Hybrid vehicle drive idle reduction system and method

(54) Title: HYBRID VEHICLE DRIVE IDLE REDUCTION SYSTEM AND METHOD

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FIG. 1 (57) Abstract: A vehicle drive system for a vehicle includes a first prime mover, a first prime mover driven transmission, and a rechargeable power source. The vehicle drive system includes an electric motor and direct or indirect mechanical communication with the first prime mover. Wherein the electric motor can receive power from the first prime mover driven transmission and can receive power from the first prime mover. The vehicle drive system also includes a control system that causes the electric motor to rotate the first prime mover at a speed higher than an idle set point of the first prime mover while the vehicle i s stopped, thereby reducing fuel consumption at idle per the vehicle.

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HYBRID VEHICLE DRIVE IDLE REDUCTION SYSTEM AND

METHOD

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 61/6241 18 (096637-0143), filed on April 13, 2012, entitled HYBRID VEHICLE DRIVE SYSTEM AND METHOD AND IDLE REDUCTION SYSTEM AND METHOD USING AN INTERFACE, by Dalum, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

This application is related to:

U.S. Application Serial No. 13/812,723 filed March 20, 2012 which claims priority to Provisional Application No. 61/566,526;

PCT US2012/029835 filed March 20, 2012 which claims priority to Provisional Application No. 61/566,526

U.S. Patent Application No. 12/710247, filed 2/22/2010, which:

- is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 12/130,888, filed 5/30/2008, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/979,755, filed 10/12/2007, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/014,406, filed 12/17/2007;

- is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 12/217,407, filed 7/3/2008, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/959,181, filed 7/12/2007, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/126,1 18, filed 5/1/2008;

- is a continuation-in-part of PCT/US2009/066151, filed 11/30/2009, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/177,240, filed 5/1 1/2009, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/1 18,980, filed 12/1/2008, and U.S. Provisional

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Application No. 61/235,998, filed 8/21/2009, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/251,285, filed 10/13/2009;

- is a continuation-in-part of PCT/US2008/008442, filed 7/10/2008; and

- is a continuation-in-part of PCT/US2008/079376, filed 10/9/2008, which is a continuation of U.S. Application No. 12/130,088, filed on 05/30/2008, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/979,755, filed on 10/12/2007, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/014,406, filed on 12/17/2007. All ofthe above applications are incorporated by herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present disclosure relates to vehicle drive systems. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to hybrid vehicle drive systems.

[0003] Hybrid vehicle drive systems commonly employ at least two prime movers arranged in different configurations relative to a transmission. One known configuration is found in so-called series-parallel hybrids. Series-parallel hybrids are arranged such that multiple prime movers can power the drive shaft alone or in conjunction with one another.

[0004] In one known hybrid vehicle drive system, a first and second prime mover (e.g., an internal combustion engine and an electric motor/generator) are arranged in a parallel configuration and used to provide power to a drive shaft and a power take-off (PTO) shaft through a transmission. PTO shafts are generally used to drive auxiliary systems, accessories, or other machinery (e.g., pumps, mixers, barrels, winches, blowers, etc.). One limitation of this system is that the second prime mover is typically positioned between the first prime mover and the transmission, creating the need to reposition existing drive train components.

[0005] In another known hybrid vehicle drive system, a first prime mover (e.g., an internal combustion engine) drives a PTO through a transmission. A second prime mover (e.g., electric motor/generator) has been coupled directly to the PTO and is discussed in the application incorporated herein by reference.

[0006] Hybrid systems used in larger trucks, greater than class 4, have typically utilized two basic design configurations - a series design or a parallel design. Series design

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PCT/US2013/036431 configurations typically use an internal combustion engine (heat engine) with a generator or fuel cell to produce electricity for both the battery pack and the electric motor that is used to propel the vehicle. There is typically no direct mechanical power connection between the internal combustion engine or fuel cell (hybrid power unit) and the wheels in an electric series design. Series design hybrids often have the benefit of having a no-idle system, including an engine-driven generator that enables optimum performance, lacking a transmission (on some models), and accommodating a variety of options for mounting the engine and other components. However, series design hybrids also generally include a larger, heavier battery; have a greater demand on the engine to maintain the battery charge; and include inefficiencies due to the multiple energy conversions. Parallel design configurations have a direct mechanical connection between the internal combustion engine or fuel cell/motor (hybrid power unit) and the wheels in addition to an electric or hydraulic motor to drive the wheels. Parallel design hybrids have the benefit of being capable of increased power due to simultaneous use of the engine and electric motor, having a smaller engine with improved fuel economy while avoiding compromised acceleration power, and increasing efficiency by having minimal reduction or conversion of power when the internal combustion engine is directly coupled to the driveshaft. However, parallel design hybrids typically lack a no-idle system and may have non-optimal engine operation (e.g., low rpm or high transient loads) under certain circumstances. Existing systems on trucks of class 4 or higher have traditionally not had a system that combines the benefits of a series system and a parallel system.

[0007] Therefore, a need exists for a hybrid vehicle drive system and method of operating a hybrid vehicle drive system that allows a drive shaft to receive power from at least three components. There is also a need for a hybrid vehicle drive system that allows for the prevention of friction and wear by disengaging unused components. There is a further need for a hybrid vehicle drive system that uses regenerative braking to store energy in at least two rechargeable energy sources. Still further, there is a need for a non-PTO-based hybrid system. Further still, there is a need for a hybrid system optimized for use with a hydraulic system of the vehicle.

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PCT/US2013/036431 [0008] The need for engine idle reduction systems and methods also exists. Sophisticated power train control systems and power management systems required for the operation of a hybrid vehicle drive system can add cost and complexity. Therefore there is a need for an idle reduction system that allows equipment to be powered by one pump. There is also a need for a system that allows for quick recharging from three sources (vehicle engine, external power grid, APU). There is also a need for a system that can provide power to the equipment from two sources simultaneously (vehicle engine and electric motor) during periods when equipment power requirements exceed the output of only an electric motor driven pump. There is further a need for construction equipment or vehicles configured for hybrid operation and idle reduction.

[0009] There is a further need for a series/parallel design in which the system can operate using either series or parallel configurations depending upon which is most advantageous given operating requirements. Further still, there is a need for a configurable hybrid drive system that can be configured for optimal usage in response to data related to routes, applications and/orjob sites.

SUMMARY [0010] One embodiment relates to a hybrid vehicle drive system for a vehicle including a first prime mover, a first prime mover driven transmission and a rechargeable power source. The hybrid vehicle drive system further includes an electric motor in direct or indirect mechanical communication with the first prime mover at a point between the first prime mover and the transmission. The electric motor can provide power to the prime mover driven transmission and receive power from the first prime mover.

[0011] An exemplary embodiment relates to a hybrid vehicle drive system for use with a prime mover and a first transmission driven by the first prime mover. The system includes a second prime mover coupled to a rechargeable energy source, an interface and an accessory. The accessory is configured to be coupled to the second prime mover. The first prime mover is configured to provide power through the interface to the second prime mover to operate the second prime mover, and the second prime mover is configured to provide power to the drive shaft through the interface. The interface is before a

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PCT/US2013/036431 transmission gear capable of driving a PTO. The accessory is configured to be coupled to the second prime mover so the accessory is operated through the operation of the second prime mover.

[0012] Another exemplary embodiment relates to a method of retrofitting a vehicle with a hybrid vehicle drive system. The vehicle includes a prime mover driven transmission and a first prime mover. The method includes attaching an electric motor at in interface between the transmission and the first prime mover. The interface is a gear attached to a fly wheel coupled to the first prime mover, a ring gear, or a gear attached to a crank shaft of the first prime mover. Alternatively, a PTO may be directly connected to prime mover 20 and be used as an interface. The method also includes providing an accessory attached to the second prime mover.

[0013] An exemplary embodiment relates to a vehicle drive system for a vehicle including a first prime mover, a first prime mover driven transmission, and a rechargeable power source. The vehicle drive system includes an electric motor and a control system. The electric motor is in direct or indirect mechanical communication with the first prime mover. The electric motor can receive power from the first prime mover driven transmission and can receive power from the first prime mover. The control system causes the electric motor to rotate the first prime mover at a speed higher than an idle set point of the first prime mover while the vehicle is stopped, thereby reducing fuel consumption at idle to the vehicle.

The idle set point of the first prime mover can refer to the number of revolutions per minute (rpm), or idle speed, that the engine controller, engine control unit, or other controller commands the prime mover to rotate when the vehicle is stationary in one embodiment. While stationary, loads on the prime mover, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), loads due to movement of torque converter in a vehicle with an automatic transmission, or other loads, may affect the torque that the prime mover must produce to maintain the idle speed determined by the controller. The controller can adjust power produced by first mover while vehicle is stationary in response to the loads on the engine, typically by commanding the prime mover to use more or less fuel. The method of using the second prime mover, often an electric motor, to increase the speed of first prime mover, reduces the need for fuel by the prime mover in one embodiment. If the prime

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PCT/US2013/036431 mover controller senses that the rotational speed of the prime mover is above the target rotational speed for idle, or if it senses that no torque is needed by the prime mover to maintain the target idle rpm, the prime mover will reduce or stop using fuel in response to the conditions. The prime mover may reduce or stop using fuel, even though there may not be bi-directional electronic communication between the controller for the second prime mover and the controller for the prime mover in one embodiment.

