Composite glazing panel
4 claims: 3 independent, 1 dependent
- 1RIVENDICAZIONI ! . mento, pia di sto di che le .strato - Pannello di vetratura che consiste di un eleo comprende un elemento, comprendente una coplastre vetrose aderenti a uno strato interpoy materiale polimerico, caratterizzato dal fattjo lastre di detta coppia sono separate da detto I interposto di materiale polimerico il quale ;OFFICIO strato ha proprietà viscoelastiche tali che la fre-ί I quenza critica di coincidenza , (o la frequenza critiqa di coincidenza più bassa, se ye n'è più di una) dell' elemento ("la frequenza critica di coincidenza ). dell 1 elementd 1 .), è maggiore della frequenza critica di coincidenza di una lastra vetrosa monolitica immaginaria ("la frequenza di coincidenza (φ ) del monolito ι m equivalente") che ha la stessa forma ed area dell'e- I Ino. P- GUAZZO BREV£-rTi........... lemento e massa uguale alla massa totale di material^ I vetroso nell'elemento, e dal fatto che detto pannellp è associato a mezzi atti a influenzare la temperatura i ;di detto strato interposto di materiale polimerico.
- 2- Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 1, in cui detto elemento è posto di fronte a un secondo eleimento e a una certa distanza da questo per formare un' iunità di vetratura cava.
- 3- Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 2, in i cui sull'area di detti elementi distanziati è distri i ìbuita una pluralità di elementi smorzanti aderenti ad iessi. j I I ι 4. - Pannello di vetratura cavo, che comprende un i .primo elemento comprendente una coppia di lastre vetpoί .se aderenti a uno strato interposto di materiale polji.merico, caratterizzato dal fatto che le lastre di det.ta coppia sono separate da detto strato interposto dji /materiale polimerico il quale strato ha proprietà vijiscoelastiche tali che la frequenza critica di coinci·.denza (o la frequenza critica di coincidenza più bassa, .se ve n'è più di una) dell'elemento ("la frequenza di coincidenza ( | ) dell'elemento") è maggiore della frequenza critica di coincidenza di una lastra vetrosa mp.nolitica immaginaria ("la frequenza di coincidenza (^ m ) del monolito equivalente") che ha la stessa forma _ 38 _ Ing. UFFICIO p GUAZZ( VI r 7"/ -ed area dell'elemento e massa uguale alla massa tota- ---------- -.....— le di materiale vetroso nell'elemento, dal fatto che detto primo elemento è disposto di fronte a un secondo elemento e a una certa distanza da questo, e dal fatto ....... che è prevista una pluralità di elementi smorzanti lo- —...... — calizzati aderenti a detti elementi distanziati e dii- .................. I ì stribuiti sulla loro superficie. i 5. - Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 3 o 4„. .in cui detti elementi smorzanti sono formati di materia plastica che trasmette la luce, preferibilmente di un silicone, poliisobutilene, un poliestere, polimero di vinile, resina epossidica o una resina acri-, lica. 6. - Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 4 o 5„ in cui detto pannello è associato a mezzi capaci di influenzare la temperatura di detto strato interposto K ^ · ,f r f ι c , o .. + , , Ing. Ρ. π υ λ 7 di materiale polimerico. " ' *,«£'/£ T7 ì 7. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi delle rivendicazioni da 2 a 6, in cui lo spazio tra gli elementi è riempito con un aerogel. 8. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi delle rivendicazioni da 1 a 3 e 6, in cui detti mezzi atti a influenzare la temperatura di detto strato interposto di materiale polimerico fan parte del pannello. 9. - Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 8, in |cui detti mezzi atti a influenzare la temperatura di I • ί detto strato interposto di materiale polimerico com-ì i ! I prendono un rivestimento che. trasmette la luce, depoP I ' I 1 ditato su una faccia di una lastra sostanzialmente riI :jgida del pannello. ί i 10. - Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 9, in I : , I pui detto rivestimento che trasmette la luce è a con r ! ! (tatto con detto strato interposto di materiale polimpί i ;ι rico. 11. - Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 9 o (10, in cui detto pannello comprende almeno due rivej! J jstimenti che trasmettono la luce, aventi proprietà dfiì ί (verse di trasmissione delle radiazioni. j ! I 12. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasq delle rivendicazioni da 9 a 11, in cui la lastra o al;'1.....Il F IF" 1 c I o _ meno una lastra rivestita è atta a trasmettere meno Ing. . P...GUAZZO : ve r a del 75%, e preferibilmente meno del 65%, dell'energia ;solare incidente totale. ;: 13. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi delle rivendicazioni da 9 a 12, in cui detto rivestimento o almeno uno di detti rivestimenti è un rivestimento conduttore. 14. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi delle rivendicazioni precedenti, in cui sono previsti mezzi per fornire energia termica al pannello. 15. - Pannello di vetratura secondo le rivendica};j (zioni 13 e 14, in cui sono previsti mezzi per far pajs ì isare una corrente di riscaldamento attraverso detto (rivestimento conduttore o almeno uno di detti rivestii: i menti conduttori. : . * 16. - Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 14, j :in cui sono previsti mezzi per soffiare aria calda dja (un capo all'altro di una faccia del pannello. 17. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasji delle rivendicazioni precedenti, in cui detto strato} ‘ ! interposto è formato di un poliestere, pojlimerò di vinile, resina epossidica o, più preferibijl;1 mente, una resina acrilica. ;18. - Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 17, j j i in cui detta resina acrilica è polimerizzabile medianj t te radiazione ultravioletta. - I 1 ! : 19. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi : I i i .delle rivendicazioni precedenti, in cui il materialej ì di cui detto strato interposto è formato ha una durezza Shore A, misurata a 20°C, non superiore a 50 e preferibilmente non superiore a 30. 20. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi delle rivendicazioni precedenti, in cui l'elemento comprende una lastra vetrosa la cui frequenza critica di coincidenza individuale è almeno altrettanto bassa oi F't PIC ί o G WAZZO
