Antenna system

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to phased array antenna systems and in particular to a technique for reducing the number of phase shifters or other active components 5 in a phased array which must radiate within only a limited region of space.

Conventional phased array antenna systems are well known and usually have a phase control unit assodated with each of the radiating elements. Phase control 10 units require electronic components and are very often « the most expensive part of a phased array system. When a conventional phased array having a phase control device associated with each element of the array is required to scan only a limited portion of real space, that is less or 0° scan angle than plus or minus 90° from broadside/, such an array has more scan capability than required, and the large number of phase control units‘results in a high system cost.

A phased array system should ideally have approximately one active control unit, for example, a phase shifter or switch, for each beam width it is required to scan. There are prior art systems for scanning an antenna beam over a limited region of space using approximately one control unit for each beam width. These systems usually utilize switching techniques to select the desired beam. For example, the well-known Butler Matrix may be used in conjunction with a switching circuit and an array of elements, so that by switching the source of wave energy signals to the various inputs of the Butler Matrix, the antenna beam is switched to various beam positions.

A similar result may be achieved by optically illuminating .1״. ־ : < י י _ז______________׳,..___________L__־־ ,.׳.’־׳: י י

7> י י a focusing device from a variety of feed locations. One ! such technique is described in U.S. Patent 3,881,178, “j Peter W. Hannan, entitled ״Antenna System for Radiating

Multiple Planar Beams, which is assigned to the same ;

I 5 assignee as the present invention.

In U.S. Patent 3,803,625, entitled ״Network Approach for Reducing the Number of Phase Shifters in a Limited Scan Phased Array, Nemit^describes a technique for reducing the number of phase shifters required in a limited scan array. Remit’s technique involves the use of overlapping sub-arrays of antenna, elements each of which is associated with a phase shifter. Each sub-array has a pattern which suppresses the amplitudes of grating • lobes in real space, thereby enabling a larger spacing between sub-arrays than would be allowable in a conventional array wherein each sub-array is a single element.״^ In his patent, Nemit describes a condition which may achieve an ideal sub-array pattern and discloses the criteria for arriving at the minimum necessary number of phase control units. Nemit does not, however, describe a practical technique for achieving the ideal sub-array pattern.

The technique described by Nemit involves the direct physical interconnecting of each sub-array input port with all of the antenna elements to be excited by wave energy signals supplied to that input port. This approach cannot be practically implemented to achieve a near ideal sub-array radiation pattern, because it requires an excessive number of individual interconnect30 ing transmission lines, particularly in an actual array which has a large number of radiating elements.

SUBJECT MATTER OF THE INVENTION

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved array antenna system׳ having a reduced number of active control units.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system for radiating within only a limited selected region of space with the minimum number of active control units.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a practical network for implementing such an array system without individual interconnecting transmission lines between each.array input port and all of the elements to be excited in response to signals supplied to that input.

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an antenna system for radiating wave energy signals into a selected region of space and in a desired radiation pattern. The system includes an aperture comprising a plurality of element groups, each group comprising one or more radiating elements. There is further provided a plurality of first coupling means, each for coupling supplied wave energy signals to the elements in a corresponding one of the element groups. Finally, there is included second coupling means for interconnecting the plurality of first coupling means to cause wave energy signals supplied to any of the first coupling means to be additionally coupled to selected elements in the remaining element groups of the aperture with predetermined amplitudes and phases, thereby causing the aperture to radiate wave energy signals primarily in the selected region of space. When wave energy signals are supplied to the first coupling means with a predetermined amplitude and phase, the aperture is caused to radiate wave energy signals in the desired radiation pattern.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional. phased array antenna in accordance with the prior art.

Figure 2 illustrates the element pattern and array pattern of the Figure 1 antenna system.

Figure 3 illustrates the sub-array pattern and array pattern of a prior art array constructed in accordance with the teachings of Nemit.

Figure 4 illustrates an ideal sub-array pattern and array pattern.

Figure 5 is an illustration of the amplitude and polarity of an antenna aperture excitation which will achieve the ideal sub-array pattern illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 6 is a schematic representation of a phased array antenna system built in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 7 is a schematic representation of apparatus for supplying wave energy signals to the Figure 6 antenna unit to achieve a doppler radiation pattern.

Figure 8 illustrates a typical sub-array pattern and array pattern which can be achieved using the antenna configuration illustrated in Figure 6.

Figure 9 illustrates the aperture excitation achieved from the antenna configuration of Figure 6.

Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of another antenna configuration in accordance with the present invention, which achieves a more nearly ideal sub-array pattern.

Figure 11 illustrates the aperture excitation achieved using the antenna configuration of Figure 10.

Figure 12 illustrates the conventions used in the antenna schematic diagrams of Figures 6, 7, 13 and 14.

Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of a planar array,of element columns in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 14 is a partial schematic diagram of a planar array in accordance with the present invention for scanning a beam in two dimensions.

Figure 15 illustrates a sub-array pattern in accordance with the present invention which is assymetrical with respect to the broadside axis.

Figure 16 illustrates a technique for achieving the sub-array pattern of Figure 15 utilizing an array in accordance with the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART

Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a simplified phased array antenna 10 in accordance with prior art. The antenna 10 includes five radiating elements 12a through 12e which are arranged along array axis 16 and are spaced from each other by a center-to-center distance S. The entire aperture occupies a linear aperture dimension A. Each of the array elements 12 is coupled to power divider 14 via a corresponding one of the phase shifters 13a-13e. Wave energy signals from signal generator 15 and power divider 14 are supplied to antenna elements 12 by phase shifters 13 such that a proper selection of the relative phase values for phase shifters 13 causes antenna elements 12 to radiate a desired radiation pattern into a selected angular region of space. Variation of the phase values of phase shifters 13 will cause the radiated antenna pattern to change direction with respect to angle Θ in space.

The properties of phased array 10 and techniques for selecting design parameters, such as aperture length A and element spacing S are well known in the antenna art. A review of these parameters is deemed appropriate, however, since it will facilitate an understanding of the present invention with respect to the prior art.

Figure 2 illustrates the radiation characteristics of the Figure! array antenna. The patterns in Figure 2 are plotted as amplitude (vertically) versus the sine (horizontally) of the radiation angle 9, indicated in Figure 1. In Figure 2 the amplitude pattern 18 corresponds to the radiated pattern associated with each of the radiating elements 12. Pattern 20 is the array pattern achieved by supplying all of the elements 12 with wave energy signals of equal amplitude and equal phase, assuming that the elements radiate wave energy with equal amplitude in all directions. The actual radiated pattern of the antenna system 10 is determined by multiplying the element pattern 18 by the array pattern 20. In addition to the array pattern 20 at 0° scan angle, there also exists additional element array patterns or lobes in sine Θ space which are separated from the main lobe by a distance of λ /S, where λ״ is the wavelength of the radiated signals and S is the spacing between the centers of array element *’ 12. Two such additional lobes which are known as grating

-.:---lobes, are illustrated as 22 -and 24-in-Figure 2. It will be recognized that grating lobes 22 and 24 are located at values of sine 9 less than minus one and greater than plus one. These lobes are therefore in imaginary space and result in no actual radiation pattern from phased array 10.

When the phase of wave energy signals supplied to elements 12 of array 10 is changed to have a linear phase slope, by changing the values of phase shift introduced by phase shifters 13, the array pattern will be moved to a different radiation angle. Illustrated in

Figure 2 is the main lobe 26 which will result when phase control units 13 are adjusted to scan the main pattern of array 10 to one edge of a selected sector of space.

