Method of forming a metallic oxide coating on a substrate

J This invention relates to a method of forming a metallic oxide coating on a substrate, wherein a solution comprising at least one metallic compound is applied to the substrate

‘י and the said compound or compounds is/are converted in situ by the action of heat so as to form a coating comprising at least one metallic oxide. The invention also relates .to substrates to which a coating has. been applied by such a method.

It is well known to make oxide coatings, for example 10 cobalt oxide coatings, by spraying an aqueous solution of a hydrated metallic salt, for example an aqueous solution of CoCl_.6H_0 or FeCl_.6H_0, on to the surface Of a

A £4 J substrate which is heated to a temperature high enough to result in conversion of the metallic salt in situ. When

ו this method is carried out the coating is usually of poor quality, particularly as regards the degree of uniformity of the thickness and the composition of such a coating. For example, when such an aqueous cobalt salt solution is applied, the result is equivalent to a granular deposit of irregular thickness and, usually, the coating has very poor adherence to the substrate. . Coatings formed in this way are readily removed in the form of dust, simply by passing a finger over the coating or by applying.a piece of adhesive tape onto the coating and then peeling the tape away.

One of the aims of the invention is to provide a method whereby metallic oxide coatings of uniform thickness -2and composition can be readily produced on various substrates. More particularly it is an object of the invention to provide a method whereby metallic oxide coatings having a high degree of uniformity can be formed on the surface of at least partially vitreous substrates, so that the said method can be used for forming optical films on vitreous bodies or articles, for example glazing sheets, windscreens, patterned glass and lenses for sunglasses.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method whereby metallic oxide coatings can be produced which have antistatic or electrically conductive properties.

According to the present invention there is provided a method of forming a metallic oxide coating on a substrate, which can be Seated to the temperature of formation of said coating, in which method a solution comprising at least one metallic compound is applied to the substrate and the said compound or compounds is/are converted in situ by the action of heat so as to form a coating comprising at least one metallic oxide, characterized in that the solution used .

to form the coating on the substrate is a solution of one or more metallic salts selected from the group of acetates, halides and nitrates in an aprotic solvent having a dielectric constant greater than 15 and a dipolar moment greater than 3D (D = Debye unit).

By means of the method according to the invention it is possible to produce metallic oxide coatings whose thickness and composition are substantially uniform, this being essential, for example, in the case of very thin high light-transmission coatings and in the case of coatings which are required to have a definite electrical resistance. The method is therefore suitable for forming optical films on vitreous bodies or articles so as to modify their light transmission and/or their light reflection, for example, in order to give the said bodies or articles a tinted appearance when viewed by transmitted or reflected light. The method is also very important for forming anti-static or conductive films on substrates of a non10 conductive material.

The coating uniformity which is made possible by the invention is due not only to the choice of the metallic salt but also to the selection of the solvent.

The metal salt solutions used in carrying out the invention may be obtained at very low cost and enable metallic oxide coatings to be produced very profitably on an industrial scale. The said metallic salt solutions can moreover be relatively concentrated and this is advantageous particularly when the solution is required to be applied to a substrate which is moving fairly rapidly with respect to a coating station. Another important factor is the safety with which such solvents can be used under very high temperature conditions. It is therefore possible to heat and evaporate the solvent very rapidly and obtain a rapid conversion of the metallic compound or compounds, and this is also an important factor in the formation of coatings of uniform density.

The method can be used for obtaining a wide range of properties pertaining to the applied coating, by appropriate selection of the metal salts. The applied solution may contain a single metal salt or a mixture of two or more metal *

salts. There is thus a great flexibility in the method for producing coatings which have definite optical or electrical characteristics. For example, it is possible to produce coatings composed of cobalt, iron and chromic oxides, by using a solution comprising cobalt acetate, ferric chloride and chromium nitrate.

Preferably, the substrate is preheated to a temperature high enough to provide the heat required to produce the said conversion of the metallic compound or compounds.