- 44] ¢1 quella dell’altra o di ogni altra lastra vetrosa c^el! :! 1 } 1 elemento ("la minima frequenza di coincidenza (^ ) j s ! di ogni lastra dell'elemento"), e il rapporto tra que]£?ta frequenza di coincidenza minima ( ^ g ) ogni lastra dell’elemento e la frequenza di coincidenza (^ p ) dell}' elemento è inferiore al rapporto tra la frequenza di j Coincidenza (^ ) dell'elemento e la frequenza di coirj- ................... t P l (fidanza (% ) del monolito equivalente. } ii m ! j 21. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi} delle rivendicazioni precedenti, in cui la frequenza] I di coincidenza (ψ ) dell'elemento è almeno 1,2 volte,} e preferibilmente almeno 1,5 volte, la frequenza di , coincidenza (i ) del monolito equivalente. i m 1 22. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi delle rivendicazioni precedenti, in cui detto elemento comprende lastre vetrose di almeno due spessori diversi. 23. - Pannello di vetratura secondo la riv. 22, ufficio : Ing. P. GUAZZE in cui detto elemento comprende almeno una lastra ve- -S'ft’i: i'£ 7/7 trosa il cui spessore è almeno 1,5 volte, e preferibilmente almeno 2 volte, quello di almeno un'altra lastra vetrosa dell'elemento. 24. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi delle rivendicazioni precedenti, in cui il pannello comprende alméno una lastra vetrosa che è di vetro temprato chimicamente e ha spessore non superiore a 2 mm. I ! j 25. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi 0elle rivendicazioni precedenti, in cui il pannello ί presenta, su una sua faccia esterna, una lastra vetrpga di cui nessun 1 altra lastra del pannello è più spessa. j ί 26. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi ί delle rivendicazioni precedenti, montato come finestri1 no di veicolo. ;, 27. - Pannello di vetratura secondo le rivendicaI ì Sioni 25 e 26, in cui tale lastra vetrosa relativamente spessa è montata sul lato del pannello posto all’;esterno. ί ' ί I 28. - Pannello di vetratura secondo una qualsiasi delle rivendicazioni precedenti, in cui detto pannely lo dà un'attenuazione acustica R di almeno 37 dB. w !-, 1.....ί F- F I C I O ! Ing. P. GPJPV'ZQ ;p i.' ' 68·«" A-B9 I A-89 Fig. 6. 68·«- A-89 Fig. 7. 6804G Α-89 AL MINISTERO DELL'INDUSTRIA, DEL COMMERCIO Sj E DELL'ARTIGIANATO ,,- ,/ν 1 ' .........., ίί...'"' 1 Ufficio Centrale Brevetti 68846 A-89
Independent claims4
324 paragraphs in 20 sections, as filed
DESCRIPTION of the industrial invention having per roll:
»1
Composite glazing panel "by GLAVERBEL, a Belgian company based in BRUSSELS (Belgium), Chaussée de la Hulpe 166. application filed on 7NOV 1959
Case 4069 COOK · «·« 4-1,
SUMMARY
A glazing panel consists of, or includes, an element 10 comprising a pair of glass sheets 1, 2 adhering to an interposed layer of polymeric material 3. The interposed layer of polymeric material has viscoelastic properties such that the critical frequency of coincidence (or the minimum critical coincidence frequency, if there is more than one) of the element 10 (the coincidence frequency (ψρ) of the element) is greater than the critical coincidence frequency of an ideal monolithic glass sheet ("the frequency of coincidence (^<sub>m</sub>) of the equivalent monolith ") having the same shape and the same area of the element and mass equal to the total mass of glassy material in the element, and the panel is associated with means, such as a coating 4 which absorbs the radiation and / or a low emissivity coating 5, capable of influencing the temperature of the interposed layer 3 of poly material
FIC IO
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ìevettì
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r «
meric. Alternatively or in addition, the panel may be associated with, or incorporating, a. electric resistance or convection heating device.
This invention relates to a glazing panel consisting of an element, or comprising an element, comprising a pair of glass sheets adhering to an interposed layer of polymeric material.
The present invention relates especially to the acoustic properties of such composite glazing panels, and in particular to the acoustic attenuation that can be provided by such panels.
According to current theories, the acoustic attenuation through a monolithic plate depends on its mass per unit of surface, that is, for a given material, by its thickness. In short, the acoustic attenuation presented in a particular range of sound frequencies is directly proportional to the thickness of the Ing.
the plate. However, things are complicated by the fact that, for each plate, there are two peaks of sound transmission, one at each end of that range, and the frequencies to which such peaks are produced are also determined at least in part by the thickness of the plate. The lower frequency peak, the resonant peak, occurs at a frequency that depends on the OFFICE
P. GUAZZO gREVETTi the shape and the area of the slab, but which also increases proportionally with each increase in the thickness of the slab. The peak at higher frequency occurs at the critical frequency of coincidence of the plate, i.e. the frequency of free curvature waves in the plate, and this frequency decreases proportionally with each increase in thickness of the plate. For example, a monolithic panel of 1 square meter of 4 mm thick glass has a resonant frequency of about 20 Hz and a critical frequency of coincidence Q<sub>m</sub>) of about 3000 Hz. An 8 mm monolithic glass sheet of the same shape and surface has a resonance frequency of about 40 Hz and a critical coincidence frequency (<Ji<sub>m</sub>) of about 1500 Hz. The theory predicts that doubling the thickness of the plate will increase the attenuation of the sound (in practice of Cirri / F 'FICIO ca 6 dB) for sounds of a given frequency, but that, ap GUAZZC
BRI VE 7 Due to the effects of resonance and coincidence, this attenuation increase will be masked, in the example considered, at frequencies, around 40 Hz and 1500 Hz.
In fact, at its coincidence frequency of about 1500 Hz, a glass sheet of 8 mm can also give a lower attenuation than a 4 mm plate. A particular problem is that, by increasing the thickness of the plate in this way, a peak its transmission is transferred to a region of the sound spectrum to which the human ear is most sensitive.
References to the acoustic properties of panels in this description are references to these properties measured according to the Federal Republic
German VDI 2.719.
The issue is complicated when considering laminated glazing panels, due to the different nature of the interposed adhesive material layers and the glass. However, in a typical safety laminate there must be a rather strong bond between the glass and the adhesive so that, in case of breakage, the glass fragments are held by the panel and do not escape causing possible wounds. of typical laminated safety glass is very little different from the acoustic behavior of a single monolithic glass sheet of the same shape and area ui-Ficto ing, P. GUAZZO of the laminate and of a thickness equal to the thickness of the laminated glass in the laminate. . Thus, for the purposes of this description and with regard to their acoustic properties,
An object of the present invention is to provide a unit of composite glazing which, for the same weight, has a better acoustic attenuation.
(According to the present invention, a glazing psychiatrist is provided which consists of an element, or corresponding to;
takes an element, comprising a pair of slabs; ί
Glassy adhering to an interposed layer of material
THE
Polymeric, characterized in that the plates of said pair are separated by said interposed layer!