The selected angular region of space is illustrated in Figure 2 as a scan range which varies from angle -9_]_ to angle +9₂. Those skilled in the art will . recognize that main beam 26 will have an amplitude which is somewhat reduced from the amplitude of broadside main beam 20 bn account of the slope of the element pattern 18. As may also be seen from Figure 2, scanning of the main beam 20 to the direction indicated by main beam 26 will also cause grating lobes 22 and 24 to move by a corresponding amount. This is shown in Figure 2 where grating --------------lobe-28 which is on the edge of real space-and illustrates the position of grating lobe 22 when main lobe 20 is scanned to the location illustrated by main lobe 26.

In accordance with the prior art, the spacing

S between elements 12 in Figure 1 is chosen so that, when the main antenna beam is scanned to the extreme . ---angles within a-selected angular region of space, the undesired grating lobes will still radiate in a direction which is in imaginary space and will therefore result in no spurious radiation from the array. In general, the spacing S between adjacent elements must be less than X / (1 + sine 9_max) where 0_max is the maximum angular 10 deviation of the main beam from broadside or 0° scan * angle. In fact, this spacing must be less than the amount

- Indicated by a-factor which allows for the finite beam width of the grating lobe in sine Θ space. The result of this selection of the element spacing S is illustrated in Figure 2. The spacing between grating lobes in sine Θ space is equal to X/S. Selection of S as indicated resuits in the first grating lobe being located sufficiently into imaginary space, when the array is scanned to broadside, that the grating lobe does not enter real space when 20 the array is scanned to

Since the overall length A of the array aperture is determined by the desired beam width of the radiated pattern, the number of antenna elements and consequently the number of phase control units 13 in the array antenna 25 of Figure 1 is determined by the maximum allowable spacing

S between adjacent elements. It is well recognized that ־ it is desirable to maximize the element spacing S to .........achieves-minimum number of radiating elements 12 and phase control units 13 in order to minimize the cost of the array antenna. When the .angle. of space over which ־ 9I : ,:, ’ 'f ....l.״./.:.'.;.-.'״.'. .: ... ' i.־ ־ ' • i ' . .

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I it is desired that the array antenna be capable of radiating the desired pattern is small, for example, in the *'־ -order of ten antenna beam widths, it is theoretically possible to reduce the number of phase control units 13 required in the array 10.

One approach to reducing the number of phase control units for a limited scan array has been described by Nemit in U.S. Patent 3,803,625. Nemlt’s approach is to associate each phase control unit with a sub-array conי 10״ —sis ting of three adjacent antenna elements. Each of Nemit's sub-arrays includes a central element which is

.. ..supplied with wave energy signals exclusively by the phase control unit associated with the particular subarray, and two or more additional array elements which are supplied with wave energy signals both by the phase control unit associated with that sub-array and the phase control units associated with the adjacent sub-arrays. Using this method, Nemit achieves overlapping sub-array modules, each having at least three radiating elements.

The result of this configuration is that wave energy . signals supplied to each sub-array, are radiated in approximately the sub-array pattern 30 illustrated in Figure 3. As compared to the element pattern 18 illustrated in Figure 2 for a conventional array, Nemit achieves an increased fall off of the element pattern in the region of real space outside the selected region within which the array is to radiate. By using the sub-array pattern which results from the simultaneous excitation of multiple radiating elements, as a basic element pattern of the array, Nemit achieves an increased spacing between phase control

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units in his array. For example, Figure 5 of the Nemit patent illustrates a linear phased array having approx.- 1 mat.Aly the same element spacing as would be associated with the prior art array of Figure 1, but having a phase 5 _י control unit associated with only every other radiating -element, rather than every radiating element. This technique therefore results in a one-half reduction in the number of phase control units required for a limited scan array antenna. .

______10 - ___________The effect of the arrangement of elements and the interconnecting of sub-arrays described by Nemit is illustrated in Figure 3, which shows the sub-array pattern 30 which results from supplying wave energy signals to Nemit*s three element sub-arrays. Because Nemit applies ... !5 ----------phase control only to every other element in the array the grating lobes associated with the phase control in his array are closer to the main lobe 20' of the array and, as illustrated in Figure 3, grating lobes 22’ and 24’ are in real space. Because of the shape of the sub-array pattern 30, the effect of the presence of grating lobes 22’ and 24’ is reduced due to the rapid fall off of the sub-array pattern 30 in the region outside the selected scan range. Grating lobes 22’ and 24’ radiate only as minor side lobes 32 and 34 and have little effect on the 25 desired characteristics of the array. As the main beam 20’ is scanned to a position 26’ within the selected sector of space, grating lobe 22’ will move to position 28’, which is still within a region where the sub-array pattern 30 is at a low amplitude, resulting in minor side lobe 36. In accordance with the teaching of Nemit, the i ־⁷־־־ spacing S’ between sub-arrays and, consequently, the phase-control spacing is chosen so that the grating lobe ' does not enter the sub-array pattern when the array is ”1 ' . scanned to the edge of the scan range.

In his specification, particularly with regard to his Figure 4, Nemit describes an ideal sub-array pattern which would result in the maximum allowable spacing between phase control units in an array aperture. This ideal sub-array pattern 38, illustrated in Figure 4, has uniform amplitude within the scan range and has zero amplitude in all other regions of space. If this sub-array pattern could be achieved, it. would be pos.sible to have sub-array spacing which is equal to _______A________ , This spacing results in a number Isine sine 9g ן י ; of phase control units approximately equal to the number of antenna beam widths within the selected region of space. Figure 5 illustrates the aperture sub-array excitation 40 required to achieve the ideal sub-array pattern 38 illustrated in Figure 4. This ideal Illumination is in the form of the function sin Kx where x is the center-toKx center distance along the aperture between effective subarrays and K ^B 7/־ J sin sin ®2j . To ^achieve the ideal pattern, the aperture would have to be infinite in length. As a practical matter, the ideal pattern is approached by having each sub-array illumination 40 _coex^._ens^_{ve w}ith the entire array aperture. Also illustrated in Figure 5 is the sub-array illumination 42 associated with the sub-array adjacent to that which ל ------—results in sub-array illumination-40. . These illuminations . i . '

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are spaced by the effective sub-array spacing S. The ideal array would have a phase control unit associated with each of these overlapping sub-array aperture illuminations.

In the ideal sub-array illumination depicted in

Figure the effective element spacing S between sub-array illuminations is equal to the first null distance on the sub-array illumination, | sin - sin θ₂| . The effective element spacing determines the spacing in sine Θ spaceJ Λ/S, between grating lobes in the array pattern.

The first null distance of the sub-array illumination determines the angular width of the resulting ideal subarray pattern 38. In general, to avoid the presence of undesired grating lobe radiation, the first null spacing 15 of the sub-array illumination must be greater than the effective element spacing S, so that when the main beam is steered to either edge of the ideal sub-array pattern, the first grating lobe will not be within the sub-array pattern.

THE PRESENT INVENTION:

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION OF THE EMBODIMENT OF FIGURE 6 Figure 6 illustrates an antenna system 43 for radiating wave energy signals into a selected angular region of space, such as the scan range illustrated in Figure 2, built in accordance with the present invention.

Antenna system 43 includes a plurality of element groups, each group comprising four radiating elements 12a through 12d. Also included are a plurality of first coupling means, each associated with one of the element groups, and each comprising a hybrid power divider 48 and transmission 30 lines 50 and 52 for coupling wave energy signals supplied to input terminal 46 to the elements in the corresponding element group. There is further provided second coupling means comprising transmission lines 54 and 56 and couplers 5θ ®nd 60 interconnecting the plurality of first coupling means to cause wave energy supplied to any of the first coupling means to be additionally supplied to selected elements in the remaining element groups of the array.

