Record material

TITLE

THE WIGGINS TEAPE GROUP LIMITED IN BASINGSTOKE GREAT BRITAIN

REGISTRATION MATERIAL PARTICULARLY FOR COPY-FREE PAPER

G03c

INV. DES.

JOHN BRIAN COOPER

PRIORITY

GREAT BRITAIN DOM. £ REVVN.8511202 DEL 2 MAY. 1985

Tues. 1983 '

Rome, The ............................................... ....

The year of the month of

Mr. The Firm

Reg. A - N. Prot .........

PROVINCIAL OFFICE OF INDUSTRY. OF TRADE AND CRAFTS

OF TURIN

Minutes of filing of patent application for Industrial Invention

1986 the day THIRTY

APRIL

THE WIGGXNS TEAPE GROUP LIMITED

POBox 88, Gateway House, Basine View, Baolngstoke, Hampshire RG21 2EE (Great Britain) British nationality

Represented., By Messrs Filippo Jacobacci, Guido Jacobacci, Aurelio Perani, Gian Antonio Pancot, Piero Saconney, Torquato Vannini, Cario Mezzanotte, Giovanni Sertoli, V4ol «= V * ott, Franco Buzzi, Roberto Porta, Giancarlo Notaro, Roberto De Nova, Giuseppe Quinterno, Massimo Introvigne, Luciano Bosotti of the Jacobacci Casetta & Perani SpA company domiciled at the latter In Via Alfieri n. 17, 10121 TURIN, and electively domiciled., For the purposes of the law also «pursuant to art. 75, 3rd c. of the RD, June 29, 1939, No. 1127 and art. 56, 2nd c. of the RD 21 June 1942, No. 929 "to these agents at the aforementioned address of Jacobacci - Casetta & Perani SpA In 10121 TURIN, Via Alfieri 17 presented, signed to me, a stamped application for the grant of an invention patent industrial for the invention having:

Recording material especially for carbonless paper

Designated inventor: John Brian COOPER

Priority: Priority right deriving from:

a) previous patent application no. 8511202 filed in Great Britain on May 2nd 19fiF>

Various notes; the IHficWe Rogate verbelizia that the attorney declares that he is not in possession of the applicant's autoirranone * to issue the declarations requested by circular no. 143 from B November 1380 of the Central Patent Office,

Attached documentation:

a) description, in duplicate, of η. writing pages;

// drawings, in duplicate, say no. tables;

c) assignment letter, -procnr »= o = r> feFÌnw> i> to <= a- ^ woetiiefi = ^ ener <ile ^

d) priority document with Italian translation; (reserve) // authorization 0 deed of assignment;

f) designation inventor;

g) payment certificate (on the postal account n. 00668004, made out to the Tax and Concessions Register Office in Rome) of ITL 272,000. · issued by the Turin Post Office on 30.04.1986 n. S $ 3

h) revenue stamp of L. 3,000,

X

The application, the description and the drawings listed above were signed by the interested party and countersigned and stamped by me with the official stamp.

A copy of this report was signed by me and delivered to the interested party.

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/ \ \ · '' ', * {I

MINISTRY INDUSTRY TRADE AND CRAFTS

CENTRAL PATENT OFFICE - ROME

THE WIGGINS TEAPE GROUP LIMUTED ίP.O.Box 88, Gateway House, Basing Vlew, Basingstoke, ί. . . . .

