Method and system for providing information from patient-specific model of blood flow

(Related Application) This application claims the benefit of priority to US Patent Application No. 13 / 470,802 filed May 14, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

(Technical Field) The embodiments include methods and systems for using models of fluid flow, and more specifically, methods and systems for providing information from a patient-specific model of blood flow. To do.

(Background) Coronary artery disease can result in coronary lesions of blood vessels that supply blood flow to the heart, such as stenosis (abnormal stenosis of blood vessels). As a result, blood flow to the heart can be restricted. Patients with coronary artery disease may experience chest pain called chronic stable angina during physical exercise, or restless unstable angina. More severe manifestations of the disease can lead to myocardial infarction or heart attack.

Patients suffering from chest pain and / or showing symptoms of coronary artery disease may be subjected to one or more trials that may provide some indirect evidence associated with coronary artery disease. For example, non-invasive tests include electrocardiogram, evaluation of biomarkers from blood tests, treadmill tests, echocardiography, single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). You may list it. Non-invasive tests include changes in cardiac electrical activity (eg, using an electrocardiogram (ECG)), myocardial movement (eg, using a stress electrocardiogram), and myocardial perfusion (eg, PET or SPECT). Indirect evidence of coronary artery lesions may be obtained by examining (using) or metabolic changes (eg, using biomarkers). However, these non-invasive trials do not predict intervention outcomes.

For example, anatomical data may be obtained non-invasively using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). CCTA can be used for imaging patients with chest pain, including using computed tomography (CT) techniques to image the heart and coronary arteries after intravenous injection of contrast media. .. However, CCTA cannot provide direct information about the functional significance of coronary artery lesions (eg, whether the lesion affects blood flow). Moreover, since CCTA is purely a diagnostic trial, we do not anticipate intervention outcomes.

The invasiveness test may also be performed on the patient. For example, cardiac catheterization for diagnosis involves collecting anatomical data for coronary artery lesions by performing conventional coronary angiography (CCA) and providing doctors with images of arterial size and shape. Can be done. However, the CCA also does not anticipate the outcome of the intervention.

<p> Therefore, there is a need for methods to predict the outcome of drug therapy, interventions and surgical procedures for coronary blood flow.</p><p> It should be understood that both the general description above and the detailed description below are exemplary and merely explanatory and do not limit this disclosure.</p>