Antenna system 43 is arranged in six modules 44a through 44f, each including an element group comprising four radiating elements 12a, 12b, 12c and 12d and the first coupling means. Module 44 includes a power divider 48, which is commonly called a hybrid power divider and is further illustrated in Figure 12. Hybrid 48, as shown in Figure 12, has four signal ports designated A, B, C and D. Port A is known as the sum port and signals supplied to port A are equally divided and appear as outputs in ports B and C with equal phase. Port D, which is labeled Δ , is known as the difference port, and is isolated from port A. Signals supplied to ports B and C which have unequal amplitude or phase are supplied to port D in proportion to their vector difference and to port A in proportion to their vector sum.

The B and C outputs of power divider 48 in module 44 are connected by transmission lines 5θ ®nd 52 to elements 12a, 12b, 12c and 12d. The four elements, 12a through 12d, form an element group. The element group consists of two element modules, one module comprising elements 12a and 12b, and the second module comprising elements 12c and 12d. It may be seen from the configuration u

of module 44a that elements 12a and 12b are always supplied with equal wave energy signals and, likewise, elements 12c and 12d are always supplied with equal wave energy signals.

Antenna system 43 additionally includes transmission lines 54 and 56 which are selectively coupled by directional couplers 53 and 60 to transmission lines 50 and 52 in each of the modules 44. Each end of transmission lines 54 and 56 is terminated in its characteristic impedance by one of the resistors 62. Within each module transmission line 54 contains an attenuator 64 and transmission line 56 contains an attenuator 66.

The characteristics of directional couplers 58 and 60 may be specified using the diagram in Figure 12. Figure 12 illustrates directional coupler 58 having four transmission line ports E, F, G and H. Wave energy signals supplied to port E are directly coupled to port F and additionally coupled to port G by the coupling coefficient of the directional coupler. Signals supplied to port E are not supplied to port H. The signals coupled to port G are advanced in phase by 9θ° with respect to the output signal at port F. The characteristics of such directional couplers are well known in the art and it will be recognized that similar transmission properties occur when wave energy signals are supplied to any of the remaining ports of the directional coupler.

Also shown in connection with antenna system 43 are phase shifter 13, power divider 14 and signal generator 15 which are identical to the corresponding components in the prior art Figure 1 phased array. Also ־ 15 u shown is control unit 68 which generates phase commands for phase shifters 13, the operation of which is well known in the art.

Antenna system 43, particularly as a result of the use of transmission lines 54 and 56 in conjunction with couplers 5θ and 60 causes wave energy signals supplied to any of the input terminals 46 of modules 44 to be supplied to the elements of the element group within that particular module, and to be additionally supplied to selected elements in the remaining element groups of the array. The objective of this coupling is to achieve, in response to wave energy signals supplied to any input terminal 46, an aperture excitation which approximates the ideal aperture excitation illustrated in Figure 5> and therefore an effective element pattern which closely corresponds to the ideal element pattern illustrated in Figure 4.

By way of illustrating the operation of antenna system 43, it will be useful to trace the aperture excitation which results from'supplying wave energy signals to a typical module. Wave energy signals supplied to input 46 are divided by power divider 48 and supplied in equal amplitude and equal phase by transmission lines 50 and 52 to radiating elements 12a through 12d in the corresponding element module 44a. The signals on transmission line 50 are additionally coupled by directional coupler 58 to transmission line 56 in a direction going to the right in Figure 6. Signals on transmission line 52 are coupled to transmission line 54 by directional coupler 60 in a dir-_ ection going to the left in Figure 6. The effect of the 'ר . λ י Λ ../: ־ .Λ λ' Λ^.£.:\׳ ־ ד .1׳'• « ‘ i

J signals coupled to transmission lines 54 and 56 is most .i easily illustrated by considering the effect of these ‘ coupled signals on a central module in the array. As

I an exainple, if the signals are supplied to input ter5 ׳ minal 46c of module 44c, coupled signals on transmission | I line 54 travel to the left and are supplied by directional couplers 60 in modules 44a and 44b to radiating elements

12c and 12d in modules 44a and 44b. The signals supplied to elements 12c and 12d of module 44b are in phase with 10 the signals supplied to elements 12c and 12d of module

44c because the length of transmission line 54 between directional coupler 60 in module 44b and directional coupler 60 in module 44c has been chosen to have a phase length of 180°, This phase length is in addition to a

9θ° phase shift which results from passage of the signal through coupler 60 in module 44c and through coupler 60 in module 44b. Since the total phase shift of the signal coupled from transmission line 52 in module 44c to transmission line 52 in module 44b is 360°, the signals supplied to elements 12c and 12d in module 44b have the same phase as the signals supplied to all the elements in module 44c. The amplitude of the signals coupled to elements 12c and 12d in module 44b is reduced by the coupling coefficient of coupler 60 in module 44c, the attenuation of attenuator 64 and the coupling coefficient of coupler 60 in module 44b.

It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that signals which are coupled to elements 12a and 12b of module 44c are similarly coupled by directional coupler 53* transmission line 56, attenuator 66, and

I - 17 directional coupler 5θ of module 44d to elements 12a and 12b of module 44d ־with the same phase as the signals supplied to all the elements in module 44c.

Figure 9 illustrates aperture excitation 70 which results from the coupling circuits of antenna system 43 in response to signals supplied to input terminal 46 of module 44c. The location and scale of aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9 has been selected to correspond to the adjacent antenna elements of Figure 6. The coupling technique which has been described thus far results in the central portion of aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9. Signals supplied to input terminal 46c of module 44c are supplied by transmission lines 50 and 52 to elements 12a through 12d of module 44c with equal amplitude and phase, resulting in the high amplitude central portion of aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9. The signals which are coupled, with reduced amplitude and equal phase to elements 12c and 12d of module 44b and to elements 12a and 12b of module 44d result in the remaining portion of the central part of aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9.

It has been noted that because of the directional nature of couplers 58 and 60, signals on transmission . line 56 travel only to the right and signals on transmission line 54 travel only to the left. Elements 12a and 12b of module 44b therefore receive no wave energy signal in response to signals supplied to input terminal 46c of module 44c. The same is true of elements 12a and 12b of module 44a. Likewise, no signals are coupled to elements

12c and 12d of modules 44d, 44e and 44f. It will be noted that the portions of aperture excitation 70 corresponding to these antenna elements have zero amplitude.

Signals on transmission line 54 are coupled to elements 12c and 12d of module 44a with an amplitude reduced from the amplitude of the signals coupled to the corresponding elements of module 44b by reason of attenuator 64 and with an inverted phase by reason of an additional 180° transmission line length. This coupling is Illustrated in Figure 9 as the first left hand side lobe of aperture excitation 70. Similarly, signals are coupled to elements 12a and 12b of modules 44e and 44f. The signals coupled to module 44e are opposite in polarity to the signals supplied to the elements in module 44c, and the signals supplied to the elements in module 44f have the same polarity as the signals supplied to the elements in module 44c. These signals correspond to the first and second right hand side lobes of aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9.