In certain embodiments, the prime mover may reduce fuel consumption only in response to the actual speed of the prime mover being higher than the commanded speed of the prime mover, and/or the absence of a request for torque to maintain a commanded speed of the prime mover. This method significantly reduces the complexity of coordinating a reduction in fuel use while the vehicle is stationary when multiple movers are used in the vehicle according to one embodiment. Alternatively, the electric motor does not have to be a motor intended to provide propulsion.

In one embodiment, the control system or alternatively, a controller, such as a transmission controller, may send requests for reduced torque to the controller for the prime mover, while sending requests for greater torque to the second prime mover. Energy for the second prime mover may be provided by a stored energy system, such as a battery system or ultra-capacitor, or hydraulic accumulator. In one example, the energy may be provided by a Li-Ion battery system that can be recharged by the grid or other means.

[0014] Another exemplary embodiment relates to method of retrofitting a vehicle with a hybrid vehicle drive system. The vehicle includes a first prime mover and a prime mover driven transmission. The method includes attaching an electric motor to an interface to be in mechanical communication with the transmission and the first prime mover. The interface is a gear attached to a fly wheel coupled to the first prime mover, a gear attached to a crank shaft of the first prime mover, or a power take off of the prime mover driven transmission. The method also includes operating the electric motor when the vehicle is stopped to drive the first prime mover to a speed above an idle set point to reduce fuel consumption.

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Brief Description ofthe Drawings [0015] Embodiments will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0016] FIG. 1 is a general block diagram of a hybrid vehicle drive system according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0017] FIG. 2 is a general block diagram of a hybrid vehicle drive system according to another exemplary embodiment;

[0018] FIG. 3 is a general block diagram of a hybrid vehicle drive system according to another exemplary embodiment;

[0019] FIG. 4 is a general block diagram of a hybrid vehicle drive system according to still another exemplary embodiment;

[0020] FIG. 5 is a general block diagram of a hybrid vehicle drive system according to yet another exemplary embodiment; and [0021] FIG. 6 is a general block diagram of a hybrid vehicle drive system according to still yet another exemplary embodiment.

Detailed Description [0022] Hybrid vehicle drive systems according to several possible embodiments are presented. One feature of one exemplary embodiment of the hybrid vehicle drive system is that the hybrid drive system can utilize an interface between the first prime mover and the transmission without using a PTO. Another feature of one embodiment is that a drive shaft can be powered singly or in any combination by a first prime mover, a second prime mover, and an accessory using the interface. Preferred embodiments incorporate hydraulic systems into the hybrid vehicle drive system for optimal energy storage and usage. It is noted that the term motor as used herein refers to a motor/generator or motor/pump and is not limited to a device that performs only motor operations.

[0023] According to one embodiment, inefficiencies during regenerative braking by removing the first prime mover from the system when vehicle braking occurs. Yet another feature of one exemplary embodiment of the system is that the accessory (e.g., hydraulic

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PCT/US2013/036431 pump, pneumatic pump, electric motor, etc.) can be powered singly or in any combination by the first prime mover, the second prime mover, energy from braking, or energy stored in a second rechargeable energy source (e.g., battery, ultra capacitor hydraulic accumulator, etc.). The presence of a second rechargeable energy source also can obviate the need for a complicated pump control system when the accessory is a hydraulic pump. If the pump is a variable volume displacement pump, further simplification is possible because a clutch may not be needed between the second prime mover and the pump. Other types of pumps can also be used. According to one exemplary embodiment, with a clutch between the second prime mover and the hydraulic pump, the pump can be an inexpensive gear pump.

[0024] Yet another feature of one exemplary embodiment of the system is that a first rechargeable energy source connected to the second prime mover can be recharged in one or more modes. These modes include: the second prime mover using power from the first prime mover; the second prime mover using power from regenerative braking; the accessory, using energy stored in the second rechargeable energy source to operate the second prime mover; an auxiliary power unit connected to the first rechargeable energy source; an engine alternator, when present (the alternator can be increased in capacity to allow for this additional charge while driving or idle); or from an external power source, such as being directly plugged into an external power grid. The second prime mover can draw upon this power stored in the first rechargeable power source before daily operation of the vehicle (e.g., after overnight charging), when the vehicle is stopped, or in other situations. In such situations, the second prime mover can operate the accessory to precharge or pressurize the second rechargeable energy source before the energy is needed, which would provide higher density power storage when the second rechargeable power source is a hydraulic accumulator, among other advantages. A higher density energy storage device is intended to provide more available power at low revolutions per minute (RPM) operation and an overall lower mass system.

[0025] Various additional aspects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the embodiments.

[0026] Referring to FIGS. 1-6, hybrid vehicle drive systems 10 according to several exemplary embodiments are shown. Various features of these embodiments can be

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PCT/US2013/036431 employed in other embodiments described herein. It is noted that any of the embodiments of Figures 1-20 of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/710247 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) could substitute the interface between the second prime mover and the first prime mover in the present application for the PTO in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/710247.

[0027] Embodiments of system 10 can include series parallel configurations in which prime mover 20 and the second prime mover 50 are coupled via the flywheel/crankshaft though a gear or other means, while a clutch resides behind the flywheel or gear that connects the prime mover 20 and second prime mover 50. A third prime mover can be attached to the PTO that is coupled to the pump portion or turbine section of transmission 30 (e.g., in an automatic transmission embodiment).

[0028] The system can be the same hybrid system as shown in Fig. 1-5,7,9- 11, 13, 14, 15, 18 , 19, 20, in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/130,888 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) modified to have component 40 interface with the flywheel or crankshaft before transmission 30 rather than as shown in Fig. 1 according to certain embodiments. In an Allison 3000 or 4000 series transmission (or any other transmission in which the PTO gear in transmission 30 is live, (e.g., coupled to the crankshaft of mover 20)), advantages can be achieved if component 40 is instead connected to a gear (or other means of mechanical power connection) with the crankshaft or flywheel that is located between prime mover 20 and the transmission 30. In FIG. 6 of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/130,888, a gear can be coupled to a shaft between the clutch 165 and transmission 30 in one embodiment. The gear interfaces with component 40, instead of having component 40 interface with transmission 30. Component 40 can be a front mounted or rear mounted PTO.

[0029] As shown in FIG. 1, an exemplary embodiment of a hybrid vehicle drive system 10 can be employed on any type of vehicle. According to one embodiment, the vehicle can be any type of light, medium, or heavy duty truck. In one preferred embodiment, the vehicle is a truck that employs hydraulic systems such as a boom truck. Alternatively, the vehicle can be any type of platform where hybrid systems are employed. The vehicle may have a wide variety of axle configurations including, but not limited to a 4x2, 4x4, or 6x6

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PCT/US2013/036431 configuration. As discussed with reference to FIG. 5, the vehicle associated with system 10 can be a tracked vehicle, a tractor, or construction equipment (e.g., loader, backhoe, paver, steam roller, road roller, roller-compactor, skid steer, forklift, excavator, mini-excavator, track crane, bull dozer, etc.).

[0030] In one preferred embodiment, the vehicle is a truck such as an International 4300 SBA 4x2 truck. According to one exemplary embodiment, the vehicle includes an IHC MaxxforceDT engine with an output of 255 HP and 660 lbs. of torque. The vehicle further includes an Allison 3500 RDS P automatic transmission. The vehicle has a front gross axle weight rating (GAWR) of 14,000/12,460 lbs, a rear GAWR of 19,000/12,920 lbs., and a total GAWR of 33,000/25,480. The vehicle includes a hydraulic boom in one embodiment. The vehicle boom has a working height of approximately 54.3 feet, a horizontal reach of 36.0 feet, an upper boom has an extension of approximately 145 inches. The lower boom may travel between approximately 0 degrees and 87 degrees from horizontal. The upper boom may have a travel between approximately -20 degrees and 76 degrees from horizontal. According to an exemplary embodiment, the vehicle may further include a hydraulic platform rotator, a hydraulic articulating jib and winch (e.g., with a capacity of 1000 lbs.), a hydraulic jib extension, hydraulic tool outlets, an on-board power charger providing 5kW at 240 VAC, and electric air conditioning with a capacity of 5,000 BTU. The above referenced vehicles, transmissions, power, boom, and types of components are exemplary only.

[0031] System 10 includes a first prime mover 20 (e.g., an internal combustion engine, such as a diesel fueled engine, etc.), a first prime mover driven transmission 30, a component 40 (e.g., a power take-off (PTO), a transfer case, etc.), a second prime mover 50 (e.g., a motor, such as an electric motor/generator, a hydraulic pump with a thru-shaft, etc.), and an accessory 60 (e.g., a hydraulic pump, such as a variable volume displacement pump, etc.). In certain embodiments, accessory 60 can act as a third prime mover as described below. Transmission 30 is mechanically coupled to component 40 which is optional. Second prime mover 50 is coupled to accessory 60 and connected to mover 50.

[0032] An interface 4 1 is disposed at a point between transmission 30 and prime mover

20. Interface 4 1 is preferably a bi-directional mechanical interface between second mover

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PCT/US2013/036431 and the point between mover 20 and transmission 30. Interface 4 1 can be various types of mechanisms for transferring power.

[0033] Interface 4 1 can be coupled between optional clutches disposed between mover 20 and transmission 30 as discussed with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. In one embodiment, interface 4 1 is at a point before the transmission gear associated with the PTO or component 40 of transmission 30. In one embodiment, interface 4 1 can be a gear or similar device that interfaces with the crankshaft associated with prime mover 20 or a gear on a flywheel associated with prime mover 20.