ΐ Hampshire RG21 2EE (Great Britain)

6 &amp; i

6Ϊ353 / Α86 through the agents Lords Filippo Jacobacci, Guido Jacobacci, Aurelio

Perani, Gian Antonio Pancot, Piero Saconney, Torquato Vannini, Carlo Mezzanotte, Giovanni Sertoli, Franto Buzzi, Roberto Porta, Giancarlo Notaro, Roberto De Nova, 'Giùseppe Quinterno, Massimo Introvigne, Luciano

Bosotti of the company Jacobacci-Casetta &amp; Perani SpA, domiciled at the latter in Via Alfieri 17, Turin, and electively domiciled for the purposes of the law also pursuant to art. 75, 3rd c. of the RD, 29 June 1939,

No. 1127 and art. 56, 2nd c. of the RD 21 June 1942, No. 929, with sayings! agents at the above address of Jacobacci-Casetta &amp; Perani SpA in

10121 TURIN, Via Alfieri 1 7 requests the grant of a Patent for:

THE

THE

I INDUSTRIAL INVENTION from the title!

I Recording material especially for copied paper!

jj without coal

Designated inventor! John Brian COOPER

Priority - the right deriving from:

previous patent application No. ®112O2 filed in

Great Britain on 2nd May 1985

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V '

ATTACHED DOCUMENTATION

Duplicate description (writing pages)

Assignment letter «&lt;

Priority document with Italian translation (reserve),

Designation inventor

Payment certificate (on the Italian Civil Code No. 00668004) in the name of the Registry Office and Concessions of Rome of L. 272 ​​* 000 * · issued by the Turin Post Office on 30 * 04 * 1986 N. fiì N. 1 Brand from stamp of L, 3,000

Turin, April 30, 1986 on behalf of

THE WIOOXNS TEAPE OROUP LIMITED

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DESCRIPTION of the industrial invention entitled:

Recording material especially for carbonless carbonless copy paper of: THE WIGGINS TEAPE GROUP LIMITED, English nationality, 3487

PO Box 88, Gateway House, Basing View, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 2EE

Designated inventor: John Brian COOPER

Filed on: April 30, 1986 67353 / A86 »» »*» * »» «

SUMMARY

A long chain fatty acid salt, e.g. calcium, sodium or aluminum stearate, is included in small quantities (e.g. 2-10% by weight) in a otherwise traditional color developer composition whose ingredient main active is an adsorbent inorganic material. The recording material coated with this composition has better operating characteristics with sheet feeding in wet offset printing operations than in the case in which the fatty acid salt is not present.

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The present invention relates to recording material which contains a color developer composition for use in pressure registering groups (or carbonless carbonless paper, as such groups are more generally known).

A color developing composition, as is well known in the art, is a composition which originates a colored species by contact with a colorless solution of a chromogenic material (such chromogenic materials are also called color formers).

The pressure registering groups can be of various types. The most common one, known as the transfer type, comprises an upper sheet (hereinafter referred to as a CB or coated back sheet), coated on its lower surface with microcapsules containing a solution in an oily solvent of at least one chromogenic material, and a lower layer (hereinafter referred to as a sheet

CF or coated on the front) coated on its upper surface with a color developing composition. If more than one copy is required, one or more intermediate sheets are provided (hereinafter referred to as CFB sheets or coated sheets in front and behind, each of which is coated on its lower surface with microcapsules and on its upper surface with the developer composition of color.

The pressure exerted on the sheets by writing or writing

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typing, breaks the microcapsules thus freeing the solution of chronogenic material on the color developing composition and giving rise to a chemical reaction which develops the color of the chronogenic material and thus produces an image.

In another type of group for pressure recording, known as autonomous or autogenous type, both the microcapsules containing the chronogenic material and the color developing composition are present in juxtaposition within or on the same sheet.

Such pressure registering groups have been extensively described in the patent literature. For example, transfer groups are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,730,456, and autonomous groups are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,730,457.

A wide range of materials, both organic and inorganic, has been proposed for use as active ingredients in color developing compositions. Among these, organic materials such as phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins and derivatives of salicylic acid and inorganic adsorbent materials, such as acid-washed montmorillonite clays, have reached a vast commercial success.

In commercial use, groups for pressure recording are normally pre-printed in groups of commercial modules, that is the various sheets of paper which constitute

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the group are printed before assembly in the group.