As may be seen from the diagram, the amplitude and polarity of aperture excitation 70 in Figure 9 is an approximation of sin Kx function 72 also illustrated in Kx

Figure 9. The first null point of function ?2 occurs at a distance S’ from the center of module 44c. This first null point distance determines the width W of the effective element pattern 74 illustrated in Figure 8. It should be noted that the actual aperture excitation 70 only approximates function 72 over a finite distance since the phase reversals of the aperture excitation side u ן ! lobes occur at points on the aperture separated by the | ״ spacing S between corresponding elements in adjacent ן element groups, while the phase reversal points of * function 72 occur at a periodicity S’. This difference i . ' has no significant effect over the aperture of most practical antenna systems. The spacing S between corresponding elements in adjacent element groups determines the effective element spacing of the array and consequently the distance M illustrated in Figure 8 between the main lobe and the first grating lobe in sin 0 space. Since S is less than S' for the antenna system 43, the grating lobe will remain outside the effective element pattern 74 for all conditions of scanning of the main beam within the desired angular sector between and , As may also be seen by the . illustration of Figure 8, the effective sub -array pattern closely approximates the ideal sub-array pattern 38, considering the finite length of the radiating aperture and quantization of the aperture illumination 70. The 20 net result is that the effective sub-array spacing, that is, the distance between corresponding elements of modules 44 in array 43 ®²Y closely approximate the ideal spacing, Λ־ ] sin θ! - sin θ₂ J

In many cases, it may be desired that the angular region of space, within which the׳ antenna system is to scan, be assymetrical with respect to the broadside axis of the ar!:ay. In this case, the sub-array pattern may be shifted accordingly as illustrated in Figure 15 where the sub-array pattern is from θ to 9g. This sub-array pattern is achieved by the inclusion of phase | shifters, comprising transmission lines 75 illustrated in j - 20 1 « • .,u ---------------, --,.-.---י-----------------—...-הזק ־ן

Figure 16, or the like between the antenna elements 12 and the remainder of the coupling network. Those skilled in the .״ ’ art will recognize that if switchable phase shifters are used in place of transmission lines 75 the sub-array pattern may 5 be shifted to two or more discrete locations.

As an example of an array designed in accordance with the embodiment of Figure 6 for operation at 5.2 GHz. with, an aperture length of 34.2 wavelengths where the desired angular region of space is 0° to 14° scan angle Θ, the 10 spacing between corresponding elements 12a in adjacent :modules 44 might be 4.14 wavelengths. The value for the coupling coefficient of couplers 58 and 60 would be .69 and the attenuation coefficient for attenuators 64 and 66 would be .69. These values are suitable where the 15 signal inputs for the modules 44 are designed to have an. amplitude distribution of 0.5 + 0.5 cosine² (7? x/A), where A is the total aperture length and x is the distance of the center of the module from the center of the array.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT OF FIGURE 10 20 Illustrated in Figure 10 is an’embodiment of the invention wherein the resulting aperture excitation more closely approximates the ideal excitation 40. As noted above, the embodiment of Figure 6 results in an . excitation 70 which has a sidelobe periodicity S which is 25 not precisely equal to the first null spacing S'. This minor defect is avoided in the embodiment of Figure 10 at the expense of increased system complexity and cost.

In the embodiment of Figure 10, each of the modules 44 includes a hybrid power divider 48 and trans30 mission lines 50 and 52 for coupling wave energy signals supplied to input 46 to elements 12a and 12b. .The elements. .

'f

12a and 12b are equivalent to the element modules in the embodiment of Figure 6, Each of the elements 12 are of larger size and hence electrically equivalent to a pair of the elements utilized in the Figure 6 antenna system. Transmission line 50 is not directly connected to element 12a but is connected to the B port of hybrid

78., Likewise transmission line 52 is connected to the C port of hybrid 80. The C port of hybrid 7θ is connected by transmission line 82 and coupler 88 to inter- conneeting transmission line 56. Likewise the B port of hybrid 80 is connected by transmission line 84 and coupler 90 to interconnecting transmission line 54. Transmission lines 82 and 84 include fixed phase-shifting line lengths 86 and are terminated in resistors 62.

Wave energy signals supplied to the input 46 of module 44b of the array antenna of Figure 10 form aperture excitation 92 illustrated in Figure 11, which is a close approximation and has the same side lobe periodicity as sin Kx function 94. Such signals are supplied by power Kx divider 48 and transmission lines 50 and 52 of module 44b to power divider 78 and 80 of module 44b. Signals coupled by coupler 5θ to interconnecting line 56 are coupled by coupler 88 and transmission line 82 to port 0 of power divider 78, and signals coupled by coupler 60 to inter25 connecting line 54 are coupled by coupler 90 and transmission line 84 to port B of power divider 80. The r transmission line between coupler 5θ and coupler 88 and the transmission line between coupler 60 and coupler 90 are each selected to have 90° phase shift. The signals supplied to port C of power divider 78 and port B of power divider 80 are therefore in phase with the signals supplied to port B of power divider 78 and port C of power divider 80, since they undergo four successive 90 degree phase shifts: e.g., coupler 58, transmission line 5 56, coupler 88, phase shift' 86. Signals reaching ports

B and C of power dividers 78 and 80 are therefore in phase and therefore predominantly combine in ports A, which are connected to elements 12a and 12b of module 44b, .with some energy being dissipated in the termination 10 connected to port D of power dividers 78 and 80 of module 44b,

As in the embodiment of Figure 6, energy on transmission line 54. is coupled to modules to the right of module 44b, while energy on transmission line 56 is 15 coupled to modules to the left of module 44b. Energy on transmission line 56 is coupled to element 12b of module 44c by coupler 58 with the same phase as energy supplied to element 12 of module 44b. Energy supplied to element 12a by coupler 88 of module 44a undergoes an additional 20 180° of phase shift from the additional length of transmission line 56 and phase shifter 86 and is therefore out of phase with the energy supplied to elements 12 of module 44b. Energy is similarly coupled to all of the elements 12 of modules 44c and 44d by transmission line 25 54. The resulting aperture excitation 92 illustrated in

Figure 11 closely resembles the ideal excitation 94 and has the correct null spacing S for all side lobes.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS OF FIGURES 13, 14 and 7 Figure 13 illustrates an embodiment of the in30 vention which is a planar phased array comprising columns r' ' of elements 12. Each of the modules of the array 44 includes a group of columns 96. In all other respects the array of Figure 13 is similar to the linear array 4$ illastrated in Figure 6.

Figure 14 illustrates an embodiment of the inwntion comprising a planar array capable of being scanned iat two orthogonal angular coordinates. The array includes columns, of modules 44 which are similar to the modules of array 43 of Figure 6, To clarify the illustration, ׳ only one of four columns is illustrated. The input ports 46 of the array columns are supplied with wave energy signals in a manner similar to the coupling circuits used in each column. Signals supplied to input ports 100 are coupled by power dividers 9θ to corresponding input ports in adjacent columns and simultaneously coupled by transmission lines 102 to corresponding input ports in the remaining columns of the array. In this manner the invention may be applied to arrays designed for scanning In orthogonal coordinates.

While the present invention has been described with respect to scanning beam array antennas, those skilled in the art will recognize that the same principles apply to antennas which radiate a pattern wherein the frequency of the radiated pattern varies with radiation angle.

Such an antenna system may be implemented using the antenna of Figure 6 wherein the power divider 14, phase shifters 13 and control unit 68 are replaced with the single pole multi-throw switch 104 and control unit 106 of Figure 7. Utilizing the switch 104, wave energy signals may be sequentially applied to module input ports 46 to generate a frequency coded or ״Doppler radiation pattern.

While the invention has been described and is claimed with respect to transmitting antennas, those skilled in the art will recognize that such antenna systems are reciprocal and the principles apply equally to receiving antennas. This specification and appended ria.־רms are therefore intended to apply to such receiving as well as transmitting antennas.

While there have been described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of this invention, it will be obvious to. those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention and it is, therefore, aimed to cover all such changes and modifica15 tions as fall within the true spirit and scope of the .invention, .......... ....

