. 2.JLMatthews, JTNewsam, F.Sogandares-Bernal, MMJudy, H.Skiles, JELevenson, AJMarengo-Rowe, and TC Hanh, Transfusion, 1988, 28, 81. 3. (a) MRDetty, PBMerkel, and SKPowers, J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1988,110,5920; (b) R.Bonnett, DJMcGarvey, A.Harriman, EJLand, TGTruscott, and UJ.Winfield, Photochem .Photobiol., 1988,48,271; (c) R.Bonnett, S.Ioannou.RDWhite, UJ.Winfield, and MCBerenbaum, Photobiochem.Photobiophys.1987, Suppl., 45; (d) PAScourides, RMBohmer, AHKaye, and G .Morstyn, Cancer Res., 1987,47,3439; (e) MC Berenbaum, SLAkande, R.Bonnett, H.Kaur, S.Ioannou, RDWhite, and UJ.Winfield, Br.J.cancer, 1986,54,717; (f) JDSpikes, Photochem.Photobiol.,1986,43,691; (g) D.Kessel and CJDutton, Photochem.Photobiol.,1984,40,403. 4.PAFirey and MAJ Rodgers, Photochem.Photobiol., 1987,45,535. 5. (a) JLSessler, T.Murai, V.Lynch, and M.Cyr, J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1988,110,5586. (b) JLSessler, T.Murai, and G.Hemmi, submitted to Inorg.Chem. 6. "The Porphyrins"; D. Dolphin, Ed., Academic Press: New York, 1978-1979, Vols. I-VII. 7.A.Harriman, J.Chem.Soc., Faraday Trans.2,1981,77,1281. 8.MAJRodgers and PT Snowden, J.Am.Chem.Soc., 1982,104,5541. 9.MHJudy, JLMatthews, G.Hemmi, JLSessler, scheduled to be published.
【0124】
(Example 5) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer are among the most serious public health problems facing our country today. AIDS, first reported in 1981 as occurring among homosexual men,<sup>1</sup>A deadly human disease that has reached a pandemic rate today, cancer has made some very significant advances in diagnosis and treatment in recent years in this country (US). ), It is still the third leading cause of death. Therefore, finding better ways to detect, treat, and reduce transmission of these diseases is the most important research objective. One of the more promising new methods explored in recent years for use in tumor control and treatment is photodynamic therapy (PDT).<sup>1-5</sup>Is. This technique is localized to or near the tumor site and is singlet oxygen (O) when radiated in the presence of oxygen.<sub>2</sub>(<sup>1</sup>*<sub>g</sub>)) And other cytotoxic substances, or benign precursors (eg (O)<sub>2</sub>(<sup>3</sup>Σ<sub>g</sub><sup>-</sup>It is based on the use of photosensitive dyes that act as they are produced from))). Much of the recent excitement associated with PDT derives from this very trait. In striking contrast to current methods (eg conventional chemotherapy), in PDT the drug itself can (and must) be completely harmless until it is "activated" by the therapist with light. .. Therefore, the degree of control and selectivity could be achieved that would otherwise be impossible.
【0125】
Currently, diamagnetic porphyrins and their derivatives are considered the dyes of choice for PDT. For 10 years, porphyrins such as hematoporphyrins have been found to selectively localize in rapidly growing tissues, including sarcomas and cancers, although the reason for their selectivity remains esoteric. Has been done. The most noticeable these days are produced by treating hematoporphyrin dihydrochloride with acetic acid-sulfuric acid and then with a diluting base.<sup>22-27</sup>So-called hematoporphyrin derivatives, which are not fully characterized mixtures of monomeric and oligomeric porphyrins<sup>2-5,7-21</sup>Is. Best tumor localization<sup>23,26</sup>Oligomer-rich fractions believed to have are marketed under the trademark Photofirin II® (PII) and have recently been used for obstructed bronchial tumors and superficial bladder tumors. In contrast, Phase III clinical trials are underway. Here, the mechanism of action is often singlet oxygen (O), if not perfect.<sub>2</sub>(<sup>1</sup>*<sub>g</sub>)) Is believed to be due to photogeneration, however, another mechanism of action involving peroxide anions or hydroxyls and / or porphyrin-base radicals cannot be fully elucidated.<sup>28-33</sup> It is also believed that singlet oxygen is a critically toxic species that can be manipulated in experimental photosensitive blood purification methods. The application of this very new photodynamic therapy is very likely and important. It removes enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, herpes simplex (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), various forms of hepatitis, and opportunistic blood-related infections from transfused whole blood (eg, bacteria and malaria plasmodium). Provide a safe and effective way for. Given that AIDS is currently not effectively treated and is usually a fatal disease, the benefits of such blood purification methods are invaluable.
【0126】
At present, sexual relations and needle sharing are the major mechanisms of AIDS epidemics.<sup>1</sup>.. The increasing proportion of AIDS infections is today the result of blood transfusions.<sup>1,40-43</sup>Unfortunately, the stored blood component is a fundamental product for the practice of modern medicine, and as a result this method of transmission cannot be ruled out by simple lifestyle changes. Rather, a complete absence proof means must be developed to ensure that all stored blood samples are AIDS virus-free (and ideally free of all other blood-related pathogens). To a certain extent, this can be achieved by conducting a career survey and serological tests of the donor. However, serological tests for HIV-1 are now sufficient to detect all infected blood, especially those obtained from donors who have been in contact with the patient but have not yet produced detectable antibodies. It's not something.<sup>42,43</sup>In addition, new mutants of the AIDS virus have been detected, and some or all of these will be missed by current methods. Therefore, there is a need for an antiviral system that removes both forms of HIV-1 from stored blood. This is especially important given the possible situations in which a stored blood sample from one infected donor is provided to several different patients, for example in pediatric treatment.
【0127】
Ideally, none of the blood purification methods used to remove the AIDS virus or other blood-related pathogens involve the introduction of unwanted toxins, damage to normal blood components, or induction of harmful metabolite formation. Should be manipulated. In general, this eliminates the use of conventional antiviral systems based on heating, UV radiation, or pure chemical methods. A promising approach is the photodynamic method mentioned earlier. Here, Dr. Matthews of the Baylor Research Foundation and his associates<sup>34-37</sup>And others<sup>38,39</sup>Preliminary studies conducted by collaborators have shown that HPD and PII are photoinert in acellular HIV-1, HIV, hepatitis and other enveloped viruses at lower doses than required for tumor treatment. other reduction contributed to show that it is possible to act as an efficient light sensitive agents Me. Based on the available data, the success of this method is that these dyes are morphologically characteristic and selectively physiologically basic to the viral membrane (envelope) or its vicinity. It is derived from the fact that it is localized and forms singlet oxygen by light radiation. It is believed that the singlet oxygen thus produced then destroys the basic membrane envelope. It kills the virus and eliminates its infectivity. Thus, photodynamic blood purification methods selectively localize to viral membranes, much like more classical tumor treatments require dyes that are preferentially adsorbed or retained at the tumor site. Probably due to the use of sensitive agents. As long as this is the case, simple enveloped DNA viruses such as HSV-1 are good for testing presumptive photosensitizers for useful use in the killing of the more dangerous HIV-1 retroviruses. It will be shown to be a model. However, it is important to note that this correspondence is maintained only for viruses that are freely circulating (unlike those within the cell). Complete prophylactic removal of HIV-1 from blood products will require destructive removal of the virus from within monocytes and T lymphocytes.<sup>44</sup> It is important to recognize that these photosensitizers are not ideal, as they have recently been explored using HPD and PII as promising antitumor and antiviral photodynamic applications and are critical. is there. In fact, this "first generation" dye has many serious flaws that may actually affect its final use in their biomedical applications. They contain a range of species, they are not degraded or rapidly excreted from the body, and they have absorption in the red part of the spectrum where blood and other body tissues are transparent but poor.<sup>5</sup>Each of these deficiencies can and does have significant clinical consequences. For example, the fact that HPD and PII do not contain a well-specified single chemical component, combined with the fact that the active component should be identified with certainty, is combined with the fact that effective concentrations are prepared for each preparation. Means that it can and often changes. Therefore, the effects of dose and light cannot necessarily be optimized or predetermined for any particular application. Furthermore, the fact that they are not metabolized rapidly means that significant amounts of these dyes remain in the stored blood units after prophylactic photoinduced HIV-1 removal and also long after photomechanical tumor treatment. It means that it remains in the patient's body. The latter residual problem is known to be particularly severe, with HPD and PII localizing in the skin and inducing photosensitivity in patients for several weeks after administration.<sup>5,45</sup> However, what is considered to be the most serious is the last of the above drawbacks. This is because the longest wavelength absorption of these dyes is at 630 nm, and most of the initial energy used for phototherapy disperses or attenuates before reaching the center of the deep tumor, resulting in the initial light. Most of them are not available for single-term oxygen production and treatment.<sup>46-48</sup>In fact, a study using a mouse model and a 3 mm tumor implanted subcutaneously showed that 90% of the energy was lost by the tumor base. As illustrated by the data in Figure 22 taken from Reference 47, if photosensitizers with absorption in the> 700 nm region were developed, they would of course be the desired features of HPD and PII (eg to the target tissue). (Selective localization and low unknown toxicity) will allow for more effective treatment of deep or large tumors. The present invention in this regard relates to the development of such improved photosensitizers for use in photodynamic tumor therapy and blood purification protocols. 1. readily available 2. Low intrinsic toxicity 3. Long wavelength absorption 4. Effective photosensitizer for singlet oxygen production 5. Appropriate solubility in water 6. Selective uptake into tumor tissue and / or 7. Shows high affinity for enveloped viruses 8. Fast disassembly and / or elimination after use 9. Chemically pure and stable 10. Easy to perform synthetic modification.
【0128】
The list summarizes the features that would be desirable for biopharmaceutical photosensitizers. Obviously, there will be some variation in requirements depending on the application. For example, photosensitizers designed for use in blood purification protocols should be designed to be less chemically stable than those used for photodynamic therapy. Ideally, following radiation, the dye undergoes rapid decomposition or hydrolysis to produce non-toxic and inert metabolites. Greater stability is desirable for tumor treatment, as it will obviously take longer to achieve selective localization in neoplastic tissue. Of course, low toxicity and good long wavelength absorption and photosensitization properties are absolutely essential in both cases.
【0129】
In recent years, great efforts have been made in the synthesis and research of new promising photosensitizers that will meet these demands. Some of these consist of rhodamine and cyanine-based classical dyes,<sup>49-51</sup>Most were porphyrin derivatives with an extended π network.<sup>56-57</sup>Included in the latter category (see Figure 23) are Morgan's purpurins.<sup>55</sup>(For example l<sub>D</sub>) And veldins<sup>56</sup>(For example 2<sub>B</sub>), And other chlorophyll-like molecular species<sup>57-59</sup>, Dolphin et al. Benz-Fusion Porphyrin (3)<sub>D</sub>), As well as Ben-Hur<sup>61</sup>, Rodgers<sup>62</sup>And others<sup>63-67</sup>Sulfonated phthalocyanines and naphthonaphthalocyanines studied by (4)<sub>D</sub>). Of these, only naphthonaphthalocyanines have efficient absorption in the most desirable> 700 nm spectral region. Unfortunately, these particular dyes are difficult to prepare in chemically pure and water-soluble forms and are relatively inadequate as photosensitizers for singlet oxygen production. And will probably act photodynamically via other oxygen-induced toxins (eg peroxides). Therefore, the "third generation" of photosensitizers, which would meet the above ten critical criteria, is still continued.