Preheating of the substrate results in evaporation of the solvent and conversion of the metallic compound or compounds immediately, i.e. as soon as the solution comes into contact with the substrate.

As already indicated, rapid conversion promotes uniformity of the coating.

Generally, in order to achieve the purposes primarily in view, the optimum temperature of the substrate when the coating process is carried out is in the range 300 to 700°C. The temperature will generally preferably be selected so as to be as high as possible consistent with avoiding any risk of damage to the substrate. When coating vitreous substrates, it is recommended to work in the temperature range 450 to 65O°C. With a temperature between these limits, -5very uniform coatings are obtained together with very good adherence of the coating to vitreous substrates, such adherence also being influenced by the temperature of the substrate at the moment the coating solution is applied.

The metal salt solution is preferably applied in the form of droplets. The required results are obtained most readily by applying the solution in such form. For example, an internal mix type spray gun may be used, which is fed with compressed air and salt solution separately, both at ־ the same pressure, above atmospheric pressure. The salt solution itself may be at ambient temperature or at a higher temperature provided that there is no undesirable premature evaporation of the solvent and no decomposition and oxidation of the metallic compound or compounds and provided that the substrate is not exposed to harmful thermal shock.

As already stated the results attainable by the method according to the invention are due in part to the selection of an aprotic solvent having a dielectric constant greater than 15 and a dipolar moment greater than 3D. As examples of aprotic solvents having such properties, the following are cited; dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetramethyl urea, dimethylsulphoxide, acetonitrile, nitrobenzene, ethylene carbonate, tetramethylene sulphone, hexamethylphosphoramide.

Special preference is given to dimethylformamide. This solvent is particula rly suitable for most of the metallic salts in question, so that these compounds may be applied in relatively high concentrations, which means that the speed of application of the solution to a given zone of the surface of a substrate can be relatively low to produce a coating of given thickness. Dimethylformamide can also be used to apply coatings to substrates at very high temperatures without the risk of fire or explosion

Preference is given to embodiments of the invention wherein the solution which is applied to the substrate comprises one or more acetates, halides or nitrates of a metal or metals selected from the following group: Mg, Zr, V, Cr, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, In, Sn, Pb, Bi, Th, Si,

It is advantageous to use in mixture with one or more of the said salts, one or more acetates, halides or nitrates of a metal or metals selected from the group; Au, Ti, Ce, Mo, Sb, Al, As, Rh.

It should be noted that the coating formed on the substrate is not necessarily formed exclusively by a metal oxide or by metallic oxides, but may also contain an element, for example gold, in the metallic state. Generally, all the above-mentioned salts may be used in mixture with the selected solvent or solvents without any special precautions except those well known to those versed in the art which are intended to obviate undesirable redox or hydrolysis reactions in the solution.

When such solutions are used, it is possible to form thin very high-quality metallic oxide coatings which modify the light reflection and transmission of the substrate, _v and metallic oxides which adhere perfectly to ceramic substrates and to glass and partially vitreous e.g. vitrocrystalline or vitroceramic substrates, which are the materials primarily requiring an optical coating. It is also possible to form thin metallic oxide coatings of a controlled electrical resistance satisfying given specifications. In this latter case, the coatings are applied preferably to non-conductive substrates such as glasses, ceramics, and vitrocrystalline or vitroceramic materials.

Advantageously, acetylacetone is also present in the applied salt solution. The presence of acetylacetone is generally particularly advantageous when applying a solution of one or more halides or nitrates. The acetylacetone enables optimum solution filmability to be obtained and makes possible a better pyrolysis of the metallic compounds.

For example, it is possible to obtain coatings of improved optical quality by adding acetylacetone to solutions comprising vanadium chloride, chromium nitrate, iron or nickel nitrate, or indium nitrate.

In some cases, the presence of acetylacetone ensures * better safety on preparation of the film-forming solution. If, for example, it is required to prepare a solution of anhydrous SnCl^ in dimethylformamide, it is preferable first to mix the stannic .chloride with acetylacetone and -8to pour the resulting liquid in the selected solvent to prevent the latter from igniting.