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מערכת סשושות

Antenna system

HAZELTINE CORPORATION

0. 47217

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION .This Invention relates to phased array antenna ‘׳ systems and in particular to a technique for reducing the number of phase shifters or other active components in a phased array which must radiate within only a limited region of space.

Conventional phased array antenna systems are well known and usually have a phase control unit assoelated with each of the, radiating elements. Phase control ]_q ’ units require electronic components and are very often the most expensive part of a phased array system. When a conventional phased array having a phase control device associated with each element of the array is required to scan only a limited portion of real space, that is less or 0° scan angle !5 than plus or minus 90° from broadside/, such an array has more scan capability than required, and the large number of phase control units results in a high system cost.

A phased array system should ideally have approx imately one active control unit, for example, a phase 20 shifter or switch, for each beam width it is required to scan. There are prior art systems-for scanning an antenna beam over a limited region of space using approximately one control unit for each beam width. These systems usually utilize switching techniques to select the desired 25 beam. For example, the well-known Butler Matrix may be ׳used in conjunction with a switching circuit and an array of elements, so that by switching the source of wave energy signals to the various' inputs of the Butler Matrix, the antenna beam is switched to various beam positions,

A similar result may be achieved by optically illuminating «2 « a focusing device from a variety of feed locations. One such technique is described in U.S« Patent 3>θθ1>1!Μ^

Peter W. Hannan, entitled Antenna System for Radiating Multiple Planar Beams”, which is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.

In U.S. Patent 3,803,625, entitled ״Network Approach for Reducing the Number of Phase Shifters in a Limited Scan Phased Array, Nemlt_?describes a technique for reducing the number of phase shifters required in a limited scan array. Nemit's technique involves the use of overlapping sub-arrays of antenna elements each of which is associated with a phase shifter. Each sub-array has a pattern which suppresses the amplitudes of grating lobes in real space, thereby enabling a larger spacing between sub-arrays than would be allowable in a conventional array wherein each sub-array is a single element. In his patent, Nemit describes a condition which may achieve an ideal sub-array pattern and discloses the criteria for arriving at the minimum necessary number of phase control units. Nemit does not, however, describe a practical technique for achieving the ideal sub-array pattern.

The technique described by Nemit involves the direct physical interconnecting of each sub-array input port with all of the antenna elements to be excited by wave energy signals supplied to that input port. This approach cannot be practically implemented to achieve a near ideal sub-array !radiation pattern, because it requires an excessive number of individual interconnecting transmission lines, particularly in an actual array which has a large number of radiating elements.

SUBJECT MATTER OF THE INVENTION ׳

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a new. and improved array antenna system having a reduced number of active control units.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system for radiating within only a limited selected region of space with the minimum number of active control units.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a practical network for implementing such an array system without individual interconnecting transmission lines between each array input port and all of the elements to be excited in response to signals sup־׳ plied to that input.

' in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an antenna system for radiating wave energy signals into a selected region of space and in a desired radiation pattern. The system includes an aperture comprising a plurality of element groups, each group com20 prising one or more radiating elements. There is further provided a plurality of first coupling means, each for coupling supplied wave energy signals to the elements in a corresponding one of the element groups. Finally, there is included second coupling means for interconnec25 ting the plurality of first coupling means to cause wave energy signals supplied' to any of .the first coupling means to be additionally coupled to selected elements in the remaining element groups of the aperture with predetermined amplitudes and phases, thereby causing the aperture to radiate wave energy signals primarily in the selected region of space. When wave energy signals are supplied to the first coupling means with a predetermined amplitude and phase, the aperture is caused to radiate wave energy signals in the desired radiation pattern.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional phased array antenna in accordance with the prior art.

Figure 2 illustrates the element pattern and array pattern of the Figure 1 antenna system.

Figure 3 illustrates the sub-array pattern and array pattern of a prior art array constructed in accordance with the teachings of Nemit.

Figure 4 illustrates an ideal sub-array pattern and array pattern.

Figure 5 is an illustration of the amplitude and polarity of an antenna aperture excitation which will achieve the ideal sub-array pattern illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 6 is a>schematic representation of a phased array antenna system built in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 7 is a schematic representation of apparatus for supplying wave energy signals to the Figure s

antenna unit to achieve a doppler radiation pattern.

Figure 8 illustrates a typical sub-array pattern and array pattern which can be achieved using the antenna configuration illustrated in Figure 6.

Figure 9 illustrates the aperture excitation achieved from the antenna configuration of Figure 6.

Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of another antenna configuration in accordance with the present invention, which achieves a more nearly ideal sub-array — ־־pattern.

Figure 11 illustrates the aperture excitation achieved using the antenna configuration of Figure 10.

Figure 12 Illustrates the conventions used in the antenna schematic diagrams of Figures 6, 7, 13 arid 14.

Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of a planar array .of element columns in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 14 is a partial schematic diagram of a planar array in accordance with the present invention for scanning a beam in two dimensions.

Figure 15 illustrates a sub-array pattern in accordance with the present invention which is assymetrical with respect to the broadside axis.

Figure 16 illustrates a technique for achieving the sub-array pattern of Figure 15 utilizing an array in 20 accordance with the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR,ART

Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a simpllfied phased array antenna 10 in accordance with prior art. The antenna 10 includes five radiating elements 12a 25 through 12e which are arranged along array axis 16 and are spaced from each other by a center-to-center distance S. The entire aperture occupies a linear aperture dimension A. Each of the array elements 12 is coupled to power divlder 14 via a corresponding one of the phase shifters 30 13a-13e. Wave energy signals from signal generator 15 and power divider 14 are supplied to antenna elements 12 by phase shifters 13 such that a proper selection of the relative phase values for phase shifters 13 causes antenna elements 12 to radiate a desired radiation pattern into a selected angular region of space. Variation of the phase values of phase shifters 13 will cause the radiated antenna pattern to change direction with respect to angle Θ in space.

The properties of phased array 10 and techniques for selecting design parameters, such as aperture length A and element spacing S are well known in the antenna art. A review of these parameters is deemed appropriate, however, since it will facilitate an understanding of the present invention with respect to the prior art.

Figure 2 illustrates the radiation characteristics of the Figure 1 array antenna. The patterns in Figure 2 are plotted, as amplitude (vertically) versus the sine (horizontally) of the radiation angle Θ, indicated in Figure 1. In Figure 2 the amplitude pattern 18 corresponds to the radiated pattern associated with each of the radiating elements 12. Pattern 20 is the array pattern achieved by supplying all of the elements 12 with wave energy signals of equal amplitude and equal phase, assuming that the elements radiate wave energy with equal amplitude in all directions. The actual radiated pattern of the antenna system 10 is determined by multiplying the element pattern 18 by the array pattern 20. In addition to the array pattern 20 at 0° scan angle, there also exists additional element array patterns or lobes in sine Θ space which are separated from the main lobe by a distance of

Λ /3, where > Is the wavelength of the radiated sisals and S is the spacing between the centers of array element *’ 12« Two such additional lobes which are known as grating . .___lobes, - are . illustrated .as. 22 and 24-in Figure 2. It will 5 be recognized that grating lobes 22 and 24 are located at values of sine 9 less than minus one and greater than plus one. These lobes are therefore in imaginary space and result in no actual radiation pattern from phased array 10.

When the phase of wave energy signals supplied to elements 12 of array 10 is changed to have a linear phase slope, by changing the values of phase shift introduced by phase shifters 13, the array_־pattern will be moved to a different radiation angle. Illustrated in

Figure 2 is the main lobe 26 which will result when phase . control units 13 are adjusted to scan the main pattern of array 10 to one edge of a selected sector of space.