I of polymeric material which layer has properties j ί!
such that the critical frequency of coin c lity (or the critical frequency of coincidence minorq, there is more than one) of the element ("the frequency of
Coincidence) of the element ") is greater than the critical frequency of coincidence of an imaginary monolithic glass sheet (" the coincidence frequency (1) of the equivalent monolith ") which has the same Γογι m, but and area of the element and a mass equal to the total mass of the vitreous material in the element, and from the hawk that said panel is associated with means for infliting the temperature of said interposed layer of polymer material.
A panel according to the invention presents, thanks to the nature of its interposed layer, properties of the improved acoustic insulation with respect to a similarly similar panel without such interposed layer, and furthermore this improvement of acoustic properties can be conserved for a wide range of
PATENTS
.....
IS
Ambient temperatures. A particular problem (I) is encountered with glazing panels which must be used in an external wall of a structure in certain regions where the external ambient temperature may fall below the freezing point (i.e., 0 °). C), while the interior of the structure must be maintained at comfortable temperatures to live (eg from 1 ° C to 25 ° C).
Many suitable polymeric materials undergo considerable change in their viscoelastic properties
THE
The hairs range from comfortable temperatures to ar
Òitate at temperatures below zero. When it freezes, there will clearly be a temperature gradient through this glazing panel, and this could
I also mean that the interposed layer cools to such an extent that it hardens sufficiently to allow direct dynamic coupling between the two.
sheets of vitreous material. The use of means capable of influencing the temperature of the interposed layer per'C<sub>FF</sub> '- I -, puts to alleviate problems due to this variation jgg, ......... GUAZZO
BIS. VE! Ή of the viscoelastic properties of this layer, so that the acoustic properties of the panel can be maintained for a wider range of external ambient temperatures.
A panel according to the invention can be installed in a building or in a vehicle. A use for which panels according to the invention are particularly [...]
The datt'i are like glasses of railway carriages, particularly those of underground railway systems or di) siι
I ί
high-speed transit troughs where, for one reason or another, the ambient noise level p can be quite high, J
An additional advantage of panels according to the invention.
The emphasis is given by their resistance to breakage under the impact of a projectile such as a rock.
(Due to its viscoelastic properties, the interposed layer of polymeric material is very suitable for <sub>;</sub>absorb and dampen stresses deriving from this impact, with the result that, with the same weight, the I-board can have a resistance to breaking.
I!
.re of that of a classic safety laminate that
I has an interposed layer of polybutyral. Furthermore, such breaking strength can be conserved for a rather wide temperature range in a panel according to the invention because the viscoelastic properties of the interposed layer of polymeric material can be stored within this range. Thus, to obtain an equal or better acoustic attenuation and an equal or better breaking strength, especially at low ambient temperatures, a panel according to the invention can be made (j).
P. GUAZZO Vi ITI
Ιιηθ · thinner, and therefore lighter, of this laminate!
'I of classic security. It will be noted that weight considerations are important, for example, in railway carriages with large glazed surfaces. In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, said element is disposed in front of an s (e? ondo element and at a certain distance from it, in order to form a hollow glazing unit.
The hollow glazing can have very good soundproofing characteristics, and moreover they give a <sub>;</sub> good thermal insulation. Advantageously, said second element consists of a single non-laminated sheet of glassy material. This plate is much less cramped to produce than a laminated element.
In the case of hollow glazing panels, it is known that there may be one or more other transmitting peaks due to the resonance of the cavity, i.e. the resonance of a possible gaseous mass enclosed in a space between elements of the panel. In order to reduce this transmission peak, it is preferred that a plurality of localized damping elements adhering to said spaced elements is distributed over the area of said spaced elements.
.1 advantages obtainable with the use of such elements.
t localized dampers are very considerable, e
OFFICE
p. gouache in its second aspect, the present invention also provides a hollow glazing unit which includes a first element comprising a pair of vortex plates adhering to an interposed layer of material then; The name, characterized in that the plates of deist pair are separated by said interposed layer of polymeric material, which layer has properties viF;
'r!
iscoelastic such that the critical frequency of coinci: idenza (or the critical frequency of minor coincidence ,.
jse there is more than one) of the element {"the frequency of
The incidence of the element ") is greater than the critical coincidence frequency of an imaginary monolithic glass plate (" the coincidence frequency.
[(^) of the equivalent monolith ') having the same shape and area of the element and mass equal to the total mass of glassy material in the element, by the fact that the first element is arranged opposite a second element and a some distance from this, and from the fact <sub>:</sub>that there is a plurality of localized damping elements adhering to said spaced elements and distributed on their surface.
The optical properties of such damping elements are not critical in the case of an opaque glazing panel, but, especially for use in a transparent or translucent panel, it is preferred that - 9 - J.
OFFICE
P, GUARANTE Bflf VLW
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[Πβ.
IX said damping elements are formed of one mar
The plastic that transmits light, preferably I; of a silicone, polyisobutylene, a polyester, poly urethane, polyacrylate,. vinyl polymer, epoxy resin or an acrylic resin. The li-isobutylene can be used to form slastic dampening elements, while transparent damping elements,<sub>:</sub> Preferred for use in transparent panels, they can be formed from materials in the other categories listed.
t
Glazing panels according to the second expected of the invention also preferably make use of the first aspect of the invention with the relative advantages mentioned above, and consequently it is preferred that said panel be associated with means adapted to influence the temperature of the interposed layer of material. polymeric.
The means for influencing the temperature of det) n Intended layer of polymeric material may actively or passively operate to influence the temperature of the polymeric material as will be mentioned in the following.
Advantageously, the space between the elements is filled with an airgel. Appropriate airgeles are materiel! microporosis such as those described in the description of European Patent No. 0 018 955. Such aUFFICIO
P. GUAZZt
PATENT PATENTS have pores with a diameter between 1 and 100 nm, for example about 10 nm, can be made transparent, ej
The very effective thermal insulation qono, even when ui:!
in rather thin layers. This gives impdr advantages:
many in allowing to form a hollow glass panel with a reduced space between the elements, for example from 3 to 4 mm, with respect to a filled space c ^ 'ι
from 8 to 10 mm, to achieve an equal or better efficiency of insulation. Because the panel does not have to j!
being so thick, its frame can be lighter, and this is important if the panel is to be incorporated into a vehicle.
In certain preferred embodiments of the invention / said means adapted to influence the temperature of said interposed layer of polymeric material is a part of the panel, because this provides a unique assembly which facilitates installation. ,
Advantageously, said means able to influence
1 the temperature of said interposed layer of polymeric material comprises a coating which transmits the light, deposited on a face of a substantially rigid plate of the panel. This coating has negligible weight with respect to the weight of the panel, and can be very efficient in influencing the temperature of said interposed layer of polymeric material.