[0034] Interface 4 1 can use gears, shafts, belts, or chains to engage second prime mover 50 to mover 20 and transmission 30. In one embodiment, a gear can be provided on the flywheel associated with mover 20. The flywheel can be on a front face of the housing of transmission 30 in one embodiment. The housing can be coupled to prime mover 20 in one embodiment.

[0035] The gear can be attached to a shaft which is in communication with the shaft of second prime mover 50 (e.g., via a pinion) in one embodiment. The gear can be designed to take additional torque (e.g., reinforced) over a conventional starter gear. In another embodiment, a starter gear on the flywheel may be utilized to provide interface 4 1. The gear can also be configured for continuous operation between mover 20, transmission 30 and mover 50.

[0036] In another embodiment, the gear is disposed on a crank shaft of prime mover 20 using a shaft and pinion in one embodiment. A clutch may be located between the pinion gear and the mover 50. In one embodiment, a shaft may connect mover 50 to the pinion. Optionally, the mover 50 or the pinion may have additional gears to allow mover 50 to rotate much faster than prime mover 20.

[0037] A gear or gear reduction set may be disposed between second prime mover 50 and accessory 60 in order for second prime mover to rotate much faster than accessory 60 in one embodiment. Accessory 60 can be a pump, blower, or other device requiring power but unable to rotate as fast as the second prime mover 50. The use of a shaft to directly or indirectly couple second prime mover 50 to pinion allows for additional packaging options.

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Second prime mover 50 may be an electric motor with a larger diameter that is better positioned behind or in front of the pinion or gear.

[0038] Other advantages of positioning second prime mover 50 in a position that is not concentric with the crank shaft, include better control of the gap between the rotor and the stator. Further, second prime mover 50 is not subject directly to vibrations of the crank shaft, easier liquid cooling is enabled, and accessory 60 can be directly driven without incurring the parasitic losses associated with moving transmission 30 to operate a transmission-mounted PTO due to a non-concentric arrangement. An optional clutch located between second prime mover 50 and the pinion also permits second prime mover 50 to be disconnected from drive train when second prime mover 50 is not needed, thereby avoiding parasitic losses associated with rotating second prime mover 50 mounted around the crankshaft (in a concentric to crankshaft embodiment).

[0039] In another embodiment, interface 4 1 can utilize a ring gear, such as a ring gear utilized with a mixer which is continuously driven. The mixer can be a hydraulically powered mixer which is continuously driven. Alternatively, the ring gear can drive a variable flow pump. The use of the ring gear as interface 4 1 provides flexibility with respect to packaging and space which can be advantageous during retrofitting.

[0040] In one embodiment, the configuration using interface 4 1 expands the use of hybrid 10 system to numerous types of transmissions (automatic, manual, auto shift, CVT, etc.). By using a coupling between interface 4 1 and mover 50, it is not necessary to imbed mover 50 into the bell housing of the fly wheel, thereby reducing needed width between mover 20 and transmission 30. Interface 4 1 can be installed in an existing vehicle by replacing the gear on the crank shaft or fly wheel with a gear and linkage for coupling to mover 50.

[0041] Second prime mover 50 can also perform damping functions to offset the changes in angular velocity of the crankshaft that result in rough operation of the vehicle and transmission 30 in one embodiment. Prime mover 20 at low rpm can operate in a manner that results in high angular acceleration of the crankshaft as it rotates due to rough low speed operation of prime mover 20. Prime mover 20 can also employ cylinder deactivation to reduce fuel consumption at low loads, contributing to rough operation and higher frequency changes in the angular velocity of the crankshaft. By operating second prime

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PCT/US2013/036431 mover 50 out of phase of accelerations created by prime mover 20, crank shaft can rotate smoother in one embodiment.

[0042] Other methods of operation of second prime mover 50 can provide electromagnetic damping. Such methods include but are not limited to control of torque of second prime mover 50 so that second prime mover 50 machine torque is out of phase of the prime mover engine torque ripple. A Li-ion battery system, or battery system with capacitor and/or ultracapacitor may be utilized to store bursts of energy created as prime mover 20 accelerates second prime mover 50 during different phases of rotation. Rechargeable energy storage system 70, such as a battery, capacitor and/or ultra-capacitor system, can discharge energy to second prime mover 50 to accelerate prime mover 20 smoothing the rotation of crank shaft. The connecting shaft between the pinion and second prime mover 50 or the pinion gear itself may also or alternatively utilize mechanical means of damping, thereby reducing torsional vibration.

[0043] The use of mechanical damping methods on a shaft between a PTO and second prime mover 50 may also be used in other embodiments. Such methods may use a Lovejoy coupling, or other means to dampen torsional vibration and/or torque ripples. Same or similar means of vibrational damping may be used between other components in system 10, including but not limited to the interface between second prime mover 50 and accessory 60 in one embodiment, especially a compressor accessory and second prime mover 50 or the clutch disposed between second prime mover 50 and accessory 60.

[0044] A crank integrated starter/generation (C-ISG) configuration can be advantageous in one embodiment because one electric machine can be used to start the engine, to propel the vehicle, and to function as generator. In one embodiment, a crankshaft integrated starter generator C-ISG with the e-machine stator and rotor concentric to the crankshaft, can cause transmission 30 to be mounted further aft of prime mover 20. This configuration also does not necessarily allow the e-machine to directly power accessory 60 mounted via shaft (or directly) to second prime mover 20. A single clutch (e.g., clutch 52 in FIG. 3) can disconnect the e-machine from the crankshaft in a non-concentric configuration in comparison to a motor mounted concentric to the crankshaft configuration which would require two clutches in one embodiment. In one embodiment, auxiliary functions such as

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PCT/US2013/036431 lubrication and HVAC are operated via energy from power source 70 to prevent wear and on/off cycling as mover 20 is started and stopped.

[0045] Mover 50 can be an electric motor such as an integrated starter/generator (ISG) in one embodiment. The ISG can be located at the location of a conventional starter.

[0046] According to one exemplary embodiment, second prime mover 50 is a 50 kW electric motor. The electric motor is preferably housed outside of the transmission/engine interface in one embodiment, thereby allowing more space for connection to accessory 60. When acting as a generator, second prime mover 50 may generate 30 kW continuously or as much as 75 kW at peak times. The above referenced power parameters are exemplary only. Second prime mover 50 may be further used to power various on-board components such as compressors, water pumps, cement mixer drums, etc.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment, accessory 60 is embodied as a hydraulic motor and includes a through shaft coupled to receive and provide power to interface 4 1 or mover 50. The through shaft can also be coupled to the shaft of the mover 50 embodied as an electric motor. In another embodiment, electric motor includes a through shaft that is coupled to the pump (e.g., accessory 60). Alternatively, linkage can be attached to the starter gear associated with mover 20. In another embodiment, a packaged fly wheel can replace the existing fly wheel. The packaged fly wheel includes gears and linkage for coupling to mover 50.

[0048] According to one embodiment, system 10 also includes a first rechargeable energy source 70 (e.g., a battery, a bank of batteries, a fuel cell, a capacitive cell, or other energy storage device), an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) 80 (e.g., an internal combustion engine, possibly fueled by an alternative low emission fuel (e.g., bio-mass, natural gas, hydrogen, or some other fuel with low emissions and low carbon output), and a generator, a fuel cell, etc.), a second rechargeable energy source 90 (e.g. a hydraulic accumulator, ultra capacitor, etc.), and onboard or external equipment 100 (e.g., hydraulically operated equipment, such as an aerial bucket, etc.). First rechargeable energy source 70 is coupled to second prime mover 50 and provides power for the operation of second prime mover 50. First rechargeable (e.g., pressurized or rechargeable) energy source 70 may include other auxiliary components (e.g., an inverter provided for an AC motor, a DC-to-DC converter to

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PCT/US2013/036431 charge a DC system, an inverter for power exportation to a power grid or other equipment, controllers for motors, a charger, etc). APU 80 is coupled to first rechargeable energy source 70 and provides power to first rechargeable energy source 70. According to one exemplary embodiment, second renewable energy source 90 is a hydraulic system with a high pressure portion (e.g., an accumulator) and a low pressure component (e.g., a reservoir tank).

[0049] Second rechargeable energy source 90 is coupled to accessory 60 and provides stored power for accessory 60. Onboard or external equipment 100 can be coupled to accessory 60 or second rechargeable energy source 90 and operate using power from either accessory 60 or second rechargeable energy source 90. In one embodiment, onboard or external equipment 100 is coupled through second rechargeable energy source 90 to accessory 60. According to various exemplary embodiments, APU 80 may also provide power to both second renewable energy source 90 and first rechargeable energy source 70 when high hydraulic loads are required. APU 80 and second renewable energy source 90 may both provide power to hydraulically operated equipment 100.

[0050] In one embodiment with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, interface 4 1 is designed to be engaged or disengaged via clutch mechanisms or clutches 22, 35 and 42. With reference to FIG. 2, system 10 includes a clutch 42 disposed between prime mover 50 and interface 41. With reference to FIG. 3, a clutch 35 is disposed between interface 4 1 and transmission 30. In addition, a clutch 22 can be disposed between interface 4 1 and first prime mover 20. The use of clutches 22, 35 and 42 allow components to be driven without driving additional portions of system 10 or the vehicle. For example, in idle reduction modes, prime mover 50 can drive accessory 60 without driving interface 41, first prime mover 20 or transmission 30 by disengaging clutch 42. Similarly, prime mover 20 can drive prime mover 50 and be disengaged from transmission 30 via clutch 35. Use of clutch 22 allows prime mover 50 to drive transmission 30 without driving prime mover 20. A clutch 52 can be optionally disposed between mover 50 and accessory 60 to engage and disengage accessory 60. In one embodiment, the placement of mover 50 and accessory 60 can be exchanged.