The selected angular region of space is Ulustrated in Figure 2 as a scan range which varies from angle -9^ to angle +92״ Those skilled in the art will . recognize that main beam 26 will have an amplitude which is somewhat reduced from the amplitude of broadside main beam 20 on account of the slope of the element pattern 18. As may also be seen from Figure 2, scanning of the main beam 20 to the direction indicated by main beam 26 will also cause grating lobes 22 and 24 to move by a corresponding amount. This is shown in Figure 2 where grating -----------------lobe-28 which is on the edge .of real space-and illustrates the position of grating lobe 22 when main lobe 20 is scanned to the location illustrated by main lobe 26.

--8 ,־־*מ., In accordance with the prior art, the spacing

S between elements 12 in Figure 1 is chosen so that, When the main antenna beam is scanned to the extreme .1. . . ,---angles within a-selected angular region of space, the undesired grating lobes will still radiate in a direction which is in imaginary space and will therefore result in no spurious radiation from the array. In general, the spacing S between adjacent elements must be less than Y* / (1 + sine 0_max) where 0_max is the maximum angular . deviation of the main beam from broadside or 0° scan anglft, in fact, this spacing must be less than the amount ...Indicated.by a־factor which allows for the finite beam width of the grating lobe in sine Θ space. The result of this selection of the element spacing S is illustrated in Figure 2. The spacing between grating lobes in sine Θ space is equal to X/s. Selection of S as indicated resuits in the first grating lobe being located sufficiently into imaginary space, when the array is scanned to broadside, that the grating lobe does not enter real space when the array is scanned to Θ .

Since the overall length׳ A of the array aperture is determined by the desired beam width of the radiated pattern, the number of antenna elements and consequently the number of phase control units 13 in the array antenna of Figure 1 is determined by the maximum allowable spacing S between adjacent elements. It is well recognised that ־־ Tt־־is־־desirable to maximize the 'element spacing S to .... ..achieve-a.-minimum-number -of radiating elements 12 and phase control units 13 in order to minimize the cost of the array antenna. When the angle:- of space over which

I &amp;.. it is desired that the array antenna be capable of fg^iating the desired pattern is small, for example, in the J .־ order of ten antenna beam widths, it is theoretically ; ____״^possible to reduce the number of.phase control units 13 required in the array 10.

One approach to reducing the number of phase control units for a limited scan array has been described by Nemit in U.S. Patent 3,803,625. Nemit’s approach is to associate each phase control unit with a sub-array con. — ₅i_sting of three adjacent antenna elements. Each of Nemit’s sub-arrays includes a central element which is supplied with wave energy signals exclusively by the phase control unit associated with the particular subarray, and two or more additional array elements which are 15 supplied with wave energy signals both by the phase control unit associated with that sub-array and the phase control units associated with the adjacent sub-arrays. Using this method, Nemit achieves overlapping sub-array modules, each having at least three radiating elements.

The result of this configuration is that wave energy signals supplied to each sub-array, are radiated in approximately the sub-array pattern 30 illustrated in Figure 3. As compared to the element pattern 18 illustrated in Figure 2 for a conventional array, Nemit achieves 25 an increased fall off of the element pattern in the region of real space outside the selected region within which the ¹ array is to radiate. By using the sub-array pattern which results from the simultaneous excitation of multiple radiating elements, as a basic element pattern of the array, Nemit achieves an increased spacing between phase control i

? - 10 X . ׳״ ΐ

units in his array. For example. Figure 5 of the Ne^it patent illustrates a linear phased array having approxן ’ imately the same element spacing as would be associated ) with the prior art array of Figure 1, but having a phase ן control unit associated with only every other radiating i element, rather than every radiating element. This technique therefore results in a one-half reduction in the number of phase control units required for a limited scan array antenna.

_____10 ....—The effect of the arrangement of elements and the interconnecting of sub-arrays described by Nemit is Illustrated in Figure 3, which shows the sub-array pattern 30 which results from supplying wave energy signals to Nemit’s three element sub-arrays. Because Nemit applies 15 -----------phase control only to every other element in the array the grating lobes associated with the phase control in : his array are closer to the main lobe 20' of the array and, as illustrated in Figure 3, grating lobes 22’ and 24' are in real space. Because of the shape of the sub-array ^! 20 pattern 30, the effect of the presence of grating lobes

22’ and 24’ is reduced due to the rapid fall-off of the ״sub-array pattern 30 in the region outside the selected scan range. Grating lobes 22' and 24' radiate only as

I minor side lobes 32 and 34 and have little effect on the desired characteristics of the array. As the main beam 20' is scanned to a position 26’ within the selected sector of space, grating lobe 22’ will move to position 28', which is still within a region where the sub-array pattern 30 is at a low amplitude, resulting in minor side 30 lobe 36. In accordance with the teaching of Nemit, the ( - 11 I .

⁷ י “spacing S’ between sub-arrays and, consequently, the | . phase-control spacing is chosen so that the grating lobe '

does not enter the sub-array pattern when the array is scanned to the edge of the scan range.

j 5 In his specification, particularly with regard

J to his Figure 4, Nemit describes an ideal sub-array pattern which would result in the maximum allowable spacing between phase control units in an array aperture. This ideal sub-array pattern 38, illustrated in Figure 4, 10 has uniform amplitude within the scan range and has zero amplitude in all other regions of space. If this sub-array pattern could be achieved, it would be pos.sible -to have sub-array spacing which is equal to _______A_____ , This spacing results in a number |sine sine I !; . 15 of phase control units approximately equal to the number of antenna beam widths within the selected region of space. Figure 5 illustrates the aperture sub-array excitation 40 , required to achieve the ideal sub-array pattern 38 illusI trated in Figure 4. This ideal illumination is in the ' 20 form of the function sin Kx where x is the center-toKx center distance along the aperture between effective subarrays and K pin - sin θ₂|. To achieve the ideal pattern, the aperture would have to be infinite in length. As a practical matter, the ideal pattern is 25 approached by having each sub-array illumination 40 _with the”entire array aperture. Also illus. trated in Figure 5 is the sub-array illumination 42 associated with the sub-array adjacent to that which i ----- ------results in sub-array illumination 40־. These illuminations

^־־ _ז are spaced by the effective sub-array spacing S. The ideal array would have a phase control unit associated with each of these overlapping sub-array aperture illu-r minations.

In the ideal sub-array illumination depicted in

Figure 5, the effective element spacing S between sub-array illuminations is equal to the first null distance on the sub-array illumination, 1 sin 0^ - sin 0^ | ־ The effective element spacing determines the spacing in sine 0 space; Λ5/־, between grating lobes in the array pattern. The first null distance of the sub-array illumination determines the angular width of the resulting ideal subarray pattern 38. In general, to avoid the presence of undesired grating lobe radiation, the first null spacing of the sub-array illumination must be greater than the effective element spacing S, so that when the main beam is steered to either edge of the ideal sub-array pattern, the first grating lobe will not be within the sub-array׳ pattern.

THE PRESENT INVENTION:

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION OF THE EMBODIMENT OF FIGURE 6 Figure 6 illustrates an antenna system 43 for radiating wave energy signals into a selected angular region of space, such as the scan range illustrated in Figure 2, built in accordance with the present invention.

Antenna system 43 includes a plurality of element groups, each group comprising four radiating elements 12a through 12d. Also included are a plurality of first coupling means, each associated with one of the element groups, and each comprising a hybrid power divider 48 and transmission lines 50 and 52 for coupling wave energy signals supplied to input terminal 46 to the elements in the corresponding element group« There is further provided second coupling means comprising transmission lines 5^ and 56 and couplers 58 and 60 interconnecting the plurality of first coupling means to cause wave energy supplied to any of the first coupling means to be additionally supplied to selected elements in the remaining element groups of the array.