U F "ΐ =<sup>Η</sup> ICIO
P, BREVETTI GUAZZO
Sng.
THE
Ì To improve this efficiency, it is preferred that dejt- .......
ì!
ito coating that transmits light both in contact!
i I: [icon said interposed layer of polymeric material,}
Such coatings can also serve other} iscopes. In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, said panel comprises at least two grooves. ι
I (Vestments that transmit light, which have different powers of radiation transmission.This allows the panel to combine combinations of highly beneficial properties.}; Ι
In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, said coated plate, or at least one of dejt<sub>;</sub>coated slabs, is capable of transmitting less than 75%, and preferably less than 65%, of the total incident solar energy. Such coatings are very useful for reducing solar reverberation and also for reducing gain in unwanted solar heat. This can be an important advantage when you want to keep it OFFICE
P. GUAZZO blacks the temperature inside the glass structure at moderate levels. Naturally, this internal temperature can be maintained at moderate levels by a conventional air conditioning system, but it should be noted that the cooler * ι<sup>1</sup> a structure can be quite high.
Many of these "sun-proof" coatings absorb the s
Solar radiation so that their temperature increases,
I and, by placing them appropriately, can supply energy, the thermal ones to influence the temperature of the material!
polymeric. ['i ................
!
Alternatively, or in addition, certain preferred embodiments of the invention provide that said coating, or at least one of said coatings, is a conductive coating. Conductive coatings ί ι ι
they have the property of reducing the emissive power of the <sup>!</sup> the coated sheet face against radiation ì
infrared waves of high wavelength as long as they are I; the anus appropriately placed. Low emissivity coatings are ineffective as such unless they are used
placed at an interface between laI
The stra that carries them and air or other gas, or emptiness. Es ^ i!
They are so useful for reducing heat losses from the glass structure. Such a low emissive coating: the life can be placed on the revolved side towards the outside of an interposed viscoelastic polymeric layer, cq- uffk '"·"'<sup>:</sup> Sng, P. GLIAZZC so, in case of cold weather, the temperature of. this PATENT interposed layer is closer to that of the interior of the glazed structure than would otherwise be the case; 1 ti. Alternatively, if desired, such a low emissivity coating could be arranged from the inner side of a viscoelastic layer interposed between
<img file="IT1237293B_D0004.tif" />
_ 13 to a sun-protection coating to reduce the transfer to the internal space of the thermal energy absorbed by the sun-protection coating. >
It will be noted that the same coating can be both conductive and capable of shielding at least 25% of the incident solar radiation, so that it can, according to its position in the panel, be opaque low emissivity coating both as coatings.
antisolar arrangement, and also that a panel may incorporate a first coating capable of shielding at least 25% of the incident solar radiation, which may be conductive or not, and a second coating which is conductive but not necessarily capable of absorbing or reflecting a percentage so high in solar radiation. )
In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, means are provided for providing thermal energy to the panel. This is a very simple way to actively influence the temperature of the interposed visco-elastic layer. Various types of heating means may be used, provided, of course, heating is effective under conditions to which the panel will be exposed during use. By way of example, in the case of a hollow unit, the means for influencing the temperature of the interposed layer of polymeric material FFI c | q • P · GUAZZE patents<sup>ι</sup>This may include means for circulating hot air through the space between the elements of the unit. This can be done easily by withdrawing air, hot from heat-conditioning means of the ij
The structure of the structure in whose wall is placed the papii • nel. However, this is not recommended, as it is preferred that any interior space of a hollow glazing unit be sealed to prevent
of condensation in the hollow glazing unit which would damage the visibility through it. In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, means are provided for passing a heating current through
I through it through the conductive coating, when;
i!
here I'm. This is an effective way of providing itermal energy over the entire surface of the coated face.
of the panel. Alternatively or additionally, certain perforations preferred for carrying out the invention provide for:
means for blowing hot air on a whole face of the panel.
The nature of the polymeric material to form the interposed layer is of considerable importance for; the implementation of the invention. There are a number of materials that have the required properties and could actually be used. Among these, we can mention materials that are conventionally used for
UF F "ί c J r
....... GUA2 »makes it possible to form laminated glazing panels that are modified with the addition of rather large quantities
I of plasticizer. Examples of compositions to form; ............. ......
1, such layers are: 2 parts by weight of polyvinylbutyre-*** ............................ with 1 part by weight of a plasticizer such as t
FLEXOL (trade mark) of Union Carbide, and a polymers of 99 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride and 1 part by weight of glycydyl methacrylate with 40 parts by weight of a plasticizer such as dioctylbacate.<sub>the</sub> Because of their very high plasticizer content, handling problems arise and films of such materials are very difficult to incorporate into commercial-grade glazing panels. For the best results, we have found that it is preferable to form the polymeric layer interposed by a polyester, a vinyl polymer, an epoxy resin or, more preferably, an acrylic resin. Such materials.
'......' 7 7 <sup>1</sup> they give a certain number of polymers with ac- tive properties * * P-GLiA ZZO exceptional patents. For a given desired level of sound insulation, the use of such a polymer can allow a significant reduction in the thickness and therefore in the weight of the glass material to be incorporated into the panel. This is of particular importance when the panel is to be incorporated into a vehicle window, for example a passenger wagon of a train, especially if the wagon has a large glazed surface. Another important advantage of the use of such thinner is that they can incorporate catalysts and / or activators so that they can be readily polymerized in situ. The polymer can be incorporated between glass sheets in the fluid state and then polymerized. This greatly facilitates the manufacture of the panI in comparison to the use of a preformed film of a highly plasticized polymer. In the most preferred embodiments of the invention, this polymer is an acrylic resin which can then be cured by ultraviolet radiation. j
Advantageously, the material of which said strabo (interposed is formed has a Shore A hardness measured at
20 ° C not higher than 50, and preferably not exceeding • 30%. We have found that the adoption of this ca /
The characteristics tend to favor acoustic attenuation i
very efficient. By way of comparison, it can be seen that a recently proposed acrylic resin for safety laminates has a Shore A hardness of between 70 and 80.
A composite element of a panel according to the invention may be formed of two or more glass sheets of equal thickness, or there may be differences in thickness between the sheets, and the panel may be
U '
P. .........
Π "/
<img file="IT1237293B_D0005.tif" />
• symmetrical or asymmetrical.
