Convey line carrier for microwave heating

CONVEY LINE CARRIER FOR MICROWAVE HEATING

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/235,961 filed on October 1, 2015, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[002] This invention relates to microwave systems for heating one or more objects, articles, and/or loads. In particular, this invention relates to methods and systems for transporting a plurality of articles through a microwave heating zone.

BACKGROUND

[003] Microwave radiation is a known mechanism for delivering energy to an object. The ability of microwave energy to penetrate and heat an object in a rapid and effective manner has proven advantageous in many chemical and industrial processes. Because of its ability to quickly and thoroughly heat an article, microwave energy has been employed in heating processes wherein the rapid achievement of a prescribed minimum temperature is desired, such as, for example, pasteurization and/or sterilization processes. Further, because microwave energy is generally non-invasive, microwave heating may be particularly useful for heating dielectrically sensitive materials, such as food and pharmaceuticals. However, to date, the complexities and nuances of safely and effectively applying microwave energy, especially on a commercial scale, have severely limited its application in several types of industrial processes.

[004] When microwave energy is applied to the articles as the articles are passed through a liquid-filled, pressurized microwave chamber, the articles may be secured into a carrier to hold the articles in place during heating. In orderto achieve desirable commercial throughput, a single microwave system may need a plurality of individual carriers, in order to process the articles in a continuous manner while having sufficient time to load and unload the carriers. Further, if the carriers are designed to process articles of a given size and shape, microwave systems may need several different types of carriers in order to process a wide variety of articles. However, this can

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PCT/US2016/055189 greatly increase the operating expenses associated with the system, and may reduce production efficiency by requiring massive change outs of carriers in order to different types of articles.

[005] Thus, a need exists for an efficient, cost effective industrial-scale microwave heating system capable of achieving consistent results with a wide variety of articles having different sizes and/or shapes. Advantageously, such a system would be easy to operate, while minimizing capital expenses and maximizing throughput.

SUMMARY

[006] One embodiment of the present invention concerns a carrier for transporting a plurality of articles on a convey line of a microwave heating system. The carrier comprises a frame formed of a low loss tangent material, wherein the frame comprises first and second spaced apart side members configured to engage the convey line and first and second spaced apart end members coupled to and extending between opposite ends of the first and second side members. The carrier also comprises a plurality of substantially parallel slats formed of an electrically conductive material, wherein at least a portion of the slats are coupled to and extend between the first and second end members.

[007] Another embodiment of the present invention concerns a carrier system used for transporting a plurality of articles through a microwave heating system. The carrier system comprises a pair of side members including a first side member and a second side member and a pair of end members including a first end member and a second end member. The first and the second end members are configured to be coupled to and extend between opposite ends of the first and second side members. The carrier system comprises an upper support structure and a lower support structure for securing the articles in the carrier, wherein the upper and lower support structures are configured to extend between the first and second end members and to be vertically spaced from one another to thereby define a cargo volume for receiving the articles therebetween. The carrier system comprises at least one of (i) one or more pairs of vertical spacers configured to be selectively coupled to the first and second end members, wherein the vertical spacing between the upper and lower support structures can be changed by selective coupling of the vertical spacers to the first and second end members and (ii) one or more dividers

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PCT/US2016/055189 configured to be selectively inserted into the cargo volume between the first and second end members in a direction generally parallel to the support members. The cargo volume can be divided into a plurality of compartments by selective insertion of the dividers between the first and second end members.

[008] Yet another embodiment of the present invention concerns a method for operating a microwave heating system. The method comprises the steps of placing a plurality of a first type of articles into a carrier, wherein the carrier comprises a frame, upper and lower support structures coupled to at least a portion of the frame, and at least one article spacing member, wherein the upper and lower support structures at least partially define a cargo volume therebetween in which the first type of articles are placed; and heating the first type of articles in the carrier in a microwave heating zone, wherein at least a portion of the heating of the first type of articles is performed using microwave energy, and wherein the first type of articles are submerged in a liquid medium during the heating of the first type of articles. The method comprises unloading the first type of articles from the carrier and reconfiguring the carrier to change the size and/or shape of the cargo volume. The method further comprises placing a plurality of a second type of articles into the cargo volume of the carrier, wherein the second type of articles has a different size and/or shape than the first type of articles; and heating the second type of articles in the carrier in the microwave heating zone. At least a portion of the heating of the second type of articles is performed using microwave energy, and wherein the second type of articles are submerged in the liquid medium during the heating of the heating of the second type of articles.

[009] Still another embodiment of the present invention concerns a microwave heating system for heating a plurality of articles. The microwave heating system comprises at least one carrier configured to hold a plurality of the articles; a convey line for transporting the carrier in a direction of travel; a microwave generator for generating microwave energy; and at least one microwave launcher for directing at least a portion of the microwave energy toward the articles in the carrier being transported along the convey line. The carrier comprises a plurality of spaced apart slats that extend in a direction substantially parallel to the direction of travel of the convey line and wherein the slats are formed of an electrically conductive material.

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[010] Still another embodiment of the present invention concerns a carrier for transporting a plurality of articles on a convey line of a microwave heating system, wherein each of the articles comprises a pouch having a base and a top, where the base portion is at least twice as thick as the top portion. The carrier comprises a frame comprising first and second spaced apart end members; and an upper support structure and a lower support structure extending between the first and the second end members and configured to secure the articles in the carrier. A pouch receiving space is defined between an upward facing surface of the lower support structure and a downward facing surface of the upper support structure. The downward facing surface and/or the upward facing surface comprises a series of recesses and each of the recesses is configured to receive the base portion of one of the pouches so as to secure the pouch in the pouch receiving space.

[Oil] A further embodiment of the present invention concerns a carrier and article system for transporting a plurality of articles on a convey line of a microwave heating system. The carrier and article system comprises a frame comprising first and second spaced apart side members configured to engage the convey line and first and second spaced apart end members coupled to and extending between opposite ends of the first and second side members and an upper support structure and a lower support structure for securing the articles in the carrier, wherein the upper and lower groups of support members are configured to extend between the first and second end members. A pouch receiving space is defined between an upward facing surface of the lower support structure and a downward facing surface of the upper support structure. The carrier and article system further comprises a plurality of pouches loaded into the pouch receiving space, wherein each of the articles comprises a pouch having a base and a top, where the base portion is at least twice as thick as the top portion, wherein the pouches are arranged in the pouch receiving space in an overlapping configuration, with the top of one pouch at least partially overlapping the base of an adjacent pouch.

[012] A still further embodiment of the present invention concerns a method for sterilizing or pasteurizing pouches. The method comprises the steps of providing a carrier having a pouch receiving space and loading a plurality of pouches into the pouch receiving space in an overlapping configuration, with a narrow top portion of each of the pouches overlapping with a

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PCT/US2016/055189 broader base portion of an adjacent pouch. The method also comprises passing the carrier and pouches through a heating zone, and during the passing, using microwave energy to heat the pouches to a temperature sufficient to sterilize or pasteurize the pouches.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[013] Various embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing Figures, wherein:

[014] FIG. 1 is a top front isometric view of a carrier configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;

[015] FIG. 2 is a bottom front isometric view of the carrier shown in FIG. 1;

[016] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the carrier shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;

[017] FIG. 4 is a partial front isometric view of upper and lower support structures suitable for use in the carrier shown in FIGS. 1-3;

[018] FIG. 5 is an end view of the carrier shown in FIGS. 1-3;

[019] FIG. 6 is a side view of the carrier shown in FIGS. 1-3 and 5;

[020] FIG. 7 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 6;

[021] FIG. 8 is a transverse cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIGS. 1-3 and 5-7;

[022] FIG. 9 is a top front isometric view of another carrier configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention, particularly illustrating a carrier having more than two compartments in the cargo volume;

[023] FIG. 10 is a partial isometric view of a carrier configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention that includes a removable divider, particularly illustrating the divider being in a first position;

[024] FIG. 11 is a partial isometric view of the carrier illustrated in FIG. 10, particularly illustrating the divider being removed from the carrier;

[025] FIG. 12 is a partial isometric view of the carrier illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11, particularly illustrating the divider being reinserted into the carrier in a different position;

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[026] FIG. 13 is a partial isometric view of a carrier configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention that includes a vertical spacer;

[027] FIG. 14 is a partial exploded view of the carrier shown in FIG. 13;

[028] FIG. 15 is a partial cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIGS. 13 and 14;

[029] FIG. 16 is a top front isometric view of another carrier configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;

[030] FIG. 17 is a bottom front isometric view of the carrier shown in FIG. 16;

[031] FIG. 18 is an exploded view of the carrier shown in FIGS. 16 and 17;

[032] FIG. 19 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIGS. 16-18;

[033] FIG. 20a is a partial cross sectional view of a carrier according to one or more embodiments of the present invention, particularly illustrating a vertical spacer having a first height;

[034] FIG. 20b is a partial cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIG. 20a, but including a vertical spacer having a second height and particularly illustrating the use of vertical spacers to adjust the height of the cargo volume;

[035] FIG. 21a is a partial cross sectional view of a carrier including another vertical spacer configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;

[036] FIG. 21b is a partial cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIG. 21a, but including second vertical spacer configured similarly to the vertical spacer shown in FIG. 21a, but having a different height and particularly illustrating the use of vertical spacers to adjust the height of the cargo volume;

[037] FIG. 22 is a isometric view of the components of a carrier system according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;

[038] FIG. 23 is a side view of a plurality of articles arranged in a nested configuration;

[039] FIG. 24 is a top view of the plurality of articles shown in FIG. 23, particularly illustrating a divided row nested configuration;

[040] FIG. 25 is a top view of another plurality of articles arranged in a nested configuration, particularly illustrating a full or continuous nested configuration;

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[041] FIG. 26 is an isometric view of another carrier according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;

[042] FIG. 27 is a transverse cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIG. 26;

[043] FIG. 28 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIGS. 26 and 27;

[044] FIG. 29 is a partial isometric view of another carrier configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention, particularly illustrating use of dielectric shapers to enhance the uniformity of the applied electric field;

[045] FIG. 30 is a transverse cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIG. 29;

[046] FIG. 31a is a side view of a pouch suitable for use in carriers according to embodiments of the present invention, particularly illustrating that the base portion of the pouch is at least twice as wide as its top portion;

[047] FIG. 31b is an isometric view of the pouch shown in FIG. 31a;

[048] FIG. 32 is a partial longitudinal cross sectional view of a carrier configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention, particularly illustrating a carrier suitable for holding pouches;

[049] FIG. 33 is a partial longitudinal cross sectional view of the carrier shown in FIG. 32, particularly illustrating the orientation of the pouches within the carrier;

[050] FIG. 34a is process flow diagram depicting one embodiment of a microwave heating system for heating one or more articles, particularly illustrating a system comprising a thermalization zone, a microwave heating zone, an optional holding zone, a quench zone, and a pair of pressure adjustment zones;

[051] FIG. 34b is a schematic diagram of a microwave heating system 110 configured according to one embodiment of the present invention, particularly each of the zones of microwave heating system 110 outlined in the diagram provided in FIG. 34a;

[052] FIG. 35 is a schematic partial side cut-away view of a microwave heating zone configured according to one embodiment of the present invention, particularly illustrating the heating vessel and the microwave distribution system;

ר

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[053] FIG. 36 is a partial side cut-away view of a microwave heating zone configured according to one embodiment of the present invention, particularly illustrating a titled microwave launcher and showing what is meant by the term launch tilt angle (β);

[054] FIG. 37a is an isometric view of a microwave launcher configured according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[055] FIG. 37b is a longitudinal side view of the microwave launcher depicted in FIG. 37a;

[056] FIG. 37c is an end view of the microwave launcher depicted in FIGS. 37a and 37b, particularly illustrating a launcher having a flared outlet;

[057] FIG. 37d is an end view of another embodiment of the microwave launcher generally depicted in FIGS. 37a and 37b, particularly illustrating a launcher having an inlet and outlet of approximately the same size;

[058] FIG. 37e is an end view of yet another embodiment of the microwave launchers generally depicted in FIGS. 37a and 37b, particularly illustrating a launcher having a tapered outlet;

[059] FIG. 38a is an isometric view of a microwave launcher configured according to yet another embodiment of the present invention, particularly showing an integrated inductive iris disposed between the inlet and outlet of the launcher;

[060] FIG. 38b is a horizontal cross sectional view of the microwave launcher depicted in FIG. 38a; and

[061] FIG. 39 is an isometric depiction of the location of thermocouples inserted into a test package to determine the minimum temperature of the package for determining the heating profile of for an article according to one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[062] The present invention relates to processes and systems for heating a plurality of articles in a microwave heating system. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to carriers for transporting a plurality of articles through a microwave heating zone and to methods of loading such carriers in order to provide uniform heating to each of the articles. Suitable types of articles can include, but are not limited to, packaged foodstuffs, medical liquids,

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PCT/US2016/055189 pharmaceuticals, and medical or dental instruments. Additionally, the processes and systems of the present invention may be utilized to process articles having different sizes, shapes, and packaging designs in a manner that provides consistent and efficient microwave-assisted pasteurization and/or sterilization of the articles.