【0130】
It is an important aspect of the present invention to obtain improved "third generation" photosensitizers using "expanded porphyrins" containing large pyrroles. These systems are fully synthetic and can be adjusted to incorporate any desired property, at least in principle. Unfortunately, the chemistry of such systems is still underdeveloped: in a striking contrast to the porphyrin literature and related tetrapyrrole systems (eg, phthalocyanines, chlorins, etc.), reports of large pyrrole-containing systems have been reported. , And only a few of these do not meet the criteria for aromaticity that appear to be essential for long wavelength absorption and singlet oxygen photosensitization. In fact, to date, texaphyllin 5<sub>D</sub>Inventors' research on<sup>69</sup>(See Figure 23), and Woodward<sup>70</sup>And Johonson<sup>71</sup>First generated by the group of "sapphyrin" 6<sub>D</sub>In addition, it seems that only two large porphyrin-like systems may have usefulness as photosensitizers. These are Le Goff's "platyrins" ([22] platyrins 7)<sub>D</sub>(Exampled as)<sup>72</sup>And Frank's vinylogous porphyrins ([26] porphyrins 8<sub>D</sub>(Represented by)<sup>73</sup>Is. Unfortunately, recent synthetic reports include commentary suggesting that the study is underway, but there are few publications on the photodynamic aspects of these materials. However, expanded porphyrin 5<sub>D</sub>And 6<sub>D</sub>Current research shows that the extended porphyrin approach to photodynamic therapy is, in fact, extremely promising. Interestingly, a new kind of "contractile porphyrins", porphycenes<sup>74</sup>(For example 9<sub>D</sub>) Also showed substantial potential as a promising photosensitizer.
【0131】
The present invention relates to a major breakthrough in the area of ligand design and synthesis and is the first rationally designed aromatic pentadentate macrocycled ligand tripyrrole dimethine-induced "expanded porphyrin" 5<sub>D</sub><sup>69</sup>Regarding the composition of. Given the trivial name "texaphyrin", this compound is large enough to be contained in the form of a free base and in a stable form within a tetradentate-binding nucleus that is as small as 20% of well-studied porphyrins. Cd past<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, In<sup>3+</sup>, Y<sup>3+</sup>, Nd<sup>3+</sup>,EU<sup>3+</sup>, Sm<sup>3+</sup>And Gd<sup>3+</sup>It can be present in both forms that support the formation of hydrolyzically stable 1: 1 complexes, along with various metal cations, including many such as. In addition, 5<sub>D</sub>Since the free base form of is a monovalent anionic ligand, the texaphyrin complex formed from divalent or trivalent metal cations is positively charged at neutral pH. As a result, many of these complexes are soluble in water and at least much more soluble than similar porphyrin complexes.
【0132】
To date, two different Cd<sup>2+</sup>Two types of X-ray crystal structures of adducts have been obtained. One is an equally saturated pentagonal bipyramidal bispyridine complex.<sup>69a</sup>The other is an equally unsaturated isomorphic pyramidal benzimidazole complex. Importantly, both have been identified as the planar pentadentate structure of this novel ligand system and support the aromatic role of this standard "expanded porphyrin".
【0133】
Yet another support for aromatic structures is 5<sub>D</sub>It depends on the optical properties of. For example, 5<sub>D</sub>CDCl of the structurally characterized bispyridine cadmium (II) complex<sub>3</sub>The lowest energy Q-type band at 767 nm (κ = 51,900) in is significantly stronger (with approximately 10 factors!) And substantially higher than that of a typical control cadmium (II) porphyrin. It is displaced to red (almost 200 nm!). Of further interest is compound 5<sub>D</sub>And its zinc (II) and cadmium (II) complexes are both extremely effective photosensitizers for singlet oxygen when irradiated in air-saturated methanol at 354 nm.<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>To give a quantum yield between 60 and 70% for formation. 69C It is the prominent properties of these latter that make these systems a strong ideal candidate for use in photodynamic therapy and blood purification protocols.
【0134】
Compound 5<sub>D</sub>A variety of novel aromatic tripyrrole dimethine-inducible macrocycle ligands similar to are currently being prepared and further planned. For example 10<sub>D</sub>-15<sub>D</sub>Many of these, such as (see Figure 25), have already been synthesized and texafrin 5<sub>D</sub>It has been found to form metal complexes as well, and many others can be easily imagined. This aspect of the invention relates to the preparation of novel analogs of the original texafrin and the description of their chemical and photobiological properties. Important is the fact that the energy of the lowest Q-type band can be adjusted as desired by making specific small substitutions. For example, 14<sub>D</sub>、5<sub>D</sub>And 16<sub>D</sub>In a series of cadmium (II) complexes derived from (already tested), this transition ranges from 690 to 880 nm. Therefore, it is now believed that the optical properties of texaphyrin-type magnifying porphyrins can be adapted to any desired laser frequency. Again, this is a feature that suggests that this type of dye will be well suited for a variety of photodynamic applications.
【0135】
Several preliminary in vitro biological studies have shown that 18 and 22π-electron texaphyllins 14<sub>D</sub>And 5<sub>D</sub>It was performed using the cadmium (II) complex of. These results are, to a limited extent, encouraging. For example, both complexes have 20 J / cm of light at the lowest energy absorption (690 nm and 767 nm, respectively).<sup>2</sup>Has the effect of about 2 log photo-killing of HSV-1 non-infectious by irradiation, and more importantly 5<sub>D</sub>And 14<sub>D</sub>None of them showed perceptible unknown antiviral activity (fortunately, they do not show much evidence of systemic cytotoxicity in the absence of light). In addition, the 22π-electron cadmium-containing taxaphyllin 5<sub>D</sub>Was shown to be selectively localized on lymphocytes by both absorption and radiation measurements. This latter result is particularly well predictive of the potential use of these materials in prophylactic photodynamic anti-AIDS blood-treatment programs. The 2 log reduction in HSV-1 activity achieved by the taxaphyllin system studied to date is still insufficient to fully design a viable protocol: sapphirine (6).<sub>D</sub>) In addition to the method of literature<sup>70</sup>Both HPD and PII prepared by are about 5 of viral activity under the influence of similar light when irradiated at the appropriate minimum energy transitions (630 and 690 nm, respectively). Gave a decrease in log. Although a mechanical comparison by the hematoporphyrin-inducible system, which is not fully characterized, is difficult, a direct structural correspondence is found between the tripyrrole dimethine-induced cadmium (II) texaphyrin and the free base sapphirine system. It exists in between. The main difference is in the total charge on the photosensitizer. Thus, these two macrocycle systems will bind to the viral envelope in different ways; perhaps sapphirine is inserted into the lipid layer and charged metallotexaphyllin sits on the membrane surface. Will undergo harmful aggregation, which will reduce the production of singlet oxygen. Critical observational differences between the two closely related systems (texaphyllin vs. sapphirine) suggest that slight structural differences may reflect important functional effects. In addition, these experimental findings are that 1) the free base texaphyllin system is a much more efficient photosensitizer for in vitro and in vivo applications where cadmium complexes have been studied so far, and 2 ) It is suggested that the regulation of substituents around texaphyllin results in significant changes in the biopartitioning properties of metallization and metal-free systems. Even if all attempts to increase the photodynamic antiviral effect of texaphyrin are unsuccessful (which we consider to be a rare outcome), this novel photosensitizer has applications in more classical tumor therapies. It will be possible to find: for example, 18π-electron cadmium-containing macrocycle system 14<sub>D</sub>Has already been shown to have approximately 4 log photokilling effects on the leukemia tissue Daudi-strain.
【0136】
Texaphyrin 5<sub>D</sub>The composition of is summarized in Figure 26. It involves three main steps. The first is Tripilan 19<sub>D</sub>Is a composition of. This important intermediate is pyrrole 17<sub>D</sub>And 18<sub>D</sub>It is obtained directly as a result of a simple acid-catalyzed condensation between and. Following deprotection and formylation, important diformyltripyran precursors 21<sub>D</sub>But 17<sub>D</sub>It is obtained with a yield of over 80%. This condensation of tripyran with o-phenylenediamine constitutes a second critical step in the synthetic pathway. Fortunately, this reaction proceeds substantially quantitatively and has a "texaphyllin" skeleton 22.<sub>D</sub>SP<sup>3</sup>Gives a hybrid form directly.<sup>76</sup>The final critical step then involves oxidation and, as unique, simultaneous metal bonding. Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>And Zn<sup>2+</sup>In the case of, departure SP<sup>3</sup>Hybridized precursor (22)<sub>D</sub>) Aromatic SP by simply stirring in the presence of oxygen with a suitable salt<sup>2</sup>The hybrid form is obtained in a yield of approximately 25%.<sup>69</sup>However, such simple metal insertion and oxidation steps cannot be performed on lanthanide-based cations. Here, a combination of metal salts, proton sponge® (N, N', N'', N'''-tetramethyl-1,8-diaminonaphthalene), and oxygen performs oxidation and metal insertion. Needed for Interestingly, the use of proton sponge alone gives the free base form of the ligand directly, but unfortunately the yield is only 10%. Efforts to optimize this latter yield are still underway.
【0137】
Compound 10 by using various other substituted diamines and / or diformyltripyran<sub>D</sub>-16<sub>D</sub>(Fig. 25), 1<sub>E</sub>-7<sub>E</sub>、8<sub>E</sub>、9<sub>E</sub>(Fig. 31), 23<sub>D</sub>、25<sub>D</sub>、26<sub>D</sub>It has already been shown that it is possible to produce a wide range of other trypyrrole dimethine-induced macrocycles, including (Fig. 27), and one of ordinary skill in the art could prepare more. For example, by using the appropriate diamine and / or diformyltripyran, those skilled in the art will appreciate the modified texaphyrins 24 shown in FIG.<sub>D</sub>、27<sub>D</sub>-30<sub>D</sub>Would be able to generate. Here, the generalized structural formula 29<sub>D</sub>And 30<sub>D</sub>In the case of, substituent R<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>2</sub>, R<sub>3</sub>, R<sub>4</sub>And R<sub>5</sub>Can be independently independent of H, alkyl, amino, hydroxy, alkoxy, carbonyl, carboxamide, ester, amide, sulfonate, or substituted alkyl, substituted alkoxy, substituted ester, or substituted amide, and the metal M may be a metal M. It can be any divalent or trivalent metal cation with a properly corrected charge n as an integer value between -5 and +5. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the charge n is the choice of metal, the pH to be considered and the substituent R.<sub>1</sub>-R<sub>5</sub>Is adjusted to explain. For example, R<sub>1</sub>= Carboxyl and R<sub>2</sub>-R<sub>5</sub>= Alkyl, as well as metal M = Gd<sup>3+</sup>, And the pH of the solution = 7 (R<sub>1</sub>= CO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>If so, the charge n would be zero.