If all the glass sheets of the element have equal thickness, the element will generally tend to have a single coincidence frequency, provided that;
• all the interposed layers (if there is more than one) are of equal thickness and of the same polymeric material. The frequency will be further from the critical frequency of the various individual glass sheets deli- .........
{the element, or closer to it, according to prjo- .........
viscoelastic properties of the incorporated polymer layer
or of the polymer layers embedded in the panel.
If instead the glass sheets have different thicknesses, there will generally be more than one frequency.
criticism: the critical frequency that has the most practical importance is the minor critical frequency, which we clarify. , and this will be further from the, o Ing, p. GOUACHE<sup>P</sup> closer to the critical frequency (still indicated with) of the most massive single vitreous glass pane of the invention, depending on the viscoelastic properties of the incorporated polymer layer, or of the incorporated polymer layers, in the panel.
If two glass plates were separated by an interposed layer that behaves like an "ideal damper", then there would be no dynamic coupling between them and would be equal to. On the other hand, if the two glassy sheets are there
Should they be coupled together in a perfectly rigid way, as is indeed the case in conventional safety laminates, then ψ would be equal to Φ, the coincidence frequency of the equippet m. In practice therefore it will be included between and, and a measure of acoustic efficiency due to a tn;
The interposed layer of a panel according to the invention is given by the ratio between these various critical frequencies. It is preferred that the element comprises a plate i
The vitreous glass whose concurrent critical frequency of concurrence F is at least as low as that of the other p of each other vitreous plate of the element (the lowest coincidence frequency (ψ) of all the plates of the element), and ratio between this frequency d) lower coincidence (<p<sub>s</sub>) <sup>is</sup> coincidence frequency (<* :) of the element is lower than the ratio between the fre- quency; ing. P "GUAZZC coincidence quence (t |<sub>p</sub>) of the element and the frequejo-BBEVB7TI of coincidence (Ψ) of the equivalent monolith. In order for the peak (or lower peak) of coincidence transmission to be at the highest possible frequency, yes, it prefers that the coincidence frequency, (ψρ) of the element is at least 1.2 times, and preferably at least 1, 5 times, the coincidence frequency of the equivalent monolith.
If all the glass sheets of the element have the same thickness, the element may have only one peak of the sound coincidence transmission at a frequency more or less close to the common coincidence frequency of those plates. In order to avoid such a pronounced transmission spike, it is preferred that said element comprises glass sheets of at least two different thicknesses.
Eg a glass sheet may have a thickness of at least 1.15 times the other or another plate of the element. In this way the coincidence transmission peaks attributable to such sheets of different thickness will not occur at the same frequency, and the transmission of the sound at the peak attributable to a plate can be effectively attenuated by the other plate. To promote such attenuation, it is advantageous for the element to comprise at least one vitreous sheet whose thickness is at least 1.5 times, and preferably at least twice, that of at least another glass pane of the
F p | <sub>n</sub> jo element. ^ 0 «P. GUAZZO. esEVEn / '
Advantageously, the panel comprises at least one vitreous plate which is of chemically hardened glass and has a thickness not exceeding 2 mm. Being hardened, this plate will have a good resistance to breakage, and will also have a very high coincidence critical frequency (above 6000 Hz) and is useful for masking coincidence transmission peaks at a frequency lower than other parts of the panel when it is not dinarni ^ 1 is coupled to another plate. Furthermore, such a plate can serve as a useful support for a coating.
Preferably, the panel comprises on one of its own
external face a vitreous sheet of which no altèa; the panel plate is thicker. The presence of talje relatively thick slab of the panel on a face t!
!
(external is considered valid to give a good resisten!
at break. If desired, such a plate may essd 't;
re tempered, thermally or chemically as appropriate:
for its absolute thickness, and, if mounted as a vehicle window, must be placed on the e1 side:
ι panel sternum.
JI
Preferably, said panel gives an acoustic attenuation R of at least 37 dB. Such acoustic attenuation W!
gives considerable benefits in the comfort of various collocazios
I;
rji, and is especially useful in environments where external noise levels are quite high, such as ι;
!
in railway cars.
Panels according to the invention are particularly suitable for serving as windows of a vehicle, for example a railway wagon.
Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings<sup>z</sup> matic'i annexes, in which:
OFFICIO
P. GUAZZO BRE VETTI
<img file="IT1237293B_D0006.tif" />
- Figures 1-4 are sections of embodiments of the invention; and figures 5-8 are graphs of acoustic attenuation.
In Figures 1 - 3, a laminated element is seen composed of two glass sheets 1, 2 separated by an interposed interposed layer 3 of polymeric material, which layer has viscoelastic properties such that the critical coincidence frequency (or the critical coincidence frequency lower, if there is more than one) of element 10 (the coincidence frequency (φ)
P of the element) is greater than the critical coincidence frequency of an imaginary monolithic glass plate (the coincidence frequency (Φ) of the monolith
I m equivalent) which has the same shape and area of the element i and mass equal to the total mass of glassy material in the plates 1, 2 which form the eIng.
lement 10.
In fig. 1, the first glass pane 1 carries a coating 4 such that the coated plate is capable of transmitting less than 65% of the total incident solar energy. The solar-coating 4 is placed in the thickness of the panel to be protected from scratches and bad weather. The second glass pane 2 also carries a coating, indicated by reference
UPFICIO
P. GUAZZO
PATENTS and tin oxide format doped in such a way
I ι
electricity supplier and thus reduce the missivity of the coated face to ra-j .....................
infrared diaphrons of high wavelength. Tin oxide coatings can be highly resistant to abrasion and weathering and can therefore be placed on an external face of the panel. The first glass pane 1 is thicker than the second plate 2 and the panel is destined to be mounted in a wall of a structure co, n
Γ that thicker plate 1 on the outside. ;
In fig. 2, the construction is similar to that of fig.
1, but the coatings are placed differently. '
There is an anti-solar coating 4 brought this voltja ι!
from the second vitreous slab 2, but placed again in the ylo
The thickness of the panel to be protected from scratches and weathering. A low-emissivity coating of 1.5 doped tin oxide is deposited on the βΠβ · P ·
BRIEF is the outer face of the first glass pane 1, which is thicker than the second plate 2, and the panel is intended to be mounted in a wall of a structure with that thicker plate 1 on the outer side.
In fig. 3 the laminated element 10 is kept distanced by a second element consisting of a third vitreous sheet 6 which carries a coating 7 on the face facing the space 8 between the elements. In the space 8 between the elements a plurality of damping elements is distributed, such as that indicated with 9, which.