Antenna system 43 is arranged in six modules 44a through 44f, each including an element group comprising four radiating elements 12a, 12b, 12c and 12d and the first coupling means. Module 44 includes a power divider 48, which is commonly called a hybrid power divider and is further illustrated in Figure 12. Hybrid 48, as shown in Figure 12, has four signal ports designated A, B, C and D. Port A is known as the sum port and signals supplied to port A are equally divided and appear as outputs in ports B and C with equal phase. Port D, which is labeled Δ , is known as the difference port, and is isolated from port A. Signals supplied to ports B and C which have unequal amplitude or phase are supplied to port D in proportion to their vector difference and to port A in proportion to their vector sum.

The B and C outputs of power divider 48. in . module 44 are connected by transmission lines 0ל and 52. to elements 12a, 12b, 12c and 12d. The four elements, 12a through 12d,. form an element group. The element group consists of two element modules, one module comprising elements 12a and 12b, and the second module comprising elements 12c and 12d. It may be seen from the configuration of module 44a that elements 12a and 12b are always supplied with equal wave energy signals and, likewise, elements 12c and 12d are always supplied with equal wave energy signals.

Antenna system 43 additionally includes transmission lines 54 and 56 which are selectively coupled by directional couplers 58 and 60 to transmission lines 50 and 52 in each of the modules 44. Each end of transmission lines 54 and 56 is terminated in its characteristic impedance by one of the resistors 62. Within each module transmission line 54 contains an attenuator 64 and transmission line 56 contains an attenuator 66.

The characteristics of directional couplers 58 and 60 may be specified using the diagram in Figure 12. Figure 12 illustrates directional coupler 58 having four transmission line ports E, F, G and H. Wave energy signals supplied to port E are directly coupled to port F and additionally coupled to port G by the coupling coefficient of the directional coupler. Signals supplied to port E are not supplied to port H. The signals coupled to port G are advanced in phase by' 90° with respect to the output signal at port F. The characteristics of such directional couplers are well known in the art and it will be recognized that similar transmission properties occur when wave energy signals are supplied to any of the remaining ports of the directional coupler.

Also shown in connection with antenna system 43 are phase shifter 13, power divider 14 and signal generator 1ל which are identical to the corresponding components in the prior art Figure 1 phased array. Also shown is control unit 68 which generates phase commands for phase shifters 13, the operation of which is well known in the art.

Antenna system 43, particularly as a result of the use of transmission lines 54 and. 56 in conjunction with couplers 58 and 60. causes wave energy signals supplied to any of the input terminals 46 of modules 44 to be supplied to the elements of the element group within that particular module, and to be additionally supplied to selected elements in the remaining element groups of the array. The objective of this coupling is to achieve, in response to wave energy signals supplied to any input terminal 46, an aperture excitation which approximates the ideal aperture excitation illustrated in Figure 5j and therefore an effective element pattern which closely corresponds to the ideal element pattern illustrated in Figure 4.

By way of Illustrating the operation of antenna system 43, it will be useful to trace the aperture excitation which results from supplying wave energy signals to a typical module. Wave energy signals supplied to input 46 are divided by power divider 48 and supplied in equal amplitude and equal phase by transmission lines 50 and 52 to radiating elements 12a through 12d in the corresponding element module 44a. The signals on transmission line 50 are additionally coupled by directional coupler 5θ to transmission line 56 in a direction going to the right in Figure 6. Signals on transmission line 52 are coupled to transmission line 54 by directional coupler 60 in a dlrection going to the left in Figure 6. The effect of the signals coupled to transmission lines and 56 is most easily illustrated by considering the effect of these coupled signals on a central module in the array. As an example, if the signals are supplied to input ter5 min&amp;l 46c of module 44c, coupled signals on transmission line travel to the left and are supplied by directiona. couplers 60 in modules 44a and 44b to radiating elements 12c and 12d in modules 44a and 44b. The signals supplied to elements 12c and 12d of module 44b are in phase with 10 the signals supplied to elements 12c and 12d of module 44c because the length of transmission line between directional coupler 60 in module 44b and directional coupler 60 in module 44c has been chosen to have a phase length of 180°. This phase length is in addition to a

90° phase shift which results from passage of the signal through coupler 60 in module 44c and through coupler 60 in module 44b. Since the total phase shift of the signal coupled from transmission line 52 in module 44c to transmission line 52 in module 44b is 3^0°, the signals supplied to elements 12c and 12d in module 44b have the same phase as the signals supplied to all the elements in module 44c. The amplitude of the signals coupled to elements 12c and 12d in module 44b is reduced by the coupling coefficient of coupler 60 in module 44c, the ׳ attenuation of attenuator 64 and the coupling coefficient of coupler 60 in module 44b.

It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that signals which are coupled to elements 12a and 12b of module 44c are similarly coupled by directional 30 coupler $8_} transmission line 56j attenuator 66, and

״ directional coupler 58 of module 44d to elements 12a

I ' and 12b of module 44d with the same phase as the signals ^,i supplied to all the elements in module 44c.

Figure 9 illustrates aperture excitation 70 i

¹ 5 which results from the coupling circuits of antenna system 43 in response to signals supplied to input terminal 46 of module 44c. The location and scale of ' aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9 has been selected to correspond to the adjacent antenna elements of Figure 6, The coupling technique which has been described thus far results in the central portion of aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9. Signals supplied to input terminal 46c of module 44c are supplied by transmission lines 50 and 52 to elements 12a through 12d of module 44c with equal amplitude and phase, resulting in the high amplitude central portion of aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9. The signals which are coupled, with reduced amplitude and equal phase to ' elements 12c and 12d of module 44b and to elements 12a ' 20 and 12b of module 44d result in the remaining portion of the central part of aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9־

It has been noted that because of the directional nature of couplers 58 and 60, signals on transmission line 56 travel only to the right and signals on transmission line 54 travel only to the left. Elements 12a and 12b of module 44b therefore receive no wave energy signal in response to signals supplied to input terminal 46c of module 44c. The same is true of elements 12a and 12b of

ץ ' 30 module 44a. Likewise, no signals are coupled to elements

I -18-.

j . 12 ־c and 12d of modules 44d, 44e and 44f. It will be j noted that the portions of aperture excitation 70 : corresponding to these antenna elements have zero ! amplitude.

Signals on transmission line 54 are coupled to elements 12c and 12d of module 44a with an amplitude reduced from the amplitude of the signals coupled to the corresponding elements of module 44b by reason of attenuator 64 and with an inverted phase by reason of an additional 180° transmission line length. This coupling is illustrated in Figure 9 as the first left hand side lobe of aperture excitation 70. Similarly, signals are coupled to elements 12a and’ 12b of modules 44e and 44f. The signals coupled to module 44e are opposite in polarity to the signals supplied to the elements in , module 44c, and the signals supplied to the elements in module 44f have the same polarity as the signals supplied ' to the elements in module 44c. These signals correspond to the first and second right hand side lobes, of aperture excitation 70 illustrated in Figure 9.

As may be seen from the diagram, the amplitude and polarity of aperture excitation 70 in Figure 9 is an i approximation of sin Kx function 72 also illustrated in

Kx

Figure 9. The first null point of function 72 occurs at 25 a distance S’ from the center of module 44c. This first null point distance determines the width W of the effective element pattern 74 illustrated in Figure 8. It should be noted that the actual aperture excitation 70 , only approximates function 72 over a finite distance since the phase reversals of the aperture excitation side

״ 19 “ ! lobes occur at points on the aperture separated by the spacing S between corresponding elements in adjacent ן 'element groups, while the phase reversal points of .