<p> (Abstract) According to certain embodiments, the system for providing blood flow information about a patient may include at least one computer system with a touch screen. The at least one computer system may be configured to display on a touch screen a three-dimensional model showing at least a portion of the patient's anatomy based on patient-specific data. .. The at least one computer system may also be configured to receive first input data related to a first position on the touch screen indicated by at least one pointing object controlled by the user. The first position on the touch screen may indicate the first position on the displayed three-dimensional model. The at least one computer system may further be configured to display primary information on the touch screen, which may indicate blood flow characteristics at this primary location.</p><p> According to another embodiment, a method for providing patient-specific blood flow information using at least one computer system with a touch screen is a method based on patient-specific data on the touch screen. It may include displaying the original model. This three-dimensional model can correspond to at least a portion of the patient's anatomy. The method may also include accepting the first input data associated with the first position on the touch screen indicated by at least one pointing object controlled by the user, on the touch screen. The first position of may indicate the first position on the displayed three-dimensional model. The method may also include displaying a first piece of information on the touch screen, which piece of information is at a position in the three-dimensional model indicated by this first piece of input data. Can exhibit blood flow characteristics. This method further accepts a second input data indicating the modification of the 3D model and determines the second information about blood flow characteristics in the anatomical structure based on the modification of the 3D model. And can be included.</p><p> According to a further embodiment, the persistent computer readable medium for use in at least one computer system comprises computer-executable programming instructions for performing a method of providing patient-specific blood flow information. You may. This at least one computer system may include a touch screen, which method displays a three-dimensional model that corresponds to at least a portion of the patient's anatomical structure based on patient-specific data. It may include accepting the first input data associated with the first position on the touch screen indicated by at least one pointing object controlled by the user. This first input data may indicate the location of the stent for placement in this anatomy. This method is also three-dimensional based on displaying the stent on a three-dimensional model on a touch screen and modifying the three-dimensional model to reflect the placement of the stent at the position shown in this first input data. It may include determining a second piece of information about blood flow characteristics at multiple locations in the model.</p><p> Additional embodiments and advantages are shown in part in the detailed description, in the detailed description below, and in part as apparent from this detailed description, but also in the present disclosure. May be learned by the implementation of. This embodiment and advantage is realized and gained by the components and combinations specifically shown below. For example, the present invention provides the following items. (Item 1) A system for providing blood flow information about a patient, said system: comprising at least one computer system including a touch screen, said at least one computer system: Displaying on the touch screen a three-dimensional model showing at least a portion of the patient's anatomical structure based on patient-specific data; and at least one pointing object controlled by the user. first position on the touch screen as indicated by the method comprising: receiving a first input data relating to location, said first location on the touch screen, on the displayed three-dimensional model Receiving, indicating a first position, and displaying the first information on the touch screen, the first information being a blood flow feature at the first position. A system that is configured to display the primary information, which indicates. (Item 2) The at least one computer system is further displayed as the user drags the at least one pointing object along the surface of the touch screen and on the displayed three-dimensional model. The system described in item 1, which is configured to update the primary information. (Item 3) At least one computer system mentioned above, The pin is configured to form in the first position, the pin is movable by the user within the three-dimensional model; and as the pin is moved by the user, the anatomical The system of item 1, wherein the first information about the blood flow feature in the structure is configured to be updated on the touch screen. (Item 4) The at least one computer system further determines the first information about the blood flow characteristics in the anatomical structure at multiple positions in the three-dimensional model, and shading, patterning. , Or the system of item 1, configured to present the first information to the displayed three-dimensional model using at least one of the colorings. (Item 5) The at least one computer system is further configured to rotate the displayed three-dimensional model in response to the user swiping the at least one pointing object against the surface of the touch screen. The system according to item 1, wherein the amount and direction of rotation depends on the characteristics of the swipe. (Item 6) The at least one computer system further zooms on the displayed three-dimensional model in response to a user pinching two of the at least one pointing object located at different positions with respect to the touch screen. The system according to item 1, wherein the amount of zoom depends on the characteristics of the pinch. (Item 7) The at least one computer system is further configured to accept the first input data and display the first information in the first mode; It operates in a second mode and is configured to accept a second input data, thereby indicating a modification of the 3D model; and the dissection based on the modification of the 3D model. The system of item 1, which is configured to determine a second piece of information about said blood flow characteristics in the anatomical structure. (Item 8) With respect to the second position on the touch screen where the second input data is indicated by the at least one pointing object, the second position on the touch screen is the three dimensions for the modification. The system according to item 7, which indicates a second position in the model. (Item 9) The system of item 7, wherein the modification corresponds to the location of the stent and the at least one computer system is configured to further display the stent. (Item 10) The system of item 9, wherein the at least one computer system is configured to further receive a third input data indicating the size of the stent. (Item 11) 9. The system of item 9, wherein the at least one computer system is further configured to receive a third input data indicating a change in the position or size of the stent. (Item 12) In the second mode, the at least one computer system is configured to further provide a split screen comprising a first part and a second part, wherein the first part is: Item displaying the 3D model corresponding to the anatomical structure and at least a portion of the stent, and the second portion displaying the 3D model after placement of the stent. The system described in 9. (Item 13) The system according to item 7, wherein the modification corresponds to the formation of a bypass, and the at least one computer system is configured to further display the bypass. (Item 14) The at least one computer system further receives at least one third input data indicating at least one position for connecting the bypass to the displayed three-dimensional model. The system according to item 13, which is configured as such. (Item 15) 13. The system of item 13, wherein the at least one computer system is further configured to receive a third input data indicating a change in the position or size of the bypass. (Item 16) The at least one computer system is configured to further provide a split screen with a first part and a second part, the two parts being the respective displayed three dimensions. The system according to item 7, which is configured to accept different second input data, indicating different modifications of the model. (Item 17) The system according to item 1, wherein the at least one pointing object includes at least one finger or stylus of the user. (Item 18) The system of item 1, wherein the first information comprises at least one of pressure gradient, coronary flow reserve ratio, pressure, flow velocity, and velocity. (Item 19) The system of item 1, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient comprises at least a portion of the aorta and at least a portion of a plurality of coronary arteries originating from said portion of the aorta. (Item 20) The first information indicates the ratio between the pressure at a position in the plurality of coronary arteries and the pressure at a position upstream from the position in the plurality of coronary arteries. The system according to item 19, including ratios. 21. Item 1 wherein the anatomical structure of the patient comprises at least one of a portion of a plurality of arteries in the patient's heart, neck, head, chest, abdomen, arms or legs. System. (Item 22) A method for providing patient-specific blood flow information using at least one computer system, wherein the at least one computer system is equipped with a touch screen. Displaying a 3D model based on patient-specific data on the touch screen, wherein the 3D model corresponds to at least a portion of the patient's anatomical structure; by the user. Receiving the first input data associated with the first position on the touch screen indicated by at least one controlled object, the first position on the touch screen is said display. To indicate the first position in the 3D model that was made; By displaying the first information on the touch screen, the first information describes the blood flow characteristics at the first position in the three-dimensional model indicated by the first input data. To show; to accept a second input data showing the modification of the 3D model; A method comprising determining a second piece of information about the blood flow feature in the anatomy based on the modification of the three-dimensional model. (Item 23) Further including accepting mode selection input data corresponding to the selection of the test mode or the selection of the treatment planning mode; where the first input data is received in the test mode and said. 22. The method of item 22, wherein the second input data is accepted in said treatment planning mode. (Item 24) The method of item 22, wherein the second input data relates to a second position on the touch screen indicated by the at least one pointing object and is on the touch screen. The method, wherein the second position indicates the second position in the three-dimensional model of the modification. (Item 25) A persistent computer-readable medium for use in at least one computer system that contains computer-executable programming instructions for performing methods to provide patient-specific blood flow information. , The at least one computer system includes a touch screen, the method is: Displaying a 3D model showing at least a portion of the patient's anatomical structure based on patient-specific data; on the touch screen, shown by at least one pointing object controlled by the user. Receiving the first input data related to the first position of the, said first input data indicating the position of the stent with respect to the position in the anatomical structure; said touch screen. Displaying a stent on the 3D model above; in the 3D model based on a modification of the 3D model that reflects the position of the stent at the position shown in the first input data. A method that includes determining a second piece of information about blood flow characteristics at multiple locations. (Item 26) The method further: accepting a second input data indicating the size of the stent; Item 25, including determining third information about the blood flow characteristics at the plurality of positions in the 3D model based on modifications of the 3D model to reflect the indicated stent size; Persistence computer readable medium described in. (Item 27) To accept the second input data: pinching two of the at least one pointing object located at different positions with respect to the touch screen, and based on the characteristics of the pinch. The persistent computer-readable medium according to item 26, including determining changes in stent size. 28. The persistent computer-readable medium of item 26, wherein the size of the stent comprises length, proximal diameter, or distal diameter. (Item 29) The method further: Accepting a second input data indicating a change in the position of the stent; Item comprising determining a third piece of information about the blood flow feature at the plurality of positions in the 3D model based on modifications of the 3D model to reflect the indicated changes in the position of the stent. Persistence computer readable medium as described in 25. (Item 30) Accepting the second input data drags at least one pointing object along the displayed three-dimensional model and, based on the characteristics of the drag, at the position of the stent. 29. Sustainable computer readable medium, including determining the changes.</p><p> The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein by reference and which form part of this specification, illustrate some embodiments and, together with a detailed description, illustrate the principles of the present disclosure. Useful for.</p>

<figref num="1">FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a system for providing various information about blood flow in a particular patient, according to an embodiment.</figref><figref num="2">It is an image showing a calculated coronary flow reserve ratio (FFR) in a three-dimensional model corresponding to a part of a patient's aorta and a plurality of coronary arteries originating from the patient's aorta according to an embodiment. ..</figref><figref num="3">It is an image showing a calculated pressure gradient in a three-dimensional model corresponding to a part of a patient's aorta and a plurality of coronary arteries originating from the patient's aorta according to an embodiment.</figref><figref num="4">In an image showing, according to an embodiment, a calculated FFR in a three-dimensional model corresponding to a portion of a patient's aorta and multiple coronary arteries originating from the patient's aorta, as well as a stent for placement in the coronary arteries. is there.</figref><figref num="5">It is an image showing a part of a patient's aorta and a plurality of coronary arteries corresponding to a plurality of coronary arteries originating from the patient's aorta according to an embodiment, and a plurality of stents for placement in the coronary arteries.</figref><figref num="6">According to one embodiment, one screen portion shows the model and stent of FIG. 4, and another screen portion is an image showing a split screen having a modified three-dimensional model based on the placement of the stent.</figref>

(Detailed Description of Embodiments) Here, an exemplary embodiment will be described in detail, and examples thereof are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to describe the same or similar parts.