[063] Microwave heating systems as described herein may be any heating system that uses microwave energy to heat the articles passing therethrough. In some embodiments, the microwave heating system may include a liquid-filled, pressurized microwave heating chamber and the articles may be at least partially, or completely, submerged during heating. Carriers according to embodiments of the present invention are configured to secure a plurality of articles in place as the articles are passed through the microwave heating zone. As a result, the articles are exposed to a more controlled, more uniform microwave field, which ensures sufficient and adequate heating of each article to a temperature of between about 80°C and about 100°C for pasteurization or between about 100°C to about 140°C for sterilization. Specific embodiments of microwave heating systems suitable for use with the present invention are described in detail below.

[064] It has been discovered that a carrier employing multiple, spaced apart, electrically conductive slats on one or both sides of the articles being heated can provide unexpected benefits. Traditionally, use of electrically conductive material in microwave zones has been specifically avoided in order to avoid arcing and other such problems, but it has been found that the use of properly configured electrically conductive slats can actually increase the uniformity of the microwave field to which the articles positioned in the carrier are exposed. Additionally, the ability to use electrically conductive materials in a carrier may help permit a wider selection of strong, relatively rigid, and affordable food-grade materials to be used in constructing the carrier. With this wide range of materials to choose from, carriers can be made larger and more durable for increased efficiency on a commercial-scale. Furthermore, it has been discovered that carriers that include one or more removable article spacing members may also provide enhanced process flexibility by permitting adjustment of the size and/or shape of the article-containing cargo volume within the carrier. As a result, a single carrier can be selectively configured to process several different types of articles having varying sizes and/or shapes.

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[065] Turning initially to FIGS. 1-4, a carrier 10 configured according to one or more embodiments of the present invention is shown. As illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, carrier 10 includes an outer frame 12, an upper support structure 14, and a lower support structure 16. As shown in FIGS. 1-3, outer frame 12 comprises two spaced-apart side members 18a,b and two spacedapart end members 20a,b. First and second end members 20a,b may be coupled to and extend between opposite ends of first and second side members 18a,b to form outer frame 12, which can have a generally rectangular shape. First and second side members 18a,b include respective support projections 22a,b that are configured to engage respective first and second convey line support members of a convey line, represented by dashed lines 24a and 24b in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively. First and second support projections 22a,b of carrier 10 present respective first and second lower support surfaces 42a,b for supporting carrier 10 on first and second convey line support members 24a,b. Convey line support members 24a,b may be moving convey line members and can, for example, include two chains located on each side of carrier 10.

[066] Turning now to FIGS. 16-19, another embodiment of carrier 10 is provided. Carrier 10 shown in FIGS. 16-19 includes outer frame 12, an upper support structure 14, and a lower support structure 16 configured in a similar manner as described previously with respect to FIGS. 1-4. As shown in FIGS. 16-19, outer frame 12 comprises two spaced-apart side members 18a,b and two spaced-apart end members 20a,b, and first and second end members 20a,b may be coupled to and extend between opposite ends of first and second side members 18a,b to form outer frame 12. As shown in FIGS. 16-18, first and second side members 18a,b may extend the entire length of carrier 10, while in the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1-3, first and second side members 18a,b may only extend along a portion of the total length of carrier 10. For example, in some embodiments, side members 18a,b may extend at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, or at least about 95 percent of the total length of carrier 10, depending on the size and configuration of end members 20a,b.

[067] First and second side members 18a,b and first and second end members 20a,b of frame 12 may be formed of any suitable material and, in some embodiments, are formed of a low loss tangent material. In some embodiments, the low loss tangent material used to form one or more of first and second side members 18a,b and/or first and second end members 20a,b can

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PCT/US2016/055189 have a loss tangent of not more than about 10⁴־, not more than about 10³־, not more than about 10²־, measured at 20°C. Examples of suitable low loss tangent materials may include various polymers and ceramics. In some embodiments, the low loss tangent material may be a foodgrade material.

[068] When a polymer is used as the low loss tangent material, the polymer may have a glass transition temperature (T_g) of at least about 80°C, at least about 100°C, at least about 120°C, or at least about 140°C, in order to withstand the elevated temperatures to which the carrier may be exposed during heating of the articles. Suitable polymers can include, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polysulfone, polynorbornene, polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyetherimide (PEI), polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and combinations thereof. The polymer can be monolithic or it may be reinforced with glass fibers. In certain embodiments, glass-filled PTFE (Teflon) may be used as the low loss tangent material for forming outer frame 12. When a ceramic is used as the low loss tangent material, the ceramic can comprise an aluminosilicate. In some embodiments, an oxide ceramic, such as aluminum oxide, can be used as the low loss tangent material. In some embodiments, each of first and second side members 18a,b and each of first and second end members 20a,b may be formed of the same material, while, in other embodiments, at least one of first side member 18a, second side member 18b, first end member 20a, and second end member 20b may be formed of a different material.

[069] Referring again to the embodiments of carrier 10 shown in FIGS. 1-4 and 16-19, upper and lower support structures 14, 16 of carrier 10 each include a plurality of support members extending between first and second end members 20a,b in a direction generally parallel to one another. Although shown as including individual support members, it should be understood that upper and/or lower support structures 14,16 could include an upper and lower grid member, or it could include sheets of microwave-transparent or microwave semitransparent material extending between first and second end members 20a,b. Combinations of one or more of the above are also possible. Upper and lower support structures 14, 16 may include any type of support structure suitable for retaining the articles within carrier 10 while permitting microwave energy to reach the articles.

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[070] When upper and/or lower support structures 14, 16 include individual support members, as shown in FIGS. 1-4 and 16-19, the each support member may extend in a direction substantially perpendicular to first and second end members 20a,b and substantially parallel to first and second side members 18a,b. As used herein, the terms substantially parallel and substantially perpendicular mean within 5° of being parallel or perpendicular, respectively. In total, carrier 10 may include at least about 8, at least about 12, at least about 20, or at least about 24 individual support members and/or not more than about 100, not more than about 80, not more than about 60, not more than about 50, or not more than about 40 individual support members, or the total number of individual support members in carrier 10 may be in the range of from 8 to about 100, from about 12 to about 80, from about 20 to about 60, or from about 24 to about 50.

[071] In some embodiments, upper support structure 14 may include an upper group of individual support members 26a and lower support structure 16 may include a lower group of individual support members 26b. As particularly illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 18, the individual support members in upper and lower groups of support members 26a,b may be rigidly fixed to a pair of respective transverse cross members 28a,b and 30a,b located at opposite ends in order to maintain the position of the support members relative to one another. As particularly illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, the upper group of support members 26a may be substantially straight, while the lower group of support members 26b may include an angled portion 27a,b at each end of the support member that may be coupled to transverse cross members 30a,b. Such angled portions 27a,b may help facilitate additional spacing between the upper and lower support structures 14, 16 when carrier 10 is assembled. In some embodiments (not shown), individual support members in upper group of support members 26a may include an angled portion, while the support members in lower group 26b may be substantially straight. In some embodiments, the individual support members in each of the upper and lower groups 26a,b may be substantially straight, while, in other embodiments, the individual support members in each of the upper and lower groups 26a,b may include an angled portion.

[072] Each of upper and lower groups of support members 26a,b shown in FIGS. 1-4 and 16-19 may include any number of individual support members. In some embodiments, the total

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PCT/US2016/055189 number of individual support members in each of the upper and lower groups of support members 26a,b can be at least about 4, at least about 6, or at least about 10 and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 40, or not more than about 30, or the total number of individual support members in each of upper and lower groups of support members 26a,b can be in the range of from 4 to 50, from 6 to 40, or from 10 to 30. Each of upper and lower groups of support members 26a,b may include an equal number of support members, or one of upper and lower groups of support members 26a,b may include more support members than the other.

[073] The individual support members within upper and lower groups 26a,b can be configured in any suitable pattern. In some embodiments, the individual support members in at least one of upper group 26a and lower group 26b may be substantially equally spaced from one another. Alternatively, or in addition, the individual support members within one or both of upper and lower groups 26a,b may be unequally spaced. The individual support members in upper group 26a may have the same spacing as, or different spacing than, the support members in lower group 26b. In some embodiments, the average center-to-center spacing between individual support members of upper group of support members 26a and/or lower group of support members 26b can be at least about 0.1, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, or at least about 0.75 inches and/or not more than about 10, not more than about 5, not more than about 2.5, or not more than about 2 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 0.1 to 10, from about 0.25 to 5, from about 0.5 to 2.5, or from about 0.75 to 2 inches.

[074] The individual support members in each of upper and lower groups 26a,b may be formed of a strong, electrically conductive material. In some embodiments, the material may be a food-grade material. The electrically conductive material from which the individual support members (and, optionally, transverse cross members) are formed can have a conductivity of at least about 10³, at least about 10⁴, at least about 10⁵, at least about 10⁶, or at least about 10⁷Siemens per meter (S/m) at 20°C, measured according to ASTM E1004 (09). Additionally, the electrically conductive material from which the individual support members are formed may have a tensile strength of at least about 50, at least about 100, at least about 200, at least about 400, or at least about 600 Mega Pascals (MPa), measured according to ASTM E8/E8M-16a. The electrically conductive material may also have a yield strength of at least about 50, at least about

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100, at least about 200, at least about 300, or at least about 400 MPa at 20°C, measured according to ASTM E8/E8M-16a. The Young's Modulus of the electrically conductive material can be at least about 25, at least about 50, at least about 100, or at least about 150 GigaPascals (GPa) and/or not more than about 1000, not more than about 750, not more than about 500, or not more than about 250 GPa, measured at 20°C, or it can be in the range of from about 25 to about 1000, about 50 to about 750, about 100 to about 500, or about 150 to about 250 GPa. Young's Modulus is measured according to ASTM Elll-04 (2010).

[075] The electrically conductive material from which the individual support members are formed may be metallic. In some embodiments, the electrically conductive material may be a metal alloy. The metal alloy may comprise, for example, iron and chromium, with the iron being present in a higher amount than the chromium. In some embodiments, the iron may be present in an amount of at least about 40, at least about 50, or at least about 60 weight percent and/or not more than about 95, not more than about 90, or not more than about 85 weight percent, and the chromium may be present in an amount of at least about 5, at least about 8, or at least about 10 weight percent and/or not more than about 40, not more than about 35, or not more than about 30 weight percent. Iron may be present in an amount in the range of from about 40 to about 95 weight percent, from about 50 to about 90 weight percent, or from about 60 to about 85 weight percent and chromium may be present in an amount in the range of from about 5 to about 40 weight percent, from about 8 to about 35 weight percent, or from about 10 to about 30 weight percent.