״ It has been found that when acetylacetone is used it is preferable to use proportions such that the amount of acetylacetone used is of the order of n times the number of moles of metallic salt used (where n represents the valency or the aggregate of the valencies of the metallic cation( s)).

As already indicated, the invention has been found particularly important for forming metallic oxide coatings on vitreous and partially vitreous substrates, such as substrates of vitrocrystalline or vitroceramic material. This is due to the fact that the method enables thin metallic oxide coatings to be formed which are highly uniform both in thickness and density, these being properties which are specially desirable for optical, antistatic or conductive films serving to modify the optical and/or dielectric properties of bodies or articles to which the said coatings are applied.

Vitreous or partially vitreous bodies or articles of any shape can be coated by means of the method to give them a predetermined tint and particularly special light reflection characteristics or to give them desired antistatic or conductive properties. It is very advantageous for forming coatings on entirely vitreous transparent bodies and articles, for example windscreens or glazing sheets, because the method enables metallic oxide coatings to be formed which give the article or body various tints as viewed both by transmitted and by reflected light. The method has not only been found suitable for forming a metallic oxide coating directly on a glass or on a surface of partially vitreous material, but also for forming such a metallic oxide coating on an already formed coating film which is adherent to the vitreous substrate, more particularly on an existing metallic oxide coating film such as, for example, a film of titanium oxide or' copper oxide.

The metallic oxide coating thickness selected in each given case will depend on the function that the coating is required to perform and may vary, for example, in a range of from some hundred to some thousands of Angstroms. A coating of a given thickness may, if necessary or desirable, be formed from two or more successive layers. The thickness of a coating is best measured by interferometry, although it is also possible to dissolve the coating, analytically determine the weight of the coating per unit of area, and calculate the thickness, taking into account the known density of the oxide and its degree of compaction as a thin film.

The method may be performed particularly economically in the formation of a coating film on flat glass, by spraying the solution onto a continuous ribbon of glass in course of its production, for example at a coating station located in the drawing chamber of a glass drawing machine or in an annealing gallery. The solution is preferably applied where the glass is at temperatures within the range 300 to 700°C, preferably between 45θ to 65O°C, as indicated above. It is advantageous to direct the spray of coating solution perpendicularly to the glass ribbon, and to reciprocate the device transversely of the direction of advance of the ribbon past the coating station. The method may advantageously also be performed by spraying the solution on patterned glass during its production in the form of a continuous ribbon. Such a glass moves at a relatively higher speed than flat glass, but this presents no difficulty since the prepared solution may be sufficiently concentrated to produce the coating within the time limits imposed by the method of forming the glass.

When a mixture of two or more salts is used, the proportions of the different salts can be adjusted to control the properties of the coating, for example to control the tint of the coating by transmitted and/or by reflected light, or to control its electrical resistance.

It is often desirable to use the metallic acetates, halides or nitrates in the perfectly crystalline form.

For example, one or more hydrated acetates can be used, such as bivalent cobalt acetate which crystallises with four molecules of water, or anhydrous acetates such as zinc acetate, unless a disturbing precipitate will involve wastage of coating material.

, To obtain films of selected tints as viewed by transmitted and reflected light, it is possible to use mixtures of a plurality of acetates, halides or nitrates dissolved in one or more aprotic solvents having a dielectric constant ״ greater than 15 and a dipolar moment greater than 3D, For example use can, be made of mixtures of salts of cobalt, 5 iron and chromium for obtaining coatings which have a bronze tint when viewed by transmitted light and which moreover have good resistance to external conditions even in the presence of an acid,

An advantageous application of the method is the coating , 10 of an athermanous glass with a highly reflecting coating without substantially increasing the energy absorption.

The light and energy transmission of a coating of given thickness may be increased without substantially modifying the light or energy reflection, by using suitably selected metallic compounds such as, for example, one or more acetates, nitrates or halides of one or more metals of the group: aluminium , zinc, thorium, cerium, tin and magnesium.