In an exemplary embodiment, the information recovered from the patient is used to determine various information about blood flow in a particular patient in a method and system. This decision information may be related to blood flow in the patient's coronary vasculature. Alternatively, this decision information may be related to blood flow in other areas of the patient's vascular structure, such as carotid, peripheral, abdominal, renal and cerebrovascular.

The coronary vasculature includes a complex network of blood vessels ranging from large arteries to arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins and the like. The coronary system circulates blood into and into the heart and contains the aorta 2 (Fig. 2), which is the multiple main coronary arteries 4 (Fig. 2) (eg, left anterior descending branch (LAD) artery), left rotation. It supplies blood to (LCX) arteries, right coronary (RCA) arteries, etc.), which may be further divided into arterial bifurcations or other types of arteries downstream from aorta 2 and main coronary arteries 4. Thus, exemplary methods and systems can determine various information about blood flow in the aorta, the main coronary arteries, and / or other coronary arteries or blood vessels downstream of the main coronary arteries. The aorta and coronary arteries (and the branches extending from them) are discussed below, but the disclosed methods and systems may also be applied to other types of blood vessels.

In exemplary embodiments, the information determined by the disclosed methods and systems varies, but is not limited to, in the aorta, the main coronary arteries, and / or other coronary arteries or blood vessels downstream of the main coronary arteries. Various blood flow characteristics or parameters at various locations include, for example, blood flow velocity, pressure gradient, pressure (or their ratio), flow velocity, and coronary reserve ratio (FFR). This information is used to determine if a lesion is functionally significant and / or to treat the lesion and / or to predict the outcome of various treatment options. Can be used. This information can be determined using information obtained non-invasively from the patient. As a result, the decision to treat the lesion can be made without the cost and risk associated with the invasive procedure.

FIG. 1 shows aspects of a system for providing various information related to coronary blood flow in a particular patient, according to an embodiment. Further details regarding various embodiments of methods and systems for determining blood flow information in a particular patient are described, for example, in "Methods and Patient-Specific Modeling of Blood Flow Patients", which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. It is disclosed in US Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0041739 entitled "Method And System For Patient-Specific Modeling Of Blood Flow".

Patient-specific anatomical data 10, eg, the geometry of the patient's heart, eg, at least part of the patient's aorta, the proximal part of the main coronary arteries (and the branches extending from it) connected to the aorta, and the myocardium. Data on the geometry of the may be obtained. Patient-specific anatomical data 10 may be obtained non-invasively, for example, using non-invasive imaging methods. For example, CCTA allows users to operate a computed tomography (CT) scanner to visualize and create images of structures, such as the myocardium, aorta, main coronary arteries, and other blood vessels connected to them. The method. Alternatively, using other non-invasive imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound (US), or invasive imaging methods such as digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Images of the patient's anatomical structure may be created. The resulting imaging data (provided by, for example, CCTA, MRI, etc.) is provided by a third party supplier, such as by a radiography laboratory or cardiologist, by the patient's physician, and so on. May be good. Other patient-specific anatomical data 10, such as blood pressure in the patient's brachial artery (eg, using a pressure cuff), such as maximal (systolic) and diastolic (diastolic) blood pressure, are also present in the patient. Can be determined to be non-invasive.

A three-dimensional model 12 of the patient's anatomy (FIGS. 2 and 3) may be created using patient-specific anatomical data 10. In certain embodiments, part of the patient's anatomy presented by Model 12 is at least a portion of aorta 2 and a proximal portion of main coronary artery 4 connected to aorta 2 (and a branch extending or emanating from it). ) May be included. The three-dimensional model 12 is also connected to other parts of the patient's anatomy, such as left ventricle and / or right ventricle, coronary arteries 4 and / or calcium and / or platelets in the bifurcation, coronary arteries 4 and / or bifurcation. It may also include other tissues that surround and / or surround it.

Various physiological laws or relationships 20 related to coronary blood flow can be inferred from, for example, experimental data. Using model 12 and the presumed physiological law 20, multiple equations 30 related to coronary blood flow can be determined. For example, equation 30 is determined and solved using any numerical method, such as finite difference method, finite volume method, spectral method, lattice Boltzmann method, particle-based method, level set method, finite element method, etc. May be good. Equation 30 may be solved to determine information about coronary blood flow in the patient's anatomy at various points in the anatomy presented by Model 12 (eg, pressure, pressure gradient, FFR, etc.).

In certain embodiments, model 12 may be prepared for analysis or boundary conditions may be determined. For example, model 12 may be adjusted and discretized into a volumetric mesh, such as a finite element or finite volume mesh. Equation 30 may be generated using a volumetric mesh.

Boundary conditions may be determined using Physiological Law 20 and incorporated into Equation 30. Boundary conditions, such as inflow boundaries, outflow boundaries, vessel wall boundaries, etc., can provide information about model 12. This inflow boundary may comprise a boundary through which flow is directed into the dissection of the 3D model, such as the end of the aorta near the base of the aorta. Each inflow boundary can be assigned, for example, a defined value or field for velocity, flow velocity, pressure or other features, such as by coupling a cardiac model and / or a concentration parameter model to the boundary. The outflow boundary may comprise a boundary through which flow is directed outward from the anatomy of the 3D model, such as the end of the aorta near the aortic arch and the downstream end of the main coronary artery and the bifurcation extending from it. Each outflow boundary can be assigned, for example, by coupling a centralized parameter or distributed (eg, one-dimensional wave propagation) model. Default values for inflow limit and / or outflow boundary conditions include, but are not limited to, patient physiological characteristics such as cardiac output (volume of blood flow from the heart), blood pressure, myocardial mass, and the like. It can be determined by non-invasive measurement. The vessel wall boundary may include the physical boundary of the aorta, the main coronary artery, and / or other coronary arteries or vessels of Model 12.

Equation 30 may be solved using a computer system 40. Based on the solved equation 30, the computer system 40 determines one or more blood flow features such as FFR, blood pressure (or pressure gradient), blood flow, or blood flow velocity, which are determined based on the solution of equation 30. The indicated information 50 can be output. Computer system 40 may output images generated based on model 12 and information 50 or other results of computer analysis, as described below. Information 50 can be determined under simulated or hyperemic conditions of increased coronary blood flow (eg, idiopathically induced by intravenous administration of adenosine). For example, the above boundary conditions can specifically model the condition of increased coronary blood flow, hyperemia and / or the effect of adenosine.