[0051] In one alternative embodiment, second prime mover 50 can be placed on one side of a clutch (i.e. toward mover 20) and accessory 60 can be on the other side of a different

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PCT/US2013/036431 clutch (i.e. toward transmission 30). Shafts may connect the prime mover 50 and accessory 60 to the clutches. A potential advantage of this configuration is the easier use of an end mount electric motor (rather than a thru shaft motor). End mount motors are typically easier to source (i.e. find and procure) and can be less expensive. Similarly, end mount accessories are easier to obtain and typically less expensive. A single housing for the mechanical interface to interface 4 1 and the clutches could be made. Optional support for the housing may be provided by the bell housing, end of transmission 30 or some other structure related to prime mover 20 or transmission 30.

[0052] Interface 4 1 can be directly coupled to mover 20, interface 41, and transmission 30 in one embodiment. Alternatively, interface 4 1 may interface with transmission 30 in a way that directly couples interface 4 1 to a torque converter of transmission 30. The torque converter may be in mechanical communication with mover 20, but rotating at a different speed or may rotate at the same speed as mover 20 if it is locked up.

[0053] With reference to Figure 2, interface 4 1 can be disengaged from transmission 30 via a clutch 42 when first prime mover 20 exceeds the maximum operating RPM of any component connected through clutch 42. For example, clutch 42 or 52 can disengage mover 50 if first prime mover 20 exceeds the maximum operating RPM of accessory 60. Alternatively, all components connected through interface 4 1 can operate throughout the RPM range of first prime mover 20, and interface 4 1 can be engaged continuously. In a preferred embodiment, component 40 can be disengaged during high speed steady driving conditions to reduce friction and wear on system 10 from mover 50 by clutch 22.

[0054] In FIG. 1, first prime mover 20 provides power to drive shaft 32 through transmission 30. Second prime mover 50 provides additional or alternative power to drive shaft 32 through interface 4 1 and transmission 30. Drive shaft 32 provides power to two or more wheels 33 used to provide forward and backward momentum to the vehicle. For example, second prime mover 50 can optionally provide the sole source of power to drive shaft 32. Alternatively, second prime mover 50 can provide additional power to drive shaft 32 during vehicle acceleration. When providing power to drive shaft 32, second prime mover 50 can operate using power from first rechargeable energy source 70. According to the various exemplary embodiments of system 10, first rechargeable energy source 70 can

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PCT/US2013/036431 be charged or powered by second prime mover 50, APU 80 or another suitable source (e.g., the vehicle alternator, the power grid, etc.).

[0055] The use of prime mover 50 to provide power through interface 4 1 while interface 4 1 is engaged to prime mover 20 allows reduction in fuel consumption by mover 20 during operation. For example, when vehicle 10 is stopped, power from second prime mover 50 or accessory 60 can increase the revolution per minute (RPMs) associated with prime mover 20. Such an increase in the RPM of prime mover 20 results in reduction in fuel provided to prime mover 20, as a result of commands provided by the electronic control module (ECM) of vehicle 10, or commands provided by other control systems interfacing with prime mover 20. In some cases, the transmission control module may send commands to the engine control system causing, enabling or commanding a reduction in fuel use by prime mover 20. The increased RPM is preferably controlled to be below a threshold so that drive shaft 32 does not begin forward operation in response to the increased RPM. In such configuration, system 10 advantageously reduces engine idle fuel consumption without requiring significant changes to the vehicle. Bumping or raising the idle rpm of prime mover 20 provides an advantageous way of reducing aggregate consumption by prime mover 20 when vehicle 10 is stopped. Once the vehicle accelerator is pressed, the ECM provides fuel to prime mover 20 so that vehicle operates according to normal operation. The ECM can also reduce fuel consumption during travel when prime mover 50 provides power during travel and prime mover 20 is also engaged.

[0056] Such an increase in the RPM of prime mover 20 results in reduction in fuel provided to prime mover 20, as a result of commands provided by the electronic control module (ECM) of the vehicle, or commands provided by other control systems interfacing with prime mover 20. In some cases, the transmission control module may send commands to the engine control system causing, enabling or commanding a reduction in fuel use by prime mover 20. A controller, such as a hybrid control unit could send signals to the transmission controller and/or engine controller causing, enabling or commanding a reduction in fuel use by prime mover 10. Hybrid controller can also communicate with transmission controller and/or engine controller to cause, enable or command the starting and stopping of prime mover 20, such as when the truck is stationary at a stop sign or signal

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PCT/US2013/036431 or other event in which stopping prime mover 20 would be beneficial. Prime mover 20 may be started using hybrid electric motor (e.g., mover 50) and may immediately begin consuming fuel to provide propulsion, or may initiate movement only using energy from rechargeable energy source 70 and then initiate combustion within prime mover 20 at a later time to transition to a blended mode of propulsion using both movers 20 and 50 upon an input for additional power or at a certain speed, or some other event. The hybrid controller could then command the hybrid system to provide no mechanical input above a certain speed, such as highway cruising speed as an example and may optionally disengage second prime mover 50 as described in the patent applications incorporated herein by reference to reduce the parasitic loads on the powertrain at high speed. The hybrid system may optionally synchronize second prime mover 50 with prime mover 50 and then reengage the mechanical interface when it can provide benefits such as the recapturing of brake energy or additional propulsion.

According to one embodiment, prime mover 20 can have idle speed control built into the ECU of mover 20. Idle speed is the rotational speed of mover 20 when the engine is uncoupled to the drivetrain and the throttle pedal is not depressed (generally measured in revolutions per minute, or rpm, of the crankshaft) of a combustion engine) in certain embodiments. Setting the idle speed too slow can result in very low oil pressure when the engine is hot, resulting in faster wear and possible seizure. At idle speed, mover 20 generates enough power to run reasonably smoothly and operate its ancillaries (water pump, alternator, and, if equipped, other accessories such as power steering), but usually not enough to perform useful work, such as moving an automobile or truck in one embodiment. For a passenger-car engine, idle speed is customarily between 600 rpm and 1,000 rpm in some embodiments. For buses and trucks it is approximately 540 rpm in some embodiments. The RPM of mover 20 is monitored by the crankshaft position sensor which plays a primary role in the engine timing functions for fuel injection, spark events, and valve timing.

Idle speed can be controlled by a programmable throttle stop or an idle air bypass control stepper motor in one embodiment. According to some embodiments, a carburetorbased prime mover 20 can use a programmable throttle stop using a bidirectional DC motor.

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PCT/US2013/036431

Alternatively, a throttle body injection (TBI) systems can an idle air control stepper motor. Effective idle speed control anticipates the engine load at idle. Changes in this idle load may come from HVAC systems, power steering systems, power brake systems, and electrical charging and supply systems. Engine temperature and transmission status, and lift and duration of camshaft also may change the engine load and/or the idle speed value desired. Second prime mover 50 can receive feedback associated with increased loads and increase speed to ensure that mover 20 is rotated at a speed above the speed where fuel is provided to mover 20. The feedback can be provided from sources including the ECM, bidirectional DC motor, stepper motor, injector systems, HVAC systems, etc.

In one embodiment, a full authority throttle control system may be used to control idle speed, provide cruise control functions and top speed limitation. If mover 20 is operating a large number of accessories, particularly air conditioning, the idle speed can be raised to ensure that mover 20 generates enough power to run smoothly and operate the accessories. An air conditioning-equipped vehicles 10 can have an automatic adjustment feature in the carburetor or fuel injection system that raises the idle when the air conditioning is running in one embodiment. In such situations, the control system can use the signal from the air conditioning system to increase the speed of prime mover 50.

[0057] The exemplary embodiment can be used with any of the hybrid systems 10 described herein or in the patent applications incorporated herein by reference. For example, the embodiment can use an interface through the PTO to an Allison transmission (live PTO that is coupled to the crank shaft through transmission 30) or through an interface 4 1 with prime mover 20 (or in between prime mover 20 and transmission 30). [0058] An exemplary operation is described below; other methods can also be used and not divert from the claims of the patent application. Vehicle is traveling at highway speed of 65 mph, second prime mover 50 may be coupled to transmission and providing propulsion assist (putting power into the transmission) and/or providing regenerative braking (receiving power from the transmission) dependent upon driver inputs and/or other inputs to the hybrid control unit and/or other control units of vehicle such as transmission controller and/or engine controller. Vehicle may alternatively be traveling at highway speed of 65 mph and second prime mover 50 may be disengaged from transmission or other

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PCT/US2013/036431 interface with vehicle's crankshaft or driveshaft in order to reduce parasitic energy losses. Vehicle traveling at 65 mph may initiate regenerative braking upon a reduction in the request for power as detected by monitoring the position of the accelerator pedal, or through other means. If the accelerator pedal moves down, the system can use this along with other inputs to command the second prime mover 50 to provide propulsion assist. Propulsion assist may be limited to a certain range of speeds. If the accelerator pedal moves up, the system can use this input along with other inputs to command the second prime mover 50 to provide regenerative braking. The hybrid controller or other controllers may command the transmission to retain torque converter lock-up, or other functions that control clutches within and/or external to the transmission to improve the effectiveness of regenerative braking.

