Electrostatically charged filter media incorporating an active agent

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ELECTROSTATICALLY CHARGED FILTER MEDIA INCORPORATING AN ACTIVE AGENT TRIOSYN HOLDING, INC. C: 54383 167440/2

18 FIELD OF THE INVENTION 19 The present invention relates to electrostatically charged filter media and more 20 particularly to an electrostatically charged media with an active agent incorporated 21 thereon, and a method of making the same. 22

23 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION LIBNY/424349S.1 1 of29 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 2 Prior art filter methods include, for example, mechanical filtration - a physical retention 3 of particles larger than the pores of the filter media; electrostatic filtration -adhering 4 particles to fibers in the filter without killing/deactivating the particles; and filtration as 5 taught and claimed in United States Patent 5,980,827 which issued to the inventor hereof 6 on November 9, 1999 and is entitled “Disinfection Of Air Using An Iodine/Resin 7 Disinfectant.” It has been determined that improved iodinated resin filtration occurs in a 8 thin media when the product is incorporated to a media with a convoluted pathway. By 9 forcing the microorganism/toxin to pass through a circuitous route, the 10 microorganism/toxin is eventually killed/deactivated. One method for providing a 11 circuitous route is to employ a nonwoven media. 12 13 In published ij.S. patent application number 20010045398 entitled “Process For The 14 Immobilisation Of Particles In A Three Dimensional Matrix Structure" the non-woven 15 material is first produced and then an iodinated resin, such as the one disclosed in U.S. 16 patent no. 5,639,452 (the ‘452 patent) is added using alcohol or a partial solvent with a 17 high pulsation vacuum pump that opens the filter pores so that the active agent will go 18 through it (the “Triosyn” resin). The contents of the ‘452 patent is incorporated by 19 reference in its entirety herein. 20 21 United States Patent No. 6,346,125 teaches incorporating an aqueous antimicrobial agent 22 into a non-electrostatically charged non-woven material. Specifically, the ‘125 patent 23 describes a particular process for incorporating an aqueous antimicrobial agent into a 2 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 non-electrostatically charged non-woven. However, without the electrostatic properties, 2 the non-woven must be of greater thickness so that the microorganism has sufficient 3 contact time with the antimicrobial agent for decontamination. 4 5 United States Patent No. 5,952,092 teaches a non-woven fabric with chemically active 6 ^particles. However, this patent does not teach using an electrostatic substrate as in the 7 present innovation. 8 9 Nonwoven electrets and methods of manufacturing the same are known in the art. For 10 example, United States Patent No. 5,409,766 describes a nonwoven fabric in an electret 11 state composed of monofilaments formed of a polymer composition capable of dust 12 collection over a prolonged time and in a hot and humid condition. Also disclosed are 13 processes for producing this nonwoven fabric, as well as a filtering air masking material 14 composed of that nonwoven fabric. However, this prior art system does not provide 15 antimicrobial/antitoxin properties. Thus, the microorganism/toxin, while suspended 16 within the nonwoven fabric, is not sterilized or deactivated. Once the electrostatic 17 properties of the nonwoven are depleted or the material is saturated, the 18 microorganism/toxin may be released back into the atmosphere. 19 20 Electrostatically charged filters are known to be used in facemasks, for example. With 21 respect to both, one of the problems of face seal is well known and represents a limitation 22 that the industry has been trying to address. The problem resides in the fact that from one 23 morphological physical structure of a human being or structure to the next the differences 3 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/LB2003/004553 1 generate such a wide spectrum of geometrical deviations that it has been difficult to 2 create a 100% airtight seal. For a facemask the difficulty in creating a seal occurs 3 between the skin and the mask for a range of face sizes and shapes. Various different 4 technological means have been tried, for example using, adhesive seals, flat and wide 5 seals and resilient material seals. The industry has oriented its work on creating an 6 airtight seal, however, the pressure differential generated actually forces air in the gaps 7 between seal and skin thus bypassing the air filter material. The electrostatic filter of the 8 present invention may be made of a spongy or other breathable nonwoven material so as 9 to minimize the pressure differential, thus preventing air from being forced through the 10 gaps. Further, it effectively makes the gasket used to create a closure between the user 11 and the facemask out of a thin filter having a low-pressure drop like the electrostatic filter 12 and having the added benefit of the active agent incorporated thereon. 13 14 Other known prior art that teach the use of high pressure drop media includes the 15 mechanical filtration of the HEPA filter. However, the pressure drop of the present 16 invention is approximately 50% to 90 % lower than that of the HEPA filter alone. The 17 filter further includes a material that kills on passage vegetative bacteria, spores, and 18 viruses. They'are filtered out of the airstream and are killed. In addition, the present 19 invention is self-sterilizing, meaning that not only does it filter air passed there through, it 20 kills the bacteria trapped on the filter. Therefore, the media protects both the user and the 21 outside air. 22 4 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 Given the shortcomings of the prior art, it is advantageous to have an electret, which has 2 improved characteristics over known solutions. The present innovation comprises a 3 substrate that supports an active agent and is a dielectric. 4