[076] In some embodiments, the metal alloy may further comprise nickel. When present, the amount of nickel in the metal alloy may be at least about 1, at least about 2, or at least about 4 and/or not more than about 30, not more than about 20, or not more than about 15 weight percent, or it may be in the range of from about 1 to about 40 weight percent, from about 2 to about 35 weight percent, or from about 4 to about 30 weight percent. When the metal alloy comprises iron, nickel, and chromium, iron may be present in an amount in the range of from about 40 to about 95 weight percent, from about 50 to about 90 weight percent, or from about 60 to about 85 weight percent, the chromium may be present in an amount in the range of from about 5 to about 40 weight percent, from about 8 to about 35 weight percent, or from

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PCT/US2016/055189 about 10 to about 30 weight percent, and the nickel may be present in an amount in the range of from about 1 to about 40, from about 2 to about 35, or from about 4 to about 30 weight percent. The metallic alloy may be stainless steel.

[077] When upper and/or lower support structures 14,16 include a plurality of individual support members, the support members may have many of suitable shapes. For example, in some embodiments, the individual support members in upper and/or lower groups of support members 26a,b may comprise slats having a generally rectangular transverse cross section. Each slat can have an average cross sectional area of at least about 0.001, at least about 0.005, at least about 0.01, or at least about 0.025 square inches (in²) and/or not more than about 1, not more than about 0.5, not more than about 0.25, or not more than about 0.1 in², or it can be in the range of from about 0.001 to about 1 in², from about 0.005 to about 0.5 in², from about 0.01 to about 0.25 in², or from about 0.025 to about 0.1 in². Additionally, each of the slats in the upper and/or lower group of support members can have a length-to-diameter ratio of at least about 5:1, at least about 10:1, or at least about 20:1 and/or not more than about 500:1, not more than about 250:1, or not more than about 100:1, where the diameter of the slat is measured as the length of the longest straight line extending edge-to-edge through the center of a transverse cross section of the slat. The length-to-diameter ratio of each of the slats can be in the range of from about 5:1 to about 500:1, about 10:1 to about 250:1, or about 20:1 to about 100:1.

[078] The ratio of the height of each slat to its width can be at least about 0.5:1, at least about 1:1, at least about 1.5:1 and/or not more than about 10:1, not more than about 6:1, or not more than about 4:1, or it can be in the range of from about 0.5:1 to about 10:1, from about 1:1 to about 6:1, or from about 1.5:1 to about 4:1. The average height of each slat can be at least about 0.05, at least about 0.1, at least about 0.2 inches and/or not more than about 2, not more than about 1, or not more than about 0.75 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 0.05 to about 2 inches, about 0.1 inches to about 1 inch, or about 0.2 to about 0.5 inches. The average width of each slat can be at least about 0.01, at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.1 inches and/or not more than about 1, not more than about 0.5, or not more than about 0.25 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 0.01 to about 1, from about 0.05 to about 0.5, or from about 0.1 to about 0.25 inches.

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[079] Referring now to FIGS. 5 through 8, several cross sectional views of carrier 10 shown in FIGS. 1-3 are provided. Turning initially to FIG. 5, an end view of carrier 10 is provided, particularly illustrating the lower support surfaces 42a,b of first and second support projections 22a,b, respectively. FIG. 6 provides a side view of carrier 10 which particularly illustrates second support projection 22b having a lower support surface 42b for contacting a convey line support member (not shown in FIG. 6) in order to support carrier 10 on the convey line. Dashed line 50 shown in FIG. 6 indicates the direction of travel of carrier 10 along the convey line. FIG. ר provides a cross sectional view of carrier 10, with the cross section being cut longitudinally through the carrier. As particularly shown in FIG. 7, upper and lower support members 14, 16 are vertically spaced from one another to provide a cargo volume 32 for holding articles 40 therebetween. FIG. 8 provides a transverse cross sectional view of carrier 10, and particularly illustrates the use of a longitudinal divider 34 to create multiple compartments 36a,b within cargo volume 32 for receiving multiple rows of articles 40.

[080] As particularly shown in FIG. 7, cargo volume 32 can be at least partially defined between the upper and lower support structures 14,16. The articles 40 received in cargo volume 32 may be held in position by at least a portion of the individual support members in upper and lower groups of support members 26a,b, which may contact the articles. Each of upper and lower support structures 14,16 may be coupled to outer frame 12 in a mannerthat allows upperand/or lower support structure 14, 16 to be opened for loading articles into carrier 10, closed during heating of the articles, and opened again for unloading of the articles from carrier 10. For example, in some embodiments, the lower support structure 16 may be permanently fixed to frame 12, while the upper support structure may be coupled to frame 12 in a removable or hinged manner. This allows the upper support structure to be opened for the insertion of articles 40 into cargo volume 32 prior to heating, and removal of articles 40 from cargo volume 32 after heating. When upper support structure 14 includes a plurality of individual support members, transverse cross members 28a,b permit all of the individual support members in upper group 26a to be simultaneously removed from frame 12 or pivoted relative to the frame. In other embodiments, both the upper and lower support structures 14, 16 may be removable so that carrier 10 may be assembled and disassembled as desired.

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[081] Cargo volume 32 has a length measured between first and second end members 20a,b, a width measured between first and second side members 18a,b, and a height measured between upper and lower support structures 14,16. In some embodiments, the length of cargo volume 32 can be at least about 0.5, at least about 1, or at least about 2 feet and/or not more than about 10, not more than about 8, or not more than about 6 feet, or it can be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 10 feet, about 1 to about 8 feet, or about 2 to about 6 feet. The width of cargo volume 32 can be at least about 0.5, at least about 1, or at least about 2 feet and/or not more than about 10, not more than about 8, or not more than about 6 feet, or it can be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 10 feet, about 1 to about 8 feet, or from about 2 to about 6 feet. The height of cargo volume 32 can be at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75 inches, or at least about 1 inch and/or not more than about 8, not more than about 6, not more than about 4, or not more than about 2 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 0.25 to about 8, from about 0.50 to about 6, from about 0.75 to about 4, or from about 1 to about 2 inches.

[082] Carrier 10 may further include at least one article spacing member for adjusting the size and/or shape of cargo volume 32. Examples of article spacing members can include dividers for dividing cargo volume 32 into a plurality of compartments and vertical spacers for adjusting the vertical height between upper and lower support structures 14, 16. In some embodiments, one or more article spacing members may be permanently coupled to at least one of frame 12, upper support structure 14, and lower support structure 16 of carrier 10, while, in other embodiments, one or more article spacing members may be removably coupled to at least one of frame 12, upper support structure 14, and lower support structure 16 of carrier 10, such that the article spacing member may be selectively inserted into and removed from carrier 10 in order to change the size and/or shape of cargo volume 32 of carrier 10. As a result, carrier 10 may be configured to hold articles having different sizes and/or shapes.

[083] Referring again to FIGS. 1-8 and 16-19, carrier 10 may comprise at least one divider 34 for dividing cargo volume 32 into a plurality of compartments 36a,b. Divider 34 may be coupled to and extend between end members 20a,b in a direction substantially parallel to side members 18a,b and to the individual support members in upper and lower groups 26a,b.

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Although shown in FIGS. 1-8 and 16-19 as including a single divider 34 and two compartments 36a,b, it should be understood that carrier 10 may employ any suitable number of dividers for separating its cargo volume 32 into any desired number of compartments. In general, the cargo volume of a carrier including n longitudinal dividers will have n+1 compartments, wherein n is an integer. In some embodiments, carrier 10 can include at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4 dividers and/or not more than 10, not more than 8, not more than 6, or not more than 5 dividers, or it can include from 1 to 10, from 2 to 8, or from 3 to 6 dividers. As a result, the total number of compartments defined within cargo volume 32 of carrier 10 may be at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4 and/or not more than 11, not more than 9, not more than 7, or not more than 6 compartments, or it may be in the range of from 2 to 11, from 3 to 9, or from 4 to 7. One example of a carrier 10 that comprises three dividers 34a-c that form four compartments 36a-d is illustrated in FIG. 9, with like numerals indicating like components.

[084] When present, each divider 34 may have a length of at least about 0.5, at least about 1, at least about 2 feet and/or not more than about 10, not more than about 8, or not more than about 6 feet, or the support members can have a length of from about 0.5 to about 10 feet, from about 1 to about 8 feet, or about 2 to about 6 feet. Each divider may have a width of at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75 inches and/or not more than about 3, not more than about 2, or not more than about 1 inch, or it can be in the range of from about 0.25 to about 3 inches, from about 0.5 to about 2 inches, or about 0.75 inches to about 1 inch. The height of divider 34 can be at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75 inches, or at least about 1 inch and/or not more than about 8, not more than about 6, not more than about 4, or not more than about 2 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 0.25 to about 8, from about 0.50 to about 6, from about 0.75 to about 4, or from about 1 to about 2 inches. Divider 34 may be formed of an electrically non-conductive material, such as, for example, a low loss tangent material as described herein. It may be formed of the same low loss tangent material as, or a different low loss tangent material than, frame 12.

[085] In some embodiments, divider 34 may be permanently coupled to end members 20a,b. In other embodiments, divider 34 may be removably coupled to end members 20a,b so that divider 34 may be selectively inserted and removed from carrier 10 in order to change the

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PCT/US2016/055189 size and/or shape of cargo volume 32. Turning now to FIGS. 10-12, several configurations of a carrier 10 that includes a removable divider 134 is provided, with like numerals indicating like components.

[086] As shown in FIG. 10, after the articles are unloaded from compartments 36a and 36b of carrier 10, divider 134 may be removed from carrier 10, as shown by the arrow, so that cargo volume 32 is no longer compartmentalized, as shown in FIG. 11. Next, as shown in FIG. 12, divider 134 may be reinserted into carrier 10 in a different location side members 18a,b, thereby creating new and differently sized compartments 36c,d. As shown in FIG. 12, compartment 36c is slightly wider than compartment 36a shown in FIG. 10 and, as a result, compartment 36c of the configuration of carrier 10 shown in FIG. 12 is able to hold articles having a greater width than compartment 36a of the configuration of carrier 10 shown in FIG. 10. Similarly, compartment 36b shown in the configuration of carrier 10 depicted in FIG. 10 is wider than and can hold articles having a greater width than compartment 36d shown in FIG. 12. Although shown as including a single removable divider 234, it should be understood that carriers according to the present invention may include any number of removable dividers that can be selectively inserted, removed, and/or repositioned as desired within carrier 10 in order to change the shape and/or size of cargo volume 32. As a result, carriers as described herein can facilitate the processing of articles of a wide variety of types, sizes, and/or shapes.

[087] Vertical spacers are another type of article spacing member that may be utilized by one or more carriers configured according to embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the carrier may include at least one pair of vertical spacers for adjusting the vertical distance between the upper and lower support structures. When present, the pair of vertical spacers may be positioned at opposite ends of the carrier and may be coupled to the end members. Vertical spacers according to embodiments of the present invention may be any suitable size or have any suitable shape, as long as, when coupled to the end members of carrier, the vertical spacers are capable of adjusting the vertical spacing between the upper and lower support structures. Each of the vertical spacers may be formed of a low loss tangent material as described herein, and may, in some embodiments, be formed of the same low loss tangent

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PCT/US2016/055189 material as, or a different low loss tangent material than, used to form the frame. Several embodiments of suitable vertical spacers are discussed in detail below.