[0059] As the vehicle slows, the transmission can be downshifted manually or through the commands of a controller (hybrid, transmission, engine and/or some other controller) to optimize the gear selection for the speed of the vehicle and other factors, such as load and/or driving preference (power or efficiency). As the vehicle slows, the ECM (Engine Control Module) or other controllers may command the reduction or total elimination of fuel flow to the engine. Once the vehicle is stopped, or is below a certain speed (example 5 mph), the second prime mover may be operated to either receive or provide power to the crankshaft of the prime mover 20 in order to maintain the desired rpm of the prime mover 20 with reduced fuel in comparison to the operation of prime mover 20 without a hybrid system, or the second prime mover may be operated to maintain the rpm of the prime mover 20 with the elimination of fuel use by prime mover 20. The second prime mover 50 may be commanded to maintain the rpm of the prime mover 20 in order for accessories such as, but not limited to, power steering, braking, HVAC, oil pump and engine cooling to continue to operate without the consumption of fuel by the prime mover 20. The second prime mover 50 may continue to provide power to the crankshaft of prime mover 50 during the duration the vehicle is stopped or the vehicle is operated at a reduced speed. Battery state of charge (SOC) and other diagnostics of the hybrid system may be monitored during the use of second prime mover 50, if the SOC drops below a defined threshold, the hybrid controller or other controller on the vehicle or combination of controllers may command prime mover

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PCT/US2013/036431 to operate using fuel and discontinue the use of prime mover 50. Alternately, the control system may command prime mover 20 and/or prime mover 50 to stop after a certain duration in which the vehicle has zero motion and the brakes are active. The transmission may continue to stay in Drive during the aforementioned operating mode, or the control system (hybrid, transmission, ECM or combination or other) may command the transmission to be in neutral or in RELS (Allison mode of transmission operation), also referred to as reduced engine load at stop, to minimize the load on the second prime mover 50 and/or prime mover 20 when the vehicle is stopped and the brake is applied. When the brake is released or moved up to a position of less brake force, the engine may be cranked using preferably prime mover 50 and/or a starter motor, if the prime mover is not already rotating at the desired rpm for low speed, idle operation. The vehicle may be commanded to continue to operate in an all-electric mode when the accelerator is depressed, indicating motion of the vehicle is desired. During this operation, the control system may command the fuel flow to the engine (prime mover 20) to be discontinued while the second prime mover 50 operates to provide power to the crankshaft and may rotate the prime mover 50 to higher rpm depending upon the need for acceleration. Optionally, the prime mover 20 may be operated at reduced fuel flow or normal fuel flow during acceleration orjust before acceleration when the vehicle is stopped, but expected to begin to accelerate based upon changes to the inputs in the control system, such as the release of the brake and/or depressing the accelerator pedal. Once the vehicle has accelerated to a certain speed and/or the demand for power exceeds the capabilities of the power provided by prime mover 50 and/or the hybrid stored energy system has been depleted below a certain level, and/or another condition has been met, the control system may command the prime mover 20 to use combustion to help move, or move the vehicle. This example is intended to demonstrate how the system can be operated to reduce fuel use during stopping and starting of vehicle motion. Other methods to reduce fuel can be used, such as using the second prime mover 50 to increase the rpm of the engine above the idle set point of prime mover 20, so that the ECM or other controller discontinues or reduces fuel flow to the engine. Similarly, during acceleration, second prime mover 50 may be operated to exceed the commanded power from prime mover 20, resulting in reduced or discontinued fuel flow to

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PCT/US2013/036431 prime mover 20. Optionally, if second prime mover 50 fails to provide the need increase in RPM above idle set-points and/or commanded power of prime mover 20, the ECM may operate prime mover 20 by consuming fuel as normally commanded by the ECM. Such a method could allow the prime mover 20 to operate normally if prime mover 50 fails or is not functioning. An optional brake override feature may be used to command the second prime mover 50 to discontinue operation and/or for the hybrid system be disconnected from the transmission or crankshaft if the brake pedal is depressed below a certain level.

[0060] Optionally, transmission 30 can be controlled to reduce losses while stopped, such as the RELS (Reduced Engine Load At Stop) feature on an Allison transmission. The control system may verify that the brake is engage (e.g. foot on brake, by monitoring brake pressure) before engaging RELS. If brake is released, control system may make sure that transmission is not in RELS to prevent vehicle from moving backward on a hill.

[0061] One of the advantages to keeping the prime mover 20 rotating without the use of fuel is that the oil pump continues to lubricate the engine. While system 10 could be used to stop and quickly start prime mover 20, the wear on prime mover 20 at start tends to be higher than at other operating modes. Moving prime mover 20 with second prime mover 50 and no fuel also continues to move transmission 30 (and transmission fluid pump) on an automatic transmission while continuing to power other important engine driven systems such as brakes, steering, HVACs, etc.

[0062] When transmission 30 is in first range and this function is enabled, the TCM automatically commands transmission operation at a reduced load state which is similar to neutral in one embodiment. In one embodiment, conditions for enabling the function are:

. vehicle is at a stop;

. service brakes are applied; and . throttle position is low.

[0063] RELS is disabled when the throttle is advanced, Drive is selected at the shift selector, or the request circuit is switched open — which will occur if the service brakes are released, the dash enable switch is opened, and/or an additional optional interlock (i.e. door switch) is opened. If an Automatic Neutral input function is enabled while RELS is in an active state, RELS will be disabled.

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PCT/US2013/036431 [0064] A service brake pressure switch can be included in the activation circuit for this function. The location of this switch can be critical to the disabling of RELS each time the service brakes are released during normal driving cycles in one embodiment (to minimize the potential for vehicle roll-back if the feature is activated when the vehicle is stopped on an incline).

[0065] Preferably, system 10 reduces heat load in the transmission in high start/stop duty cycles, improved fuel economy by reducing engine load when the vehicle is at a stop, and provides a diagnostic interface.

[0066] Motor or mover 50 can be utilized to crank prime mover 50, raise or bump the idle, help accelerate and brake the vehicle. The optional clutch 52 between prime mover 50 and accessory 60 can be engaged if accessory 60 is continuously needed such as in a hydraulic powered mixer or when accessory 60 is a variable flow pump. Mover 50 can power accessory loads such as AC, brakes, steering, etc. using power from first regenerative source 70 in one embodiment. Powering accessory loads via mover 50 increases efficiency by removing loads from prime mover 20.

[0067] Interface 4 1 can be a starter ring gear also known as a starter ring or ring gear. Prime mover 50 can be utilized as the starter motor to transfer power to the flywheel. The starter ring or ring gear can be attached to the periphery of a flex plate or flywheel of prime mover 20. The ring gear may utilize a different gear design and/or harder material to allow second prime mover 50 to provide more power or operate for much longer durations than a conventional starter motor.

[0068] With reference to FIG. 4, system 10 includes second prime mover 50 coupled to interface 4 1. However, accessory 60 is coupled to component 40 and driven through transmission 30 component 40 embodied as a PTO. Accessory 60 can be driven from prime mover via interface 4 1 or from prime mover 20.

[0069] Accessory 60 and prime mover 20 can be coupled through component 40 as a rear mounted PTO in one embodiment. The rear mounted PTO can be used as the input/output for energy from the various hybrid system combinations that are shown to work with the PTO on the transmission 30 in this application or any of the applications incorporated herein by reference. The rear mounted PTO embodiment is less dependent on transmission

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PCT/US2013/036431 and can potentially be used with a wide variety of transmissions. It is also not necessary to operate transmission 30 to operate component 40 (e.g., rear mounted PTO), so it should be more efficient (potentially less moving parts). If mover 50 is used as starter in this embodiment, an offset gear and shaft may be needed for packaging purposes. Also, a gear reducer may also be used in this embodiment if mover 50 is used a starter.

[0070] Optional APU 80 can be used to power first rechargeable energy source 70 when the vehicle is driving up a grade, as well as other situations. This use is intended to improve vehicle performance, particularly when the power requirements of the vehicle exceed the power available from first prime mover 20, first rechargeable energy source 70, and second rechargeable energy source 90. The presence of APU 80 is intended to allow for a smaller first prime mover 20. In one embodiment, APU 80 is of a type that produces lower emissions than first prime mover 20. APU 80 is intended to enable a vehicle using system 10 to meet various anti-idle and emission regulations.

[0071] In one embodiment, system 10 is configured to automatically engage APU 80 or first prime mover 20 through component 40 or accessory 60 to charge first rechargeable energy source 70 when the stored energy decreases to a certain amount. The permissible reduction in stored energy can be determined based upon a user selectable switch. The switch specifies the method of recharging first rechargeable energy source 70 from an external power grid.

[0072] In one embodiment, a user can select between 220-240V recharging, 110- 120V recharging, and no external power source available for recharging. For the different voltages, the amount of power that can be replenished over a certain period of time (e.g., when connected to an external power grid overnight) would be calculated. Beyond that amount of power usage, first prime mover 20, or APU 80 is engaged to charge or provide power to first rechargeable energy source 70. If no external power source is available, first prime mover 20 or APU 80 can be automatically engaged during regular finite periods, calculated to minimize idle time. In one embodiment, APU 80 and/or optionally first rechargeable energy source 70 can provide power to an external power grid 200, also known as vehicle to grid (V2G) power sharing. This is intended to provide low-emission power

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PCT/US2013/036431 generation and/or reduce requirements to generate additional grid power during peak loads on the grid.