FIG. 2 shows a calculated FFR model 100, which may be output data from the computer system 40. This calculated FFR model 100 may include the geometry of the anatomical structure based on the model 12 and also the information 50 from the computer system 40 such as the values of the FFR at various positions along the three dimensions of the model 12. Can show output data. The FFR is under conditions of increased coronary blood flow or hyperemia, eg, at the inflow boundary of model 12, divided by blood pressure in the aorta, at a specific location in model 12 (eg, in the coronary artery). Can be calculated as a ratio of blood pressure. Corresponding colors, shades, patterns or other visual indicators may be assigned to each FFR value through the calculated FFR model 100 so that the calculated FFR model 100 is an individual number for each point in this model 100. Can be visually shown in the FFR throughout the model 100 without the need to visually show.

A scale or key 110 may be provided, which indicates which number in the FFR corresponds to which color, shade, pattern or other visual indicator. For example, the calculated FFR model 100 may be provided in color, and the color spectrum can be used to indicate variations of the calculated FFR throughout the model 100. This color spectrum may include red, yellow, green, cyan and blue in the order from the lowest calculated FFR (indicating functionally significant lesions) to the highest calculated FFR. For example, the upper limit (blue) may indicate an FFR of 1.0, the lower limit (red) may indicate about 0.7 (or 0.75 or 0.8) or less, and green may indicate about 0.85 (or upper and lower limits). Other values in between) are shown. For example, this lower bound to a lower bound (eg, 0.7, 0.75, or 0.8) used to determine whether the calculated FFR exhibits functionally significant lesions or other features that may require intervention. Can be determined on the basis. Thus, a calculated FFR model 100 for some patients may show almost or all of the aorta as blue or another color towards the higher end of the spectrum, and that color is of the coronary arteries and of the branches extending from it. It can change gradually throughout the spectrum towards the distal end (eg, towards the bottom of the spectrum (down somewhere from red to blue)). The distal end of a particular patient's coronary artery may have a different color, eg, any of red to blue, depending on the local value of the calculated FFR determined at each distal end.

For example, the calculated FFR model 100 of FIG. 2 shows that for this particular patient, under simulated hyperemic conditions, this calculated FFR is generally uniform in the aorta and approximately 1.0 (eg, in blue). (As shown), and this calculated FFR gradually and consistently declines as blood flows downstream into the aorta and during bifurcation (eg, a gradual color change from blue to cyan,). Or it can be shown to go down from near 1.0 to a value ranging from about 0.9), as shown by the mixture of blue and cyan. However, in certain areas such as areas 112 and 114, the calculated FFR can be sharply reduced. For example, between the aorta and area 112 in one of the coronary arteries, the calculated FFR model 100 generally has a constant value (eg, about 1.0, as shown in blue), or gradually declines in the calculated FFR. Values can be shown (eg, from near 1.0 to values ranging from close to 1.0 to about 0.9, as indicated by a gradual color change from blue to cyan, or a mixture of blue and cyan). In area 112, the calculated FFR model 100 may show a reduction in the calculated FFR to about 0.8 (eg, as shown by the color changing from blue and / or cyan to green and / or yellow). Between areas 112 and 114, the calculated FFR model 100 generally has a constant value (eg, about 0.8, as indicated by green and / or yellow) or a gradually decreasing value in the calculated FFR (eg, green and / or yellow). For example, it can show values just below 0.8, as indicated by the yellow color rather than green. In area 114, the calculated FFR model 100 may show a reduction of about 0.7 or less in the calculated FFR (eg, as shown by the color change from green and / or yellow to red). For downstream of area 114 and the distal end of the coronary artery, the calculated FFR model 100 may show that this calculated FFR is less than or equal to about 0.7 (eg, as indicated by red).

Based on the calculated FFR model 100, the user can see that this calculated FFR has fallen below the lower bound used to determine the presence of functionally significant lesions, or other features that may require intervention (calculation). It can be determined (based on the location of the area showing the calculated FFR value below its lower limit, which turned red in the FFR model 100), and the user can position functionally significant lesions. Can be. This user may position functionally significant lesions based on the geometry of the artery or bifurcation (eg, using the calculated FFR model 100). For example, functionally significant lesions can be placed by finding narrowing or stenosis located near (eg, upstream) the location of the calculated FFR model 100 that indicates the local minimum FFR value.

FIG. 3 shows a calculated pressure gradient model 200 that can be output data from the computer system 40. The calculated pressure gradient model 200 may include the geometry of the anatomical structure based on the model 12, and information from the computer system 40, such as the values of the blood pressure gradient at various positions along the three dimensions of the model 12 50. Output data can also be shown. This calculated pressure gradient model 200 may show a local blood pressure gradient throughout Model 12 (eg, millimeters of mercury (mmHg) per centimeter) under simulated hyperemic or other conditions. Corresponding colors, shades, patterns, or other visual indicators may be assigned for each pressure gradient so that this model 200 has an individual pressure gradient value for each point in this model 200. Variations in pressure gradients throughout the Model 200 can be visually shown without the need to show them visually.

A scale or key 210 may be provided, which indicates which value of the pressure gradient corresponds to a color, shade, pattern, or other visual indicator. For example, the calculated pressure gradient model 200 may be shown in color, or the color spectrum may be used to show pressure variations throughout the model 200. The color spectrum may include red, yellow, green, cyan, and blue in order from the highest pressure gradient to the lowest pressure gradient that may indicate a functionally significant lesion. For example, the upper limit (red) may indicate about 20 mmHg / cm or more, this lower limit (blue) may indicate about 0 mmHg / cm or less, and green may indicate about 10 mmHg / cm (or upper and lower limits). Other values that are approximately in the middle of) are shown. Therefore, the calculated pressure gradient model 200 for some patients may show almost or all of the aorta as blue and / or cyan, or other colors towards the bottom of the spectrum, which are higher. Areas with a pressure gradient may change gradually throughout the spectrum (eg, towards the higher end of the spectrum (up to red)).

For example, the calculated pressure gradient model 200 of FIG. 3 shows that for this particular patient, under simulated hyperemic conditions, the pressure gradient is generally uniform in the aorta and in most of the main coronary arteries and branches. It can be shown to be and can be near zero mmHg / cm (eg, as indicated by blue and / or cyan). The calculated pressure gradient model 200 may show an increase in gradient in the pressure gradient so that some areas 212 in the main coronary artery and bifurcation have values from about 5 mmHg / cm to about 10 mmHg / cm (eg cyan and /). Or as shown in green), some areas 214 in the main coronary artery and bifurcation show values greater than about 10 mmHg / cm to about 15 mmHg / cm (eg, as shown in green and / or yellow). Some areas 216 in the main coronary artery and bifurcation show values of about 15 mmHg / cm (eg, as shown in yellow and / or red).