[088] Turning first to FIGS. 13-15, several partial views of the carrier 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 are provided. In the embodiments represented by FIGS. 13-15, carrier 10 includes a pair of vertical spacers 38a,b coupled to end members 20a,b. Although only shown in partial view in FIGS. 13 and 15, it should be understood that the opposite end of carrier 10 (not shown) includes a second vertical spacer 38b configured similar to first vertical spacer 38a, as generally shown in FIG. 3. Referring again to FIGS. 13-15, vertical spacer 38a includes a base portion 44a configured to be coupled to end member 20a. End member 20a includes a lower support projection 21a for supporting base portion 44a of vertical spacer 38a. Base portion 44a may have a length and width similar to, but slightly less than, the length and width of end member 20a, and it may have a height of at least about 0.10, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, or at least about 0.75 inches and/or not more than about 2.5, not more than about 2, not more than about 1.5, or not more than about 1 inch, or its height can be in the range of from about 0.10 to about 2.5 inches, from about 0.25 to about 2 inches, from about 0.5 to about 1.5 inches, or from about 0.75 to about 1 inch.

[089] Additionally, in some embodiments, vertical spacer 38a may include a plurality of securing devices, shown as tabs 47a,b in FIGS. 13 and 14 for securing lower support structure 16 into carrier 10. For example, as shown in FIG. 13, at least a portion of transverse cross member 30a of lower support structure 16 may be inserted into tabs 47a,b. Although shown in FIG. 14 as including two tabs 47a,b, it should be understood that any suitable number of tabs could be included, and, it should also be understood that other securing devices may also be used in place of tabs 47a,b to provide similar results. Further, although not shown in FIGS. 13-15, it should be understood that the opposing end of carrier 10 may have a similarly configured vertical spacer, as is generally shown in FIG. 3.

[090] Turning now to FIGS. 16-19, carrier 10 is shown as including a pair of vertical spacers 48a,b configured according to other embodiments of the present invention. Similarly to vertical spacers 38a,b shown in FIGS. 13-15, vertical spacers 48a,b each include a base portion 54a,b configured to be coupled to end member 20a,b and to support at least a portion of lower support

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PCT/US2016/055189 structure 16. As shown in FIG. 19, base portions 54a,b of vertical spacers 48a,b each comprises an L-shaped base portion configured to rest on lower support projection 21a,b of end member 20a,b and to contact at least a portion of angled portion 27a,b of lower support structure 16. Base portions 54a,b may have a length and width similar to, but slightly less than, the length and width of end members 20a,b and it may have a height, shown as h in FIG. 19, of at least about 0.10, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, or at least about 0.75 inches and/or not more than about 2.5, not more than about 2, not more than about 1.5, or not more than about 1 inch, or its height can be in the range of from about 0.10 to about 2.5 inches, from about 0.25 to about 2 inches, from about 0.5 to about 1.5 inches, or from about 0.75 to about 1 inch.

[091] In some embodiments, vertical spacers 38a,b or 48a,b may be permanently coupled to end members 20a,b so that, once assembled, vertical spacers 38a,b or 48a,b may not be removed from carrier 10. In other embodiments, vertical spacers 38a,b and 48a,b may be removably coupled to end members 20a,b, so that vertical spacers 38a,b or 48a,b may be selectively inserted into and removed from carrier 10 once it has been assembled in order to selectively adjust the vertical spacing between upper and lower support structures 14,16. When the pair of vertical spacers are removable, carrier 10 may be configured to receive two or more different pairs of spacers having different heights. As a result, the size of cargo volume 32 may be selectively altered by inserting one or the other pairs of removable vertical spacers into carrier 10, as discussed in further detail below.

[092] Turning now to FIGS. 20a,b, one example of the use of removable vertical spacers is shown. More particularly, as shown in FIG. 20a, a first removable vertical spacer 38a, which is configured in a similar manner as shown in FIGS. 3 and 13-15, may be inserted into carrier 10 so that vertical spacer 38a contacts end member 20a. Although not shown, it should be understood that the opposite end of carrier 10 would be configured in a similar manner. In the embodiment, base portion 44a of first removable vertical spacer 38a may be configured to sit on lower support projection 21a of end member 20a, as shown in FIG. 20a. Base portion 44a of first removable vertical spacer 38a has a first height, shown as hi, which spaces upper support structure 14 and lower support structure 16 from one another by a first vertical height, Hi, within carrier 10. First vertical height H! shown in FIG. 20a generally corresponds to the height of cargo volume 32.

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[093] Turning now to FIG. 20b, the first removable vertical spacer 38a shown in FIG. 20a may be removed from carrier 10, and a second vertical spacer shown as element 68a in FIG. 20b may be inserted in its place. Again, although not shown, it should be understood that the opposite end of carrier 10 would be configured in a similar manner. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 20b, second removable vertical spacer 68a has a base portion 74a, which is also configured to sit on lower support projection 21a of end member 20a in a similar manner as base portion 44a shown in FIG. 20a. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 20b, base portion 74a of second removable vertical spacer 68a has a second height, h₂, which is taller than the first height, hi, of base portion 44a of first removable vertical spacer 38a. As a result, upper and lower support structures 14, 16 are moved closer to one another and the second vertical height, H₂, between upper and lower support structures 14,16 decreases. As a result, the height and total volume of cargo volume 32 decreases. In other embodiments, the second height, h₂, of the base portion 74a of second removable vertical spacers 38a may be shorter than the first height, hi, of base portion 44a of first removable vertical spacer 38a, which would result in a larger vertical distance, H₂, between upper and lower support structures 14,16, and an overall increased height and total volume of cargo volume 32.

[094] A similar example is shown in FIGS. 21a and 21b, but with vertical spacers configured in similar manner as shown in FIGS. 16-19. Although FIGS. 21a and 21b show only one end of carrier 10, it should be understood that the opposite end of carrier 10 would be configured in a similar manner. As shown in FIG. 21a, a first vertical removable spacer 48a may be coupled to lower support projection 21a of end member 20a. Unlike the embodiment shown in FIGS. 20a,b, first vertical spacer 48a illustrated in FIG. 21a has a lower portion 59a that is positioned between lower support member 16 and end member 20a when vertical spacer 48a is inserted into carrier 10. As shown in FIG. 21a, first removable vertical spacer 48a has a base portion 54a that has a first height, shown as h3, which results in upper support structure 14 and lower support structure 16 being spaced from one another by a first vertical height, H₃, within carrier 10. First vertical height H3 shown in FIG. 21a generally corresponds to the height of cargo volume 32.

[095] Turning now to FIG. 21b, the first removable vertical spacer 48a shown in FIG. 21a may be replaced by a second vertical spacer shown as element 78a as shown in FIG. 21b. Again,

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PCT/US2016/055189 although not shown, it should be understood that the opposite end of carrier 10 would be configured in a similar manner. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 21b, second removable vertical spacer 78a has a base portion 84a, which is also configured to sit on lower support projection 21a of end member 20a in a similar manner as base portion 54a shown in FIG. 21a. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 21b, base portion 84a of second removable vertical spacer 68a has a second height, h₄, which is taller than the first height, h₃, of base portion 54a of first removable vertical spacer 48a. As a result, upper and lower support structures 14, 16 are moved closer to one another and the second vertical height, H₄, between upper and lower support structures 14, 16 decreases. As a result, the height and total volume of cargo volume 32 decreases. In other embodiments, the second height, h₄, of the base portion 84a of second removable vertical spacers 48a may be shorter than the first height, h₃, of base portion 54a of first removable vertical spacer 48a, which would result in a larger vertical distance, H₄, between upper and lower support structures 14,16, and an overall increased height and total volume of cargo volume 32.

[096] One or more carriers described herein may be formed from a carrier system including a plurality of components that, when assembled, form a carrier. In particular, the carrier system may include additional, differently sized elements so that carriers having one or more different configurations may be formed. One example of a carrier system 300 for transporting a plurality of articles through a microwave heating system is illustrated in FIG. 22 as generally comprising a pair of side members including a first side member 18a and a second side member 18b, a pair of end members including a first end member 20a and a second end member 20b, and an upper and lower support structure 14,16 for securing the articles within the carrier. First and second end members 20a,b may be configured as discussed herein to be coupled to and extend between opposite ends of first and second side members 18a,b to form a generally rectangular outer frame for the carrier. When assembled to form a carrier, upper and lower support structures may be configured to extend between first and second end members 20a,b and may be vertically spaced from one another to form a cargo volume into which the articles may be loaded.

[097] Additionally, in some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 22, carrier system 300 may further include a second pair of side members 19a,b, a second pair of end members 23a,b, and/or

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PCT/US2016/055189 a second lower support structure 17. Each of pair of side members 18a,b and 19a,b are configured to be coupled to each pair of end members 20a,b and 23a,b so that carriers having different lengths and widths may be formed. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 22, second lower support structure 17 has slightly larger bent portions than first lower support structure 16, so that the depth of the cargo volume of the resulting carrier may be adjusted by changing which lower support structure 16 or 17 is employed in carrier 10. Although not shown in FIG. 22, carrier system 300 may include additional sets of side members, end members, and lower support structures.

[098] Additionally, the carrier system 300 may further include one or more removable article spacing members. As discussed previously, article spacing members, such as vertical spacers and dividers, may be used within a carrier to adjust the cargo volume defined between the upper and lower support structures in order to accommodate articles of a given shape and/or size. When the article spacing members are removable, these article spacing members can be selectively inserted into and removed from the carrier, and the size and/or shape of the cargo volume can be adjusted so that the same carrier may be used to process several different types of articles having different shapes and/or sizes.

[099] In some embodiments, carrier system 300 may comprise one or more sets of removable article spacing members. For example, in some embodiments, carrier system 300 may include at least one of (i) one or more pairs of vertical spacers and (ii) one or more dividers. When present, the vertical spacers and/or dividers may be removable vertical spacers and/or removable dividers configured to be selectively inserted into the cargo volume of the carrier in order to adjust the vertical spacing between the upper and lower support structures and/or to divide the cargo volume into a plurality of compartments. The sizes, shapes, and functions of both the vertical spacers and dividers, as well as the removability of such components, has been discussed in detail previously.

[0100] Carrier systems according to embodiments of the present invention may include any suitable number of pairs of vertical spacers and/or dividers. For example, in some embodiments, carrier systems may include at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4 of vertical spacers and/or at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5 dividers. When the carrier system includes at

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PCT/US2016/055189 least 2 pairs of vertical spacers, such as vertical spacers 38a,b and 39a,b shown in FIG. 22, each pair may have a different height. As a result, when assembled, the carrier may be arranged in at least two different configurations, one having a larger cargo volume when vertical spacers 39a,b are employed, and one having a smaller cargo volume when vertical spacers 38a,b are employed.

[0101] Similarly, when carrier system 300 includes more than one divider, the dividers may be identical, such as dividers 34 and 35 shown in FIG. 22, or one of the dividers may be of a different size, as shown by divider 56. When carrier system 300 includes two or more sets of side members and dividers, system 300 may include at least one divider suitable for use with each set of side members. When assembled, the carrier may include one, a portion, all, or none of the dividers selectively inserted into the cargo volume. Additionally, one of the pairs of vertical spacers 38a,b and 39a,b may be employed with one, a portion, all, or none of the dividers may be utilized, which provides a plurality of possible carrier configurations that may be used to hold and heat many different types of articles having various sizes and/or shapes.

[0102] In operation, a carrier system as described above may be assembled into a first carrier configuration, into which a plurality of a first type of articles may be loaded. As discussed herein, the carrier may include a frame formed by assembling first and second side members and first and second end members into a generally rectangular configuration, and an upper and lower support structure for securing the articles. Thereafter, the loaded carrier may be transported to a microwave heating zone, wherein the articles may be heated using microwave energy. Several embodiments of suitable microwave heating zones will be discussed in further detail below.