Thus, a very important requirement of the paper to be used in the groups is that it has excellent printability characteristics, both as regards the quality of the print obtained and the speed, ease and convenience of the printing operation itself.

The printing of carbonless carbonless papers for use in groups of commercial modules is currently carried out with a variety of printing techniques, one of the most important of which is wet offset lithographic printing with sheet feeding. In this technique, the individual sheets to be printed are fed in rapid succession by a stack on the feeding side of the printing machine beyond the plate roller and on a collection stack on the output side of the machine. Both ink and water are applied to the cliché roller which selectively accepts ink on part of its surface only, while accepting water on the remaining part of the surface.

In order for the printing operation to be effective, it is essential that there is no jamming or double feeding of the sheets, and that after the sheets have been printed, they form a net vertical symmetric stack, that is, there should be a minimum of sheets which protrude beyond the mass of the pile on its front, rear or side edges. In the event that this is not achieved when the pile is formed,

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the stack should be able to be easily and quickly mechanically balanced in a net vertical symmetric stack with no protruding sheets. It is also important that the sheets in the stack have the minimum curl value. Poor stacking performance or very pronounced curling will limit the operating speed of the printing machine, and also hinder the subsequent collection of the printed sheets, possibly leading to an economically disadvantageous need for a separate collection operation.

It has been found in general that CF and CFB sheets that use adsorbing inorganic materials such as active ingredients of their color developing compositions give rise to more serious problems with wet offset lithographic printing with sheet feeding than analogous sheets that use organic active ingredients. .

It has now been found that the problems cited above in connection with wet offset lithographic printing with sheet feeding of CF and CFB sheets using a heat developing composition having adsorbent inorganic active ingredients, can be reduced or even eliminated if the color developing composition it contains a long chain fatty acid salt, i.e. a fatty acid salt having a minimum of about 12 carbon atoms. The presence of such a long chain fatty acid salt has been found not to affect the reactivity of the developer composition

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color (the last factor mentioned is naturally of decisive importance in relation to any material which is considered for use as an additive to a color-developing composition).

Long chain fatty acid salts have previously been proposed for use in some types of color developing compositions. For example, British Patent No. 1,283,446 describes the use of calcium stearate as a coating lubricant in a color developing composition having a phenolic resin as the main color development ingredient. The English patent

No. 1,364,736 describes the use of metallic salts of organic acids as stabilizers in color developing compositions whose main active ingredient is a metal salt of a polymer which is a reaction product of an aromatic carboxylic acid or anhydride and of an aldehyde or acetylene. The metal salts which can be used as stabilizers include long chain fatty acid salts. British patents No. Nos. 1,472,580 and 1,506,813 and European Patent Application No. 93208A all describe the use of stearates in color-developing compositions which are based on the use of zinc chloride or another metallic chloride for the production of the color. European Patent Application No, 101320A describes the use of metal soaps to improve the speed of the formation of the imJACOBACCI - CASEHA S PERANf

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magine of color developer systems based on the use of nickel salts and dithiooxamides for the production of color. Long chain fatty acid salts have also been previously proposed for use in thermographic papers (see, for example, British Patents No.

1,294,430, 1,402,270, 1,479,476 and 1,479,542 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,501, and in coated print papers (see, for example, British Patent No. 1,123,197). Despite the previous descriptions, it has not been previously appreciated that the use of long chain fatty acid salts could solve the long-standing problems encountered with wet offset lithographic printing with sheet-fed paper for recording bearing developing compositions colored having an adsorbent inorganic active ingredient (zinc chloride, although inorganic in nature, does not possess adsorbent properties. It should be noted in this respect that the sheet fed recording paper operating performance having color developing compositions with adsorbing inorganic active ingredients is normally much worse than that of standard clay coated printing papers.

The present invention therefore provides a recording material having a color-developing composition whose main active ingredient is an adsorbent inorganic material, characterized in that the component

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it contains a long chain fatty acid salt.