【0138】
A further advantage of the development of a wide variety of solubilized texafylins is that many of them are suitable for further functionalization. For example, texaphyllin 7<sub>E</sub>、25<sub>D</sub>、26<sub>D</sub>、27<sub>D</sub>、28<sub>D</sub>Or 29<sub>D</sub>Treatment with thionyl chloride or p-nitrophenol acetate will produce active acyl molecular species suitable for binding monoclonal antibodies or other biomolecular species of interest. Alternatively, standard in situ coupling methods (eg DCCI) could be used to make some kind of binding. In either case, the ability to bind or transmit potent photosensitizers or active radioisotopes directly to the tumor site will provide immeasurable potential benefits in the treatment and / or detection of neoplastic diseases. Let's go.<sup>77</sup> All texaphyllin systems prepared to date, and all novel standard systems proposed above, include imine-containing macrocycle nuclei. The use of such linking groups offers both advantages and disadvantages. The first advantage is that macrocycle systems containing such subunits are readily prepared and generally act as effective ligands (which is exactly true for texaphyrin). On the other hand, at least texaphyllin 5<sub>D</sub>In the case of, this is a smaller problem than expected, but they are thermodynamically unstable with respect to hydrolysis. For example, the most well-studied cadmium-containing complex 5<sub>D</sub>And gadolinium complex 2<sub>B</sub>And 7<sub>B</sub>The half-life for imine hydrolysis in (Fig. 17) is 30 days or more at pH 7 and several hours or more at pH 2. Nevertheless, applications are conceivable where higher stability will be required. For this reason, two methine-linked texaphyllin analogs with the weakest CH = N binding replaced by the stronger CH = CH subunit 31<sub>D</sub>And 32<sub>D</sub>Synthesis (see FIG. 28) is an object of the present invention. Compound 31<sub>D</sub>And 32<sub>D</sub>Has been shown to be useful in the synthesis of large furan-containing annurenes with standard Wittig-base ring closure<sup>78</sup>, Or McMurry-type couplings that have recently been shown to be useful for porphycene synthesis<sup>74</sup>It is expected that it can be prepared using any of the above.
【0139】
Once obtained, all novel texaphyllin systems will be fully characterized using conventional spectroscopic and analytical means, including X-ray diffraction when possible. In addition, a complete analysis of optical properties will be performed under experimental conditions, including those designed to approximate conditions that would belong to in vivo for all novel systems. .. Initial measurements, such as optical absorption and simple recording of the radiation spectrum, will be made in PI's laboratory. More detailed analysis will be performed, including triplet lifetime and quantum yield measurements of singlet oxygen. The purpose of this part of the proposed research program is to obtain a complete basal and excited state reactive form for each and every novel texaphyllin prepared. Thus, when single-term oxygen production is maximized, how the quantum yield of its formation is affected by the location of the lowest energy (Q-type) transition, the set is a solvent of some sort. Significant differences in optical properties in or in the presence of certain biologically important components (eg, lipids, proteins, etc.) or in vitro are cationic, anionic. Will all questions be answered, such as whether it will be derived from the use of texaphyllins produced with sex or neutral substituents.
【0140】
Once the complex is formed, a selection experiment is performed. Standard in vitro protocols will be used to assess the in vitro photokilling ability of the texaphyrin derivative in question. For example, the selected dye is administered to different cancerous cells at different concentrations and the replication rate is measured both in the presence and absence of light. Similarly, selected dyes are added to standard virus cultures and growth inhibition rates are measured in the presence and absence of light. Where appropriate, various solubilizing carriers are used to increase the solubility and / or multimeric properties of the texaphyllin photosensitizer, and if any, these carriers are the biological distribution of the dye. The effect of adjusting the characteristics is evaluated (firstly, fluorescence spectroscopy is used). Of course, it should be emphasized that in all cases suitable control experiments will be performed with normal cells and the intrinsic darkness and phototoxicity of texaphyllin will be measured.
【0141】
It is hoped that the generalized combination of in vitro experimental methods will reveal a clear aspect of the photodynamic capabilities of the texaphyllin system. Again, as mentioned above, important structural and reactive questions will be asked and (hopefully) answered in a clear format. In addition, some preliminary toxicity and stability information will begin to emerge from these in vitro experiments. Questions of interest here include how long the texaphyllin system is maintained under physiological conditions and whether the properties of the central metal affect this stability. Similarly, or more importantly, the question is whether central cations affect cytotoxicity. In a treatise published by the present inventor, etc.<sup>69b, 69d</sup>As discussed in, large bound cations (eg Cd)<sup>2+</sup>Or Gd<sup>3+</sup>) Is not possible to remove by simple chemical methods (however, Zn<sup>2+</sup>Seems to drop out easily). In addition, preliminary results show that the most well-studied cadmium (II) -containing texaphyllin complex 5<sub>D</sub>However, it suggests that it is not perceptibly cytotoxic. Nonetheless, the intrinsic toxicity question is one of the most important, as all novel line cytotoxicities are screened in vitro and further in vivo toxicity studies are conducted when deemed appropriate. There will be.
【0142】
Once the in vitro selection experiment is complete, samples of potential photosensitizers that appear to be particularly promising will be selected for further development. Those with the best combination of stability and photodynamic capacity for use in blood processing protocols are further evaluated in flow systems with whole blood samples. Those that appear promising for tumor treatment are further subjected to animal screening.
【0143】
This aspect of the invention is the integration and photochemistry of tripyrrole dimethine-induced "texaphyrins", the first of which is a new class of "expanded porphyrins" recently prepared and characterized in our laboratory. Related to the nature of the subject. These basic studies are expected to lead to the development of potentially viable methods of removing HIV-1 and other enveloped viruses from blood transfusions in addition to tumor detection and treatment. The long-distance target points illustrated here are: 1. Further synthesize a safe and efficient photosensitizer for killing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)) and other enveloped viruses in the blood and operating without damaging blood components. ..
【0144】
2. Develop new safe and effective photosensitizers for photodynamic treatment of tumors in vivo.
【0145】
Efforts to these long-distance objectives will focus on the preparation and use of appropriately modified tripyrol-dimethine-induced texaphyrin-type expanded porphyrins. This is a basic first step towards achieving the above goals. Specific extensions of the invention include:
【0146】
1. In addition, we explored the integration and general chemistry of our first texaphyllin and existing analogs, and the complete solubility, stability and reactivity of these complexes, which appear to be the most biomedically interesting. Get the aspect of.
【0147】
2. Simple analogs of currently available texaphyrins have been synthesized with cationic, anionic, or neutral substituents and such modifications are the water solubility and organisms of these expanded porphyrins. Study how to change the distribution characteristics.
【0148】
3. Make texaphyrin analogs containing reactive pronuclear or electrophilic substituents suitable for binding to monoclonal antibodies or other interesting biomolecules.
【0149】
4. Prepare a novel texaphyllin-type aromatic macrocycle in which important imine (CH = N) functional groups are replaced with perhaps stronger methine (CH = CH) linking groups.
【0150】
5. Those factors that maximize singlet oxygen production (eg<sup>*</sup>Complete photochemical studies of all novel texaphyrins to clearly determine max).
【0151】
6. Test the in vitro photodynamic tumor and virus killing efficiency of novel texaphyllin prepared during the synthetic phase of this project.
【0152】
7. Test the in vivo photodynamic antitumor properties of the more promising texaphyllin synthesized and selected as outlined above.
【0153】
The bibliographic citations in the list below are included here for reference for the reasons for their citations.
【0154】
(Reference) 1.Confronting AIDS, National Academy of Sciences Press: Washington, DC, 1988. 2.Dougherty, TJ; Kaufman, JE; Goldfarg, A .; Weishaupt, KR; Boyle, D .; Mitt Ieman, A. Cancer Res. 1978,38,2628. 3. Dahlman, A .; Will, AG; Burns, RG; Mason, GR; Johnson, FM; Berns, MW Cancer Res. 1983,43,430. 4.Dougherty, TJin Methods in Porphyrin Photosensitization, Kessel, D., Ed .; Plenum Press: New York, 1985; pp.313-328. 5.Dougherty, TJPhotochem.Photobiol.1987,45,879. 6. For example, see: (a) Figge, FHJ; Weiland, GSANat.Rec. 1948,100,659; (b) Rasmussen-Taxdall, DS; Ward, GE; Figge, FH Cancer (Phila.) 1955,8,78 .. 7.Berenbaum, MC; Bonnett, R .; Scourides, PABr.J.Cancer 1982,47,571. 8. Berns.W .; Dahlman, A; Johnson, FM; et al. Cancer Res. 1982, 42, 2326. 9. Dougherty, TJ; Gomer, CJ; Weishaupt, KRCancer Res. 1976, 36, 2330. 10.Dougherty, TJPhotochem.Photobiol.1983,38,377. 11. Evensen, JF; Sommer, S .; Moan, J .; Chisensen, T. 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Cubeddu, R.Keir, WF; Ramponi, R .; Truscott, TG Photochem.Photobiol.1987,46,633. 59. (a) Kessel, D .; Dutton, CJPhotochem.Photobiol.1984,40,403; (b) Kessel, D.Cancer Res.1986,46,2248. 60. (a) Dolphin, D.196th American Chemical Society Meeting, Los Angeles, September 1988, Abstract no.312; (b) Richter, AM; Kelly, B .; Chow, J .; Liu, DJ; Towers, GHN ; Dolphin, D .; Levy, JG Dancer Res., Printing. 61. (a) Ben-Hur, E .; Rosenthal, I.Inter.J.Radiat.Biol.1985,47,145; (b) Ben-Hur, E .; Rosenthal, I.Photochem.Photobiol.1985,42,129; (c) Ben-Hur, E .; Rosenthal, I.Red.Res. 1985,103,403; (d) Selman, SH; Kreimer-Birnbaum ,; M .; Chaudhuri, K .; Garbo, GM; Seaman, DA; Keck, RW; Ben-Hur, E .; Rosenthal, IJUrol.1986,136,141; (e) Ben-Hur, E .; Rosenthal, I.Cancer Lett.1986,30,321; (f) Ben-Hur, E .; Rosenthal, I.Photochem.Photobiol.1986,43,615; (g) Ben-Hur, E .; Green, M .; Prager, A .; Kol, R .; Rosenthal, I.Photochem.Photobiol.1987,46,651. 62. (a) Firey, PA; Rodgers, MAJ Photochem.Photobiol.1987,45,535; (b) Firey, PA; Ford, WE; Sounik, JR; Kenney, ME; Rodgers, MAJJAm.Chem.Soc.1988,110, 7626. 63. (a) Skikes, JDPhotochem.Photobiol.1986,43,691; (b) Spikes, JD; Bommer, JCInt.J.Red.Res.1986,50,41. 64. Brasseur, N .; Ali, H. Autenrith, D .; Langlois, R .; van Lier, JE Photochem. Photobiol.1985, 42, 515. 65.Bown, SG; Tralau, CJ: Coleridge Smith, PD; Akdemir, D .; Wieman, TVBr.J.Cancer 1986,54,43. 66. Chan, W.-S; Svensen, R .; Phillips, D .; Hart, IRBr.J.Cancer 1986,53,255. 67. Sonoda, M .; Krishna, CM; Riesz, P. Photochem. Photobiol. 1987,46,625. 68. See for review: Sessler, JL; Cyr, M .; Murai, T.Comm.Inorg.Chem.1988,7,333. 69. (a) Sessler, JL ,; Murai, T .; Lynch, V .; Cyr, MJAm.Chem.Soc.1988,110,5586; (b) Sessler, JL; Murai, T.Lynch, Inorg.Chem Printing; (c) Harriman, T .; Maiya, BG; Murai, T .; Hemmi, G .; Sessler, JL; Mallouk, TEJChem.Soc.Chem.Commun., Printing; (d) Sessler, JL Murai, T .; Hemmi, G.Inorg.Chem., Submitted. 70.Bauer, VJ; Clive, DR; Dolphin, D .; Paine, JBIII; Harris, FL; King, MM; Loder, J .; Wang, S.-WC; Woodward, RBJAm.Chem.Soc.1983,105 , 6429. 71. Broadhurst, MJ; Grig, R .; Johnson, AWJ Chem.Soc.Perkin Trans.1,1972,2111. 72. (a) Berger, RA; LeGoff, E.Tetrahedron Lett.1978,4225. (B) LeGoff, E .; Weaver, OGJOrg.Chem.1987,710. 73. (a) Gosmann, M .; Franck, B.Angew.Chem.1986,98,1107: Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.1986,25,1100. (B) Knubel, G .; Franck, B.Angew.Chem.1988,100,1203; Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.1988,27,1170. 74. (a) Vogel, E .; Kocher, M .; Schmickler, H .; Lex, J.Angew.Chem.1986,98,262; Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.1986,25,257. (B) Vogel , E .; Balci, M .; Pramod, K .; Koch, P .; Lex.J.Ermer, O.Angew.chem.1987,99,909; Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Eng.1987,26,928. 75. Aramendia, PF; Redmond, RW; Nonell, S .; Schuster, W .; Braslavsky, SE; Schaffner, K .; Vogel, E. Photochem.Pbotobiol.1986,44,555. 76. Sessler, JL; Johnson, MR; Lynch, VJOrg.Chem.1987,52,4394. 77. For an example of porphyrin-antibody binding and a discussion of the relative benefits of various coupling methods, see, for example: Mercer-Smith, JA; Roberts, JC; Figard, SD; Lavallee, DKin "Antibody" -Mediated Delivery Systems, "Rodwell, JD; Ed. Marcel Dekker: New York; 1988, pp.317-352. 78. Vollhardt, KPC Synthesis 1975, 765. (Example 6) One aspect of the usefulness of the present invention is demonstrated by using the complexes described herein for photon-induced inactivation of viruses and virus-infected or potentially infected encaryotic cells. Will be done. The common photoinactivation method used in this example is Infectious from the Baylor Reseach Foundation in Dallas, Texas, Infectious and Advanced Laser Applications. Developed by Disease and Advanced Laser Applications), Millard Monroe Judy, James Lester Matthews, Joseph Thomas Newman and Franklin Sogandales-Bernlin It is the subject of a US patent application filed by Sogandares-Bernal) on June 25, 1987 (assigned to Baylor Research Foundation, Dallas, Texas).