'They extend through this space and adhere to the.
two elements 6, 10. Can the coating 7 be an anti-slip coating or a low emissivity coating, or can it have a combination of these? ; Ty. In the drawing, an outer face of the element 10, for example that facing the space between the elements, is provided with an optional but preferred coating, 7a, which has properties of transmission of the radiations different from those presented by the covering.<sub>r</sub> 7. The panel of Fig. 3 therefore conforms to both aspects of this invention. If the damping elements such as 9 were to be dispensed with, the panel would only conform to the first aspect of.
this invention, whereas if the coating is missing the panel would only conform to the second aspect of the invention. Optionally, the space 8 between the elements is filled with an airgel. This allows to obtain a better thermal insulation effect, with a very reduced space between the elements. Alternatively, acoustic attenuation and / or thermal insulation can be favored by filling the space between the elements with a gas or a mixture of office gases. Eng. P. GUAZZ
PATENTS
- greater air density, like one or more argon<sup>1</sup>, • SF "and a freon, the SF" promotes thermal insulation<sup>:</sup>.........
6
-if the space between the elements is not too large, and also favors acoustic attenuation. Argon promotes thermal insulation, and freons favor attenuating one acoustic.
In fig. 4, the first vitreous pane 1 of the element is replaced by a conventional safety laminate which can be considered equivalent to a monolithic plate from the point of view of<sup>1</sup> acoustic attenuation. This laminate comprises sheets of glass 11, 12 joined together by an interposed layer 13, e.g. of polyvinylbutral. On that face of the glass pane 11 which will be incorporated into the interior of the panel an anti-solar coating 4 is deposited, and on that face of the slab 2 which will be.
outside the panel an optional low-emission coating is deposited, but preferred 5., |<sub>n</sub>
Each of the panels shown in Figures 1-4 is intended to be mounted in a wall of an am-.
with the right side, with reference to the drawing, facing the interior of that environment.
TEST PANEL (COMPARED) (see Fig. 3)
A test panel consists of a 5 mm thick glass sheet (see plate 6) held at a distance of ι j FF ι e! O p, GUAZ
BRt TTI
<img file="IT1237293B_D0007.tif" />
mm (see space 8) from a first 5 mm thick glass sheet (see 1) laminated to a second 6 mm thick glass sheet (see 2) from an interposed layer:
(see 3) of polyvinyl butyral often 0.76 mm. The 9 type damping elements were missing. The weight toI
it was 40 kg / m. The attenuation acousji .: I ί
Ca given by that panel is represented in the graph in Fig. 5. The value of R for the attenuation acustijw ca data was 38 dB. the
The critical coincidence frequency (4) of a single 11 mm thick monolithic plate is about 1150 Hz<sub>:</sub>.
The lowest critical frequency of coincidence (i |) of any plate of the panel, in fact that;
of the 6mm plate, it is about 2150 Hz, the critical coincidence frequency of a plate of 5 mm being about 2550 Hz. In practice, the part of the panel costs;
: I lay a security laminate, formed from sheets
OFFICE acted |<sub>ng <</sub> p GUIDE _ PATENTS of one. . ...
As, of 5 and 6 mm and by the interposed adhesive layer, it is acoustically substantially similarly 11 mm thick single monolithic glass sheet.
see in the graph, the lowest coincidence frequency (ψ<sub>ρ</sub>) of the panel is located at about 1000 Hz due to the laminate, with a peak of transmission of secondary incidence between 2000 and 2500 Hz due to the single spaced plate of 5 mm thick glass. It is 26
V ί j ί <sup>J</sup> ! ι ι;
de also a transmission peak around 200 Hz due to resonance effects of the cavity. The heat transfer through the panel -2 -1 '(in conditions of calm air is about 3 Wm .K.); EXAMPLE 1 (Fig. 1) ί j The first sheet of glass 1 was 6 mm thick, the see , 2. 2.8 mm The two glass plates were separated by i
ί _;
interposed layer 3 thick 1.8 mm of acre resin<sub>T</sub>
I say having a Shore A hardness at 20 ° C between 15 and 20. The resin used was UVEKOL A (registered trademark) of the.
UCB SA, Specialty Chemicals Division, Anderlecht-, .straat 33, B-1620 Drogenbos, Belgium. The first glass sheet had an antisolar coating 4 comprising 62% CoO, 26% Fe (L and 12% Cr 0 e
O £ - ZJ having a thickness between 65 and 80 nm. The first plate ài ί: Inq glass and that coating presented together a fat 'I<sub>:</sub> The dorè transmission of total solar energy;
: 58%. The sun protection coating was non-conductive. ]
The energy absorption factor of the plate;
about 34% was coated.
Because of its absorption of radiant energy, the antisolar coating 4 heats up, and part of the thermal energy is transferred by conduction to the acrylic layer 3, thus affecting its temperature in a favorable manner to preserve its viscoel properties. FFICIO
P GUAZZI • and hence the acoustic attenuation presented by the panel at low ambient temperatures. The secoqI
from a glass plate he wore a low covering .................................
760 nm emissivity of tin oxide doped with fluoride ions to make it conductive with a resistivity of 12 ohms per unit area. The emissivity of the coating against wavelengths ______ above 5000 nm was about 0.1. The total weight of the 2 panel was 22.5 Kg / m. The acoustic attenuation given by the panel is shown in the graph in fig. 6.:
The R value for the acoustic attenuation presented was 37 dB. You will notice that this panel gives a 'ι
acoustic attenuation, measured as R, nnpR.Ànnbé a1 ............ '~ w just as good as the test panel, with
UFF <sup>:</sup> "Or a weight saving of over 40%." Eng. P. C AZZO lfl £ P £ 7 fi
The critical coincidence frequency (ψ) of a single 8.8.8 mm thick monolithic plate is approximately 1450 Hz.
The lowest critical coincidence frequency (ψ<sub>3</sub>) of one or the other plate of the element, in fact the 6 mm plate, is about 2150 Hz. As shown in the graph, the coincidence frequency (^) of element 10 is between 2000 and 2500 Hz.