[0103] After being heated and optionally cooled, the first type of articles may be unloaded from the carrier. Next, the carrier may be reconfigured to change the size and/or shape of the cargo volume. In some cases, the reconfiguring includes removing one or more article spacing members from the carrier and/or repositioning one or more article spacing members within the carrier. When an article spacing member is removed from the carrier, another article spacing member may be inserted into the carrier in the same or a different position, or the same article spacing member may be repositioned within the carrier. In some cases, no article spacing member may be inserted or reinserted into the carrier after an article spacing member has been removed. In some embodiments, an article spacing member may be repositioned within the

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PCT/US2016/055189 carrier, with or without first being removed. In some embodiments, the size and/or shape of the cargo volume may be changed by switching one pair of side members or one pair of end members, or by utilizing a different lower support member in carrier. Once changed into a second configuration, the carrier may be loaded with a plurality of a second type of articles having a different size and/or shape than the first type, and the loaded carrier may be transported to and heated in the microwave heating zone.

[0104] Carriers configured according to embodiments of the present invention may be configured to hold many different types of articles. Examples of suitable articles can include, but are not limited to, packaged foodstuffs, such as, for example, fruits, vegetables, meats, pastas, pre-made meals, soups, stews, jams, and even beverages, packaged medical fluids such as saline solution or pharmaceuticals, and packaged medical or dental instruments.

[0105] The articlescan be of any suitable size and shape. In one embodiment, each article can have a length (longest dimension) of at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 4, or at least about 6 inches and/or not more than about 18, not more than about 12, not more than about 10, not more than about 8, or not more than about 6 inches; a width (second longest dimension) of at least about 1 inch, at least about 2 inches, at least about 4 inches and/or not more than about 12 inches, not more than about 10 inches, or not more than about 8 inches; and/or a depth (shortest dimension) of at least about 0.5 inches, at least about 1 inch, at least about 2 inches and/or not more than about 8 inches, not more than about 6 inches, or not more than about 4 inches. The articles can be individually packaged items having a generally rectangular or prism-like shape, and, in some embodiments, the top edge of each article may be longer and wider than the bottom edge. The items or packages may be constructed of any material, including plastics, cellulosics, and other microwave-transparent materials.

[0106] When loaded into a carrier as described herein, the articles are placed within the cargo volume defined between the upper and lower support structures of the carrier. As discussed above, the cargo volume may be a single volume, or it may be divided into two or more compartments using one or more dividers. When loaded into the cargo volume, the articles may be placed in single rows along the length of the carrier. In some embodiments, the articles may be arranged in at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 6 single rows and/or not more

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PCT/US2016/055189 than 15, not more than 12, not more than 10, or not more than 8 single rows, or from 2 to 15 single rows, from 3 to 12 single rows, from 4 to 10 single rows, or from 5 to 8 single rows. Overall, carriers according to embodiments of the present invention can hold at least 6, at least 8, at least 10, at least 12, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 24, at least 30 articles and/or not more than 100, not more than 80, not more than 60, not more than 50, or not more than 40 articles, or it can hold from 6 to 100 articles, from 8 to 80 articles, from 10 to 60 articles, from 12 to 50 articles, or from 18 to 40 articles. Articles can be loaded into the carrier in any suitable manner, including manually or using an automated device.

[0107] In some embodiments, the articles can be loaded into the cargo volume such that at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, at least about 92, at least about 95, at least about 97, or at least about 99 percent of the total volume of the cargo volume is occupied by the articles. As a result, the total empty or void space within the cargo volume can be not more than about 40, not more than about 35, not more than about 30, not more than about 25, not more than about 20, not more than about 15, not more than about 10, not more than about 8, not more than about 5, not more than about 3, or not more than about 1 percent of the total volume of the cargo volume.

[0108] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to minimize spacing between the articles so that the average distance between consecutive edges of adjacent articles loaded in the carrier can be not more than about 1 inch, not more than about 0.75 inches, not more than about 0.5 inches, not more than about 0.25 inches, or not more than about 0.1 inch. In some embodiments, there may be no gaps between the articles such that adjacent articles are in contact with one another when loaded into the carrier. In other embodiments, at least a portion of adjacent articles may overlap horizontally.

[0109] How the articles are loaded into the carrier may depend, at least in part, on the shape of the articles. When the articles have a general trapezoidal-like shape, such that the articles are longer and wider on the top than on the bottom, the articles may be arranged in a nested configuration. FIG. 23 illustrates a side view of one row of articles 40 arranged in a nested configuration. In the nested configuration, adjacent articles 40a-f have opposite orientations. In the nested configuration, the row of articles 40a-f loaded into the carrier is sequentially oriented

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PCT/US2016/055189 in the direction of travel 50 of the carrier in a top down, top up, top down, top up configuration. As shown in FIG. 23, the bottom 64b of the second article 40b is oriented between the top 62a of the first article 40a and the top 62c of the third article 40c. Additionally, in the nested configuration, the tops 62a, 62c, and 62e of one set of alternating articles 40a, 40c, and 40e and the bottoms 64b, 64d, and 64f of the other set of alternating articles 40b, 40d, and 40f contact the lower support structure, while the bottoms 64a, 64c, and 64e and tops 62b, 62d, and 62f of each set of alternating articles 40a,c,e and 40b,d,f contact the upper support structure when articles 40a-f are loaded into the carrier. It has been discovered that arranging the articles in a nested configuration can provide for more uniform heating. In some embodiments, the nested configuration may be most useful for processing rigid articles such as trays, containers, and the like.

[0110] Turning now to FIGS. 24 and 25, two top views of a plurality of articles arranged in different nested configurations a carrier are provided. In each of FIGS. 24 and 25, the tops of articles are marked with a T, the bottoms articles are marked with a B, and the direction of travel of the carrier is shown by arrow 50. The embodiment shown in FIG. 24 represents a nested configuration similar to the pattern shown in FIG. 23, wherein each row of nested articles are spaced from one another, and FIG. 25 illustrates a fully nested article pattern, wherein the individual rows of nested articles are not spaced from one another and the articles are arranged in a nested configuration in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. In the nested article pattern shown in FIG. 24, a plurality of dividers 34 are used to separate the individual rows of nested articles within the carrier. In the fully nested article pattern shown in FIG. 25, the articles are not only nested end-to-end along the length of the carrier in a direction parallel to the direction of travel, but are also nested side-to-side in a transverse direction perpendicular to the direction of travel of the carrier. In the fully nested configuration shown in FIG. 25, no dividers are used to separate the individual rows of articles.

[0111] Turning now to FIGS. 26-30, several isometric views of one row of articles 40 within carrier 10 are provided. As shown in FIG. 26, articles 40, which are arranged in a nested configuration, are lined up a single row in a compartment 36a defined between upper and lower support structures 14,16 and between divider 34 and side member 18a. FIG. 26 also illustrates

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PCT/US2016/055189 the support projection 22a extending outwardly from side member 18a. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 26, upper and lower support structures 14, 16 include upper and lower groups of support members 26a and 26b. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 26, the individual support members in upper and lower groups 26a,b include slats having a generally rectangular cross sectional shape arranged so that the height of each slat is greater than its width. Such a configuration may provide superior strength and enhancement of microwave field uniformity. In some embodiments, the slats may be formed of electrically conductive material as described herein.

[0112] In some embodiments, carriers of the present invention may further include one or more dielectric field shapers to enhance the uniformity of the microwave field applied to the articles. Dielectric field shapers may be solid, elongated members that extend along the row of articles in a direction generally parallel to the support members. Dielectric field shapers may be formed of a low loss tangent material that can optionally be food-grade. The dielectric field shapers may be formed of the same material used to construct the frame of the carrier, or from a different low loss tangent material. Exemplary dielectric field shapers are shown in FIGS. 29 and 30. As shown in FIGS. 29 and 30, when used, carrier 10 may employ four, spaced apart dielectric field shapers 66a-d, each positioned near a corner of the articles as shown in FIGS. 29 and 30. By locating the field shapers 66a-d in areas of lower heating near the corners, the heating across the upper and lower surfaces of the articles can be enhanced to achieve an average value in the y-direction. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 29 and 30, some of the support members may be embedded in field shapers 66a-d. In some embodiments, the slats shown in FIGS. 29 and 30 may be electrically conductive as discussed previously. When the carrier includes two or more compartments for housing a single row of articles, each compartment may include a set of four dielectric field shapers as described herein.

[0113] According to other embodiments of the present invention, the articles loaded into the carrier may comprise pouches. Any suitable type of pouch can be used and, typically, pouches may be singular pouches that are not attached to any other pouches. Pouches can be flexible, semi-flexible, or rigid, and may be formed of any suitable material, including, for example, including plastics, cellulosics, and other microwave-transparent materials. Pouches

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PCT/US2016/055189 processed according to embodiments of the present invention may be filled with foodstuffs, beverages, medical fluids, or pharmaceutical fluids.

[0114] In some embodiments, the pouches loaded into carriers as described herein may be stand-up pouches (SUPs), an example of which is shown as pouch 150 in FIGS. 31a,b. As shown in FIG. 31a,b, pouch 150 has a top portion 152 and a base portion 154 that is wider than top portion 152. Base portion 154 of pouch 150 can be at least twice, at least three times, or at least four times wider than top portion 152. In some embodiments, the base portion 154 and top portion 152 have approximately the same width. The width of the top portion 152 of pouch 150, shown as W1 in FIG. 31a, can be at least about 0.01, at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.10 inches and/or not more than about 0.25, not more than about 0.20, or not more than about 0.15 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.25 inches, about 0.05 to about 0.20 inches, or from about 0.10 to about 0.15 inches. In some embodiments, the width of top portion 152 may be at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75, at least about 1, at least about 1.5 and/or not more than about 3, not more than about 2.5, not more than about 2, not more than about 1.5, or not more than about 1 inch, or it can be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 3 inches, about 0.75 to about 2.5 inches, about 1 to about 2 inches, or about 1 to about 1.5 inches.

[0115] The width of base portion, shown as W₂ in FIG. 31a, can be at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75, at least about 1, at least about 1.5 and/or not more than about 3, not more than about 2.5, not more than about 2, not more than about 1.5, or not more than about 1 inch, or it can be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 3 inches, about 0.75 to about 2.5 inches, about 1 to about 2 inches, or about 1 to about 1.5 inches. The height of pouch 150, shown as H in FIG. 31b, can be at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, or at least about 4.5 inches and/or not more than about 12, not more than about 10, or not more than about 8 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 2 to about 12 inches, about 3 to about 10 inches, about 4 to about 8 inches.

[0116] Because of their shape and flexibility, most types of pouches are difficult to secure during heating. However, it is undesirable to permit the pouches to move freely within the microwave zone at the risk of developing hot or cold spots within the material being treated. Hot spots may damage the taste, texture, color, and other properties of the material, while cold spots

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PCT/US2016/055189 indicate the material was not fully treated. It has been discovered that employing a carrier that includes an upper and lower support structure having at least one recessed surface may be useful for securing pouches within the carrier. As a result, more uniform heating of the pouch contents may be achieved and microwave heating of flexible pouches may be achieved on a larger scale.