Based on the Computational Pressure Gradient Model 200, the user can see that the Computational Pressure Gradient exceeds a specific level (eg, about 20 mmHg / cm) that may indicate the presence of functionally significant lesions or other features that may require intervention. It may be determined that it has increased, and the user may also be able to position a functionally significant lesion. The user can position functionally significant lesions based on the geometry of the artery or bifurcation (eg, using the calculated pressure gradient model 200). For example, functionally significant lesions can be positioned by finding narrowing or stenosis located close to the location of the calculated pressure gradient model 200, which shows a value of about 20 mmHg / cm or higher.

The computer FFR model 100, the calculated blood pressure gradient model 200, or other model also includes other information, such as geometric information (eg, numerical values such as inner diameter, thickness, etc. of blood vessels) throughout the model 100 or 200. obtain. Information related to a particular position on this model may be displayed to the user when selecting a position for the model, such as:

Depending on the computer system 40, the user chooses to output a calculated FFR model 100, a calculated blood pressure gradient model 200 or other model, and / or specify other color mapping or rendering styles (eg, x-ray rendering). Can be possible.

See Figure 1 again, the computer system 40 may be equipped with one or more persistent computer readable storage devices, such as the computer system, when run by the processor, the patient's blood flow. Store instructions that may perform any of the actions described herein to provide various information about. The computer system 40 may include a desktop computer or a portable computer, a workstation, a server, a personal digital assistant, or any other computer system. The computer system 40 includes a processor, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), input / output (110) adapters for connecting to end devices (eg, input devices, output devices, storage devices, etc.), Input devices such as keyboards, mice, touch screens, user interface adapters for connecting voice input and / or other devices, communication adapters for connecting computer system 40 to the network, computer system 40 for display A display adapter or the like for connecting may be provided. For example, this display can display any image created by solving model 12 and / or equation 30 (eg, calculated FFR model 100, calculated blood pressure gradient model 200, and / or other models described below). It may be used to display.

Patient-specific anatomical data 10 may be migrated to computer system 40 over a secure line of communication (eg, via a wireless or wired network), which computer system 40 uses model 12. You may create and solve equation 30. For example, in one embodiment, data 10 is migrated from a third-party supplier that obtains patient-specific anatomical data 10 for a computer system 40 operated by a patient's doctor or other user. You may.

In one embodiment, the computer system 40 uses a secure communication line (for example, using services via the web over a wireless or wired network) to Apple. To a tablet computer 70 (or other mobile or portable computer device) such as Inc.'s iPad®, one or more blood flow features, calculated FFR model 100, calculated blood pressure gradient model 200, and / or equations. Based on the solution of 30, it is possible to output information 50 indicating other output data from the computer system 40. The tablet computer 70 may be operated by the patient's physician or other user such as the patient. The tablet computer 70 may include a touch screen. Various screenshots of the touch screen are shown in Figures 2-6 and are described below. This touch screen captures input data from the user based on contact with at least one of the user's fingers (eg, at least one of the user's finger or thumb) on the surface of the touch screen, such as: It may be configured to accept. The following description relates to an embodiment in which the touch screen is configured to receive input data from the touch of a user's finger on the surface of the touch screen. However, the touch screen accepts input data from the user based on the detection of contact or proximity to the touch screen by the user's finger, the user's thumb, stylus, another pointing object or instrument, or a combination thereof. It is understood that it may be configured to do so.

Thus, in some embodiments, the computer system 40 may perform more complex operations, such as solving equation 30, while the tablet computer 70 displays the result of solving equation 30 by computer system 40, and more. It may be a portable system for performing less complex calculations. The tablet computer 70 allows the patient's doctor, patient, or other user to access information from the model 12, 100, or 200 and operate the model 12, 100, or 200 as follows: obtain. The tablet computer 70 may also be configured to allow the user to select treatment options using the tablet computer 70. The tablet computer 70 may determine or predict blood flow characteristics (eg, FFR, blood pressure (or pressure gradient), etc.) in the patient's anatomy based on selected treatment options such as:

For example, as shown in FIGS. 2-4, the tablet computer 70 may provide two mode selection buttons 310 and 320 that allow the user to switch between the two modes. Touching the first button 310 allows the user to select the first operation mode (eg, inspection mode), and touching the second button 320 allows the user to perform a second operation. It is possible to select a mode (eg, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) mode).

2 and 3 are images illustrating screenshots of the tablet computer 70 operating in the first operating mode. In the first mode of operation, the tablet computer 70 is the patient's current blood flow characteristics, such as the calculated FFR model 100 (Figure 2), the calculated pressure gradient model 200 (Figure 3), or a computer system. Information from 40 50 Can display information indicating other models that provide output data. The input data received from the user using the tablet computer 70 in the first mode of operation may allow the user to interact with and manipulate the displayed information about the patient's current status.

The tablet computer 70 determines when the user's finger touches the surface of the touch screen at a position corresponding to a position on the displayed model 100 or 200 (and a corresponding position in the patient's anatomy). It may be configured in. Based on this input data, the tablet computer 70 displays numerical values of blood flow characteristics (eg, FFR, blood pressure (or pressure gradient), and / or other blood flow characteristics selected by the user) in the model 100 displayed. Or at the indicated position on 200, it may be determined, and the determined number may be displayed. This displayed number can be dynamically updated as the user drags his or her finger along the surface of the touch screen and along the displayed model 100 or 200. Therefore, this user is on model 12, 100, or 200 for determining numerical values for any blood flow characteristics such as FFR, blood pressure (or pressure gradient), and / or other blood flow characteristics as described above. Any point of can be touched at that point. Also, additional information about the indicated points on the model 12, 100, or 200, such as geometric information, may be displayed to the user, such as the numerical value of the inner diameter of the blood vessel.

For example, the tablet computer 70 may determine when a user's finger touches (eg, touches and holds) the surface of a touch screen for a predetermined amount of time at a position corresponding to a position on the displayed model 100 or 200. It may be configured. Based on this input data, the tablet computer 70 may create a tag or pin 330 that points to the indicated position within the displayed model 100 or 200. This user then drags or moves pin 330 somewhere within the displayed model 100 or 200 to obtain a numerical value for blood flow characteristics at the indicated position on the displayed model 100 or 200 (there). Hepin 330 may be dragged). This number can be dynamically updated as pin 330 is dragged. The tablet computer 70 may display a determined number in or near pin 330. For example, in FIGS. 2 and 3, pin 330 points to a position in one of the coronary arteries illustrated in Model 100 with an FFR value of 0.58. Pin 330 may also indicate other information about the indicated location, such as vessel dimensions (eg, diameter) at the indicated location. The tablet computer 70 may allow the user to create two or more pins 330 for dragging separately around the model 100 or 200, and to remove the pins 330 as needed.