The heat transfer through the panel -2 -1 in calm air conditions is about 3.7 Wm .K
In a variant of this example, the first coated glass pane 1 is replaced by a thick plate
I mm and there second vitreous sheet coated 2 by a 4 mm thick slab, and in a second variant thereof
Example, the first coated glass sheet 1 is replaced by a 6 mm thick plate, the second coated glass sheet 2 is replaced by a thick plate 5 mm ι
I and the interposed layer 3 of UVEKOL A (trademark deposiji ί
tato) is 1.5 mm thick. Also these panels give very good sound attenuation, j ì
In third variants of this example, any one of the first and second plates mentioned above is made, or both are made of tempered glass. This favors resistance to rottujI, ra. Moreover, in case of breakage, the fragments of a j ι
thermally toughened glass sheet tend to be smaller than the larger fragments of a broken untempered plate, and therefore are easily retained ji
from the interposed layer thus reducing the risk of injuries due to stray glass fragments. Nonetheless, a broken laminate can be removed quite easily from its frame, for example with a kick, thus allowing an emergency exit from, for example, an overturned vehicle.
In four variants of this example the layer in / ", comprised 3 of polymeric material and colored in the. \
UFF ι c ί f "
R GUAI s / i'f i / fm
<img file="IT1237293B_D0008.tif" />
mass - for example, there may be added a coloran-- -.................-...........-....... ........-.......................
te - to change the visual appearance of the panel. ;
In the fifth variants of this Example, the second glass plate 2 is provided on the lateral margins ...
of electrically conducting bus strips in contact with the low emissivity layer 5. Wires are welded to the bus strips. ...............
be in the low emissivity layer a current of.
heating, again to influence the temperar -...........
of the acrylic layer 3 in a favorable way for:
. preserve its visco-esthetic properties, and then a-, ........
custices, especially at low ambient temperatures.
EXAMPLE 2 (Fig. 2)
Example 1 was repeated with the modification that the two;
coatings 4 and 5 were rearranged as shown in FIG. 2. The acoustic properties of the nFtIC panel were influenced. The presence of the low GUAZZO layer
PATENTS emissivity 5 on the outer side of the panel reduces IL, irradiation in the infrared from the panel, so that at low ambient temperatures the panel, and therefore the acrylic layer 3, is hotter than it would otherwise be. This heating of the acrylic layer 3 is favored by the presence of the adjacent antisolar layer 4 which absorbs energy. This influences the temperature of the acrylic layer 3 in a favorable manner to keep the viscoelastic properties, and therefore accoholic, which, especially at low ambient temperatures.
In a variant of this Example, the frame in the Jcui panel is mounted is provided with openings, and a; The space heating system in which the pan is mounted is adapted to blow heated air through those openings over the entire inner face of the panel to provide it with additional thermal energy.
EXAMPLE 3 (see Fig. 4); 'the
The first sheet of glass 1 was replaced by a safety layer comprising a glass plate, '11, 2.8 mm thick, laminated to a thick plate 12,
1.7 mm, from an interposed layer 13 of polyvinylbutyral thick 0.76 mm, and the second plate 2 was thick mm. The plates 11, 12 were chemically hardened, j ".
The glass sheets 12 and 2 were separated by a layer 5
Interposed, often 1.8 mm, of acrylic resin ven 'I)
denotes UVEKOL A (registered trademark) having a length of Shore A at 20 ° C between 15 and 20. The second glass sheet 2 carried an anti-sun shed on its face adjacent to the interposed acrylic layer. % of CoO, 26% of Fe ^ O ^ ® <sup>11</sup> 13% of Cr 0 as described in Example 1. That glass sheet £ 1 Zj «and that coating together presented a factor of
- 3] 'J FFICIO
!. P. guazzo Bfth VETTt
I (transmission of the total solar energy of about 60% and an energy absorption factor of approx.
33%. Due to the absorption of radiant energy, ί!
[the antisolar coating heats up and part of the en ^ t 't (already thermal is transferred by conduction to the acrylic layer 3, thus influencing its temperature in modjc (favorable to preserve its viscoelastic properties, Ð
and therefore acoustic. ;
ι ί
The second glass sheet 2 also carried, on its exposed face, a low emissivity coating (often 760 nm of tin oxide doped with ionjl (
(fluorine to make it conductive with a resistivity of ι <sup>J</sup> :
(12 Ohms per unit of surface.) Emissivity of the area with respect to longer wavelengths ί!
; 1 i & 5000 nm was about 0.1. The total weight of the pannaiì JnH P GUAZ, 1ο was approximately 25 kg / m2. The acoustic attenuation given<sup>in</sup>"* ',' ,, - τ-π! Β81.νί: ΤΠ. From the panel is shown in the graph of fig. '7.
The value of R for the acoustic attenuation given was w .38 dB, the same as the test panel, but with a weight saving of 37%. '
The coincidence frequency (ó) of the monolith aui m <sup>n</sup> often 9.5 mm is about 1350 Hz. The minimum critical coincidence frequency (* f) of a plate of the element, in effect that of the 5 mm thick plate, is about 2550 <sub>:</sub> Hz. As shown in the graph, the frequency of coincidence (φ<sub>ρ</sub>) of the element is about 2500 Hz. We can here say that the part of the element constituting the 1 ^ .:;
safety material formed by the plates 11 and 12 and by the interposed adhesive layer acting acoustically so
in the same way as a single plate of i
monolithic glass having a thickness of 4.5 mm, and i
A frequency of coincidence was about 2850 Hz.
! Heat transfer through the panel In conditions of calm air it is about 3.7 Wm ^, K i,
EXAMPLE 4 (Fig. 4) ί
The first glass sheet 1 was replaced by a security laminate comprising a glass sheet!
THE
11, 6 mm thick, laminated to a plate 12, 1.7 mm thick, by an interposed layer 13 of polyvinylbutricar is often 0.76 mm, and the second plate 2 was 3 mm thick.
The plates, 12 and 2 were chemically hardened. Le la-Jì
glass layers 12 and 2 were separated by a 1.8 mm thick layer of acrylic resin, again using UVEKOL A (registered trademark), having a hardness
Shore A at 20 ° C between 15 and 20. The glass sheet 11 carried, on the face adjacent to the interposed layer of polyvinylbutyral, an antisolar coating 4 comprising 62% of CoO, 26% of Fe "0" and 12% of
3 '<sup>Cr</sup>2 ° 3 θ <sup>having υηο</sup> thickness between 65 and 80 nm, as described in example 1. That glass plate and that
OF 7 '_............
p, GL '' ... BPFV '_' .......
<img file="IT1237293B_D0009.tif" />
<img file="IT1237293B_D0010.tif" />
(coating together had a transmissi- tion factor, nor total solar energy of about 58%.) The pejso 2!
(total of the panel was about 27 kg / m The acoustic attenuation given by that panel is represented in the graph of Fig. 8. The value of R for the acoustic attenuation given was 38 dB, the same of the panel of prò va, but with a weight saving of about a third.