Generally, the presence of water in a relatively high quantity in the film-forming solution is acceptable, but preferably it will not exceed 10% by volume. If the amount of water is excessive, the resulting coating may have very small dark stains which are often referred to as pitting״. It should, however, be noted that the extent to which such defects are visually perceptible if at all, in practice depends partly on a number of other factors and, in particular, the composition and the geometry of the coated surface and the thickness of the coating׳. The said defects are less perceptible on patterned glass of which the motif is highly compact, on reinforced glass (glass in which wire netting has been incorporated), on profiled glass, for example in the form of a U, and on certain vitrocrystalline materials,

<יי than on flat glass having plane surfaces.

Even when the coating is applied to flat glass, such defects tend to be less apparent according as the thickness of the coating is greater. On the other hand the greater the thickness of the. coating, the more the light transmission of the coating is reduced and in cases where this factor is important the optimum thickness of the coating represents a compromise between the absence of defects and the degree of light transmission.

By way of example, it may be stated that a cobalt oxide coating applied to a plane glass surface and having an optical thickness of 5008 has a light transmission of 47% and unless the most' favourable conditions as herein described are observed in order to produce a defect-free coating, such defects are likely to occur and to be perceptible to the naked eye. If the same solution is applied to form an oxide coating having an optical thickness of 9θθ the imperfections are difficult to see if not totally invisible, but the light transmission is only 26%.

The hardness of the coatings produced according to the invention using the preferred compositions is generally high. Most of the glazings thus coated may be used as single glazings with the coated surface exposed to ambient

conditions, because such coatings are sufficiently resistant to mechanical damage under conditions of normal use. If required however, a protective coating, such as a coating of SnO , ZrO״ or TiO , may be superposed, for example, on a MM M coloured coating. _x

To test the hardness and adherence of coatings produced by means of a method according to the invention, it is possible to use a reciprocating friction element having a surface area of 1 cm and formed by rubber incorporating corundum particles of a diameter of 75 - 125 microns. The friction element is set in a weighted tube (weight of assembly 100 g) which slides vertically in a support. Constant contact is thus ensured between the friction element and the sample.

The friction element assembly is reciprocated by a crank system. The amplitude of the movement is 3 cm and its frequency is one forward and return stroke per second.

After some time the resulting wear pattern consists of scratches very close together with undestroyed coating left between them.

In various tests carried out on glasses coated with oxide coatings such as ZrO״, SnO״, SnO״ and Sb״O , TiO״, μ m w m j a

CeO״, SiO״ or a mixture of these M M after 5 minutes 5% of the surface scratched. At least one hour was required for 95% of the surface to be scratched.

According to certain embodiments of the method, a layer containing tin oxide is formed on a substrate.

Co₃0₄, Cr₂0₃, Y₂O₃, Th0₂, oxides, it was found that to friction was

Such a coating is particularly advantageous because tin oxide gives the coating very considerable hardness.

It is possible, for example, to deposit on a glass substrate, coatings consisting essentially of iron oxide containing a small quantity of tin oxide, i.e. for example

90% Fe0״, and 10% SnO״, which are coloured and can ; ά be used for a single glazing, this not being the case with a coloured coating consisting solely of iron oxide. A coating of this kind is readily produced by spraying on glass a solution of ferric chloride to which there has been added acetylacetone and anhydrous SnClg in dimethylformamide.

The presence of tin oxide in a coating which also contains one or more coloured oxides makes it possible to control and dilute the tint as viewed by transmitted and by reflected light.

The presence of tin oxide is also very advantageous when making coatings having antistatic or electrically conductive properties.

To form such coatings, solutions are used which preferably contain one or more tin chlorides which may or may not be anhydrous, i.e. SnClg, SnClg.2HgO, SnCl^^HgO or SnCl^.

To form coatings having a required electrical resistance, the thickness and composition thereof are controlled. For example, to produce an antistatic coating on a substrate of vitreous material, it will be preferable to use a coating o containing tin oxide with a thickness between 200 and 800 A.