When the user's finger touches the surface of the touch screen at a position corresponding to the position on the displayed model 100 or 200 (eg, less time than the time associated with creating pin 330), then the tablet The computer 70 may determine that the user has selected a particular coronary artery (and / or a branch connected to it) and may fade other coronary arteries and branches (eg, diminish or diminish their brightness). ).

Alternatively, or in addition, the selected position can be a new focus of observation for the displayed model 100 or 200, and / or a new local origin for transformations, such as rotation and zooming. This allows the user to focus on potential stenosis and to rotate around or zoom in (or away from) to any user-defined point.

The tablet computer 70 may also be configured to determine when the user's finger swipes or drags on the surface of the touch screen (eg, away from pin 330). Based on this input data, the tablet computer 70 may rotate the displayed model 100 or 200. The amount and direction of rotation can depend on the distance the finger travels in contacting the surface of the touch screen during the swipe and the direction of the swipe along the surface of the touch screen.

The tablet computer 70 may also be configured to determine when the user's finger pinches the surface of the touch screen. The tablet computer 70 may zoom out of the displayed model 100 or 200 if the user's fingers move closer to each other. If the user's fingers move away from each other, the tablet computer 70 may zoom in on the displayed model 100 or 200. The amount of this zoom may depend on the distance the finger moves in a pinch along the surface of the touch screen.

As the user manipulates the field of view of the displayed model 100 or 200 (eg, rotate, zoom in or away, change focus, etc.), the anatomical structure is shown, featuring tube angle measurements or orientations. Other information to attach is displayed to the user and can be updated dynamically. For example, the information is known in the art for left anterior tilt (LAO), right anterior tilt (RAO), caudal (GAUD), and / or cranial (GRAN) angles, such as LAO 20 ° and GRAN 0 °. Can be provided in form.

FIGS. 4-6 are images illustrating screenshots of a tablet computer 70 operating in a second operating mode (eg, PGI mode) selected by the user by touching the second button 320. With the input data received from the user using the tablet computer 70 in the second mode of operation, the user reflects the geometry of the patient's anatomical structure without additional information indicating the model 12 (eg, blood flow characteristics). Based on model), calculated FFR model 100 (Figure 2), calculated pressure gradient model 200 (Figure 3), or other model that provides information 50 showing the patient's blood flow characteristics in the patient's current state. It is possible to plan treatment options using the displayed model 400, which can be done. The tablet computer 70 may display predicted information about blood flow characteristics (eg, FFR, blood pressure (or pressure gradient), etc.) based on selected treatment options.

FIG. 4 shows a screenshot of a tablet computer 70 operating in a second mode of operation to allow the user to select treatment options using the model 400. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, model 400 is created based on the calculated FFR model 100. Alternatively, model 400 may be built on model 12, calculated pressure gradient model 200, and / or other models. The tablet computer 70 is at a position (and corresponding position in the patient's anatomy) where the user's finger corresponds to the position on the displayed model 400, when the user's finger touches the surface of the touch screen. It may be configured to determine (eg, a given time (eg, touch and hold)). Based on this input data, the tablet computer 70 may display a stent 410 for planned insertion into the patient's anatomy (eg, in the coronary arteries). The tablet computer 70 may allow the user to place two or more stents 410 on the model 400 and omit the stents 410 as needed, as shown in FIG.

When initially placed on the model 400, the stent 410 may have a given size or size, or other features (eg, diameter, length, material, wire thickness, wire configuration, etc.). The stent 410 may be initially positioned such that the stent 410 is centered in the longitudinal direction with respect to a position selected by the user.

The user may then provide additional input data for defining and / or adjusting the stent 410. For example, the tablet computer 70 may be configured to determine when the user's finger swipes or drags on the surface of the touch screen. Based on this input information, the tablet computer 70 can move the stent 410 along the model 400. For example, the stent 410 may move parallel to the centerline of the coronary artery or artery (or branch connected to it). Also, the shape of the stent 410 is configured to bend and bend at its centerline as it is dragged or moved along its centerline, as shown in FIGS. 4-6. You may. The amount and direction of movement of the stent 410 (eg, upstream or downstream along the centerline) is the distance the finger moves in contacting the touch screen surface during the swipe, and the swipe along the touch screen surface. Can depend on the direction of.

The tablet computer 70 may also be configured to determine when the user's finger pinches the surface of the touch screen. If the user's fingers move closer to each other, the tablet computer 70 may shorten the stent 410 (eg, in the longitudinal direction and / or in the centerline direction). If the user's fingers move away from each other, the tablet computer 70 may lengthen the stent 410 (eg, in the longitudinal and / or centerline direction). The amount of change in length may depend on the distance the finger moves along the surface of the touch screen to form a pinch. Also, the length variation may be continuous or provided gradually (eg, by about 4 millimeters, or in other increments). For example, if the stent 410 has a continuous ring configuration (eg, a series of continuous rings that are joined together to form a tubular structure), the change in length is generally the length of one ring. May be provided in equal increments and the touch screen may indicate a ring added or removed from the stent 410 to shorten or lengthen the stent 410.

Other features may be provided that allow the user to adjust and operate the stent 410. FIG. 5 is a screenshot of a tablet computer 70 operating in a second mode of operation that allows the user to plan treatment options related to the placement of the stent 410 with the model 400, according to another embodiment. Shown.

When displaying a stent 410 for planned insertion into the patient's anatomy (eg, in the coronary arteries), the tablet computer 70 has one or more handles, eg, a first handle 420, a second. A handle 430 and / or a third handle 440 can be created. The first handle 420 may be located at or near the center of the stent 410 along the longitudinal direction. The user may drag or move the stent 410 along the model 400 by pushing the first handle 420 and dragging the first handle 420 to the desired position on the model 400. The movement of the first handle 420 results in the movement of the stent 410. As the user drags the first handle 420 along the model 400, the stent 410 also goes to the centerline of the coronary artery (or the branch connected to it) until the user removes his finger from the first handle 420. You may move in parallel. Also, the shape of the stent 410 may adapt to flexion and curvature at the centerline as the stent 410 is dragged or moved along the centerline by the first handle 420.