[0117] Turning now to FIG. 32, a longitudinal cross sectional view of one embodiment of a carrier 210 suitable for transporting a plurality of pouches on a convey line of a microwave heating system is provided. Carrier 210 may be configured in a similar manner as other carriers described herein including, for example, those described with respect to FIGS. 1-14. For example, as discussed with respect to carrier 10 in FIGS. 1-8, carrier 210 may include an outer frame (not shown in FIG. 32) including first and second spaced apart side members configured to engage a convey line, and first and second spaced apart end members coupled to and extending between opposite ends of the first and second side members. As shown in FIG. 32, carrier 210 may also include an upper support structure 214 and a lower support structure 216 for securing pouches 150 within the carrier 210. The upper and lower support structures 214, 216 may be configured to extend between the first and second end members (not shown in FIG. 32). Upper and lower support structures 214 and 216 may be formed of individual support members, upper and lower grid members, or upper and lower sheets of microwave-transparent or semi-transparent material, as discussed above. Further, in some embodiments, upper and lower support structures 214, 216 may be formed of an electrically conductive material as described herein, while, in other embodiments, one or both of upper and lower support structures 214, 216 may be formed of a low loss tangent material.

[0118] As shown in FIG. 32, a pouch receiving space 220 may be defined between a downward facing surface of upper support structure 214, shown as surface 218a, and an upward facing surface of lower support structure 216, shown as surface 218b. At least one of downward facing surface 218a and upward facing surface 218b can comprise a series of recesses. In some embodiments as shown in FIG. 32, each of downward facing surface 218a and upward facing surface 218b may include respective upper and lower recesses 222, 224. Each of upper and lower recesses 222 and 224 may be configured to receive the base portion of one of the pouches 150 in order to secure the pouches 150 into the pouch receiving space 220. Each of upper and lower

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PCT/US2016/055189 recesses can have a depth of at least about 0.10, at least about 0.25, or at least about 0.40 inches and/or not more than about 1, not more than about 0.75, or not more than about 0.60 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 0.10 to about 1 inch, about 0.25 to about 0.75 inches, or about 0.40 to about 0.60 inches. Each of upper and lower recesses 222, 224 can have the same depth, or one or more of upper or lower recesses 224 can have a different depth than one or more others.

[0119] Each of upper recesses 222 and lower recesses 224, when present, are spaced apart from one another along the length of carrier 210. As shown in FIG. 32, adjacent upper recesses 222 may be spaced apart from one another along the length of carrier 210 by an upper recess spacing 226, while adjacent lower recesses 224 may be spaced from one another by an upper recess spacing, shown as 228 in FIG. 32. In some embodiments, one of upper and lower recess spacing 226 and 228 is larger than the other, while, in other embodiments, upper and lower recess spacing 226 and 228 are substantially the same. In some embodiments, the upper recess spacing 226 and/or the lower recess spacing 228 can be can be at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, or at least about 4 inches and/or not more than about 10, not more than about 8, or not more than about 6 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 1 to about 10 inches, about 2 to about 8 inches, about 3 to about 6 inches in the longitudinal direction. In some embodiments, the spacing between adjacent ones of upper and lower recesses 222, 224 may be less than the height of the pouches, so that adjacent pouches 150 overlap.

[0120] In some embodiments, upper and lower recesses 222 and 224 may be offset from one another in a direction parallel to the length of carrier 210. As shown in FIG. 32, this forms offset regions 230 between corresponding upper and lower recesses 222, 224. Each of offset regions 230 may have an offset distance 232 that is less than one-half, less than one-third, less than one-fourth, less than one-fifth, or less than one-tenth of the upper or lower recess spacing 226 or 228. In some embodiments, offset distance 232 can be at least about 0.50, at least about 1, or at least about 1.5 inches and/or not more than about 4 inches, not more than about 3 inches, or not more than about 2 inches, or it can be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 4, about 1 to about 3 inches, or about 1.5 to about 2 inches.

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[0121] As shown in FIG. 32, pouch receiving space 220 can be configured to hold pouches 150 in a non-horizontal orientation and a non-vertical orientation. Instead, pouch receiving space 220 may be configured to hold at least one, or all, of pouches 150 at a pouch orientation angle (Ω) defined between a line drawn through the centerline of pouch 150, shown as line 160 in FIG. 33, and the horizontal, or a line parallel to upper or lower support structures 214 or 216 when carrier 210 is loaded onto the convey line, as shown by line 162 in FIG. 33. In some embodiments, the pouch receiving space can be configured to hold pouches at a pouch orientation angle (Ω) of at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25° and/or not more than about 45, not more than about 45, or not more than about 35°, or it can be in the range of from about 5 to about 45°, about 10 to about 40°, or about 15 to about 35°. As shown in FIG. 32, offset region 230 is configured to receive a base portion of one pouch and a top portion of an adjacent pouch when pouches 150 are arranged in an overlapped configuration. It has been discovered that by overlapping the thinnertop portion of one pouch with the thicker base portion of an adjacent pouch in offset region 230, hot spots may be prevented and the overall stability of pouches 150 within carrier 210 as carrier 210 moves along the convey line is significantly improved.

[0122] Carriers as described herein are well suited for use with microwave-assisted heating systems that employ liquid-filled microwave heating chambers. One example of such a system is described in U.S. Patent No. 9,357,590 (the '590 patent), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the present disclosure. Another example of a microwave heating system in which carriers of the present invention can be used is described in U.S. Patent No. 7,119,313. Some embodiments of suitable microwave heating systems will be described in further detail below.

[0123] Turning now to FIGS. 34a and 34b, a schematic representation of the major steps in a microwave heating system in which carriers of the present invention may be employed is depicted in FIG. 34a, while FIG. 34b depicts one embodiment of a microwave system 100 operable to heat a plurality of articles according to the process outlined in FIG. 34a. As shown in FIGS. 34a and 34b, one or more articles can initially be introduced into a thermalization zone 112, wherein the articles can be thermalized to a substantially uniform temperature. Once

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PCT/US2016/055189 thermalized, the articles can then be optionally passed through a pressure adjustment zone 114a before being introduced into a microwave heating zone 116. In microwave heating zone 116, the articles can be rapidly heated using microwave energy discharged into at least a portion of the heating zone by one or more microwave launchers, generally illustrated as launchers 118 in FIG. 34b. The heated articles can then optionally be passed through an optional holding zone 120, wherein the articles can be maintained at a constant temperature fora specified amount of time. Subsequently, the articles can then be passed to a quench zone 122, wherein the temperature of the articles can be quickly reduced to a suitable handling temperature. Thereafter, the cooled articles can optionally be passed through a second pressure adjustment zone 114b before being removed from system 100 and further utilized.

[0124] According to one embodiment of the present invention, each of the abovedescribed thermalization, microwave heating, holding, and/or quench zones 112, 116, 120, and 122 can be defined within a single vessel, as generally depicted in FIG. 34b, while, in another embodiment, at least one of the above-described stages can be defined within one or more separate vessels. According to one embodiment, at least one of the above-described steps can be carried out in a vessel that is at least partially filled with a liquid medium in which the articles being processed can be at least partially submerged. As used herein, the term filled denotes a configuration where at least 50 percent of the specified volume is filled with the liquid medium. In certain embodiments, filled volumes can be at least about 75 percent, at least about 90 percent, at least about 95 percent, or 100 percent full of the liquid medium.

[0125] The liquid medium may have a dielectric constant greater than the dielectric constant of air and, in one embodiment, can have a dielectric constant similar to the dielectric constant of the articles being processed. Water (or liquid media comprising water) may be particularly suitable for systems used to heat edible and/or medical devices or articles. In one embodiment, additives, such as, for example, oils, alcohols, glycols, and salts may optionally be added to the liquid medium to alter or enhance its physical properties (e.g., boiling point) during processing, if needed.

[0126] Microwave system 100 can include at least one conveyance system (not shown in FIGS. 34a and 34b) for transporting the articles through one or more of the processing zones

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PCT/US2016/055189 described above. Examples of suitable conveyance systems can include, but are not limited to, plastic or rubber belt conveyors, chain conveyors, roller conveyors, flexible or multi-flexing conveyors, wire mesh conveyors, bucket conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, screw conveyors, trough or vibrating conveyors, and combinations thereof. The conveyance system can include any number of individual convey lines and can be arranged in any suitable manner within the process vessels. The conveyance system utilized by microwave system 100 can be configured in a generally fixed position within the vessel or at least a portion of the system can be adjustable in a lateral or vertical direction.

[0127] As shown in FIGS. 34a and 34b, the articles introduced into microwave system 100 are initially introduced into thermalization zone 112, wherein the articles are thermalized to achieve a substantially uniform temperature. In one embodiment, at least about 85 percent, at least about 90 percent, at least about 95 percent, at least about 97 percent, or at least about 99 percent of all the articles withdrawn from thermalization zone 112 have a temperature within about 5°C, within about 2°C, or within 1°C of one another. As used herein, the terms thermalize and thermalization generally refer to a step of temperature equilibration or equalization. Depending on the initial and desired temperature of the articles being thermalized, the temperature control system of thermalization zone 112, illustrated in FIG. 34a as heat exchanger 113, can be a heating and/or cooling system. In one embodiment, the thermalization step can be carried out under ambient temperature and/or pressure, while, in another embodiment, thermalization can be carried out in a pressurized and/or liquid-filled thermalization vessel at a pressure of not more than about 10 psig, not more than about 5 psig, or not more than about 2 psig. Articles undergoing thermalization can have an average residence time in thermalization zone 112 of at least about 30 seconds, at least about 1 minute, at least about 2 minutes, at least about 4 minutes and/or not more than about 20 minutes, not more than about 15 minutes, or not more than about 10 minutes. In one embodiment, the articles withdrawn from thermalization zone 112 can have a temperature of at least about 20°C, at least about 25°C, at least about 30°C, at least about 35°C and/or not more than about 70°C, not more than about 65°C, not more than about 60°C, or not more than about 55°C.

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[0128] In one embodiment wherein thermalization zone 112 and microwave heating zone 116 are operated at substantially different pressures, the articles removed from thermalization zone 112 can first be passed through a pressure adjustment zone 114a before entering microwave heating zone 116, as generally depicted in FIGS. 34a and 34b. Pressure adjustment zone 114a can be any zone or system configured to transition the articles being heated between an area of lower pressure and an area of higher pressure. In one embodiment, pressure adjustment zone 114a can be configured to transition the articles between two zones having a pressure difference of at least about 1 psi, at least about 5 psi, at least about 10 psi and/or not more than about 50 psi, not more than about 45 psi, not more than about 40 psi, or not more than about 35 psi. In one embodiment, microwave system 100 can include at least two pressure adjustment zones 114a,b to transition the articles from an atmospheric pressure thermalization zone to a heating zone operated at an elevated pressure before returning the articles back to atmospheric pressure, as described in detail below.

[0129] Referring again to FIGS. 34a and 34b, the articles exiting thermalization zone 112, and optionally passed through pressure adjustment zone 114a, as described above, can then be introduced into microwave heating zone 116. In microwave heating zone 116, the articles can be rapidly heated with a heating source that uses microwave energy. As used herein, the term microwave energy refers to electromagnetic energy having a frequency between 300MHz and 30 GHz. In one embodiment, various configurations of microwave heating zone 116 can utilize microwave energy having a frequency of about 915 MHz or a frequency of about 2.45 GHz, both of which have been generally designated as industrial microwave frequencies. In addition to microwave energy, microwave heating zone 116 may optionally utilize one or more other heat sources such as, for example, conductive or convective heating or other conventional heating methods or devices. However, at least about 85 percent, at least about 90 percent, at least about 95 percent, or substantially all of the energy used to heat the articles within microwave heating zone 116 can be microwave energy from a microwave source.