【0155】
Porphyrin-like in photosensitization inactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and human lymphocytes and mononuclear cells (both are peripheral mononuclear vascular cells (PMC) and cell hosts of HSV-1) The efficiency of some macrocycle compounds was clarified. Previous studies on viral inactivation using the macrocyclic photosensitizer dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) or hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) have a coat, i.e. a membranous coat. Only such studied viruses have been shown to be inactivated by porphyrins. HSV-1, cytomegalovirus, measles virus in the outer virus studied<sup>1</sup>And human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1<sup>2</sup>There is.
【0156】
The photosensitizing inactivation of herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) was investigated in a culture medium using various macrocycles of the present invention. The results are shown in Table 4.
【0157】
[Table 4]
3 types of cadmium-containing macrocycles [3<sub>A</sub>、10<sub>D</sub>(When M is Cd) and 14<sub>D</sub>(When M is Cd)] was judged by the viral plaque test at a concentration of 20 μM, and proved that the inactivation rate of the virus was 90%.
【0158】
In the study of photosensitization of this macrocycle, the coat HSV-1 was used as a screening model based on the evaluation of its growth ease and infectivity in cell culture. The screening method for photoinactivation of HSV-1 was similar to the method described above.<sup>3</sup>.. In essence, the selected macrocycles at various concentrations 10<sup>6</sup>PFU / mL was added to a cell-free suspension of HSV-1. These virus suspensions were irradiated with various light energy densities at the optimum absorption wavelengths of the selected dyes. Controls consist of (1) non-irradiated virus, (2) virus irradiated in the absence of macrocycle and (3) virus treated with selected concentration of macrocycle and retained in the dark. Met. Viral infectivity was then assessed by quantifying the number of PFU / mL in Vero cells for all samples.
【0159】
These virus suspensions were serially diluted and subsequently absorbed into a single layer of Vero cells at 37 ° C for 1.5 hours. Heavy-duty layer medium was added and cells were incubated at 37 ° C for 3-4 days. The hefty layer medium was then removed, the monolayer fixed with methanol and stained with Gimsa stain, and individual spots were counted under an anatomical microscope. Non-infected cell cultures were also exposed to macrocycle complex compounds to eliminate direct cytotoxic effects.
【0160】
Complexes with concentrations in the range 0.015 to 38 μM in human total plasma 3<sub>A</sub>The inactivation of PMC in the presence and absence of light after exposure to is shown in FIGS. 29 and 30. Inactivation was determined by the Mitogen test. 3 in the absence of light<sub>A</sub>Toxicity initiation by (see Figure 4) and 1<sub>C</sub>The onset of toxicity (see Fig. 17) was 0.15 to 1.5 μM (Fig. 29). 20 joules / cm at 0.15 μM and wavelength 770 nm, as shown by the mitogen test in Figure 30.<sup>2</sup>Aerobic photosensitization of cells exposed to 3A markedly suppressed PMC cell division. A moderate increase in either photosensitizer concentration or light intensity is expected to result in essentially complete cell inactivation.
【0161】
The results obtained so far (some of which are summarized herein) show that the broadened porphyrin-like macrocycles of the invention are for free HIV-1 and for similarly infected mononuclear cells. Also strongly indicates that it is an efficient photosensitizer. Altering the polarity and charge of the side chain groups of these macrocycles significantly alters the degree, rate, and possibly position of binding to free coat viruses such as HIV-1 and to virus-infected peripheral mononuclear cells. It is expected to be. Changes in these substituents are also expected to modulate the absorption of photosensitizers and the photosensitization of leukemic and lymphoma cells contaminating the bone marrow, as well as the photosensitization of normal bone marrow cells.
【0162】
The following references are cited and referenced herein for the reasons given in the description.
【0163】
(Reference) 1. Skiles, HL, Judy, MM and Newman, JTA abstracts to the Annual Meeting of the ASM, A38, pg.7,1985. 2. Matthews, JL, Newman, JT, Songandares-Bernal, F., Judy, MM, Skiles, H., Leveson, JEMarengo-Rowe, AJ, and Chanh, TC Transfusion, 28: 81, 1988. 3. Skiles, HF, Soganares-Bernal, F., Judy, MM, Matthews, JL and Newman, JT Biomedical Engineering VI: Recent davelopments. Sixth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference, 1987. (Example 7) This example summarizes and describes some of the basic (basic) 5-coordinate (5-locus) broadened (expanded) porphyrin compounds and complexes of the invention and their derivatives synthesized. Figure 31 shows compound l<sub>E</sub>~7<sub>E</sub>、14<sub>D</sub>And 15<sub>D</sub>Is shown. Variants are ortho-phenylene-diamino substituents, i.e. R<sub>1</sub>And R<sub>2</sub>However, and the nature of the starting diamine itself has changed. R on the ortho-phenylene-diamino substituent<sub>1</sub>And R<sub>2</sub>Are both compounds 1<sub>E</sub>The basic structure of texaphyllin in the case of hydrogen as shown in. These substituents R<sub>1</sub>And R<sub>2</sub>Are also methyl CH<sub>3</sub>May be (Compound 2<sub>E</sub>). In addition, R<sub>1</sub>When is H, R<sub>2</sub>Is chlorine (compound 3)<sub>E</sub>), Bromine (Compound 4)<sub>E</sub>), Nitro (Compound 5)<sub>E</sub>), Methoxy (Compound 6)<sub>E</sub>) Or carboxy (Compound 7)<sub>E</sub>) Can be. When M is hydrogen, the charge of the complex is 0 (M = 0). M is a divalent metal, such as mercury<sup>2+</sup>,cadmium<sup>2+</sup>,zinc<sup>2+</sup>,cobalt<sup>2+</sup>Or manganese<sup>2+</sup>When, the charge of the complex is +1 (n = 1). M is a trivalent metal cation, such as europium<sup>3+</sup>, Neodymium<sup>3+</sup>,samarium<sup>3+</sup>,lanthanum<sup>3+</sup>,gadolinium<sup>3+</sup>,indium<sup>3+</sup>Or yttrium<sup>3+</sup>When, the charge of the complex is +2 (n = 2). For complexes with one star (1)<sub>E</sub>And 2<sub>E</sub>), The above divalent and trivalent metals are all contained in the various complexes formed. Complex with double stars (3)<sub>E</sub>~6<sub>E</sub>) Was synthesized as a derivative of either zinc or cadmium (M = Zn or Cd; n = 1). In addition to this specification, many other compounds that can be used in the sections are described or can be readily synthesized by one of ordinary skill in the art by the guidance provided herein, but the particular compounds described in this example are: It appears to be particularly useful for many purposes, such as those involving the purification of biological samples of viruses, especially retroviruses. These compounds may also be useful for purposes such as photodynamic cancer therapy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enhancement and antibody functionalization, as described elsewhere herein.
【0164】
(Example 8) Enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging In many respects, the key to cancer control lies in early detection and diagnosis, if not many, as much as it does in subsequent treatments. New technologies that make neoplastic tissue observable and recognizable in the early stages of carcinogenesis therefore have an important role to play in the fight against these diseases. One such promising technique is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<sup>1-5</sup>.. Although a whole new, non-invasive, apparently harmless method has not been established as the most important diagnostic tool, supplemental or, in some cases, replacement computers have been selected for solid tumor detection. As a method, it helped the X-ray tomography method.
【0165】
The physical basis of current MRI methods is that in strong magnetic fields the nuclear spins of water protons in different tissues are relaxed and return to equilibrium at various rates when they are disturbed from the quiescent Boltzmann distribution by the application of short rf pulses. It has its origin in the fact that. For the most common types of spin-echo imaging, the return to equilibrium occurs consistent with Equation 1, two time constants T, the longitudinal relaxation time and the transverse relaxation time, respectively.<sub>1</sub>And T<sub>2</sub>Is dominated by. SI = [H] H (*) {esp (-T)<sub>E</sub>/ T<sub>2</sub>)} {1-exp (-T)<sub>R</sub>/ T<sub>1</sub>)} (1) Where SI represents the signal strength, [H] is the concentration of water protons in any volume element (called a voxel), and H (*) is the internal and external motion (if any) of this volume element. ) Corresponding to the motor factor, T<sub>E</sub>And T<sub>R</sub>Are the echo delay time and the pulse repetition time, respectively. The various pulse sequences associated with obtaining MRI images are therefore excitation rf pulses and interrogation rf pulses (the first is to disturb the system and the second is to measure the degree of return to equilibrium. Set Tokioka associated with (and between both russ), and a specific T that is valid as described above.<sub>1</sub>And T<sub>2</sub>By measuring SI, which is a function of<sub>E</sub>And T<sub>R</sub>Is equivalent to selecting. T<sub>1</sub>And T<sub>2</sub>Since both are functions of the local (bulk) magnetic field environment, as well as the function of the particular tissue in which the water protons are located, the difference between these values (and therefore SI) allows for image reconstruction. Of course, it is possible to identify tissues only when these local, tissue-dependent, mitigation differences are large.