To obtain a resistance equivalent to an antistatic or a conductive coating it is possible to use coatings .which contain small quantities of antimony in addition to tin oxide. To obtain a conductive coating it is preferable to use a salt solution containing a stannous salt as the main ingredient for forming the coating.

The invention will be more readily understood and its advantages will be more apparent from the following nonlimitative examples wherein Example 8 has reference to

Figure 1 which shows the result obtained with one specific embodiment of the invention. Figure 1 is a graph comprising two curves. Curve 1 denotes the light transmission of a film of oxides comprising SnO״ and Sb_QO in varying proportions while curve 2 represents the electrical resistance of said film against the amount of antimony salt present in the film-forming solution.

Example 1

A film-forming solution was prepared by dissolving 199g of bivalent cobalt acetate crystallised with 4 molecules of water and 73 g of anhydrous zinc acetate per litre of solvent

The solvent selected was dimethylformamide

The solution prepared in this way contained 65% by weight of oxide

CoO and 35% by weight of ZnO

This solution, the temperature of which is held at

70°C, was then sprayed on a ribbon of glass in course of its continuous production by a drawing process in which the glass ribbon ascends through an annealing gallery, the spraying being carried out at a place where the glass ribbon had a temperature of 590°C.

An internal mix spray gun was used which was fed with the solution and compressed air both at a pressure of 3*5 2 kg/cm above atmospheric pressure.

The distance between the mouth of the gun and the sheet of glass was 25 cm. The gun was reciprocated continuously transversely of the direction of advance of the ribbon, the speed of advance being 1.5 m per. minute. The reciprocating movement of the gun had a forward and return stroke period of 6 seconds (glass ribbon width: 3 ^m) .

The output of the gun was 12.7 litres of solution per

2 hour, equivalent to a solution flow of 47 cur per m of glass ribbon. The solution was sprayed to give a film of a thickness of 650 X.

After cooling of the glass, an optical film was obtained having a green tint in transmitted light and highly reflective. The characteristics of the resultant product were as follows:

Light transmission 7θ.5%

Light reflection on coating side 14.8%

Light reflection on glass side 16% • Energy transmission 69.7%

Energy reflection on coating side 13.7%

Energy reflection on glass side 13•9%

Energy absorption of coating side 16.6%

Energy absorption on glass side 16.4%

The film had a uniform thickness and was free from pitting.

A similar result was obtained by replacing the

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dimethylformamide by another solvent such dimethylacetamide, tetramethyl urea, dimethylsuphoxide, acetonitrile, nitrobenzene, ethylene carbonate, tetramethylsulphone or hexamethylphosphoramide.

Example 2 g of chromium nitrate Cr(NO9.״(״H0״ were dissolved j j &amp;

in 0.8 litre of dimethylformamide. 5θ.5 cc of acetylacetone were then added. The mixture was heated for 15 to 20 minutes _at a temperature of 50°C. Heating was then stopped and daring tt cooling of the solution 52.8 g of ferric chloride FeCl .6H 0

ע • were dissolved and 58.5 cc of acetylacetone were added.

169 g of bivalent cobalt acetate Co(CH״C00)_.4H״O and 23 cc of acetylacetone plus 34.9 cc of H0״ were then W &lt;4 added to the resulting solution. The hydrogen peroxide served to convert the bivalent cobalt to trivalent cobalt.

The solution was agitated with cooling for about 15 minutes.

Dimethyl formamide was added to make up 1 litre of solution.

The resulting solution had a total oxides concentration of 85.I g/litre of solution divided up as shown by the following percentage by weight:

64.1% Co₂0j

18.4% Fe_0.

17.5% Cr₂O₃

This solution was then sprayed on to a glass ribbon mm thick made in the same way as in Example 1. The temperature of the glass during the spraying operation was 600°C.

The equipment used for spraying was the same as in Example 1.

The gun output was 13.8 litres of solution per hour.