[0130] According to one embodiment, microwave heating zone 116 can be configured to increase the temperature of the articles above a minimum threshold temperature. In one embodiment wherein microwave system 100 is configured to sterilize a plurality of articles, the

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PCT/US2016/055189 minimum threshold temperature (and operating temperature of microwave heating zone 116) can be at least about 65°C, at least about 70°C, at least about 75°C, at least about 80°C, at least about 85°C, at least about 90°C, at least about 95°C, at least about 100°C, at least about 105°C, at least about 110°C, at least about 115°C, at least about 120°C, at least about 121°C, at least about 122°C and/or not more than about 130°C, not more than about 128°C, or not more than about 126°C. Microwave heating zone 116 can be operated at approximately ambient pressure, or it can include one or more pressurized microwave chambers operated at a pressure of at least about 5 psig, at least about 10 psig, at least about 15 psig and/or not more than about 80 psig, not more than about 60 psig, or not more than about 40 psig. In one embodiment, the pressurized microwave chamber can be a liquid-filled chamber having an operating pressure such that the articles being heated can reach a temperature above the normal boiling point of the liquid medium employed therein.

[0131] The articles passing through microwave heating zone 116 can be heated to the desired temperature in a relatively short period of time, which, in some cases, may minimize damage or degradation of the articles. In one embodiment, the articles passed through microwave heating zone 116 can have an average residence time of at least about 5 seconds, at least about 20 seconds, at least about 60 seconds and/or not more than about 10 minutes, not more than about 8 minutes, not more than about 5 minutes, not more than about 3 minutes, not more than about 2 minutes, or not more than about 1 minute. In the same or other embodiments, microwave heating zone 116 can be configured to increase the average temperature of the articles being heated by at least about 20°C, at least about 30°C, at least about 40°C, at least about 50°C, at least about 75°C and/or not more than about 150°C, not more than about 125°C, or not more than about 100°C, at a heating rate of at least about 15°C per minute (°C/min), at least about 25 °C/min, at least about 35°C/min and/or not more than about 75°C/min, not more than about 50°C/min, or not more than about 40°C/min.

[0132] Turning now to FIG. 35, one embodiment of a microwave heating zone 516 is illustrated as generally comprising a microwave heating chamber 520, at least one microwave generator 512 for generating microwave energy and a microwave distribution system 514 for directing at least a portion of the microwave energy from generator 512 to microwave chamber

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520. Microwave distribution system 514 comprises a plurality of waveguide segments 518 and one or more microwave launchers, shown as launchers 522a-f in FIG. 35, for discharging microwave energy into the interior of microwave chamber 520. As shown in FIG. 35, microwave heating zone 516 can further comprise a conveyance system 540 for transporting carriers 550 loaded with articles to be heated through microwave chamber 520. Each of the components of microwave heating zone 516, according to various embodiments of the present invention, are now discussed in detail immediately below.

[0133] Microwave generator 512 can be any suitable device for generating microwave energy of a desired wavelength (λ). Examples of suitable types of microwave generators can include, but are not limited to, magnetrons, klystrons, traveling wave tubes, and gyrotrons. Although illustrated in FIG. 35 as including a single generator 512, it should be understood that microwave heating zone 516 can include any number of generators arranged in any suitable configuration. For example, in one embodiment, microwave heating zone 516 can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3 and/or not more than 5, not more than 4, or not more than 3 microwave generators, depending on the size and arrangement of microwave distribution system 514.

[0134] Microwave chamber 520 can be any chamber or vessel configured to receive a plurality of articles. Microwave chamber 520 can be of any size and may have one of a variety of different cross sectional shapes. For example, in one embodiment, chamber 520 can have a generally circular or elliptical cross section, while, in other embodiments, can have a generally square, rectangular, or polygonal cross sectional shape. In one embodiment, microwave chamber 520 can be a pressurized chamber and, in the same or other embodiments, can be configured to be at least partially filled with a liquid medium (a liquid-filled chamber). Microwave chamber 520 can also be configured to receive at least a portion of the microwave energy discharged from one or more microwave launchers 522 and, in one embodiment, can be configured to permit the creation of a stable (or standing) wave pattern therein. In one embodiment, at least one dimension of microwave chamber 520 can be at least about 0.30λ, at least about 0.40λ, or at least about 0.50λ, wherein λ is the wavelength of the microwave energy discharged therein.

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[0135] Microwave distribution system 514 comprises a plurality of waveguides or waveguide segments 518 for directing at least a portion of the microwave energy from generator 512 to microwave chamber 520. Waveguides 518 can be designed and constructed to propagate microwave energy in a specific predominant mode, which may be the same as or different than the mode of the microwave energy generated by generator 512. As used herein, the term mode refers to a generally fixed cross sectional field pattern of microwave energy. In one embodiment of the present invention, waveguides 518 can be configured to propagate microwave energy in a TE_xy mode, wherein x and y are integers in the range of from 0 to 5. In another embodiment of the present invention, waveguides 518 can be configured to propagate microwave energy in a TM_Oh mode, wherein a and b are integers in the range of from 0 to 5. It should be understood that, as used herein, the above-defined ranges of a, b, x, and y values as used to describe a mode of microwave propagation are applicable throughout this description. In one embodiment, the predominant mode of microwave energy propagated through waveguides 518 and/or discharged via launchers 522a-f can be selected from the group consisting of TE!₀, TM₀1, and TEn.

[0136] As shown in FIG. 35, microwave distribution system 514 further comprises one or more microwave launchers 522a-f, each defining at least one launch opening 524a-f for discharging microwave energy into microwave chamber 520. Although illustrated in FIG. 35 as comprising six microwave launchers 522a-f, it should be understood that microwave distribution system 514 can include any suitable number of launchers arranged in any desirable configuration. For example, microwave distribution system 514 can include at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4 and/or not more than 50, not more than 30, or not more than 20 microwave launchers. Launchers 522a-f can be the same or different types of launchers and, in one embodiment, at least one of launchers 522a-f can be replaced with a reflective surface (not shown) for reflecting at least a portion of the microwave energy discharged from the other launchers 522 into microwave heating chamber 520.

[0137] When microwave distribution system 514 includes two or more launchers, at least some of the launchers may be disposed on generally the same side of microwave chamber 520. As used herein, the term same-side launchers refers to two or more launchers positioned on

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PCT/US2016/055189 generally the same side of a microwave chamber. Two or more of the same-side launchers may also be axially spaced from one another. As used herein, the term axially spaced denotes spacing in the direction of conveyance of the articles through the microwave system (i.e., spacing in the direction of extension of the convey axis). Additionally, one or more launchers 522 may also be laterally spaced from one or more other launchers 522 of the system. As used herein, the term laterally spaced shall denote spacing in the direction perpendicular to the direction of conveyance of the articles through the microwave system (i.e., spacing perpendicular to the direction of extension of the convey axis). For example, in FIG. 35, launchers 522a-c and 522d-f are disposed on respective first and second sides 521a,b of microwave chamber 520 and launcher 522a is axially spaced from launcher 522b and 522c, just as launcher 522e is axially spaced from launchers 522f and 522d.

[0138] Additionally, as shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 35, microwave distribution system 514 can comprise at least two (e.g., two or more) pairs of oppositely disposed or opposed launchers. As used herein, the term opposed launchers refers to two or more launchers positioned on generally opposite sides of a microwave chamber. In one embodiment, the opposed launchers may be oppositely facing. As used herein with respect to opposed microwave launchers, the term oppositely facing shall denote launchers whose central launch axes are substantially aligned with one another. For simplicity, central launch axis 523c of launcher 522c and central launch axis 523d of launcher 522d are the only central launch axes illustrated in FIG. 35. However, it should be understood that each of launchers 522a-f include a similar launch axes.

[0139] Opposed launchers may be generally aligned with one another, or may be staggered from one or more other launchers disposed on the opposite side of microwave chamber 520. In one embodiment, a pair of opposed launchers may be a staggered pair of launchers, such that the discharge openings 524 of the launchers 522 are not in substantial alignment with one another. Launchers 522a and 522e constitute one exemplary pair of opposed launchers arranged in a staggered configuration. Staggered opposed launchers may be axially or laterally staggered from one another. As used herein with respect to opposed microwave launchers, the term axially staggered shall denote launchers whose central launch axes are

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PCT/US2016/055189 axially spaced from one another. As used herein with respect to opposed microwave launchers, the term laterally staggered shall denote launchers whose central launch axes are laterally spaced from one another. In another embodiment, a pair of opposed launchers may be directly opposite launchers, such that the discharge openings of the launcher pair are substantially aligned. For example, launchers 522c and 522d shown in FIG. 35 are configured as a pair of opposite launchers.

[0140] Turning now to FIG. 36, a partial view of one embodiment of a microwave heating zone 616 is shown. Microwave heating zone 616 includes at least one microwave launcher 622 that defines a launch opening 624 for discharging energy into a microwave chamber 620. As shown in FIG. 36, microwave launcher 622 is configured to discharge microwave energy along a central launch axis 660 toward a conveyance system 640 configured to transport a plurality of articles 650 within microwave chamber 620 along a convey axis 642. In one embodiment, central launch axis 660 can be tilted such that a launch tilt angle, β, is defined between central launch axis 660 and a plane normal to convey axis 642, illustrated as plane 662 in FIG. 36. According to one embodiment, launch tilt angle β can be at least about 2°, at least about 4°, at least about 5° and/or not more than about 15°, not more than about 10°, or not more than about 8°. When the system includes two or more launchers, a portion of all can be tilted.

[0141] As discussed previously, the microwave launchers 522a-f depicted in FIG. 35 may be of any suitable configuration. In some embodiments, the microwave launchers 522a-f may be configured to emit polarized microwave energy. Several views of a microwave launcher 822 configured according to one embodiment of the present invention to emit polarized energy are provided in FIGS. 37a-f. It has been discovered that when the polarization plane of emitted microwave energy is substantially perpendicular to the direction of extension of the support members (or, in some embodiments, slats) of the carrier, the electrically conductive slats in the carrier act to enhance field uniformity in the cargo volume of the carrier, without causing arcing or undue energy loss. In microwave systems of the present invention, the plane of polarization of the microwave energy emitted from the microwave launchers can be perpendicular to the direction of travel of the convey line.

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[0142] Referring initially to FIG. 37a, microwave launcher 822 is illustrated as comprising a set of opposing sidewalls 832a,b and a set of opposing end walls 834a,b, which collectively define a substantially rectangular launch opening 838. When launch opening 838 comprises a rectangular-shaped opening, it can have a width (W!) and a depth (D!) defined, at least in part, by the terminal edges of sidewalls 832a,b and 834a,b, respectively. In one embodiment, sidewalls 832a,b can be broader than end walls 834a,b such that the length of the lower terminal edge of side walls 832a,b, shown as W1 in FIG. 37a, can be greater than the length of the lower terminal edge of end walls 834a,b, depicted in FIG. 37a with the identifier D!. As shown in FIG. 37a, the elongated portion of side walls 832a,b and end walls 834a,b can also collectively define a pathway 837 through which microwave energy can propagate as it passes from the microwave inlet 836 to the at least one launch opening 838 defined by launcher 822.

[0143] One way to achieve polarization of the microwave energy emitted from the microwave launchers is for the inlet of the launcher 822 to be connected to the outlet of a rectangular waveguide propagating microwave energy in a TE10 mode. In such a configuration, the polarization plane of the microwave energy emitted from the launcher will be parallel to the smaller rectangular dimension of the waveguide outlet and launcher inlet, shown in FIGS. 37a and 37c-e as depth D_o.

[0144] When used to discharge microwave energy into a microwave chamber, launch opening 838 can be can be elongated in the direction of extension of the microwave chamber (not shown) or in the direction of convey of the articles therein. For example, in one embodiment, side walls 832a,b and end walls 834a,b of launcher 822 can be configured such that the maximum dimension of launch opening 838 (shown in FIG. 37a as W1) can be aligned substantially parallel to the direction of extension of the microwave chamber and/or to the direction of convey of articles passing therethrough. In this embodiment, the terminal edges of side walls 832a,b can be oriented parallel to the direction of extension (or the direction of convey), while the terminal edges of end walls 834a,b may be aligned substantially perpendicular to the direction of extension or convey within the microwave chamber (not shown in FIG. 37).