The adsorbent inorganic active material may be, for example, an acidic clay, e.g. an acid-washed montmorillonite clay, such as that described in British Patent No. 1,213,835, a hydrate / alumina hydrate silica composite as described in European patent applications No.

422165A and 42266A or zirconium oxide or a composite thereof as described in the British patent application

No. 2112159A or in European patent application No. Θ1341Α.

In addition to the main active ingredient, the color developing composition may contain other ingredients, such as fillers or diluents, for example kaolin, calcium carbonate or talc, pH regulators, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, and a latex or other. binder.

The long chain fatty acid salt is preferably a stearate, but salts of other acids, for example oleate, palmitate or linoleate, can be used. The salt can be of a metal or a cationic species, such as ammonium. The metal salt can be, for example, a salt of calcium, zinc, aluminum, sodium or potassium.

Although metal salts that are colored are theoretically usable, they are not preferred because of their color.

It is naturally important that the selected salt does not deactivate the color developing composition. The preferred metal salt is calcium stearate,

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The fatty acid salt is preferably present in the color developing composition in an amount of from about 2 to about 5% by weight. Larger quantities may be employed if desired, for example, at about 10% by weight, but this has not been found to provide valid improvements over the minor addition contents.

The present recording paper may be uncoated on its surface opposite to that which carries the color developing composition, i.e. it may be a CF card, or it may carry a coating of microcapsules containing a solution of chromogen material on its opposite surface, that is, it can be a card

CFB.

The invention will now be illustrated by the following examples, in which all the parts and percentages are by weight.

Example 1

Calcium stearate is added as a dry powder to a traditional formulation of aqueous clay color developer at a 2% content on a dry basis. The color developer formulation contains a montmorillonite color developing clay washed with acid and kaolin in a ratio of 70:30, a latex binder and potassium hydroxide in an amount sufficient to weakly make the mixture alkaline. The resulting composition is applied with a blade on a paper tape using a machine

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pilot plant spreader with a dry coating weight of approximately 8 gm. The resulting paper is then tested to verify its suitability for wet offset lithographic printing with sheet feeding, both as regards operation and stacking, and for its color development performance by comparison with a control paper. which carries a color developing composition which does not contain calcium stearate but which is otherwise the same as the paper in evidence. The tests carried out and the results obtained are as follows.

a) Test operation with sheet feed

In this test, a ream in A2 format of each of the papers being evaluated is printed by wet offset lithography on a Solna printing machine at 5000 prints per hour. A video recording is made in each case of the feeding and dispensing end of the machine and of the collection pile, and by reproducing the recording in slow motion, a comparative definition of the feeding and dispensing performance is obtained. The amount of displacement of protruding sheets in the dispensing stack is also measured (an ideal result would be a zero displacement of the sheet.

Video recording first shows that the feeding performance of both cards is good,

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the test card being slightly better than the control card, and secondly that the performance of dispensing the test card is clearly better than that of the control card.

The control paper stack has an average sheet protrusion of 10-20 mm at the front and rear edges of the stack, while the test paper stack has an average sheet protrusion of only 2-5 mm.

b) Printability test (storage)

This test establishes the amount of debris left on the rubberized print fabric after a predetermined number of impressions. The test and control papers have been found to provide similar results, and it can therefore be concluded that the addition of calcium stearate does not lead to a deterioration in printability (massing) performance.

c) Calender intensity test (CI)

This test consists of superimposing strips of CB paper on strips of test and control CF cards, passing the overlapping strips through a laboratory calender to break the capsules and thus produce a color on the CF strips, to the extent of the reflectance of the so colored strips (I) and expressing the result (I / I) as a percentage or of the reflectance of the CF control strips not

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used (l_Q)· ^cos^ · »The lower the calender intensity (I / I) value, the more intense or

is the color developed.