[0073] In another embodiment, a user may only select between two settings, one setting to select charging using a grid and the other setting to select charging without using an external power grid. The controller would monitor state of charge of the batteries and control recharging differently for each setting. If no external charging from a power grid is selected, system 10 may allow the state of charge of first rechargeable energy source 70 (batteries) to drop to a threshold (as an example 30%), then the controller would cause either first prime mover 20 or the optional APU 80 to be engaged to charge batteries to a predetermined level (as an example 80%) to minimize the frequency that first prime mover 20 or APU 80 must be started. Or different levels of discharge and recharging may be selected to minimized idle time. System 10 can occasionally recharge batteries to 100% of charge to help condition the batteries. Optionally, system 10 can be operated so that batteries remain between a narrow range of state of charge in order to extend the life of the batteries, such as between 80%> SOC and 50%> SOC for example. If the user selectable switch indicated system 10 would be charged from an external power grid, the controller may allow the state of charge of first renewable energy source to drop to a threshold (as an example 30%), then the controller would cause either first prime mover 20 or optional APU 80 to be engaged to charge batteries to a predetermined level that is lower (as an example 50%). The lower level allows the external power grid to recharge a greater amount of first rechargeable energy source 70 when vehicle can be plugged in or charged by the external power grid, reducing the fuel consumption of prime mover 70 or optional APU 80.

[0074] External power grid 200 allows first rechargeable energy source 70 to be recharged with a cleaner, lower cost power compared to recharging first rechargeable energy source 70 with first prime mover 20. Power from an external power grid may be provided at a fraction of the cost of power provided from an internal combustion engine using diesel fuel. According to one exemplary embodiment, first rechargeable energy source 70 can be recharged from an external power grid 200 in approximately 8 hours or less.

[0075] In one embodiment, second rechargeable energy source 90 is utilized, and provides power to accessory 60. Additional or alternative power can be provided to drive shaft 32

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PCT/US2013/036431 by accessory 60. For example, accessory 60 can provide power to drive shaft 32 until second rechargeable energy source 90 is discharged. Alternatively, accessory 60 can provide additional power to drive shaft 32 during vehicle acceleration. Accessory 60 provides power to drive shaft 32 through second prime mover 50, interface 41, and transmission 30. The combination of power provided to drive shaft 32 by second prime mover 50 and accessory 60 is intended to allow for the use of a smaller first prime mover 20 which provides the best use of stored energy and reduces the overall system mass. In another embodiment, accessory 60 only receives power from second prime mover 50 or from first prime mover 20 through component and does not provide power to drive shaft 32. Accessory 60 may power equipment directly.

[0076] In one exemplary embodiment, an optional clutch such as clutch 22 or clutch 42 can be coupled between first prime mover 50 and accessory 60. The clutch is disengaged when the vehicle is stationary so second prime mover 50 can turn accessory 60 without unnecessarily driving component 40.

[0077] A variety of control systems can be utilized to control the various components (clutches, motors, transmissions, etc.) in system 10. Electronic control systems, mechanical control systems, and hydraulic control systems can be utilized. In addition, a controller can be provided to indicate a request to operate an accessory or other equipment. In one embodiment, a controller similar to the controller in U.S. Patent No. 7,104,920 incorporated herein by reference can be utilized. Preferably, the controller is modified to communicate by pneumatics (e.g., air), a wireless channel, or fiber optics (e.g., light) forboom applications and other applications where conductivity of the appliance is an issue.

[0078] The control system can utilize various input criteria to determine and direct the amount of power required or to be stored, the input criteria can input operator brake and acceleration pedals, accessory requirements, storage capacity, torque requirements, hydraulic pressure, vehicle speed, etc.

[0079] A control system can control the torque and power output of second prime mover 50 and accessory 60 so that component 40, second prime mover 50 and accessory 60 are operated within the allowable torque and power limitations of each item so that the sum of second prime mover 50 and accessory 60 do not exceed component 40 or exceed capacity of

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PCT/US2013/036431 transmission 30, such as capacity of transmission power takeoff drive gear rating or exceed capacity of transmission maximum turbine torque on an automatic transmission. Optionally the controller may monitor and control additional input torque from the prime mover, or input torque of the prime mover after multiplication by the torque converter, along with that from other prime movers or accessories to ensure that the turbine torque limit is not exceeded or other internal torque ratings of components within an automatic transmission or an autoshift manual transmission, or a manual transmission. The torque and power output of second prime mover 50 and accessory 60 may also be controlled using an input from the driver and/or from a power train control system. If two components are used as described in other embodiments in U.S. Application Serial No. 12/710,247, the torque and power output of the second and third prime mover and optional accessory or accessories may be controlled so that the transmission power takeoff drive gear rating with two power takeoffs is not exceeded or that the capacity of transmission maximum turbine torque on an automatic transmission, or other toque rating of an internal component within a transmission of the same or different kind, such as, an autoshift manual or manual transmission, is not exceeded.

[0080] According to other exemplary embodiments, a control system can be used for other purposes (e.g., coupling component 40 to transmission 30; monitoring the charge status of first rechargeable energy source 70 and second rechargeable energy source 90; monitoring and managing the thermal status of various components (e.g., prime movers, rechargeable energy sources, electronics, etc.); operating first prime mover 20, second prime mover 50, and accessory 60 to replenish energy in first rechargeable energy source 70 and second rechargeable energy source 90 and/or supply power to equipment 100; operate APU 80 as needed; or control other functions). Information on the status of the system, such as operating efficiency, status of rechargeable energy sources, and certain operator controls may be displayed or accessed by the driver.

[0081] APU 80 charges or provides power to first rechargeable energy source 70 when necessary. APU 80 can include a generator powered by an internal combustion engine. The generator can be connected to first rechargeable energy source 70 through a power converter, AC/DC power inverter or other charging system. First rechargeable energy

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PCT/US2013/036431 source 70 provides power to second prime mover 50. The operation of second prime mover 50 operates accessory 60. Accessory 60 provides power to on-board or external equipment 100. First rechargeable energy source 70 and/or APU 80 may provide all the power for system 10 when the vehicle is stationary and first prime mover 20 is turned off (e.g., in an idle reduction system). If second prime mover 50 is not coupled to drive shaft 32 and instead provides power to accessory 60 (e.g., in an idle reduction system), system 10 may include a simplified control and power management system.

[0082] According to another exemplary embodiment, first prime mover 20 may be operated periodically to provide power to second prime mover 50 through interface 4 1. Second prime mover 50 recharges first rechargeable energy source 70 and/or powers accessory 60. Accessory 60 can recharge second rechargeable energy source 90 or operate other equipment.

[0083] According to another exemplary embodiment, system 10 is configured as an idle reduction system that can provide power to vehicle loads such as HVAC, computers, entertainment systems, and equipment without the need to idle the engine continuously. Accordingly, system 10 uses an electric motor (e.g., prime mover 50) to power a hydraulic pump (e.g., accessory 60) for the operation of hydraulic equipment (e.g., aerial buckets, hydraulically powered compressors, etc.). Alternatively, the electric motor may directly power a compressor. The electric motor can be configured to only operate when there is a demand for hydraulic flow or the need to operate other mechanically coupled equipment to conserve energy within first rechargeable energy source 70. The electric motor can be activated by a controller that receives a signal sent through fiber optics or a signal sent through other means.

[0084] Batteries (e.g., rechargeable energy source 70) provide energy for the electric motor. After the batteries are depleted, an external power grid is used to recharge the batteries.

[0085] If the rechargeable energy reserve is large enough, the electric motor (mover 50) may operate continuously, eliminating the need for a controller to turn motor on and off based upon demand. Such a system may be coupled to a variable volume displacement pump to reduce flow when demand for hydraulic flow is low, resulting in lower

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PCT/US2013/036431 consumption of power from the rechargeable energy source. This same method of continuous operation can also be used for hybrid system configurations.

[0086] Depending upon the battery system, the batteries may be thermally corrected during charging. Thermal correction may be needed if the temperature of the battery exceeds a certain threshold. A cooling system, either external to the vehicle or internal to vehicle may be used, such that coolant is circulated to reduce heat or the battery case can be ventilated with cooler air to dissipate heat, possibly with a powered ventilation system. A second pump may also be connected to a PTO. First prime mover 20 may be started and used to recharge by engaging component 40 to transmission and operating second prime mover 50 as a generator to recharge first rechargeable energy source batteries. If there is insufficient energy to operate the electric motor driven hydraulic pump, the vehicle engine is started, PTO engaged and the second pump is used to power the equipment. Further, the second pump can be used when the hydraulic power requirements exceed the power output of the electric motor coupled to the hydraulic pump. Alternatively, prime mover 50 could directly power the first accessory (hydraulic pump) and the second prime mover could be made not to operate as a generator. Not operating second prime mover as a generator may reduce system complexity and reduce cost.

[0087] In another embodiment, first rechargeable energy source 70 provides power to electrical systems ofthe vehicle such as hotel loads (e.g., HVAC, lighting, radio, various electronics, etc.). In yet another embodiment, first rechargeable energy source 70 charges a main crank battery of the vehicle. The main crank battery can be isolated from system 10. First rechargeable energy source 70 may also be used in other configurations that use 100% electric propulsion for certain periods to power additional vehicle systems such as power steering, brakes and other systems normally powered by first prime mover 20.