[0145] FIGS. 37b and 37c respectively provide views of a sidewall 832 and end wall 834 of microwave launcher 822 illustrated in FIG. 37a. It should be understood that, while only one of

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PCT/US2016/055189 the side or end walls 832, 834 are shown in FIGS. 37b and 37c, the other of the pair could have a similar configuration. In one embodiment, at least one of side wall 832 and end wall 834 can be flared such that the inlet dimension (width Wo or depth Do) is smaller than the outlet dimension (width W1 or depth Di), as respectively illustrated in FIGS. 37b and 37c. When flared, each of side and end walls 832, 834 define respective width and depth flare angles, 0_W and 0d, as shown in FIGS. 37b and 37c. In one embodiment, width and/or depth flare angles 0_W and/or 0d can be at least about 2°, at least about 5°, at least about 10°, or at least about 15° and/or not more than about 45°, not more than about 30°, or not more than about 15°. In one embodiment, the width and depth flare angles 0_w and 0d can be the same, while, in another embodiment, the values for 0_w and 0d may be different.

[0146] According to one embodiment, depth flare angle 0d can be smaller than width flare angle 0_w. In certain embodiments, depth flare angle 0d can be not more than about 0°, such that the inlet depth D_o and the outlet dimension D! of microwave launcher 822 are substantially the same, as illustrated in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 37d. In another embodiment, the depth flare angle 0d may be less than 0°, such that D! is smaller than D_o, as shown in FIG. 37e. When microwave launcher 822 comprises a depth flare angle less than 0° and/or the depth Di of launch opening 838 is smaller than the depth D_o of microwave inlet 836, microwave launcher 822 can be a tapered launcher having a generally inverse profile. In one embodiment wherein microwave launcher 822 comprises n launch openings, between 1 and n of the openings can have a depth and/or width less than or equal to the depth and/or width of the inlet of the launcher. Further embodiments of multi-opening launchers will be discussed in detail below.

[0147] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the depth Di of launch opening 838 can be no more than about 0.625λ, not more than about 0.5λ, not more than about 0.4λ, not more than about 0.35λ, or not more than about 0.25λ, wherein λ is the wavelength of the predominant mode of microwave energy discharged from launch opening 838. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that minimizing the depth D! of launch opening 838, the microwave field created proximate launch opening 838 is more stable and uniform than would be created by launchers having greater depths. In one embodiment wherein microwave launcher 822 comprises n launch openings, the depth of each launch opening, d_n, can be not

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PCT/US2016/055189 more than about 0.625λ, not more than about 0.5λ, not more than about 0.4λ, not more than about 0.35λ, or not more than about 0.25λ. When microwave launcher 822 has multiple openings, each opening can have a depth that is the same or different than one or more of the other launch openings of the same launcher.

[0148] One embodiment of a microwave launcher 1022 including an inductive iris disposed therein is shown in FIGS. 38a and 38b. Launcher 1022 may include at least one inductive iris 1070 located between its microwave inlet 1036 and one or more launch openings 1038, as generally illustrated in FIGS. 38a and 38b. As shown in FIGS. 38a and 38b, iris 1070 may be defined by a pair of inductive iris panels 1072a,b disposed on opposite sides of launcher 1022. Although illustrated as being coupled to narrower opposing end walls 1034a,b of launcher 1022, it should be understood that first and second iris panels 1072a,b could also be coupled to broader opposing side walls 1032a,b of launcher 1022. As shown in FIGS. 38a and 38b, first and second iris panels 1072a,b extend inwardly into the microwave pathway 1037 defined between microwave inlet 1036 and launch opening 1038 in a direction that is generally transverse to the direction of microwave propagation through pathway 1037. In one embodiment, iris panels obstruct at least about 25 percent, at least about 40 percent, or at least about 50 percent and/or not more than about 75 percent, not more than about 60 percent, or not more than about 55 percent of the total area of microwave pathway 1037 at the location at which they are disposed.

[0149] As shown in FIG. 38a, first and second iris panels 1072a,b can be substantially coplanar and can be oriented substantially normal to the central launch axis of microwave launcher 1022. In certain embodiments, the iris panels 1072a,b may be spaced from both the microwave inlet 1036 and the launch opening 1038 of microwave launcher 1022. For example, the iris panels 1072a,b can be spaced from microwave inlet 1036 of launcher 1022 by at least about 10 percent, at least about 25 percent, or at least about 35 percent of the minimum distance between microwave inlet 1036 and launch opening 1038 of launcher 1022. Further, iris panels 1072a,b can be spaced from launch opening 1038 of launcher 1022 by at least about 10 percent, 25 percent, or 35 percent of the maximum distance (L) measured between microwave inlet 1036 and launch opening 1038 of launcher 1022.

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[0150] Turning back to FIG. 35, at least one of launch openings 524a-f of launchers 522af of microwave heating zone 516 can be at least partially covered by a substantially microwavetransparent window 526a-f disposed between each launch opening 524a-f and microwave chamber 520. Microwave-transparent windows 526a-f can be operable to prevent fluid flow between microwave chamber 520 and microwave launchers 522a-f while still permitting a substantial portion of the microwave energy from launchers 522a-f to pass therethrough. Windows 526a-f can be made of any suitable material, including, but not limited to one or more thermoplastic or glass material such as glass-filled Teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyetherimide (PEI), aluminum oxide, glass, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, windows 526a-f can have an average thickness of at least about 4 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 8 mm and/or not more than about 20 mm, not more than about 16 mm, or not more than about 12 mm and can withstand a pressure difference of at least about 40 psi, at least about 50 psi, at least about 75 psi and/or not more than about 200 psi, not more than about 150 psi, or not more than about 120 psi without breaking, cracking, or otherwise failing.

[0151] Microwave heating zone 116 shown in FIGS. 34a and 34b may further include any number of suitable control mechanisms or other devices to monitor and control the temperature of the articles and/or liquid within the microwave heating zone 116. In some embodiments, microwave heating zone 116 (and, optionally, thermalization zone 112 and/or hold zone 120) may include agitation devices, such as fluid jets, for increasing the heat transfer to the articles. Other suitable devices, such as temperature and flow controllers, may also be used to maximize heating of the articles in a minimal time.

[0152] As shown in FIGS. 34a and 34b, after being withdrawn from microwave heating zone 116, the heated articles can then optionally be routed to a temperature holding zone 120, wherein the temperature of the articles can be maintained at or above a certain minimum threshold temperature fora specified residence time. As a result of this holding step, the articles removed from holding zone 120 can have a more consistent heating profile and fewer cold spots. In one embodiment, the minimum threshold temperature within holding zone 120 can be the same as the minimum temperature required within microwave heating zone 116 and can be at

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PCT/US2016/055189 least about 120°C, at least about 121°C, at least about 122°C and/or not more than about 130°C, not more than about 128°C, or not more than about 126°C. The average residence time of articles passing through holding zone 120 can be at least about 1 minute, at least about 2 minutes, or at least about 4 minutes and/or not more than about 20 minutes, not more than about 16 minutes, or not more than about 10 minutes. Holding zone 120 can be operated at the same pressure as microwave heating zone 116 and can, in one embodiment, be at least partially defined within a pressurized and/or liquid-filled chamber or vessel. In some embodiment, system 100 does not include a holding zone and the articles are routed from the microwave energy zone to the cooling zone.

[0153] After exiting holding zone 120, when present, or microwave heating zone 116 when no holding zone is present, the heated articles of microwave system 100 can subsequently be introduced into a quench zone 122, wherein the heated articles can be quickly cooled via contact with one or more cooled fluids. In one embodiment, quench zone 122 can be configured to cool the articles by at least about 30°C, at least about 40°C, at least about 50°C and/or not more than about 100°C, not more than about 75°C, or not more than about 50°C in a time period of at least about 1 minute, at least about 2 minutes, at least about 3 minutes and/or not more than about 10 minutes, not more than about 8 minutes, or not more than about 6 minutes. Any suitable type of fluid can be used as a cooling fluid in quench zone 122, including, for example, a liquid medium such as those described previously with respect to microwave heating zone 116 and/or a gaseous medium, such as air.

[0154] According to one embodiment generally depicted in FIGS. 34a and 34b, microwave heating system 100 may also include a second pressure adjustment zone 114b disposed downstream of microwave heating zone 116 and/or holding zone 120, when present. Second pressure adjustment zone 114b may be configured and operated in a manner similar to that previously described with respect to first pressure adjustment zone 114a. When present, second pressure adjustment zone 114b can be located downstream of quench zone 122, such that a substantial portion or nearly all of quench zone 122 is operated at an elevated (super atmospheric) pressure similar to the pressure under which microwave heating zone 116 and/or holding zone 120 are operated. In another embodiment, second pressure adjustment zone 114b

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PCT/US2016/055189 can be disposed within quench zone 122, such that a portion of quench zone 122 can be operated at a super-atmospheric pressure similar to the pressure of microwave heating zone 116 and/or holding zone 120, while another portion of quench zone 122 can be operated at approximately atmospheric pressure. When removed from quench zone 122, the cooled articles can have a temperature of at least about 20°C, at least about 25°C, at least about 30°C and/or not more than about 70°C, not more than about 60°C, or not more than about 50°C. Once removed from quench zone 122, the cooled, treated articles can then be removed from microwave heating zone 110 for subsequent storage or use.

[0155] Microwave heating systems of the present invention can be commercial-scale heating systems capable of processing a large volume of articles in a relatively short time. In contrast to conventional retorts and other small-scale systems that utilize microwave energy to heat a plurality of articles, microwave heating systems as described herein can be configured to achieve an overall production rate of at least about 10 packages per minute, at least about 15 packages per minute per convey line, at least about 20 packages per minute per convey line, at least about 25 packages per minute per convey line, or at least about 30 packages per minute per convey line, which far exceeds rates achievable by other microwave systems.

[0156] As used herein, the term packages per minute refers to the total number of whey gel-filled 8-oz MRE (meals ready to eat) packages able to be processed by a given microwave heating system, according to the following procedure: An 8-oz MRE package filled with whey gel pudding commercially available from Ameriqual Group LLC (Evansville, IN, USA) is connected to a plurality of temperature probes positioned in the pudding at five equidistant locations spaced along each of the x-, y-, and z- axes, originating from the geometrical center of the package, as shown in FIG. 39. The package is then placed in a microwave heating system being evaluated and is heated until each of the probes registers a temperature above a specified minimum temperature (e.g., 120°C for sterilization systems). The time required to achieve such a temperature profile, as well as physical and dimensional information about the heating system, can then be used to calculate an overall production rate in packages per minute.

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DEFINITIONS

[0157] As used herein, the terms comprising, comprises, and comprise are openended transition terms used to transition from a subject recited before the term to one or more elements recited after the term, where the element or elements listed after the transition term are not necessarily the only elements that make up the subject.

[0158] As used herein, the terms including, includes, and include have the same open-ended meaning as comprising, comprises, and comprise.

[0159] As used herein, the terms having, has, and have have the same open-ended meaning as comprising, comprises, and comprise.

[0160] As used herein, the terms containing, contains, and contain have the same open-ended meaning as comprising, comprises, and comprise.

[0161] As used herein, the terms a, an, the, and said mean one or more.

[0162] As used herein, the term and/or, when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.

[0163] The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used as illustration only, and should not be used in a limiting sense to interpret the scope of the present invention. Obvious modifications to the exemplary embodiments, set forth above, could be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

[0164] The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Equivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of the present invention as pertains to any apparatus not materially departing from but outside the literal scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

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FIG. 8

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FIG. 20b

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FIG. 21b

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FIG. 25

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FIG. 34b

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FIG. 36

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FIG. 37a

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FIG. 39 ¹⁰⁵⁶ 034b

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