¹ function 72 occur at a periodicity S’. (This difference has no significant effect over the aperture of most practical antenna systems. The spacing S between corresponding elements in adjacent element groups det-erminea the effective element spacing of the array and : consequently the distance M illustrated in Figure 8

I ' ^,: 10 between the main lobe and the first grating lobe in j, sin Θ space. Since S is less than S' for the antenna .

i system 43, the grating lobe will remain outside the effective element pattern 74 for all conditions of scanning of the main beam within the desired angular 15 sector between and As may also be seen by the ; illustration of Figure 8, the effective sub-array pattern closely approximates the ideal sub-array pattern 38, considering the finite length of the radiating aperture and quantization of the aperture illumination ?0. The 20 net result is that the effective sub-array spacing, that is, the distance between corresponding elements of modules 44 in array 43 may closely approximate the ideal spacing, _____________________.׳ ן sin θ! - sin 0₂ ן

In many cases, it may be desired that the angular region of space, within which the antenna system is to scan, be assymetrical with respect to the broadside axis of the array. In this case, the sub-array pattern may be shifted accordingly as illustrated in Figure 15 where the sub-array pattern is from 0^= 0 to &amp;₂. This j 30 sub-array pattern is achieved by the inclusion of phase i shifters, comprising transmission lines 75 illustrated in ₍ Figure 16, or the like between the antenna elements 12 and : the remainder of the coupling network. Those skilled in tt־ 'Ί .‘ “ art will recognize that if switchable phase shifters are us ) In place of transmission lines 75 the sub-array pattern ma!

. 1 be shifted to two or more discrete locations.

As an example of an array designed in accordance with the embodiment of Figure 6 for operation at 5*2 GHz. with an aperture length of 34.2 wavelengths where the de' aired angular region of space is 0° to 14° scan angle Θ, th 10 spacing between corresponding elements 12a in adjacent modules 44 might be 4.14 wavelengths. The value for the coupling coefficient of couplers 58 and 60 would be .69 and the attenuation coefficient for attenuators 64 and 66 would be .69. These values are suitable where the signal inputs for the modules 44 .are designed to have an. amplitude distribution of 0.5 + 0.5 cosine^ (7? x/A), • where A is the total aperture length and x is the distance of the center of the module from the center of the array.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT OF FIGURE 10

Illustrated in Figure 10 is an embodiment of the invention wherein the resulting aperture excitation more closely approximates the ideal excitation 40. As noted above, the embodiment of Figure 6 results in an excitation 70 which has a sidelobe periodicity S which is 25 not precisely equal to the first null spacing S’. This minor defect is avoided in the embodiment of Figure 10 at the expense of increased system complexity and cost.

In the embodiment of Figure 10, each of the modules 44 includes a hybrid power divider 48 and trans30 mission lines 5θ 5? for coupling wave energy signals - supplied.tc input 46 to elements, 12a and 12b. The elements &lt; i ' - 21 12a and 12b are equivalent to the element modules in the. embodiment of Figure 6. Each of the elements 12 are of larger size and hence electrically equivalent to a pair of the elements utilized in the Figure 6. antenna system־ Transmission line 50 is not directly connected to element 12a but is connected to the B port of hybrid 78. Likewise transmission line 52 is connected to the C port of hybrid 80. The C port of hybrid 78 is connected by transmission line 82 and coupler 88 to interconneeting transmission line 58. Likewise the B port of hybrid 80 is connected by transmission line 84 and coupler 90 to interconnecting transmission line 54. Transmission lines 82 and 84 include fixed phase-shifting line lengths 86 and are terminated in resistors 62.

Wave energy signals supplied to the input 46 of module 44b of the array antenna of Figure 10 form aperture excitation 92 illustrated in Figure 11, which is a close approximation and has the same side lobe periodicity as sin Kx function 94. Such signals are supplied by power Kx divider 48 and transmission lines 50 and 52 of module 44b to power divider 78 and 80 of module 44b. Signals coupled by coupler 58 to interconnecting line 56 are coupled by coupler 88 and transmission line 82 to port C of power divider 78, and signals coupled by coupler 60 to interconnecting line 54 are coupled by coupler 90 and transmission line 84 to port B of power divider 80. The transmission line between coupler 5θ and coupler 88 and the transmission line between coupler 60 and coupler 90 are each selected to have 90° phase shift. The signals supplied to port C of power divider 78 and port B of power divider 80 are therefore in phase with the signals supplied to port B of power divider ?8 and port C of power divider 80, since they undergo four successive 90 degree phase shifts: e.g., coupler 58, transmission line coupler 88, phase shift' 86. Signals reaching ports B׳ and C of power dividers 78 and 80 are therefore in phase and therefore predominantly combine in ports A, which are connected to elements 12a. and 12b of module 44b* with some energy being dissipated in the termination connected to port D of power dividers ?8 and 80 of module 44b.

As in the embodiment of Figure 6, energy on transmission line 54 is coupled to modules to the right of module 44b, while energy on transmission line 56 is coupled to modules to the left of module 44b. Energy on transmission line 56 is coupled to element 12b of module 44c by coupler 58 with the same phase as energy supplied to element 12 of module 44b. Energy supplied to element 12a by coupler 88 of module 44a undergoes an additional 180° of phase shift from the additional length of transmission line 56 and phase shifter 86 and is therefore out of phase with the energy supplied to elements 12 of module 44b. Energy is similarly coupled to all of the elements 12 of modules 44c and 44d by transmission line 54. The resulting aperture excitation 92 illustrated in Figure 11 closely resembles the ideal excitation 94 and has the correct null spacing S for all side lobes.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS OF FIGURES 13, 14 and 7

Figure 13 illustrates an embodiment of the invention which is a planar phased array comprising columns

־ 23 of elements 12. Each of the modules of the array 44 i includes a group of columns 96. In all other respects the array of Figure 13 is similar to the linear array ! ' 43 iXIostrated in Figure 6.

Figure 14 illustrates an embodiment of the inwiltion eomprising a planar array capable of being scanned two orthogonal angular coordinates. The array includes columns of modules 44 which are similar to the modules of Kse array 43 of Figure 6. To clarify the illustration, only cne of four columns is illustrated. The input ports 46 cf the array columns are supplied with wave energy signals in a manner similar to the coupling circuits used in each column. Signals supplied to input ports 100 are coupled by power dividers 9θ to corresponding input ports in adjacent columns and simultaneously coupled by trans'mission lines 102 to corresponding input ports in the remaining columns of the array. In this manner the invention may be applied to arrays designed for scanning in orthogonal coordinates.

While the present invention has been described with respect to scanning beam array antennas, those skilled in the art will recognize that the same principles apply to antennas which radiate a pattern wherein the frequency of the radiated pattern varies with radiation angle.

Such an antenna system may be implemented using the antenna of Figure 6 wherein the power divider 14, phase shifters 13 and control unit 68 are replaced with the single pole multi-throw switch 104 and control unit 106 of Figure 7. Utilizing the switch 104, wave energy signals may be sequentially applied to module input ports 46 to generate

I i j ־²⁴'־ ,

J 4 . . .

a frequency coded or ״Doppler radiation pattern.

While the invention has been described and is claimed ־with respect to transmitting antennas, those skilled in the! art will recognize that such antenna systems are reciprocal and the principles apply equally to receiving antennas. This specification and appended claims are therefore intended to apply to such receiving as well as transmitting antennas.

While there have been described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of this invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention and it is, therefore, aimed to cover all such changes and raodifica15 tions as fall within the true spirit and scope of the