The reflectance measurements were made both minutes after the calendering, and 48 hours after the calendering, the sample being kept dark in the meantime. The color developed after 2 minutes is essentially due to the presence of rapidly developing chronogenic materials in the CB strips, while the color after 48 hours derives from also slowly developing chromogenic materials (the weakening of the color from the rapidly developing chromogenic materials also affects on the final intensity obtained).

The results obtained are the following:

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<td rowspan="2">Paper</td><td colspan="2">CI value (l / l) o</td>

<td>2 min</td><td>48 hours</td>

<td>Test card (with calcium stearate)</td><td> 53,1</td><td> 41,5</td>

<td>Control</td><td> 50,2</td><td> 40,4</td>

Although the paper under test is marginally slower in development, the final print intensities are similar, and that of the paper under test is of acceptable standard.

d)

Investigative evidence

These tests have been carried out in order to understand why the addition of calcium stearate increases the performance of the paper in wet offset lithographic printing operations, and to provide forecasts of use in determining the usability of alternative additives for this purpose.

The tests are the contact angle (measured after seconds), the friction coefficient and the looping. The first two tests are standard physical tests that do not require further description, while the looping test has been developed especially as an aid in determining sheet feed operation.

In the looping test, the test and control strips of the paper are arranged side by side on a flat support, and are each attached to the support at one end, leaving the other ends free. A fine spray of water is then applied uniformly on the strips, while recording what is happening with video. It has been found that within about 4 seconds, the strips, which are flat before the spray, form a ring, the free ends of the strips moving back towards the fixed ends and the intermediate paper curving upward. DeJACOBACCI-CASETTA &amp; PERANI

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by terminating the ring formation speed and the height of the formed ring (for example from the video recording reproduced in slow motion) an evaluation of the relative sensitivity of the two cards to humidity can be made. This is believed to be important in determining the adaptability of papers for wet offset lithographic printing, in consideration of the fact that papers printed by a wet offset lithographic technique are wetted during the printing operation.

The results are as follows:

<td rowspan="2">Nature of the test</td><td>Paper</td>

<td>Try Check</td>

<td>Contact angle</td><td> 75° 66°</td>

<td>Coefficient ^ "Static friction, - Dynamic</td><td> 0,46 0,59 0,39 0,50</td>

<td>Looping</td><td>The speed of formation of the ring and the height of the formed ring are much lower for the test paper compared to the control paper</td>

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These results suggest that an additive for improving sheet feeding of recording materials having a color-developing composition and containing a greater amount of an adsorbent active inorganic ingredient should be such as to increase the contact angle and reduce the coefficient friction of the paper and give rise to better looping behavior.

Example g

This illustrates the use of calcium stearate, sodium stearate and aluminum stearate at an addition content of 3% in a color developing composition for the rest as described in example 1.

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The process carried out and the test of the resulting coated papers are generally as described in Example 1, except that the calcium stearate is added to the color developing formulation in the form of a 50% aqueous slurry instead of as a dry powder. Sodium and calcium stearates are added as dry powders.

a) Test operation with sheet feed

The stack of control paper has an average protrusion of the sheet of about 8 mm at the front and rear edges of the dispensed stack, while the average protrusion of the sheet for papers containing either calcium or sodium stearate is only about 1 mm, and that of the paper containing aluminum stearate is only about 2 mm. Aluminum stearate paper has the best feeding characteristics, followed by calcium stearate paper, control paper and sodium stearate paper in that order.

b) Printability (proof of massing)

All these papers containing stearates provide better printability than the control sheet, the best order of performance being sodium stearate, followed by calcium stearate, followed by aluminum stearate.

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c) Calender intensity test (Cl)

The results are as follows:

<td>Paper</td><td>CI value</td><td>II / I_or'&gt;</td>

<td></td><td>2 minutes</td><td>48 hours</td>

<td>Calcium stearate</td><td> 47,3</td><td> 38,4</td>

<td>Sodium stearate</td><td> 47,0</td><td> 39,0</td>

<td>Aluminum stearate</td><td> 45,0</td><td> 37,7</td>

<td>Control</td><td> 45,7</td><td> 38,2</td>

d)

is)

It is seen that there is a small difference between the control and the cards containing stearate.