[0088] In yet another embodiment, second prime mover 50 provides power to external devices directly or through an additional rechargeable energy source and an associated inverter. Utilizing second prime mover 50 to power external devices is intended to lessen the need for an additional first prime mover 20 powered generator.

[0089] In yet another embodiment, a sophisticated control system (e.g., a pump control system utilizing fiber optics, etc.) can be used to control the operation of accessory 60. In

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PCT/US2013/036431 yet another embodiment, accessory 60 is a variable volume displacement pump. Accessory 60 can operate continuously, only providing flow if there is a demand. When no demand is present, accessory 60 provides little or no additional friction or resistance within the system. [0090] In one alternative embodiment, system 10 can be configured to only store energy (from regenerative braking and/or from engine) in source 70 and not provide launch assist. Such a system would simplify interaction with the power train and still save fuel by using stored energy to charge the lower voltage vehicle bus (i.e. 12 V, 24V or 48V) without having to rely significantly on the FEAD integrated generator (alternator). The FEAD generator (which is typically mounted on the front of the engine or mover 20 and coupled to the crankshaft via belts) consumes prime mover power. In this alternative embodiment, energy form source 70 can also be used at thejobsite.

[0091] Referring to FIG. 1, first rechargeable energy source 70 and/or APU 80 may provide power for system 10 when the vehicle is stationary and first prime mover 20 is turned off (e.g., in an idle reduction system). For example, energy source 70 may power accessory 60. In one embodiment, second rechargeable energy source 90 is utilized. Accessory 60 stores energy in second rechargeable energy source 90, as shown. Second prime mover 50 is engaged to operate accessory 60 (e.g., a hydraulic pump) when the stored energy in second rechargeable energy source 90 (e.g., a hydraulic accumulator) is reduced to a predetermined level. The utilization of second rechargeable energy source 90 is intended to reduce operation time of accessory 60. Accessory 60 only needs to operate to maintain energy in second rechargeable energy source 90. On-board or external equipment 100 (e.g., any hydraulic equipment) is powered by second rechargeable energy source 90. In one embodiment, a clutch mechanism is used to disengage accessory 60 from second prime mover 50 during vehicle travel when second rechargeable energy source 90 has been fully charged. This is intended to reduce friction on system 10 when second prime mover 50 is needed, but accessory 60 is not. Second rechargeable energy source 90 can provide hydraulic power to equipment 100 at a constant system pressure through a pressure reducing valve.

[0092] Alternatively, second rechargeable energy source 90 and two hydraulic motor/pump units are coupled together to provide constant system pressure and flow. The

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PCT/US2013/036431 first unit (e.g., a hydraulic motor) receives high pressure flow from second rechargeable energy source 90. The first unit is coupled to a second unit (e.g., a pump) which supplies hydraulic power to equipment 100 at a lower pressure. Both hydraulic second rechargeable hydraulic circuit and low pressure hydraulic equipment circuit have a high pressure and a low pressure (reservoir or tank) sections. A control system may be utilized to maintain constant flow in the low pressure hydraulic equipment circuit as the high pressure flow from the second rechargeable source (accumulator) reduces or varies. The advantage of this configuration is that the energy from the high pressure accumulator is more efficiently transferred to the equipment. This configuration also allows independent hydraulic circuits to be used for the propulsion system and for equipment 100. The independent hydraulic circuits allow for fluids with different characteristics to be used in each circuit. Further, a hydraulic circuit that may be susceptible to contamination (e.g., the equipment circuit) can be kept separate from the other hydraulic circuit (e.g., the propulsion circuit).

[0093] In another embodiment, second rechargeable energy source 90 is utilized, and accessory 60 is a hydraulic pump. Second rechargeable energy source 90 can include a low pressure fluid reservoir and a hydraulic accumulator. The utilization of second rechargeable energy source 90 obviates the need for a sophisticated pump control system and the associated fiber optics; instead a simpler hydraulic system can be used (e.g., an insulated aerial device with a closed center hydraulic system and a conventional control system, etc.). If the speed of accessory 60 slows due to depletion of on-board power sources, accessory 60 can operate longer to maintain energy in second rechargeable energy source 90. This is intended to minimize any negative effects on the operation of equipment 100. According to one exemplary embodiment, second prime mover 50 is an AC motor and turns at generally a constant rate regardless ofthe output volume of accessory 60 (e.g., to create two or more different levels of flow from accessory 60).

[0094] However, in some scenarios, second prime mover 50 may provide power to accessory 60 and the speed of second prime mover 50 may be varied by a controller. For example, the speed of second prime mover 50 may be varied to reduce the flow of fluid from accessory 60 (e.g., for two speed operation of an aerial device where lower hydraulic flow may be desirable for fine movement of the boom).

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PCT/US2013/036431 [0095] In one embodiment, system 10 can provide the advantage of allowing a vehicle to operate at a work site with fewer emissions and engine noise by using an operating mode. In an operating mode, first prime mover 20 (e.g., an internal combustion engine, such as a diesel fueled engine, etc.) is turned off and interface 4 1 is disengaged via clutch 42 from transmission 30, power from first renewable energy source 70 and second renewable energy source 90 are used to operate on-board or external equipment 100 and electrical systems of the vehicle such as hotel loads (e.g., HVAC, lighting, radio, various electronics, etc.). According to another exemplary embodiment, second renewable energy source 90 may be optional and first renewable energy source 70 may directly power to equipment 100. According to one exemplary embodiment, first renewable energy source 70 has a capacity of approximately 35 kWh and is configured to provide enough power to operate the vehicle for a full day or normal operation (e.g., 8 hours).

[0096] Referring to FIG. 1 when APU 80 is out of fuel, APU 80 is not used, or APU 80 is not present, first rechargeable energy source 70 can be recharged by other components of system 10 (in addition to other methods). First prime mover 20 and second prime mover 50 are preferably operated and synchronized to the same speed (e.g., input and output mechanical communication through component 40 is a one-to-one ratio). First prime mover 20 provides power to second prime mover 50 through interface 4 1. Adjustments to second prime mover 50 speed is made if the ratio between first prime mover 20 and second prime mover 50 is not one to one to minimize wear of clutches associated with interface 4 1 or to speed of first prime mover 50. Operation of second prime mover 50 recharges first rechargeable energy source 70 to a predetermined level of stored energy. This method of recharging first rechargeable energy source 70 is intended to allow continuous system operation in the field without the use of external grid power. This method is further intended to allow continuous operation of equipment 100 during recharging of first rechargeable energy source 70.

[0097] While charging first rechargeable energy source 70, second prime mover 50 can simultaneously operate accessory 60. Accessory 60 provides power to on-board or external equipment 100. After first rechargeable energy source 70 has been recharged, component 40 is disengaged from transmission 30. Operation of accessory 60 can continue without the

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PCT/US2013/036431 use of first prime mover 20. Alternatively, with interface 4 1 engaged, operation of accessory 60 can continue powered in part or in full by prime mover 20. This may be useful for example, if there is a failure in one of the other components that power accessory 60. This may also be useful if the power demand from accessory 60 exceeds the power available from second prime mover 50. According to one exemplary embodiment, first prime mover 20 provides supplementary power to or all of the power to equipment 100 (e.g. a digger derrick that may require higher hydraulic flow during digging operations). Using first prime mover 20 to provide supplementary power to equipment 100 during intermittent periods of high power requirement allows system 10 to include a smaller second prime mover 50 that is able to provide enough power for the majority of the equipment operation. The control system may receive a signal from the equipment indicating additional power is required beyond that provided by second prime mover 50. Such a signal may be triggered by the operator, by activation of a function (e.g., an auger release, etc.), by demand in the circuit or component above a predetermined threshold, or by other means.

[0098] Referring to FIG. 1, second rechargeable energy source 90 is utilized. Accessory 60 provides power to second rechargeable energy source 90. In one embodiment, on-board or external equipment 100 (e.g., hydraulic cylinders, valves, booms, etc.) is coupled to second rechargeable energy source 90, and can be powered by second rechargeable energy source 90. External equipment 100 may also be operated directly by accessory 60 without the use of a second rechargeable energy source 90. This method of recharging first rechargeable energy source 70 and second rechargeable energy source 90 is intended to allow continuous system operation in the field without the use of external grid power. This method is further intended to allow continuous operation of equipment 100 during recharging of first rechargeable energy source 70 and second rechargeable energy source 90.

[0099] Referring to FIG. 3, in one embodiment, clutch 22 or other mechanism is used to disengage first prime mover 20 from transmission 30 during vehicle braking. This is intended to maximize the regenerative energy available from vehicle braking. The forward momentum of the vehicle provides power from wheels 33 to transmission 30. Transmission 30 may be reduced to a lower gear to increase the RPMS and increase the amount of energy

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PCT/US2013/036431 transferred to second prime mover 50. Second prime mover 50 can operate to charge first rechargeable energy source 70 and help slow the vehicle according to principles of regenerative braking. Regenerative braking could replace a Jake brake or compression release brake, which does not recapture energy when braking in one embodiment.