The second and third handles 430, 440 may be located at or near the proximal and distal ends of the stent 410, respectively. The user can press the second and / or third handles 430, 440, and drag the respective second and / or third handles 430, 440 along the model 400, thereby the stent 410. The length of the stent 410 can be adjusted by adjusting the position of the proximal and distal ends of each. The movement of the second and / or third handles 430, 440 lengthens / shortens the stent 410. For example, if the user drags the second handle 430 along the model 400 in the proximal direction away from the third handle 440, the stent 410 may lengthen and extend along the proximal direction. .. Similarly, if the user drags the third handle 440 along the model 400 in the distal direction away from the second handle 430, the stent 410 becomes longer and extends along the distal direction. There is. The new portion of the stent 410 added due to this lengthening can be formed parallel to the centerline of the coronary artery (or the bifurcation connected to it) and can accommodate flexion and curvature of that centerline. Alternatively, the stent 410 can be used when the user drags the second handle 430 distally towards the third handle 440 along the model 400, or when the user drags the third handle 440 onto the model 400. Thus, it can be shortened when dragging proximally towards the second handle 430. As the length of the stent 410 is changed, the placement of the first handle 420 is automatically adjusted so that the first handle 420 stays in or near the center of the stent 410. As a result, the handles 420, 430, 440 are user-friendly and allow the user to operate and adjust the stent 410 as needed.

Various features of the stent 410 can be displayed on the touch screen. For example, the length, proximal and / or distal diameter numbers of the stent 410 may be displayed in the stent legend, eg, on a touch screen. This number is dynamically updated as the user adjusts the stent 410.

Other features of the stent 410, such as material, wire thickness, wire conformation, etc., may be selected by the user. For example, the tablet computer 70 may provide a selection of stent models available for patient placement and may memorize the characteristics of those stent models. The user can choose from this stent model, and the tablet computer 70 retrieves the memorized features corresponding to the stent model selected by the user to capture various features of the stent 410, such as the dimensions of the stent 410. Can be decided. In addition, the dimensions of the increment of change in length described above (eg, the size of the ring in the ring higher order structure), and / or the plasticity of the stent 410 (eg, the ability to accommodate flexion and curvature at the centerlines of the coronary arteries and bifurcations), etc. Other features of the stent 410 can be determined based on the stent model selected.

Alternatively, various features of the stent 410 and / or stent model include the location of any FFR value below 0.75, as well as the size of the vessel at those locations, the location and dimensions of significant narrowing of the vessel, and so on. It can be automatically determined and recommended by the tablet computer 70 based on various factors.

The tablet computer 70 may also offer other treatment options for user choice, such as other types of surgery for modeled anatomy that can cause changes in the geometry of the modeled anatomy. For example, a tablet computer 70 may be used to plan a coronary artery bypass graft procedure. Coronary artery bypass grafting may include creating new lumens or passages in Model 400. After selecting this type of treatment option, the tablet computer 70 may determine when the user's finger touches the surface of the touch screen at a position corresponding to a position on the displayed model 400 (eg,). , Predetermined time (eg, touch and hold). Based on this first input data, the tablet computer 70 is for the patient's anatomy (eg, in the coronary arteries), which has one end connected to the model 400 at the position indicated by the first input data. Bypass segments (not shown) for planned connections can be displayed. The tablet computer 70 may then facilitate the user to provide a second input data that identifies a second position for connecting the contralateral end of the bypass segment to the patient's anatomy. .. Alternatively, the tablet computer 70 may recommend a location to connect the bypass segment at one or both ends of the bypass segment. The tablet computer 70 may allow the user to place more than one bypass segment in the model and, if necessary, omit this bypass segment. The tablet computer 70 provides the user with input data that changes the position or dimensions of the bypass segment (eg, diameter, length, etc.) (similar to the input data above, such as swipe and pinching). It can be possible.

Once the treatment option is selected by the user, the user can touch the calculation button 340 as shown in FIG. If the user selects the calculate button 340, the tablet computer 70 recalculates the blood flow characteristics.

For example, returning to FIG. 1, after the computer system 40 solves equation 30 as described above, the computer system 40 is, for example, a US patent entitled "Method And System For Patient-Specific Modeling Of Blood Flow". As disclosed in Application Publication No. 2012/0041739, in addition to (or instead of) Information 50 indicating the patient's current blood flow characteristics, lower dimensions (or instead) to model various treatment options. For example, a zero-dimensional or one-dimensional) model 60 can be created and transmitted to the tablet computer 70. For example, the low-dimensional model 60 can be used to determine information about coronary blood flow in a patient without having to solve the more complex system of equations 30, as described above, or a centralized parameter model of the patient's anatomy. It may be another simplified model. The low-dimensional model 60 can be created using information extracted from computational models 100 and 200 (eg, blood pressure, blood flow, or velocity information determined by solving equation 30 above).

After the user touches the calculate button 340, the tablet computer 70 can adjust the low-dimensional model 60 based on the treatment options selected by the user, and a simplified simplification of the equation based on the low-dimensional model 60. The set may be unraveled to output information indicating one or more predicted blood flow characteristics of the patient (eg, FFR, blood pressure (or pressure gradient), etc.). This information is then mapped or extrapolated to the three-dimensional model 12 of the patient's anatomy and, as shown in FIG. 6, for example, in post-intervention model 500, coronary blood flow in the patient's anatomy. The effect of the selected treatment option on may be displayed.

Since the low-dimensional model 60 can be solved with a simplified set of equations (compared to equation 30), the low-dimensional model 60 uses a tablet computer 70 to perform relatively rapid calculations (eg, full cubic). (Compared to the original model) is possible, and can be used to solve flow rates and pressures that can closely approximate the results of a complete 3D computer solution. Therefore, the low-dimensional model 60 makes it possible to model a variety of different treatment options relatively quickly and repeatedly.

Alternatively, instead of creating the low-dimensional model 60 and transferring the low-dimensional model 60 to the tablet computer 70, the input data provided by the user for selecting treatment options is via the tablet computer 70. Can be converted to computer system 40 (eg, via a wired or wireless connection). After the user touches the calculate button 340, the computer system 40 provides information indicating blood flow characteristics, for example, by resolving equation 30 using the input data provided by the user to select treatment options. Can be recalculated. The computer system 40 can then transfer to the tablet computer 70 information indicating blood flow characteristics based on this solution of equation 30 and also the images and decision information generated based on model 12 (eg, eg). The post-intervention model 500) shown in FIG. 6 can be output to the tablet computer 70.

FIG. 6 shows a screenshot of a tablet computer 70 operating in a second mode of operation after determining information indicating a patient's blood flow characteristics, based on selected treatment options, according to an embodiment. In particular, this screenshot shows a split screen provided by a touch screen, which split screen can split the screen into two or more parts. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, two parts can be shown. The first part of the split screen (the left part shown in FIG. 6) may show the pre-intervention model 400 (FIG. 4) with treatment options selected by the user (described above in connection with FIG. 4, of the stent 410). Placement).