Looping test

All cards containing stearate provide less ring formation than the control card. Cards with aluminum and calcium stearate have minimal looping.

Coefficient of friction / contact angle

The results are as follows:

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<td>Paper</td><td colspan="2">Friction coefficient</td><td>Corner of</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan="2">contact (°)</td>

<td></td><td>Dynamic</td><td>1 Static</td>

<td>Control</td><td> 0,46</td><td> 0,56</td><td> 88</td>

<td>Calcium stearate</td><td> 0,41</td><td> 0,54</td><td> 88</td>

<td>Sodium stearate</td><td> 0,34</td><td> 0,48</td><td> 83</td>

<td>Aluminum stearate</td><td> 0,48</td><td> 0,57</td><td> 89</td>

These results do not fully agree with the behavior that can be expected from the corresponding results of Example 1, keeping in mind the results obtained in Examples 3 and 4, which corroborate those of Example 1, it was thought that the previous results may be anomalous under some aspect.

Example 3

This illustrates the use of calcium stearate and aluminum stearate at higher addition levels (5% in the case of calcium stearate and 5% and 8% in the case of aluminum stearate), and the effect of applying a coating of microcapsules on the other surface of the paper to produce a CFB product.

The color developing composition is formed and applied generally as described in the preceding examples, except that the ratio of rnontmorillonite washed with

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acid and kaolin is approximately 75:25. Calcium stearate is added as a 50% aqueous slurry, and aluminum stearate as an almost dry powder.

The microcapsule coating composition is of the type currently used for carbonless carbonless copying paper. In addition to microcapsules, it contains binders and two traditional agents to prevent premature rupture of the microcapsules, i.e. wheat starch particles and a flake of ground cellulose fiber. The composition is applied by a current type roller application technique for this purpose with a coating weight (dry) of about 4 gm,

The paper is subjected to the tests described in the previous examples (using two different controls of

CF with clay and two different CF CFB sheets with clay as controls).

The results are as follows:

a) Test run with, sheet feed

Papers containing 5% calcium stearate and 5% aluminum stearate provide the best performance. The two controls and the paper containing 8% aluminum stearate are comparable in performance. In consideration of the trend of the results on the addition of stearate generally in other examples, and of the good results obtained with the addition

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of 5% aluminum stearate, the fact that there is no improvement with 8% aluminum stearate is surprising, and may therefore be anomalous.

b) Printability (proof of massing)

The sheet with 5% calcium stearate has the best printability, being substantially better than the control sheet. The sheet with 5% aluminum stearate is comparable to the control. The sheet with 8% aluminum stearate is worse than the control.

c) Calender Intensity Test (CI)

This is done in two ways, first with the surface CB of the sheet CFB in contact with the surface CF of another sheet of the same paper

CFB, and secondly with the surface CB in contact with the CF card which has not been coated with microcapsules.

The results are as follows:

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<td rowspan="3">Paper</td><td colspan="4">CI value (I / I_or)</td>

<td colspan="2">CFB on CFB</td><td colspan="2">CFB on CF</td>

<td>2 minutes</td><td>48 hours</td><td>2 minutes</td><td>48 hours</td>

<td>Check I</td><td> 50,6</td><td> 26,0</td><td> 47,6</td><td> 41,5</td>

<td>Control II</td><td> 58,3</td><td> 34,5</td><td> 48,3</td><td> 42,0</td>

<td>Calcium stearate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>at 5%</td><td> 56,4</td><td> 30,5</td><td> 51,7</td><td> 42,9</td>

<td>Alum stearate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>5% nio</td><td> 54,8</td><td> 28,3</td><td> 51,4</td><td> 44,8</td>

<td>Alum stearate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>nio at 8%</td><td> 49,8</td><td> 27,5</td><td> 49,7</td><td> 43,7</td>

d)

is)

The results show a degree of dispersion, but it can generally be concluded that the inclusion of stearates does not result in an unacceptable deterioration in the ability to make copies.