The coating deposited had a uniform thickness of 800 J and had a bronze tint when viewed in transmitted light.

The oxides composition in the coating was, by weight,

12% Fe₂O₃

18% Cr_0

ע “

70% Co₃0₄

The light transmission was 47.1%

The energy transmission was 51*3$

When the thickness of the coating was increased to 1200 X, a more yellowish tint was obtained when viewed in transmitted light.

In that case the light transmission was 36*7% end the energy transmission was 42.6%

The coating obtained had sufficient hardness for use as single glazing and also had excellent resistance to external conditions, including acids.

The same operation was repeated on printed glass while it was at a temperature of 640° during production. A coating of oxides of a thickness of 540 X was deposited on this glass using identical spray equipment to that described above. .The solution delivery was 16.1 litres per hour and the glass speed of movement was 3. 15 metres .-I9per minute (ribbon width 2 metres).

Example 3

II3.5 S of zirconium chloride ZrCl^ were dissolved in 0.8 litre of dimethylformamide. The solution was then made up to 1 litre to have a concentration equivalent to 60 g of ZrO per litre of solution.

This solution has a yellowish tint and is cloudy.

This solution was then sprayed on to a sheet of glass at a temperature of 600°C. The resulting coating was of a grey tint and had a number of small bright spots.

The same test was repeated but with the addition of acetylacetone to the starting solution, the proportion of acetylacetone being 4 moles to 1 mole of ZrCl^. The amount of acetylacetone added was 195 cc. After heating to

50°C for about 15 minutes the solution became perfectly clear.

When this solution was sprayed on to the sheet of glass the resulting film was perfectly uniform and grey when viewed in transmitted and reflected light.

The characteristics of the resulting product were as follows:

Light transmission 73• 3%

Energy transmission 74%

Light reflection on coating side 22.8%

Energy reflection on coating side 18.2%

The resulting coating was very hard.

Example 4

A number of film-forming solutions were prepared by dissolving the metallic salt corresponding to the desired oxide in an appropriate solvent. The solutions, which are shown in the Table below, were sprayed on to a sheet of glass 4 mm thick heated to a temperature of 600°C.

The characteristics of the resulting product are shown in the Table.

<td> Starting Salt</td><td> Solvent</td><td> Conposition of Film</td><td> Thickness of fihn</td><td> Properties of the film ami of the product obtained ;</td>

<td> M®,coo)₂ _____ t</td><td> DMSO</td><td> MgO</td><td> ג 400</td><td> Light transmission Energy transmission 77*4%</td>

<td> BiClj (+Acac) VC1_ (+Acac) i</td><td> MF</td><td>^Bi2°5 . v₂0_? 5$</td><td> wi</td><td> Yellow when viewed in transmitted light after aesorblj in double glazing; Light transmission J?«6% . Energy transmission 59-5^ (The film was disposed on th.» inner surface of the outer glass</td>

<td> Cd(CB COO^.ZHgO</td><td> MF</td><td> CdO</td><td> 400X</td><td> Light transmission Energy transmission 77.^</td>

<td> Kl₆ MoCi , . 1 M_-------------</td><td> acetonitrile</td><td> Wj 80J! Mo.O, 20^ i i</td><td> 500X</td><td> Grey tint in transmitted and reflected light Light transmission Energy transmission 1$</td>

<td> ? , t 1/1» ״¼ PbKJHjCOOjg (♦J^HAc) Hn (NO ) .6H 0 7 u C</td><td> MF _#</td><td> 1110 60¢ W₂W</td><td> 500ί</td><td> Grey-brownish tint in transmits light ׳ Light transmission 67.7% Energy transmission ^,JlDJi</td>

<td> AuClj ThCl^ (+Acac) TiCl^ (+Acac) BhClj . *</td><td> DMF . 1</td><td> ' Au 11).95¢ Th0₂ 70¢ K015¢ 101^0.05¢ י I ¹</td><td> 6508 1</td><td> The effect of the presence of is to limit the dimensions of the particles of Au. Film of blue tint in transmitted light. After assembly as double glazing the following values were obtained: Light transmission 57»$, Light reflection I?.#, Energy absorption 28.$ Energy transmission 50.2^, . Energy reflection0L$</td>