5 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 6 The present invention overcomes the aforementioned problems of the prior art. 7 Specifically and in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided 8 herein an electrostatically charged non-woven media that has active agents incorporated 9 therein. This innovative media is capable of eradicating microorganisms and/or toxins 10 more efficiently than prior art solutions and can also self-sterilize. 11 12 The present invention additionally provides for methods of making the electrostatically 13 charged filter media having an active agent incorporated therein. The substrate may be 14 manufactured according to various methods; the active agent may be incorporated 15 according to various methods; and the electrostatic charge may be provided according to 16 various methods, all of which are described herein or are known in the art. 17 18 Because substantially less active agent is used for each filter costs are reduced while 19 maintaining effectiveness. Additionally, the enhanced electrostatic filter of the present 20 invention provides added performance of the active agent and electrostatic properties. 21 5 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 In addition to the above aspects of the present invention, additional aspects, features and 2 advantages will become better understood with regard to the following description in 3 connection with the accompanying drawings. 4

5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 6 Figure 1 depicts aspects of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention in 7 accordance with the teachings presented herein. 8 9 Figures 2 and 3 depict exemplary embodiments of electrostatically charged substrates. 10 11 Figure 4 depicts an exemplary embodiment for providing a nonwoven media with an 12 active agent incorporated thereon. 13

14 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 15 The following sections describe exemplary embodiments of the present invention. It 16 should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the described embodiments of the 17 present invention provided herein are illustrative only and not limiting, having been 18 presented by way of example only. All features disclosed in this description may be 19 replaced by alternative features serving the same or similar purpose, unless expressly 20 stated otherwise. Therefore, numerous other embodiments of the modifications thereof 21 are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention as defined herein 22 and equivalents thereto. 23 6 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 The present invention provides an electrostatically charged filter media comprising a 2 substrate with an active agent incorporated therein. 3 4 Filter Media 5 The filter media of the present invention includes (1) a substrate, (2) an active agent 6 incorporated therein and (3) an electrostatic charge. 7 8 Substrate 9 The substrate comprises any material having dielectric properties or capable of being 10 enhanced to have dielectric properties and which is capable of having an active agent 11 incorporated therein. 12 13 In a particular embodiment, the substrate may be a fiber based material having a fibrous 14 matrix structure; it may be a sponge like material have an open cell matrix structure; it 15 may be flexible or inflexible; etc. 16 17 As stated above, in one embodiment, the substrate is a nonwoven fabric. Nonwoven is a 18 type of fabric that is bonded together rather than being spun and woven into a cloth. It 19 may be a manufactured sheet, mat, web or batt of directionally or randomly oriented 20 fibers bonded by friction or adhesion; it may take the form of a type of fabric. Figure 1 is 21 provided as an exemplary embodiment of a nonwoven fabric. 22 7 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 In another embodiment, the substrate may be a nonwoven textile of varying fluffiness, 2 comprising polymer fiber. The polymer may be for example, nylon, polyethylene, 3 polypropylene, polyester, etc. or any other polymer suitable for a filter substrate. 4 Additionally, the substrate can be made of materials other than polymer fiber. 5 6 The nonwoven material may be of a type suitable for a high efficiency particulate air 7 filter (i.e. a HEPA filter). A suitable nonwoven material may be obtained from Technol 8 Aix en Provence Cedex 03 France (see Canadian patent no. 1,243,801); another suitable 9 material may also be obtained from Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. (3M). The 10 nonwoven material has a three dimensional structure which should be configured in such 11 a fashion as to provide a matrix capable to entrap (i.e. physically) the desired active 12 agent. For example if the nonwoven material is based on fibers, the structural fibers of 13 the nonwoven material may be present and distributed in such a fashion as to provide a 14 fibrous matrix structure able to entrap the desired active agent. The nonwoven material 15 may have a microstructure. In a particular embodiment, the active agent has a size 16 appropriate to be entrapped by the three dimensional (e.g. web) matrix structure of the 17 desired nonwoven material. 18 19 Alternative substrates may further include glass fibers and fibers, such as cellulose, that 20 are ultimately formed into a paper-based filter media. Any substrate capable of acting as 21 carrier for the active agent and having dielectric properties or capable of having dielectric 22 properties imparted to it,would be a suitable substrate for the present invention. When 23 substrates that do not have strong dielectric properties are used, such as glass fibers, 8 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 additives may be provided to improve the dielectric properties of the substrate. The present invention is not limited to a nonwoven material. Other suitable substrates may include spongy materials or foam.