【0166】
In the implementation of biological systems, T<sub>2</sub>The value is very short (and T<sub>E</sub>And T<sub>R</sub>Is chosen to emphasize this situation). Thus, it is the longitudinal time constant (T) that governs the relaxation effect and the relative strength of the signal.<sub>1</sub>) Is the difference: T<sub>1</sub>The decrease in is equivalent to increasing the signal strength. Therefore, for a particular tissue or organ, T<sub>1</sub>All factors that act to selectively reduce the are thus increased in intensity for that region and provide a better contrast (signal to noise) to the bulk backfround of the animal. This is the case when a paramagnetic contrast agent comes into play.<sup>4,5</sup>。
【0167】
Since the earliest days of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, paramagnetic compounds with one or more unpaired spins have been known to increase the rate of relaxation for the water protons in which they are dissolved.<sup>6</sup>.. The degree of this improvement is called the relaxation, which is R in Equation 2 in the absence of total interaction.<sub>i</sub>(Unit: M<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>Or mM<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>)<sup>4,5</sup>.. (1 / T<sub>i</sub>) obsd = (1-T<sub>i</sub>) d + R<sub>i</sub>[M] i = 1,2 (2) Here, (1 / T<sub>i</sub>) obsd is the reciprocal of the observed relaxation time in the presence of paramagnetic species M, (1-T<sub>i</sub>)<sub>d</sub>Is the observed relaxation time in the absence of paramagnetic species M. For the improvement of MRI, the degree of relaxation of any given paramagnetic species, ie the metal complex, is the dipole-dipole interaction between electron spins (on metal) and proton spins (on water). It depends on the size. The degree of this interaction is strongly dependent on the nature of the interaction between the paramagnetic complex and the water molecule in question. Total mitigation of both "inner sphere" and "outer sphere" R<sub>i</sub>Traditionally proven to be convenient to define contributions to<sup>4,5</sup>.. The former describes water molecules that are directly involved in the coordination sphere of the metal, and the latter describes all other loose interactions (eg, hydrogen bonds in the second coordination sphere). It describes binding and translational diffusion). If chemically viable, it is generally R<sub>i</sub>It is the inner sphere relaxation that governs. The contribution to longitudinal relaxation for this interaction is given by Equation 3.<sup>4,5</sup>.. (1 / T1) (inner sphere) = P<sub>Mq</sub>/ T<sub>1M</sub>+ t<sub>M</sub> (3) Where P<sub>M</sub>Is the mole fraction of the metal ion, q is the number of bound water molecules, and t<sub>M</sub>Is the life of the bound water, T<sub>1M</sub>Is the relaxation time of the protons in the bound water. The value of this latter term is that of Solomon-Bloembergen, which describes both the dipole-dipole ("via space") and contact ("via") terms. Approximate with equation (Equation 4-6)<sup>7</sup>。
【0168】
[Number 1]
Where Y<sub>1</sub>Is the gyromagnetic ratio of the proton, g is the electron g-factor, S is the total electron spin of the paramagnetic ion, β is the Bohr magneton, r is the water proton-metal ion distance, and "A2π / h" is the electron-nucleus hyperfine coupling constant, and W<sub>s</sub>And W<sub>l</sub>Are the electron Larmor perturbation frequency and the proton Larmor perturbation frequency, respectively. Dipole correlation time and scalar correlation time t<sub>c</sub>And t<sub>e</sub>Is an expression 1 / t<sub>c</sub>= 1 / T<sub>1e</sub>+ 1 / t<sub>M</sub>+ 1 / t<sub>R</sub> (Five) 1 / t<sub>e</sub>= 1 / T<sub>1e</sub>+ 1 / t<sub>M</sub> (6) Given in. Where T<sub>1e</sub>Is the relaxation time of the longitudinal electron spin, t<sub>R</sub>Is the rotational tumbling time of the whole water-complex as a whole. A more precise theoretical treatment is useful in explaining the mitigation effect of collisions and other factors that may disturb the static zero-field splitting of the electron sublevel in the mitigation passage of the inner sphere.<sup>5</sup>.. Detailed analysis is also useful in explaining the contribution from the outer sphere mechanism.<sup>5</sup>.. Nevertheless, the above simple Solomon-Broem bargain equation is sufficient for this discussion. That is, those equations explain the key physical characteristics required for a good paramagnetic contrasting agent.
【0169】
From a physical point of view, the MRI contrast agent is highly paramagnetic (hence the large magnetic moment term S (S + 1)) and has a large T.<sub>1e</sub>Has a large rotary tumbling time (t)<sub>R</sub>) Is needed. In addition, an ideal contrast would bind one or more water molecules (so the inner sphere relaxation mechanism works) and allow these waters to flow at the optimum rate (1 / t).<sub>M</sub>) Should also be replaced. Effective viscosity of the local environment rather than by complex selection (ie, does the complex stick to slowly rotating proteins?<sup>10</sup>) More often set by t<sub>R</sub>With the exception of', all of these factors will be influenced by the selection of basic paramagnetic cations and by the subsequent design of the ligand.<sup>4,5,9</sup>.. The design of this ligand-which is the main purpose of current MRI studies-of course also depends on very stringent biological requirements. Not only must the hypothetical contrast be highly paramagnetic and achieve good mitigation improvements, it is non-toxic in dosage, stable in vivo, and promptly after the diagnosis is completed. It must be excreted and, of course, exhibit the desired tissue localization ability. It is extremely difficult to meet these criteria together.
【0170】
In fact, the only paramagnetic MRI contrasting agent currently in clinical use is the bis (N-methylglucamine) salt of Gd (III) diethylenetriaminepentaacetate sold by Berlex Laboratories.<sub>2</sub>) [Gd (DTPA) (H<sub>2</sub>O)] (see Structure 10)<sup>11-18</sup>.. This dianionic complex is selectively concentrated in extracellular regions and is being used primarily for visualization of capillary lesions associated with cerebral tumors.<sup>11-13</sup>。
[Gd (DTPA) (H)<sub>2</sub>O)]<sup>-2</sup>In, one molecule of water is bound in the first (inner) coordination sphere, and in water, at 37 ° C, this complex is 3.7 mM at 20 MHz.<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>Indicates the degree of relaxation of<sup>4,9,19</sup>.. Mere Gd (III) complex of EDTA (logK similar to 25 ° C for it)<sub>assc.</sub>Is 17.4<sup>20,21</sup>), The DTPA complex appears to be sufficiently thermodynamically stable to be kinetically stable under physiological conditions (at 25 ° C, logK).<sub>assc.</sub>=22.5<sup>20,21</sup>), And apparently secreted through the kidneys as is within a few days of administration<sup>14</sup>.. Despite these desirable characteristics, excellent kinetic stability, better relaxation, less net charge (weight osmolal concentration of dosing solution, thus lower pain threshold) and / or various tissue localization. It is clear that other contrasting agents with volume are desirable for clinical use. In fact, Lauffer gave a recent overview of this subject.<sup>5</sup>"It is necessary to develop a new synthetic method for the dynamically inert complex, especially the Gd (III) complex." These should preferably be fully available to allow for specific substituents capable of modulating their properties with respect to the complex.
【0171】
In fact, to date, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of potential new MRI contrasts.<sup>21-37</sup>.. Most of this research focused on producing novel complexes of Gd (III).<sup>21-29,362,376</sup>.. The emphasis was placed on the Gd (III) salt because this cation has 7 unpaired f-electrons and its magnetic moment is larger than other paramagnetic cations such as Fe (III) and Mn (II). Derived from the facts<sup>4,5</sup>.. Therefore, if all else is the same, the Gd (III) complex is expected to be a better palliative than that derived from Mn (II) or Fe (III). In addition, iron and, to a lesser extent, gunmen are both very efficiently metal-sealed and stored in humans (and many other organisms) by various specialized metal bonding systems. Ru<sup>38</sup>.. Moreover, both iron and manganese are known to be present in the oxidized range and catalyze various harmful Fenton-type free radical reactions.<sup>39</sup>.. Gadolinium (III), which does not have any of these defects, would therefore clearly offer many advantages. Unfortunately, however, as with Fe (III) and Mn (II), aqueous solutions of Gd (III) use it directly for MRI imaging at the 0.01-1 mM concentration required for effective improvement. Too toxic to<sup>4,5</sup>.. Therefore, as with DTPA, the emphasis is on developing new reagents that form hydrolyzably stable complexes with Gd (III) and / or other paramagnetic cations in vivo. Very promising DOTA system<sup>21-27</sup>And EHPG system<sup>28,29</sup>A number of such ligands are known today, including (see Ref. 5 for an extensive overview). In almost all cases, however, the standpoint is the same basic natural science approach. Specifically, for Gd (III) binding, carboxylate, phenolate, with the expectation that high thermodynamic stability will change to kinetic stability sufficient for in vivo application. And / or other anionic chelate-forming groups are being used to generate inherently labile complexes with such high thermodynamic stability. In fact, little effort is currently being made to produce a rigid Gd (III) complex in which the complex itself has high kinetic stability. This problem, which is difficult to manufacture such a system, seems to be quite simple. For example, porphyrins (easily metamorphosed and at least [Mn (II) TPPS]<sup>3-</sup>, Other water-soluble analog compounds<sup>30-34</sup>For, Gd (III) is weak and / or hydrolyzed with porphyrins, unlike transition metal cations that are well bound to (variously synthesizeable ligands) that exhibit good degree of relaxation and good tumor localization). Only decomposition-unstable complexes are formed<sup>30c, 34,40</sup>.. However, other simple macrocyclic amine-and imine-inducible ligands<sup>36,37,41</sup>Supports stable complexes with certain elements of the lanthanide family and, although not yet realized, acts as a supporting cheland for Gd (III) -based MRI applications. Shows some signs of doing. The underlying facts of the present invention are that the method using "spread porphyrins" can be used to generate resistant porphyrin-like Gd (III) complexes, and once formed, these complexes are for MRI use. Is to be a useful contrasting agent for. In fact, texaphyrin is Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, Y<sup>3+</sup>In<sup>3+</sup>And Nd<sup>3+</sup>It is possible to stabilize complexes with various divalent and trivalent cations including. Hydrolyzed stable Nd<sup>3+</sup>The observation that the complex can be supported by texaphyrin is a good sign for the use of texaphyrin in various gadolinium (III) based MRI applications. However, unfortunately, stable Gd from texaphyllin, as described in more detail in Example 4.<sup>3+</sup>All efforts made to date to isolate the complex in good yield have been unsuccessful. It is speculated that this is because the complex is actually so water soluble that standard treatments do not work. Well-characterized Sm<sup>3+</sup>,EU<sup>3+</sup>And Gd<sup>3+</sup>(Y<sup>3+</sup>The fact that the complex of (also) is made from the more hydrophobic dimethyl-texaphyllin is consistent with the above presumption. These complexes are discussed below from the corresponding reduced (methylene crosslinked) macrocyclic precursor compounds and are approximately 25% using the standard metal insertion and oxidation conditions described in Examples 1 and 2. It is obtained in the yield of. Importantly, all of these complexes are soluble in a 1: 1 methanol-water mixture, and all are extremely stable under such potentially degrading conditions. For example, Gd<sup>3+</sup>The half-life of the complex in 1: 1 methanol-water at room temperature exceeds 5 weeks. Thus, it is possible to use a texaphyrin-type method to produce a hydrolyzable gadolinium (III) complex (something that cannot be achieved with mere porphyrins).<sup>40</sup>.. This important result is that stable Gd with improved water solubility or better biodistribution properties.<sup>3+</sup>It provided further alteration of the texaphyllin skeleton that allowed the production of the complex. In addition, it should be possible to produce neutral complexes with no net total charge by using suitable anionic side chains. Such complexes will exhibit lower weight osmolality in aqueous solution. This will reduce the pain associated with their administration and will have positive clinical consequences. Thus, for the use of MRI, this method with contrasting texaphyllin appears promising.
【0172】
The references listed below are cited and referenced herein for the reasons given in the above description.