<td> carving .^LLL. wivenv</td><td> WI.1^UI3XVAVH VA Film</td><td> *IIAbtlUvUU of film</td><td> a &lt;1 v A VM«׳ AAA+'l 1.4.1M W| the product obtained</td>

<td> PeFj C+Acac) ¢^1. C_rBr acetamide 5</td><td> Fe₂0j 1% Cr₂0j 2$</td><td> 550 X .</td><td> Yellow-amber tint in transmitted light, yellow in reflected light Light transmission 52.$ Energy transmission 5^״$</td>

<td> Zr (W^.^O (+ Acac) W Νϊ(®₃)₂.6Η₂Ο (+Acac) Cu(CiL.CO0).H₂O.</td><td> ZW)₂ 60JK «10 10^ CuO yn&gt;</td><td> 600X , *</td><td> Brown tint in transmitted light Light transmission 56.$, Light reflection $.$, Energy absorption 14.$, Energy transmission 6j.$, Energy reflection 2$</td>

<td> CcClj (+Acac) HUP Al(N0₃),.9H₂0 (+ Acac)</td><td> Ce₂0_} 851¢ A1₂0j 13!</td><td> *</td><td> Grey tint in transmitted and reflected light Light transmission ?1.$ Energy transmission ?2.$</td>

<td> SnCl^.jH 0 DMF AsClj</td><td> SnO₂ 90)¢ As₂0_} 10¢ .</td><td> ג 00?</td><td> Hnk tint in transmitted light Liglt transmission 71.8$ ‘ Energy transmission 69.$</td>

<td> ISO s dimethylsulphoxide</td><td> W פ dimethylformanide</td><td> Acac«</td><td> acetylacetone</td>

HAc s acetic acid

Example 5

Tin oxide coatings were prepared by spraying solutions of tin chloride in dimethylformamide.

solutions were prepared by dissolving the following respectively in dimethylformamide: SnCl^; SnClg^HgO; SnCl₄.5H₂O.

A fourth solution was prepared by initially dissolving SnCl^ in acetylacetone to give a very viscous red liquid which was then dissolved in dimethylformamide.

These four solutions had an identical tin content and were sprayed on a sheet of glass at a temperature of 580°. The coatings obtained from the four solutions were identical optically. Their tint was green in reflected light in all four cases.

Example 6

A film-forming solution was prepared by dissolving

400 g of stannous chloride SnCl2.״H 0 and a small quantity of antimony chloride, i.e. 7.5 g of SbCl^, in one litre of dimethylformamide.

This solution was sprayed at a rate of flow of 15.8 litres per hour on to the smooth surface of a printed glass ribbon moving at a speed of 3.5 metres per minute, just upstream of the annealing gallery, at a place where the temperature of the glass was of the order of 680°C. The total width of the' ribbon was 1.57 m. The gun was reciprocated over a distance of 1.27 m. The number of sweep cycles was 25 per minute.

4A coating having a uniform purple tint was obtained over a width of 1.10 m. The thickness of the coating was 2700 X. The electrical resistance of the coating was 60 Ω/□. A piece of glass 30 x 3θ ^cm was cut from this ribbon and subjected to thermal hardening. Silver varnish electrodes were then applied. With the application of a voltage of 220 V the temperature a few millimetres above the glass was 92°C. If a coating of less thickness is deposited, i.e. 200 to 800 X, the same starting solution.yields an antistatic coating which is no longer electrically conductive.

It was also possible to obtain antistatic coatings by spraying on the glass a film-forming solution containing from 70 to 90% by weight of SnCl^ and 30 to 10% by weight of SnCl_. £4 Example 7

Stannic chloride SnCl^ was dissolved in acetylacetone and then the resulting liquid was dissolved in dimethylformamide and ferric chloride FeCl6.״H_o0 was added thereto ע «

Different solutions containing different proportions of stannic salt and ferric salt were sprayed on to a glass heated to 55O°C.