[0100] Disengaging first prime mover 20 from transmission 30 further reduces the amount of energy transferred back to first prime mover 20 during braking and reduces the need for engine braking. The control system for the hybrid components may also monitor chassis anti-lock brake system (ABS) activity. If the chassis anti-lock brake system has sensed possible wheel lock-up and has become active, possibly due to low traction or slippery road conditions, then hybrid regenerative braking is suspended by the hybrid control system. The regenerative braking system may be disabled as soon as ABS is active and may remain off for only as long as the ABS is active, or alternatively regenerative braking may remain off for a period of time after ABS is no longer active or regenerative braking may remain off for the remainder of the ignition cycle to eliminate the chance that regenerative braking could adversely affect vehicle handling in low friction, slippery road conditions during the current ignition cycle. At the next ignition cycle, regenerative braking may be reactivated.

[0101] Referring to FIG. 1, second rechargeable energy source 90 is utilized. As mentioned above, during vehicle braking, first rechargeable energy source 70 is charged through operation of second prime mover 50. Accessory 60 can operate to further slow the vehicle, and store energy in second rechargeable energy source 90, if second rechargeable energy source 90 is not fully charged. In this manner, regenerative braking can be used to simultaneously charge multiple energy storage devices of system 10. This is intended to allow recharging of both energy storage devices through braking during vehicle travel, among other advantages. A clutch (e.g., clutch 22) can be optionally included between first prime mover 20 and transmission 30 to further improve regenerative braking.

[0102] In one embodiment, during operation of equipment 100, component 40 is not coupled to second prime mover 50 and accessory 60 can optionally directly power equipment 100. An optional APU 80 can charge first rechargeable energy source 70 and/or second rechargeable energy source 90 as required.

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PCT/US2013/036431 [0103] According to another exemplary embodiment, system 10 may be an idle reduction system. An idle reduction system may have a configuration similar to any previously described embodiment of system 10 but is not configured to provide power back to first prime mover 20 and drive shaft 32 (e.g., the drive train). Instead, interface 4 1 only provides power in one direction (e.g., interface 4 1 does not back-drive into transmission 30). Such a system 10 does not require additional software, calibration and control electronics that is required for the integration of a hybrid drive system. Such a system 10 may also not require sophisticated thermal management systems and higher capacity motors and drive electronics. Such a system 10 may include an optional secondary rechargeable power source 90 such as an accumulator and/or an optional APU 80 or may even include a connection to a power grid. If system 10 does not include a second rechargeable power source 90 such as an accumulator, system 10 may include air, wireless or fiber optic controls. If system 10 includes a second rechargeable power source 90, no additional control system is required (e.g., the accumulator forms a closed centered hydraulic system with hydraulic controls).

[0104] As an example, in one idle reduction configuration with reference to FIG. 4, a PTO with an integrated clutch component 4 1 is connected to a transmission 30 and is coupled to a hydraulic motor (e.g., accessory 60). When the batteries reach a low state of charge, or the electric motor speed slows below an acceptable level due to low battery energy, the prime mover (usually a diesel or gas engine) is started. The engine rpm is adjusted so that the PTO shaft will provide the needed rotational speed for the hydraulic pump. PTO is then engaged and drives the hydraulic pump.

[0105] The batteries can be charged through the electric motor, or through a vehicle alternator, or alternatively the batteries may remain depleted at the job-site and recharged once the vehicle returns to a location in which power from the grid can be used to recharge the batteries. If batteries remain depleted, the engine is started, PTO is engaged and hydraulic pump or other auxiliary equipment often used on a work truck at a job-site is mechanically powered by the first prime mover (ICE) or mover 20 through interface 4 1. [0106] The location to charge the vehicle may be a garage with a charging station or an ordinary plug. Using only grid power to recharge the batteries can simplify the idle

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PCT/US2013/036431 reduction system. A separate vehicle monitoring system may record if the batteries are recharged at a garage overnight, or if the batteries need to be serviced or replaced. Such a system may send a signal via a link (such as cellular, satellite, or wireless local area network, or a wired connection) to a fleet management system so that fleet personnel can take action to maintain system or train vehicle operators.

[0107] The battery system may be designed to be modular and easy for replacement battery modules to be installed. A modular, replaceable battery system can allow a vehicle to use a lower cost battery initially that has a shorter useful life and then replace it when the existing battery no longer can store sufficient energy, with the same type of battery, or a more advanced battery. A replaceable battery system may be beneficial since lower cost batteries can be used until more advanced batteries capable of more energy storage, lower mass and greater service life are available at lower costs. The battery system may have electronics integrated in a module and may include thermal management. The electronics may produce uniform input and output electrical characteristics, allowing for different battery technologies to be used, without affecting idle reduction performance. The battery may also be designed for quick replacement. Such a design could make it possible to use batteries that are charged at a base station. Batteries at a base station may provide power for a facility or to the grid when not needed for a vehicle. There may be additional electronics integrated with the battery module including monitoring circuitry to record power available, power used, how much of the battery life has been reduced (possibly based upon overall percent discharge, rate of discharge and recharge, average operating temperature, frequency of balancing various cells or frequency of achieving full state of charge). Such a system may allow for rental of a battery system or payment based upon battery usage and estimated reduction in battery useful life. This type of modular battery system can also be used on other embodiments of hybrid systems described in this disclosure.

[0108] As has been discussed, system 10 may perform many different functions. The function of the various exemplary embodiments of system 10 may change based on the behavior of the vehicle that includes system 10. For example, when the vehicle is braking, regenerative braking may be used to recharge first rechargeable energy source 70 and/or second rechargeable energy source 90. During acceleration, first rechargeable energy

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PCT/US2013/036431 source 70 and/or second rechargeable energy source 90 may be used to provide power to the drive train. When the vehicle is parked, on-board equipment 100 such as a hydraulic lift may be activated. Such a hydraulic lift would draw power from second rechargeable energy source 90 (e.g., a hydraulic accumulator) or be driven directly by an accessory 60 such as a hydraulic pump. Once the lift is raised and stops, hydraulic fluid no longer flows. In this position, second rechargeable energy source 90 does not have to be charged and accessory 60 does not have to run to keep the hydraulic lift raised. Therefore, when the lift is not moving, second prime mover 50 may be turned off to reduce unnecessary consumption of energy from first rechargeable energy source and first prime mover 20 may be turned off to reduce unnecessary idling. Prime mover 20 may remain off when the vehicle is parked if there is sufficient energy in rechargeable energy sources for equipment, or hotel loads, or power that is exported from the vehicle to power tools or lights or other loads. System 10 may include sensors and a control system to automatically turn on and off first prime mover 20, second prime mover 50, accessory 60, or other components of system 10 when they are not needed thereby conserving fuel and reducing emissions.

[0109] According to various exemplary embodiments, the elements of system 10 may be coupled together with fluid couplings.

[0110] With reference to FIG. 5, vehicle 10 is preferably a construction vehicle such as a construction vehicle including tracks or wheels 33. A separate hydraulic motor 35 can be provided for each wheel 33 or track. Hydraulic motors 35 are powered via accessory 60 embodied as a pump. Optional clutch 52 (FIG. 3) between mover 50 and accessory 60 allows disconnect of electric motor. Clutch 52 (FIG. 3) between prime mover 50 and accessory 60 allows all electric operation. In addition, motors 35 can receive power via second rechargeable energy source 90. Prime mover 20 can power accessory 60 and motors 35 via second prime mover 50. Alternatively, prime mover 50 can operate in an all electric or hydraulic mode thereby reducing idle times. Idle reduction in construction equipment is particularly advantageous because the vehicle often has to refueled in the field. Accordingly, fuel saving is particularly advantageous. The vehicle associated with system 10 in FIG. 5 can utilize the idle reduction capabilities discussed above with reference to FIGS. 1-4. In addition, motor 50 can be configured to drive electric loads associated with

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PCT/US2013/036431 the vehicle embodied as construction equipment. Mover 20 can optionally be coupled to drive accessory 60. A PTO based interface as disclosed in the U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/130,888 can be utilized as opposed to interface 41.

[0111] With reference to FIG. 6, system 10 can be utilized with the vehicle and control systems described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/029835. Using the data derived from routes traveled by the vehicle, the structure of vehicle or system 10 can be adjusted for particular routes. For example, motors can be added or removed and batteries can be added or removed to optimize efficiency. For example, the modular battery system associated with first rechargeable energy source 70 can be adjusted based upon historical data on usage to achieve best storage capacity for particular routes, applications, or particular types of jobs. For example, battery modules can be added or subtracted or coupled in series or parallel in response to data. In another embodiment, prime movers (hydraulic or electric) can be added or removed based upon this data. In another embodiment, hybrid system 10 itself can be configured as a series or parallel hybrid system based upon the data. System 10 in FIG 6 can be a PTO based system as described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/710,247 or PCT Application No. PCT/2012/029835. Monitoring of existing vehicles in the fleet can be used to help determine the optimum energy storage size, especially if the system used one or more modular batteries. The monitoring of existing vehicles allows for the use of model to predict improvements in efficiencies for various hybrid configurations and energy storage sizes. The monitored vehicles would be used as a baseline, and the vehicles with the hybrid systems would be estimated to follow a similar duty cycle once used in the fleet.

[0112] It is also important to note that the arrangement of the hybrid drive system components, as shown, are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, those skilled in the art who review this disclosure will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter recited herein. For example, although gear types, and optional clutches are discussed, the system can use

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PCT/US2013/036431 various components without departing from the scope of the invention unless specifically recited in the claims. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure as described herein. The order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and/or omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the preferred and other exemplary embodiments without departing from the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure as expressed herein.

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PCT/US2013/036431