【0173】
(Reference) 1. See for a historical overview: Budinger, TF; Lauterbur, PC, Science 1984,226,288. 2. Morris, PG, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine and Biology, Claredon Press: Oxford; 1986. 3. See an overview of the biological applications of NMR: MacKenzie, NE; Gooley, PRMed.Rev.1988,8,57. 4. See the introductory discussion of MRI contrasts: Tweedle, MF; Brittain, HG; Eckelman, WC; Gaughan, GT; Hagan, JJ; Wedeking, PW; Runge, VM, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2nd Edition. , Parallel, CL, et al. Eds .; WB Saunders: Philadelphia; 1988, vol.I, pp.793-809. 5. See a review of paramagnetic MRI contrasts: Lauffer, RB, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 901. 6.Bloch, F.Phys.Rev.1946,70.460. 7. (a) Bloembergen, N; Purcell, EM; Pound.EVPhys.Rev.1948,73,679. (B) Solomon, I.Phys.Rev.1955,99,559. 8. (a) Koenig, SH; Brown, RDIII Magn.Res.Med.1984, I, 437. (b) Koenig, SH; Brown, RDIII Magn.Res.Med.1984,1,478. (c) Koenig, SH Brown, RDIII Magn.Red.Med.1985,2,159. 9.Tweedle.MF; Gaughan, GT; Hagan, J; Wedeking, PW; Sibley, P .; Wilson, LJ; Lee, DWNucl.Med.Biol.1988,15,31. 10.Burton, DR; Forsen S .; Karlstrom, G .; Dwek, RAProg. NMR Sprectr. 1979,13,1. 11.Carr, FH; Brown, J .; Bydder, GM; et al.Lancet 1984,1,484. 12. (a) Weinmann, H.-J .; Brasch, RC; Press, WR; Wesby, G.Am.J.Roentg.1984., 142,619. (B) Brasch, RC; Weinmann, H.-J. Wesbey, GEAm J.Roentg. 1984,142,625. 13. (a) Runge, VM; Schoerner, W .; Niendorf, HP; etc., Mag.Res.Imaging.1985,3,27. (B) Runge, VM; Price, AC; Alleng, James, AERadiology, 1985 , 157 (P), 37. 14.Koenig, SH; Spiller, M .; Brown, RDIII; Wolf, GLInvest.Radiology 1986,21,697. 15. Johnston, DL; Lieu, P .; Lauffer, RB; Newell, JB; Wedeen, VJ; Rosen, BR; Brady, TJ; Okada, RDJ Nucl.Med. 1987,28,871. 16.Schmiedl, U .; Ogan, M .; Paajanen, H .; Marotti, M. Crooks, LE; Brito, AC; Brasch, RC Radiology 1987,162,205. 17. Kornguth, SE; Turkey.PA; Perman, WH; Schultz, R .; Kalinke, T .; Reale, R .; Raybaud, FJ Neurosug, 1987,66,898. 18. (a) Lauffer, RB; Brady, TJ; Magn, Reson.Imaging 1985,3,11. (b) Lauffer, RB; Brady, TJ; Brown, RD; Baglin, C .; Koenig, SHMagn.Reson. Med.1986,3,541. 19. Southwood-Jones, RV; Earl, WL; Newman, KE; Merbach, AEJChem.Phys. 1980,73,5909. 20. Martell, AE; Smith, RM; Critical Stability Constants, Plenum: New York; 1974, Vol.4. 21.Cacheris, WP; Nickle, SK; Sherry, ADInorg.Chem.1987,26,958. 22. Desreaux, JF; London, MF; Spirlet, MRInorg.Chim.Acta 1984,94,43. 23. Chu, SC; Pike, MM, Fossel, ET; Smith, TW; Balschi, JA; Springer, CS, Jr.J.Man.Reson.1984,56,33. 24. (a) Spirlet, M.-R .; Rebizant, J .; Desreaux, JF; Loncin, MF Inorg.Chem. 1984, 23,359. (b) Spirlet, M.-R .; Rebizant, J .; Loncin, MF; Desreux, JFInorg.Chem.1984,23,4278. 25. London, MF; Desreaux, JF; Merciny, E .; Inorg. Chen. 1986, 25, 2646. 26. (a) Chang, CA; Rowland, ME; Inorg.Chem.1983,22,3866. (b) Chang, CA; Ochaya, VOInorg.Chem.1986,25,355. (c) Chang, CA; Sekhar, VCInorg .Chem.1987,26,1981. 27. Geraldes, CFGC; Sherry, AD; Brown, RDIII; Koenig, SH; Magn.Reson.Med.1986,3,242. 28. Lauffer, RB; Greif, WL; Stark, DD; Vincent, AC; Saini, S .; Weeden, VJ; Brady, TJJ Comput.Assist.Tomogr.1985,9,431. 29. Lauffer, RB; Vincent, AC; Padmanabhan, S .; Meade, TJJAm.Chem.Soc.1987,109,2216. 30. (a) Chen, C .; Cohen, JS; Myers, CE; Sohn, M.FEBS Lett. 1984,168,70. (b) Patronas, NJ; Cohen, JS; Knop, RH; Dwyer, AJ; Colcher, D .; Lundy, J .; Mornex, F .; Hambright, P. Cancer Treat. Rep.1986,70,391. (c) Lyon, RC; Faustino, PJ; Cohen, JS; Katz, A .; Mornex, F .; Colcher, D .; Baglin, C .; Koenig, SH; Hambright, P.Magn.Reson.Med.1987.4,24. (D) Mengin, F .; Faustino, PJ; Lyon, RC; Lelkes, PI Cohen, JS; Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1987,929,173. 31. Jackson, LS; Nelson, JA; Case, TA; Burnham, BFInvest.Radiology 1985,20,226. 32. Fiel, RJ; Button, TM; Gilani, S .; etc. Magn.Reson.Imaging 1987,5,149. 33. Koenig, SH; Brown, RDIII; Spiller, M.Magn.Reson.Med.1987,4,252. 34. Hambright, P .; Adams, C .; Vernon, K.Inorg.Chem.1988,27,1660. 35. Smith, PH; Raymond, KNInorg.Chem.1985,24,3469. 36. See below for examples of lanthanide cryptates: (a) Gansow, OA; Kauser, AR; Triplett, KM; Weaver, MJ; Yee, ELJAm.Chem.Soc.1977,99,7087. (B) ) Yee, EL; Gansow, OA; Weaver, MJJAm.Chem.Soc.1980,102,2278. (C) Sabbatini, N .; Dellonte, S .; Ciano, M .; Bonazzi, A .; Balzani; V. Chem.Phys.Let.1984,107,212. (D) Sabbatini, N .; Dellont, S .; Blasse, G.Chem.Phys.Lett.1986,129,541. (E) Desreux, JF; Barthelemy, PPNucl.Med. Biol.1988,15,9. 37. See below for examples of lanthanide complexes stabilized by conventional Schiff base macrocycles: (a) Backer-Dirks, JDJ; Gray, CJ; Hart, FA; Hursthouse, MB; Schoop, BCJ Chem. Soc., Chem.Commun.1979,774. (B) De Cola, L .; Smailes, DL; Vallarino, LMINorg.Chem.1986,25,1729. (C) Sabbatini, N .; De Cola, L .; Vallarino, LM; Blasse, GJPhys.Chem.1987,91,4681. (D) Abid, KK; Fenton, DE; Casellato, U .; Vigato, P .; Graziani, RJChem.Soc., Dalton Trans.1984,351 (e) Abid, KK; Fenton, DEInorg.Chim.Acta 1984,95,119-125. (f) Sakamoto, M.Bull Chem.Soc.Jpn.1987,60,1546. 38. Ochai, E.-I Bioinorganic Chemistry, an Introduction, Allyn and Bacon: Boston; 1977, p.168 (Fe) and p 436 (Mn). 39. See below for an overview: (a) Cytochrome P-450: Structure, Mechanism, and Biochemistry, Ortiz de Montellano, PR, Ed .; Plenum: New York, 1986. (b) Groves, JTAdv. Inorg. Biochem. 1979, I, 119. 40. (a) Buchler, JWin The Porphyrins, Dolphin, D.Ed., Academic Press: New York; 1978, Vol.1, Chapter 10. (b) Srivastava, TS Bioinorg. Chem.1978,8,61. (c) ) Horrocks, W.Dew., Jr.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1978,100,4386. 41. (a) Forsberg, JH Coord.Chem.Rev.1973,10,195. (B) Bunzli, J.-C .; Wesner, D.Coord.Chem.Rev.1984,60,191. (Example 9) Antibody conjugates Radioisotopes have long played a central role in the detection and treatment of neoplastic diseases. Important research is therefore continuously directed at improving their efficacy in medical applications. One of the more promising approaches in doing so involves binding radioisotopes to monoclonal antibodies directed at tumors and fragments thereof. Such monoclonal antibodies and fragments thereof are selectively concentrated at the tumor site. Antibodies labeled with radioisotopes can therefore serve as "magic bullets" and allow direct transport of radioisotopes to neoplastic sites, thus minimizing exposure to radiation throughout the body. Be<sup>1</sup>.. Notable research is being conducted today in these directions (see Ref. 2-11 for a general overview). Certainly not all, but large amounts focus on the use of bifunctional metal chelating agents. That is this approach to radioimmunodiagnosis (RID) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT), which are most closely related to the present invention.
【0174】
Bifunctional metal chelating agents for use in antibody conjugate-based therapeutic and diagnostic applications must meet two important criteria. That is, they must be able to bind interesting radioisotopes and bind to the target antibody. Thus, these bifunctional chelating agents (1) have functional groups suitable for conjugation to the antibody, and (2) covalently bond in vivo and are stable and do not impair the immunological ability of the antibody. Must form and (3) be relatively non-toxic, and (4) bind and retain interesting radioactive metals under physiological conditions.<sup>11-15</sup>.. The last of these conditions is particularly strict. The potential damage caused by the "free" radioisotopes released from the conjugate is very significant, unlike MRI imaging, where low concentrations of complex-decomposed cations may possibly be tolerated. There is a possibility. Therefore, for radioimmunological studies, the condition of nonlability must be strictly implemented. On the other hand, isotopes at very low concentrations of nonamomorphic order, and thus ligands, are generally required for RID and RIT applications, thus significantly alleviating the problems associated with the toxicity of inherent metal and / or free ligands. To.
【0175】
Needless to say, the above conditions must be satisfied with any isotope considered for RIT and RID studies. Thus, from the perspective of ligand design and synthesis, the problem is to identify medically beneficial isotopes, design suitable ligands, and bind them to the antibody of choice before or after binding the metal. It becomes a problem. Historically, there has been a trade-off between choosing the ideal isotope and the existing bifunctional conjugates that can be easily complexed. It was.