The coincidence frequency (ώ) of the monolith and the imivaquivalent 10.7 mm thick is approximately 1200 ^
Hz. The critical frequency of minimum coincidence (è) is;
, of a plate of the element. in practice it corresponds in practice to that of the laminate formed by the 6mm plate and the plate of 1.7 mm and is about 1650 Hz.
in the graph, the coincidence frequency (<f<sub>p</sub>) of the innovation is between 1600 Hz and 2000 Hz. j
EXAMPLE 5 (Figure 3) | ; the
A hollow panel was built in accordance with there <sup>1</sup> I i
Fig. 3. In the element 10, the first sheet of glass I was 1.7 mm thick, and the second 2 was 2.8 mm thick.<sup>:</sup>
The two glass sheets were chemically toughened and separated by a 1.8 mm thick interposed acrylic resin layer, again made using UVEKOL
A and having a Shore A hardness at 20 ° C between 15 and 20. The laminate panel was kept separate from a second element consisting of a third glass sheet 6 p. ip i, J / A 2. ZO ^ bevetti (which was 8 mm thick and wore a coating 7. In i i ι ι ι (space 8 between the elements is distributed a plurality, i
I, I | of damping elements located such as the one indicating with 9, which extend through the space, are
I (adherent to the two elements 6, 10 and are formed of (ι
the same acrylic resin used to join the lait element!
(mined 10. The space between the elements was 10 mm wide.
(The damping elements had a diameter of 20 mm (and track spaced 20 cm apart. The total weight of the panel 2:
.lo was about 31 Kg / m. This panel also gives excellent results from the point of view of attenuation<sup>1</sup> ne acoustic. j ι I
II i In a first variant, the coating 7 was a;
(non-conductive antisolar covering comprising;
62% of CoO, 26% of Fe<sub>n</sub>0<sub>or</sub> and 12% of Cr<sub>n</sub>OR<sub>n</sub> and having a thickness between 65 and 80 nm. The coefficient of heat transfer through the panel in con-2 -1 doses of still air was about 2.9 WmK with the space between the elements filled with air.
In a second variant, the coating 7 was a low emissivity coating of 760 nm thick tin oxide doped with fluorine ions to make it conductive with a resistivity of 12 ohms per unit area. The emissivity of the coating for wavelengths above 5000 nm was about 0.1.
OFFICIO <sup>p</sup> GUAZZO • OFVE 7 //: In a third variant, the coating 7 was a low-insulating conductive antisolar coating.
<sup>1</sup> I l
(comprising a base layer of SnO_ often about 30 μm, which was superimposed on a layer of silver deposited in vacuo often about 25 nm, coated with a layer of SnO2 often about 60 nm thick. of that coating and ι
!
of the coated plate was about 47%, the total incident solar energy transmission was about ij
I j
34%, and the emissivity of the coated face against infrared radiation with wavelengths above 5000 nm was about 0.02. The coefficient of heat transfer through the panel in condji-2 -1 [.ions of calm air is. about 1.8 Wm .K with the i:
space between the elements filled with air. !
II
I i [In modifications of this example, the space between glji j
elements 8 is filled with freon, or argon, or SF ^, ο, a mixture of argon and SF ^ or airgel, instead of with
Ina air, or in it was made a vacuum.
In modifications of any of the preceding examples, one or more of the coatings are arranged differently from the one illustrated, taking into account the following considerations. Low emissivity coatings are ineffective as such unless they are placed at an interface between the OFFICE
P GUAZZO p IG -7 ......
[strains them and air or another gas. or emptiness. <sup>!</sup>
Naturally, a conductive antisolar coating i
as described above, preserves its sc ^ ier properties; THE
Your solar when placed in the thickness of a laminiate. Many materials for antisolar coatings! they are rather fragile, and require protection by placing them in the thickness of the panel. In practice it is more convenient to cover a sheet of glass on one side of its faces. In further variants, the panels!
; ι
The glazing II are curved instead of being flat. · «
Contents20
16 sheets
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3 Sheet 4 Sheet 5 Sheet 6 Sheet 7 Sheet 8 Sheet 9 Sheet 10 Sheet 11 Sheet 12 Sheet 13 Sheet 14 Sheet 15 Sheet 16
19 members in 11 offices
Priority claims5
| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8828634 | United Kingdom | A | |
| 8828634 | United Kingdom | A | |
| 88286349 | United Kingdom | – | |
| 88286349 | – | – | – |
| GB19880028634 | – | – | – |
Members19
| Document | Office | Kind | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8828634D0 | United Kingdom | D0 | |
| IT8968046A0 | Italy | A0 | |
| IT8968046D0 | Italy | D0 | |
| GB8927391D0 | United Kingdom | D0 | |
| DE3940660A1 | Germany | A1 | |
| FR2640194A1 | France | A1 | |
| NL8902988A | Netherlands (Kingdom of the) | A | |
| JPH02188454A | Japan | A | |
| GB2227207A | United Kingdom | A | |
| ES2018642A6 | Spain | A6 | |
| IT8968046A1 | Italy | A1 | |
| BE1002793A3 | Belgium | A3 | |
| CA2008787A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| FR2640194B1 | France | B1 | |
| CH679148A5 | Switzerland | A5 | |
| US5154953A | United States of America | A | |
| GB2227207B | United Kingdom | B | |
| IT1237293BThis record | Italy | B | |
| CA2008787C | Canada | C |
2 legal events, as the office reported them to INPADOC
Over the term
Point at a mark for the eventEvents
| Event | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| Fee payment date (situation as of event date), data collected since 19931001TA | TA | |
| GrantedGranted0001 | 0001 |
Numbers
- Publication
- 0001237293
- Publication, DOCDB
- 1237293
- Publication, EPODOC
- IT1237293
- Application
- 6804689
- Application, DOCDB
- 6804689
- Application, EPODOC
- IT19890068046
Titles2
- Italian
- PANNELLO DI VETRATURA COMPOSITO
- English
- COMPOSITE GLASS PANEL
Classification
- CPC, 19
- B32B17/10761
- B32B17/10045
- B32B17/10055
- B32B17/10174
- B32B17/10137
- Y10T428/24983
- Y10T428/2495
- Y10T428/24942
- Y10T428/24182
- Y10T428/31616
- Y10T428/3163
- Y10T428/31525
- Y10T428/31529
- Y10T428/31518
- Y10T428/31681
- B32B17/10743
- B32B17/10678
- B32B2307/304
- B32B2605/006
- IPC, 5
- E06B3 66
- B32B17 10
- C03C27 06
- C03C27 12
- E06B5 20