A second portion of the split screen (the right portion shown in FIG. 6) may represent a post-intervention model 500 that reflects information indicating the patient's blood flow characteristics, based on the treatment options selected. Post-intervention model 500 may show any changes in the geometry of the anatomical structure due to the treatment options selected. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the post-intervention model 500 shows a luminal dilation 510 in which the simulated stent 410 is placed. The post-intervention model 500 may also indicate the start and end points of the stent 410.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, pre-intervention and post-intervention models 400, 500 show a calculated FFR. The split screen allows the user to view information about an untreated patient (eg, without a stent), such as the Model 400, next to information related to simulated treatment for the patient, such as the Model 500. It becomes possible to compare. For example, the same color, shade, pattern, or other visual indicator may be assigned as model 400 to each FFR value for model 500. Therefore, the model 500 can also visually indicate variations of the FFR throughout the model 500 without having to specify individual values for each point within the model 500. Model 500, shown in FIG. 6, has a generally uniform FFR and an approximately 1.0 in the aorta (eg, shown in blue) for this particular patient under a treatment plan chosen by the user. From 1.0, as indicated by a gradual and continuous decrease in FFR in the aorta and bifurcation (eg, a gradual change in color from blue to cyan, or a mixture of blue and cyan). (To values in the range down to about 0.9) is shown. In this embodiment, the post-intervention model 500 does not include the areas 112 and 114 of the sharper decline in the FFR shown in the pre-intervention model 400. Thus, the split screen is a pre-intervention model 400 of untreated patients (indicating the current state of the patient) to assist physicians or other users in assessing the outcome of various treatment options. A comparison with the post-intervention model 500 for the proposed treatment is shown.

Any part of the split screen may be configured to receive input data from the user and may respond to input data as described above in connection with the first mode of operation. For example, this user can create numerical values for any blood flow feature, and / or geometry at that location, for example by creating one or more pins 330 to move around the models 400 and / or 500. You can touch any position on the model 400 and / or 500 to determine the geometric information. In one embodiment, the user touches (or creates a pin 330) a position in one of the models 400 or 500 and at that position the numerical and / or geometrical blood flow characteristics. When determining the information, numerical and / or geometric information of blood flow characteristics at the same location on other models 400 or 500 may also be displayed for comparison. For example, another pin 330 may be automatically created at the same position in another model 400 or 500. As a result, the split screen may provide mirror-symmetrical pins 330 in two displayed models, so that the movement of one pin 330 in one of the models due to user input information Automatically mirror-symmetrical by the pin 330 in other models, the numerical and / or geometric information of blood flow characteristics is compared at each position and dynamically updated as the pin 330 moves.

The user may also adjust the rotation, zoom and / or focus for the models 400 and / or 500. In one embodiment, when the user adjusts the rotation, zoom and / or focus for one or more models 400 or 500, the rotation, zoom and / or focus for the other model 400 or 500 is adjusted as well. To.

The first part of the split screen (showing the pre-intervention model 400) may be configured to receive input data from the user, and the input as described above in relation to the second mode of operation. Can respond to data. For example, the user may select or adjust treatment options using the pre-intervention model 400. After creating the desired change, the user may touch the calculate button 340, which causes the tablet computer 70 to modify the low-dimensional model 60 based on the new treatment options selected by the user. Can be. After solving the equations associated with the modified low-dimensional model 60, the tablet computer 70 may output a modified post-intervention model 500 that reflects the new treatment options chosen by the user. Alternatively, the tablet computer 70 may convey a new treatment option to the computer system 40, which re-solves equation 30 based on the new selected treatment option and provides a modified post-intervention model 500. Send to tablet computer 70 for display to the user.

Alternatively, the split screen may provide two parts for comparing the results of different treatment options. In such an embodiment, each portion of the split screen may be configured to accept input data associated with selecting treatment options using the pre-intervention model 400 as described above and was selected. It may be possible to display different post-intervention models 500 based on different treatment options.

Thus, the split screen allows the user to repeatedly select new treatment options and use the tablet computer 70 to predict and compare the effects of the various treatment options on each other and / or information about untreated patients. Allows you to. The low-dimensional model 60 may allow the user to easily and quickly analyze and compare different treatment options without having to solve equation 30 each time a different treatment option is selected.

Using this system, predict the potential benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary blood flow and select the optimal intervention strategy, and / or the potential for coronary bypass grafting for coronary blood flow. The optimal surgical strategy may be selected in anticipation of the desired benefit.

The systems and methods disclosed herein are incorporated into portable software tools accessed by physicians and other users to provide patient-specific blood flow information and plan treatment options. May be good. In addition, physicians and other users may use portable software tools to predict the effects of medical, interventional and / or surgical procedures on coronary blood flow. Using a portable software tool, a neck artery (eg, carotid artery), a head artery (eg, cerebral artery), a thoracic artery, an abdominal artery (eg, abdominal aorta and bifurcation), an arm artery, or Diseases of other parts of the cardiovascular system, including leg arteries (eg, femoral and patellar arteries) may be prevented, diagnosed, managed and / or treated. Carrying software tools can be interacted with to allow physicians and other users to develop optimal personalized treatments for patients.

The computer system 40 for solving the equation 30 governing blood flow may be provided as part of a web-based service or other service (eg, a service provided by something other than a physician). Providers of this service may, for example, operate web-based services and have access to doctors or other users via a network of communication data between computer systems or other methods of the web. You may provide a portal or other web-based application (eg, running on a server or other computer system operated by a service provider). For example, patient-specific anatomical data 10 obtained non-invasively from a patient may be provided to a service provider, who uses this data to generate a low-dimensional model 60, calculated FFR. 3D model 12 or other model / mesh and / or any simulation determined by solving Equation 30 described above in relation to Equation 1, such as Model 100 and / or Calculated Blood Pressure Gradient Model 200. Or other results can be produced. This web-based service may then migrate models 60, 100, and / or 200 to a physician's tablet computer 70 (or other carrying device). This physician uses the tablet computer 70 to select, for example, potential treatment options and to determine blood flow information based on the treatment options that may have been selected, model 100 or It may interact with 200 to provide input data.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations are possible in the disclosed systems and processes without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description and implementation considerations of the disclosures disclosed herein. The present specification and examples are considered by way of example only and are intended to have the true scope and intent of the disclosure set forth by the following claims.