【0176】
For imaging purposes, the ideal isotope should be readily detectable with available surveillance techniques and elicit a minimal, radiation-based toxic response. In practice, these and other necessary requirements have a short effective half-life (biological and / or nuclear half-life), decay into stable products, and of course easily under clinical conditions. Includes the use of available Y-ray emitters in the 100-250 KeV range<sup>2-4</sup>.. To date, therefore, the focus of attention is most likely to meet these criteria.<sup>131</sup>I (t<sub>1/2</sub>= 193h),<sup>123</sup>I (t<sub>1/2</sub>= 13h),<sup>99m</sup>Tc (t<sub>1/2</sub>= 6.0h),<sup>67</sup>Ga (t<sub>1/2</sub>= 78h) and<sup>111</sup>In (t<sub>1/2</sub>= 67.4h). Each of these has advantages and disadvantages with respect to antibody labeling against RID. For example<sup>131</sup>I and<sup>123</sup>I is easily attached to an antibody (and other proteins) by a simple electrophilic aromatic substitution of a tyrosine residue<sup>17</sup>.. As a result, these isotopes have been widely used in immunological applications (RIT as well as RID). Unfortunately, however, such joining methods are not particularly powerful under physiological conditions (<sup>131</sup>I and<sup>123</sup>Metabolism of I-labeled proteins produces, for example, free radioactive iodide anions), resulting in significant concentrations of radioactivity at sites other than those targeted by antibody-induced "magic bullets." May bring<sup>17</sup>.. This problem<sup>131</sup>I and<sup>123</sup>The fact that both half-lives of I are too long and too short, respectively, and relatively inconvenient for optimal use, and<sup>131</sup>I is exacerbated by the fact that it is also a β emitter<sup>16</sup>。<sup>99m</sup>Tc,<sup>67</sup>Ga and<sup>111</sup>All of In cannot bind them directly to the antibody in a satisfactory manner, and the disadvantage of requiring the use of bifunctional conjugates is unavoidable. The chemistry of such a system<sup>99m</sup>The most advanced in the case of Tc, and now there are many effective ligands<sup>99m</sup>Available for Tc administration purposes<sup>2-12,18</sup>.. This particular radioisotope, however, has a very short half-life and is unavoidable due to the severe disadvantage of making it technically very difficult to process with it.<sup>67</sup>Ga and<sup>111</sup>Both In have a longer half-life than the ones above. Moreover, both of these have the desired radiant energy. Unfortunately, however, both of these are "hard" cations with high charge densities in their most common trivalent form. The application of these radioisotopes in RID therefore requires the use of ligands capable of forming stable, invariant complexes with these cations under physiological conditions.<sup>111</sup>In<sup>3+</sup>(And perhaps,<sup>67</sup>Ga<sup>3+</sup>Although considerable efforts have been made to develop a DTPA-like system that would be suitable for binding and antibody functionalization.<sup>19</sup>, The complex formed in all cases is too unstable for safe and effective clinical use<sup>20</sup>.. In fact, at this time, it forms stable, immutable complexes and may be suitable for radioimmunological applications.<sup>111</sup>In<sup>3+</sup>Ka<sup>67</sup>Ga<sup>3+</sup>There is no suitable ligand for. As mentioned elsewhere herein, texaphyrin is In<sup>3+</sup>To form a dynamically and hydrolyzically stable complex. Such a ligand system<sup>111</sup>It was possible to assimilate and serve as the critical core of the bifunctional conjugate for use in In-based RIDs.
【0177】
Many of the same considerations apply to radioisotope-based therapies, just as they apply to radioisotope-based diagnoses. That is, ideal isotopes are also readily available under clinical conditions (ie, from generators based on simple decay).<sup>2</sup>It must have a reasonable half-life (ie, on the order of 6 hours to 4 weeks) and disintegrate into a stable product. In addition, this radioisotope must provide good ionizing radiation (ie, radiation in the range of 300 KeV to 3 MeV). In practice, this means using either an α emitter or a medium to high energy β emitter.<sup>16</sup>.. Although a small number of α-emitters are available for therapeutic use (<sup>211</sup>At is an exception),<sup>131</sup>A considerable number of β emitters, including I, are currently attracting attention as potential candidates for RIT. More promising<sup>186</sup>Re (t<sub>1/2</sub>= 90h),<sup>67</sup>Cu (t<sub>1/2</sub>= 58.5h) and<sup>90</sup>Y (t<sub>1/2</sub>= 65h). Of these<sup>90</sup>Y is currently considered the best<sup>16,21</sup>.. Its radiant energy is 2.28 MeV, which is against the tumor<sup>186</sup>Re?<sup>67</sup>It is calculated to produce about 3-4 times more energy (dose) per nanomol than Cu. At the moment, however, unfortunately, the keyland of good immunocompatibility is<sup>186</sup>Re and<sup>67</sup>Only exists in Cu. That is, the former is<sup>99m</sup>Can be bound using the same ligands developed for Tc<sup>18</sup>, Or the latter, through rationally designed activated porphyrins developed by Professor Lavalee of Hunter College and the INC-11 team of Los Alamos. Can be combined<sup>15</sup>.. Although these novel porphyrin-based systems are particularly promising and clearly far superior to existing DTPA- or DOTA-type systems.<sup>14</sup>、<sup>90</sup>Y<sup>3+</sup>More benefits are derived from bifunctional conjugates that can form stable, hard-to-change complexes (which cannot form stable, hard-to-change complexes with porphyrins). The texaphyllin ligand of the present invention is In<sup>3+</sup>Not only to form a stable complex with Y<sup>3+</sup>Effectively combine. Texaphyllin-type bifunctional conjugate<sup>111</sup>Should be developed for use in In-based RIDs, which also<sup>90</sup>We have found an important use for Y-based RIT. This application outlines a method by which such a hypothetical bifunctional conjugate can be produced.
【0178】
Y<sup>3+</sup>And In<sup>3+</sup>The observation that a complex of both of these can be produced is a good precursor for use as a conjugate in immunological applications of texaphyllin-type systems. That is,<sup>90</sup>Y and<sup>111</sup>Both Ins were able to bind to the antibody of choice using functionalized texaphyllin, as you can imagine. In this regard, the Y of texaphyllin<sup>3+</sup>And In<sup>3+</sup>Both complexes are bonded via a methylene group, are rapidly formed from the reduced precursor (insertion and oxidation time is less than 3 hours), and are hydrolyzable stable in a 1: 1 methanol-water mixture. It is important to note that there is (the half-life of complex degradation and / or ligand degradation exceeds 3 weeks in each case).
【0179】
The further advantage of developing or developing a wide range of solubilized texaphyllins, such as those shown in FIGS. 31 and 27, is that many of these are suitable for further functionalization. That would be. For example, texaphyllin 7<sub>E</sub>Or 26<sub>D</sub>Treatment with thionyl chloride or p-nitrophenol acetate produces activated acyl species suitable for binding to monoclonal antibodies or other biomolecules of interest. Alternatively, a standard field coupling method (eg, 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI))<sup>26a</sup>) Can be used to make the same type of binding. In each case, the ability to deliver and bind potent photosensitizers directly to the location of the tumor has tremendous potential advantages in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Moreover, it is<sup>90</sup>Y and<sup>111</sup>This is exactly the method that allows various useful radioisotopes such as In to bind to a monoclonal antibody. This proved to be of immense benefit to tumor detection and treatment in the development of this important method.
【0180】
The references in the following list are hereby cited and referenced herein for the reasons stated.
【0181】
(Reference) 1.Pressman, D .; Korngold, L.Cancer 1953,6,619. 2.Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Matin, P., Ed., Medical Examination: New York; 1981. 3.Radioimmunoimaging and Radioimmunotherapy, Burchiel, SWand Rhodes, BA, Eds. Elsevier: New York; 1983. 4. Nuclear Imaging in Oncology, Kim, EE; Haynie, TP, Eds., Appleton-Century-Crofts: Norwalk, Connecticut; 1984. 5. Chevru, LR; Nunn, AD; Loberg, MDSemin.Nucl.Med.1984,12,5. 6.Order, SECompr.Therapy 1984,10,9. 7. Spencer, RP Nuclear Medicine, Medical Examination: New York; 1984. 8. Radiopharmaceuticals and Labeled Compounds 1984 (minutes of the 1984 conference of the same name), International Atomic Energy Agency: Vienna, 1985. 9.DeLand, FH; Goldenberg, DMSemin.Nucl.Med.1985,15,2. 10.Radiopharmaceuticals: Progress and Clinical Perspectives, Fritzberg, AR, Ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida; 1986. 11.Goldenberg, DM; Goldenberg, H .; Primus, FJin Immunoconjugates: Antibody Conjugates in Radioimaging and Therapy of Cancer, Vogel, C.-W., Ed., Oxford University Press: Oxford; 1987, pp.259-280. 12.Eckelman, WC: Paik, CH; Reba, RCCancer Res. 1980,40,3036. 13.Cole, WC; DeNardo, SJ; Meares, CF; McCall, MJ; DeNardo, GL; Epstein, AL; O'brien, HA; Moi, MKJNucl.Med.1987,28,83. 14.Deshpande, SV; DeNardo, SJ; Meares, CF; McCall, MJ; Adams, GP; Moi, MK; DeNardo, GLJNucl.Med.1988,29,217. 15. Mercer-Smith, JA; Roberts, JC; Figard, SD; Lavallee, DK Antibody-Mediated Delivery System, Rodwell, JDEd., Marcal Dekker: New York; 1988, pp.317-352. 16. (a) O'Brien, HAJr. In Ref. 119, pp.161-169. (B) Wesseles, BW; Rogus, RDMed.Phys.1984,11,638. (c) Jungerman, JA; Yu, K.- HP; Zanelli, CIInt.J.Appl.Radiat.Isot.1984,9,883. (d) Humm, JLJNucl.Med.1986,27,1490. 17. See, for example: (a) Primus, FJ; DeLand, FH; Goldenberg, DMM monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer, "Wright, GLEd., Marcel Dekker: New York; 1984, pp.305-323. (B) Weinstein. , JN; Black, CDV; Keenan, AM; Holten, OD; III; Larson, SM; Sieber, SM; Covell, DG; Carrasquillo, J .; Barbet, J .; Parker, RJin "Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therpy," Reisfeld, RA and Sell, S., Eds., Alan R. Liss: New York; 1985, pp.473-488. 18.Burns, HD; Worley, P .; Wagner, HN, Jr .; Marzilli, L .; Richard, V. in The Chemistry of Radiopharmaceuticals, Heindel, ND; Burns, HD; Honda, T .; Brady, LW, Eds., Masson: New York; 1978. 19.Paik, CH, Ebbert, MA; Murphy, PR; Lassman, CR; Reba, RC; Eckelman, WC; Pak, KY; Powe, J .; Steplewski, Z .; Koprowski, HJNucl.Med.1983,24, 1158. 20. See, for example: Hnatowich, DJ; Children, RL; Languagene, D .; Najafi, AJImmunol.Meth.1983,65,147. 21. See, for example: Hnatowich, DJ; Virzi, F .; Doherty, PWJNucl.Med.1985,26,503. 22. Katagi, T .; Yamamura, T .; Saito, T .; Sasaki, Y. Chem. Lett. 1981, 503. 23. Sessler, JL; Johnson, MR; Lynch, VJOrg.Chem.1987,52,4394. 24. Nicolas, HJ; Bohle, M .; Rick, J.-D .; Zeuner, F .; Zolch, LZ Chem.1985,25,137. 25.Beilstein 4th ed., Bandl 4, p.785. 26. (a) Paul, R .; Anderson, GWJAm.Chem.Soc.1960,82,4596. (B) Davis, M.-TB; Preston, JFAnal.Biochem.1981,116,402. (c) Anderson, GW Zimmerman, JE; Callahan, FMJAm.Chem.Soc.1964,86,1839. 27. Vollhardt, KPC Synthesis 1985, 765. 28.Kati, HA; Siddappa, S.Indian J.Chem.1983,22B,1205. 29.Hove, E .; Horrocks, WDJ Am.Chem.Soc.1978,100,4386. 30. Furhop.J.-H .; Smith, KMin Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins, Smith, KMEd., Elsevier: Amsterdam; 1975.
[A brief description of the drawing] [Figure 1]
FIG. 1 shows a schematic structural diagram of texaphyllin (1) and various complexes (2, 3 and 4).