Proof of ¹¹ loop ing

The minimum looping order (i.e. best performance) is as follows:

5% calcium stearate, aluminum stearate

5%, 8% aluminum stearate and finally the two control cards.

Coefficient of friction / contact angle

The results are as follows:

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<td rowspan="2">Paper</td><td colspan="2">Friction coefficient</td><td rowspan="2">Corner of contact (°)</td>

<td>Dynamic</td><td>Static</td>

<td>Control</td><td> 0,46</td><td> 0,59</td><td> 85</td>

<td>Calcium stearate at 5%</td><td> 0,31</td><td> 0,44</td><td> 87</td>

<td>5% aluminum stearate</td><td> 0,35</td><td> 0,49</td><td> 91</td>

<td>8% aluminum stearate</td><td> 0,37</td><td> 0,51</td><td> 94</td>

Example 4

In this example, CFB paper containing 5% calcium stearate in the color developer coating is produced on an industrial scale paper making and coating machine. The color developing composition and the microcapsule coating compositions are formulated and applied as generally described in the preceding examples. The samples of the CFB paper produced and the CF paper produced before coating with microcapsules are subjected to the tests described in the example

1. A check card is also tried.

The test results are as follows:

a) Test operation with sheet feed

The CFB card containing calcium stearate and the CFB control card are tested in a series of

JACOBACCI - CASEHA S PERANI print proofs. Taking the results as a whole, the paper containing calcium stearate is judged better than the control paper in terms of its delivery performance.

Since the tested CF card is made up of small samples from the ends of rolls, it was not exactly calendered, and therefore no sheet fed operation test was performed on it.

b) Printability (proof of massing)

Test and control CFB cards provide comparable performance.

The printability test was not performed for the CF sheet for the same reason explained previously in (a).

c) Calender intensity (CI test)

The results are as follows:

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<td rowspan="2">Paper</td><td colspan="2">Calender intensity</td>

<td>2 minutes</td><td>48 hours</td>

<td>Control (CFB)</td><td> 54,4</td><td> 42,1</td>

<td>Calcium Stearate 5% (CFB)</td><td> 52,9</td><td> 42,4</td>

<td>Control (CF)</td><td> 44,2</td><td> 38,4</td>

<td>5% calcium stearate (CF)</td><td> 44,0</td><td> 38,2</td>

Ν, Β. The CI results for the CFB sheets were obtained by placing the CB surface of the CFB sheet in contact with the CF surface of another sheet of the same CFB paper.

It is seen that the inclusion of 5% calcium stearate does not lead to a deterioration in the ability to make copies.

8) Looping test

This is done only on the CFB card.

It is observed that the speed of formation of a ring and the height of the ring are lower for the paper containing calcium stearate than for the control CFB paper.

JACOBACCI - CASETTA β PERANI

is)

Coefficient of friction / contact angle

The results are as follows:

<td>Paper</td><td colspan="2">Friction coefficient</td><td>Corner of</td>

<td></td><td>Dynamic</td><td>Static</td><td>contact (**)</td>

<td>Control (CFB)</td><td> 0,41</td><td> 0,63</td><td> 88</td>

<td>5% calcium stearate (CFB)</td><td> 0,34</td><td> 0,57</td><td> 92</td>

<td>Control (CF)</td><td> 0,47</td><td> 0,55</td><td> 85</td>

<td>5% calcium stearate (CF)</td><td> 0,38</td><td> 0,47</td><td> 91</td>

JACOBACCÌ-CASEnA &amp; PERANI

25.