The oxides concentration was always 60 g per litre and the thickness of the film was of the order of 500 X.

<td> The following table gives the characteristics of the</td>

<td> films obtained and of the solutions used:</td>

<td> Percentage in Sn0_o 0 10 20 30 40 100</td>

<td> the solution Fe0 60 70 80 90 100 0״</td>

‘ -25-

<td> Percentage in</td><td> SnO 0 A</td><td> 25</td><td> 41</td><td> 64</td><td> 79</td><td> 100</td>

<td> the film</td><td> Fe₂O₃ 100</td><td> 75</td><td> 59</td><td> 36</td><td> 21</td><td> 0</td>

<td> Light transmi s si on(%)</td><td> 50.3 .י</td><td> 55.2</td><td> 60.1</td><td> 65.6</td><td> 71.1</td><td> 76.8</td>

<td> Tint</td><td> Pronounced yellow amber</td><td> Amber grey</td><td> Amber</td><td> Yellowish Grey</td><td> Grey</td><td> Pale grey</td>

Example 8

75.5 g of anhydrous SnCl_ and 15 g of SbCl were dissolved A i in 1 litre of dimethylformamide. The solution was sprayed on to a sheet of glass to form a coating with a thickness of the order of 2000 X.

The coating had a very intense blue tint when viewed in transmitted light.

Light transmission of the order of 21%.

Light reflection 5%

By adjusting the concentration of SbCl^ it is possible to vary the intensity of the blue tint and also the resistance of the coating. This is illustrated by Figure 1 in which the curve 1 represents the light transmission of the film against the quantity of SbCl^ present in the film-forming solution and curve 2 represents the resistance of the film against the quantity of SbCl^ present in the solution.

The curves 1 and 2 were plotted from the following data: the light transmission of the film of a thickness of 700 X ( as a percentage) was plotted on the left-hand ordinate and the electrical resistance in Ω/□ was plotted to a logarithmic scale on the right-hand ordinate. The a litre of abscissa represents the number of grams of SbCl^ added to anhydrous SnClg.

solution containing 75•5 g of

Example 9

127 g litre of of indium chloride InCl4.״H 0 g of dimethylformamide. 1.58 thereto ( to give 2% of metallic

Sn with metallic

In content).

The

500°C so were dissolved in

Sn.Cl_o were added A respect to the solution was sprayed on as to give a coating of thickness.

to a glass heated to the.order of 1200 X

A coating of this kind was of a blue tint in reflected light and slightly yellowish in transmitted light.

Light transmission 87.2%

Energy transmission 79.5%

Electrical resistance 7θ Λ/ο.

A coating of this kind may be used as a glazing for heating purposes. It was found small quantity of acetylacetone that the addition of to the film-forming solution (i.e. 1/3 mole of acetylacetone to 1 mo3e of

InCi .4H0״) improved j * that it was possible the optical quality of the film and resistance to obtain films with an electrical of 25^/□ and even less.

Example 10

A spraying solution was prepared by diluting silicon chloride SiCl^, to which acetylacetone had been added, in dimethylformamide

The solution was sprayed on to a sheet of glass heated to 5θθ°θ to form a very thin film of Si0_o of the order of 150 X thick.

An indium oxide coating identical to that indicated >

in Example 9 ^was then deposited on the glass coated in this way.

The optical and electrical properties of the coating were similar to those obtained in Example 9» the quality and uniformity of the coating being particularly high.

One may classify the solvents a8׳ ”protic (or acid) and aprotic (or basic) solvents. Protic solvents are Hydrogendonors. Solvents having .a dielectric constant higher than

15, although they may contain Hydrogen atoms, unable to form strong bonds, may also be called dipolar .־aprotic solvents (cfr. PARKER, A.J. The effects of solvation on the proper- ties of anions in dipolar aprotic solvents Quartely Reviews,