[Figure 2]
FIG. 2 is a diagram of complex 4 (from FIG. 1) showing the coordination of pyridine and the macro ring to Cd. Ellipsoids are displayed at a 40% probability level. Cd ions are present in the plane of a nearly planar macro ring [maximum deviation from plane 0.10 (1) Å]. The length (Å) of the relevant Cd-N bond is as follows: 2.418 (7), N1; 2.268 (8), N8; 2.505 (7), N13; 2.521 (7), N20; 2.248 (8) , N23; 2.483 (14), N1a; 2.473 (12), N1b. The selected N-Cd-N bond angles (deg) are: N1-Cd-N8,78.9 (2); N1-Cd-N23,80.2 (3); N8-Cd-N-13, 68.4 (2); N13-Cd-N20,64.4 (2); N20-Cd-N23,68.2 (3); N1a-Cd-N1b, 176.1 (4).
[Fig. 3]
FIG. 3 shows a diagram of the complex 4 perpendicular to the plane passing through the macro ring. The pyridine ring (not shown) exists at a dihedral angle of 88.5 (4) ° with respect to ring a and 89.1 (3) ° with respect to ring b, perpendicular to the macro ring.
[Fig. 4]
Figure 4 shows the reduced form of the free base "texaphyllin" (1).<sub>A</sub>) And oxidized form (2)<sub>A</sub>), As well as representative 5,6 and 7-coordinated cadmium complexes derived from this "expanded porphyrin" (3)<sub>A</sub>~5<sub>A</sub>) Is a schematic representation.
[Fig. 5]
Figure 5 shows the coordination of pyridine and the macro ring to Cd, the cation 5<sub>aA</sub>It is a figure of. The ellipsoid is displayed at a 30% probability level. Cadmium (II) cations are located in the plane of a nearly planar macro ring [maximum deviation from plane is 0.10 (1) Å]. The length (Å) of the relevant Cd-N bond is as follows: 2.418 (7) N1; 2.268 (8) N8; 2.505 (7) N13; 2.521 (7) N20; 2.248 (8) N23; 2.438 ( 14) N1a; 2.473 (12) N1b. The selected N-Cd-N bond angles (°) are as follows: 78.9 (2) N1-Cd-N8; 80.2 (3) N1-Cd-N23; 68.4 (2) N8-Cd-N13; 64.4 (2) N13-Cd-N20; 68.2 (3) N20-Cd-N23; 176.1 (4) N1a-Cd-N1b. See reference 11 for other structural details.
[Fig. 6]
Figure 6 shows the cation 4<sub>bA</sub>It is a figure of, and shows an atomic labeling scheme. The thermo-ellipsoid is drawn with a 30% probability level. The length (Å) of the relevant Cd-N bond is N1 2.462 (13); N8 2.254 (9); N13 2.535 (13); N20 2.526 (12); N23 2.298 (11); N1A 2.310 (9). .. The selected N-Cd-N bond angles (°) are N1-Cd-N8 78.3 (4); N8-Cd-N13 67.8 (4); N13-Cd-N20 64.1 (4); N20-Cd-N23. 67.3 (4); The angle of the N1a-Cd-macro ring N ranges from 93.7 (4) to 100.4 (3) °. The nitric acid counterion (not shown) is not coordinated to the Cd atom.
[Fig. 7]
FIG. 7 is a view along a plane passing through the macro ring, showing the cation 4 in the unit cell.<sub>bA</sub>Illustrates face-to-face stacking (macro rings are realistic with 1-x, y, z). The macro ring mean planes are 3.38 Å apart, while the Cd-Cd distance is 4.107 (1) Å.
[Fig. 8]
Figure 8 shows the plane-perpendicular cation 4 passing through the macro ring.<sub>bA</sub>[Maximum deviation from C15 0.154 (13) Å]. The Cd atom is 0.334 (2) Å off this plane. BzIm (not shown) is located approximately perpendicular to the macro ring [dihedral angle 86.3 (3) ] and is located on the pyrrole ring determined by C22, N23, C24, C25 and C26.
[Fig. 9]
Figure 9 shows 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>CHCl<sub>3</sub>Medium 1.50 × 10<sup>-5</sup>UV-Visible spectrum of.
[Fig. 10]
Figure 10 shows 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>CDCl<sub>3</sub>During ~<sup>1</sup>The 1 H NMR spectrum is shown. Single lines at 1.5 and 7.26 ppm are peaks of residual water and solvent, respectively.
[Fig. 11]
Figure 11 shows 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>(Spectrum A) and then complex 4b<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Crystals of the isolated bulk heterogeneous material (spectrum B)<sup>1</sup>The low field region of the 1 H NMR spectrum is shown. Signals attributed to bound benzimidazole ligands, labeled'BzIm', are found at 6.4, 6.81 and 7.27 ppm. The signal with the'S' symbol is due to the residual solvent.
[Fig. 12]
Figure 12 shows 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>(CDCl<sub>3</sub>Medium initial concentration: 6.85 × 10<sup>-3</sup>M) increased the amount of BzIm<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR spectrum titration, showing the intermediate field region.
The [Bzlm] / [ligand] ratios are 0,0.2,0.6,2.8,10 and 40 from traces A to F, respectively, where [BzIm] and [ligand] are added benzimidazole and 5 at the start. -Coordination complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Shows the total molar concentration of. The chemical shift of the Bzlm signal on curve C (6.4,6.62,7.26 ppm) is cation 4b.<sub>a</sub>Crystals are found in the isolated bulk sample and are in good agreement with the shift (see spectrum B in Figure 8).
[Fig. 13]
Figure 13 shows 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>(CDCl<sub>3</sub>Medium initial concentration: 6.85 × 10<sup>-3</sup>M) increased the amount of BzIm<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR spectrum titration is shown, showing a high field region.
The [Bzlm] / [ligand] ratios are 0,0.2,0.6,2.8,10 and 40, respectively, from traces A to F, where [Bzlm] and [ligand] are added benzimidazole and at initiation. 5-Coordination complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Represents the total molar concentration of.
[Fig. 14]
Figure 14 shows 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Of the "meso" signal to<sup>1</sup>The changes when the 1 H NMR chemistry shift is plotted as a function of the increase in [BzIm] are shown.
The terms [BzIm] and [ligand] are added benzimidazole and 5-coordination complex at the start 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Shows the total molar concentration of.
[Fig. 15]
Figure 15 shows 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>(CDCl<sub>3</sub>Medium initial concentration: 6.66 × 10<sup>-3</sup>When the amount of pyridine in M) is increased<sup>1</sup>1 H NMR titration, showing the changes that occur in the high field region.
The [Pyr] / [ligand] ratios are 0,5,10,14,20 and 40, respectively, from traces A to F.
The terms [Pyr] and [ligand] refer to the total molar concentration of the added benzimidazole and the starting 5-coordination complex.
[Fig. 16]
Figure 16 shows 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Of the "meso" signal to<sup>1</sup>The change is shown as a function of the increase in [Pyr] of the 1 H NMR chemistry shift.
The terms [Pyr] and [ligand] are added benzimidazole and an initiation 5-coordination complex 3<sub>A</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>Shows the total molar concentration of.
[Fig. 17]
FIG. 17 shows metal complexes and derivatives of the compounds of the present invention (1).<sub>B</sub>~11<sub>B</sub>) Is shown.
[Fig. 18]
Figure 18 shows 2<sub>B</sub> (OH)<sub>2</sub>CHCl<sub>3</sub>The medium electron spectrum is shown.
[Fig. 19]
FIG. 19 shows the compound of the present invention (1).<sub>C</sub>~11<sub>C</sub>), The metal complex and the derivative are schematically shown.
[Fig. 20]
Figure 20 shows the complex 1 in deoxygenated methanol.<sub>C</sub>-The absorption spectrum of Cl is shown. The inset is the fluorescence emission spectrum recorded in this same solvent.
[Fig. 21]
FIG. 21 was recorded in deoxygenated methanol 1 μs after irradiation with a 10 ns pulse of 355 nm light (80 mJ) 1<sub>C</sub>-The triplet-triplet transient difference spectrum of Cl is shown. The inset shows the rate of return to the ground state monitored at 480 nm, which corresponds to a triplet lifetime of 67 μs.
[Fig. 22]
FIG. 22 shows the spectral transmittance of the human abdominal wall with a thickness of 22 to 32 mm.<sup>47)</sup>.. (See Example 5 for reference 47).
[Fig. 23]
FIG. 23 shows the schematic structure of a previously developed porphyrin derivative that may be used as a photosensitizer. These include pull pudding (1<sub>D</sub>), Belgin (2<sub>D</sub>), Benz Fusion Porphyrin (3)<sub>D</sub>), And sulfonated phthalocyanines and naphthylocyanines (4)<sub>D</sub>) Is included.
[Fig. 24]
Figure 24 shows texaphyllin (5)<sub>D</sub>), Safirin (6<sub>D</sub>), Platyrin (7<sub>D</sub>), Vinyl derivative porphyrin (8<sub>D</sub>), And Porfisen (9<sub>D</sub>) Is shown.
[Fig. 25]
Figure 25 shows texaphyllin (5)<sub>D</sub>), A novel aromatic tripyrrole dimethine-induced macrocyclic ligand (10)<sub>D</sub>~16<sub>D</sub>) Is shown.
[Fig. 26]
Figure 26 shows texaphyllin (5)<sub>D</sub>) Is graphically summarized (Shamer 1).
[Fig. 27]
Figure 27 shows the currently proposed texaphyllin derivative (23).<sub>D</sub>~30<sub>D</sub>) Is shown.
[Fig. 28]
Figure 28 shows the proposed methine-linked texaphyllin derivative (31).<sub>D</sub>And 32<sub>D</sub>) Is shown.
[Fig. 29]
FIG. 29 shows the complex 1 without irradiation.<sub>C</sub>And 3<sub>A</sub>Shows the killing of mononuclear cells. Cell killing occurs after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation [<sup>3</sup>H] -Measured by Thy uptake.
[Fig. 30]
Figure 30 shows the complex 3 at 1 μg / ml.<sub>A</sub>And the killing of mononuclear cells by irradiation. Cell killing occurs after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation [<sup>3</sup>H] -Measured by Thy uptake.
[Fig. 31]
FIG. 31 shows the expanded porphyrin-like macro ring available. Instead of pyrrole hydrogen, divalent or trivalent cations, such as Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, In<sup>3+</sup>Etc. can be combined. In this case, the complex has a net total charge, i.e. M<sup>2+</sup>In the case of +1, M<sup>3+</sup>In the case of, it will have a charge of +2.
90 sheets
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Every citation, both ways
| Document | Relation |
|---|---|
| 55865588 | Cites |
172 members in 18 offices
Priority claims2
| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 320293 | United States of America | – | |
| 32029389 | United States of America | A |
Members172
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2 legal events, as the office reported them to INPADOC
Over the term
Point at a mark for the eventEvents
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| Cancellation because of no payment of annual feesLAPS | LAPS | |
| Receipt of annual feesJAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250R250 | R250 |
Numbers
- Publication
- 3315112
- Application
- 2505053
Titles2
- Japanese
- 拡大ポルフィリン:大ポルフィリン様トリピロールジメチン誘導マクロ環
- English
- INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: Expanded porphyrin: Large porphyrin-like tripyrrole dimethine-induced macro ring
Classification
- CPC, 7
- C07D487/22
- A61K41/0038
- A61K41/0076
- A61K47/546
- A61P31/12
- A61P31/18
- A61P35/00
- IPC, 15
- A61K31 395
- A61K31 40
- A61K31 555
- A61K41 00
- A61K49 00
- A61K51 00
- A61P31 12
- A61P31 18
- A61P35 00
- C07D487 22
- C07F3 06
- C07F3 08
- C07F5 00
- C07F13 00
- C07F15 06