Active Agent

The active agent of the present invention may be, for example, an antimicrobial, an antitoxin, or the like. The antimicrobial may be biostatic and/or biocidal. Biostatic is a material that inhibits the growth of all or some of bacteria spores, viruses, fungi, etc. (having bioactive particles), and a biocidal is a material that kills all or some of bacteria spores, viruses, fungi, etc. Preferably, the biocidalcomprises the iodinated resin particles, such as those described above in the ‘452 patent, as described above.- Other suitable active agents include silver, copper, zeolyte with art-antimicrobial attached thereto, halogenated resins, and agents capable of devitalizing/deactivating microorganisms/toxins that are known in the art, including for example activated carbon, other metals and other chemical compounds. For example, a non-exhaustive list of suitable metals and/or chemical compounds is as follows:

Exemplary Metals

Aluminum

Barium

Boron

Calcium

Chromium 9 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 Copper 2 Iron 3 Magnesium 4 Manganese 5 Molybdenum 6 Nickel 7 Lead 8 Potassium 9 Silicon 10 Sodium 11 Strontium 12 Zinc 13 * 14 Exemplary Chemical Compounds 15 N-methyl piperazine 16 Potassium Hydroxide 17 Zinc Chloride 18 Calcium chloride 19 Mixture of Sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate 20 21 Reference in the specification to antimicrobial is used for ease of reading and is not 22 meant to be limiting. 23 10 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/JB2003/004553 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Electrostatic Charge

The filter media with an active agent incorporated thereon is also electrostatically charged. Accordingly, there is a potential across the surface(s) of the media creating a field wherein the field can attract and/or repel charged particles introduced to the media so that in some instances it alters the path of travel of the charged particles.

Figures 2-3 provide exemplary representations of electrostatically charged media. Electrostatically charged filter media of the present invention may, for example, be single or multi-layered. Each layer may be individually charged. A single layered media can have a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other. An example of a multi-layered media is a double-layered media. Preferably, a double layered media is used wherein the double-layered media comprises two layers, each being positively charged on one side and negatively charge on the other side, wherein the two layers are separated by an airspace and the two layers are oriented so that the negative side of one of the two layers is closest to the positive side of the other layer. In this two-layer embodiment, the air space increases the net dielectric constant of the electrostatically charged filter media.

Preferably, a high dielectric constant is provided to maintain the charge for an extended period of time: For example, air provides a good dielectric constant, as can be employed in an airspace as described above. Thus, the present invention may be effective even when wet or in a humid environment. 11 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 2 The resulting media is an insulating carrier with an active agent adhered thereto or 3 impregnated therein and having an electrostatic charge. The media according to the 4 present invention can be produced of different thickness, density and pressure drop. The 5 media described herein can be used in, for example: clothing, wound dressings, air filters, 6 shelters, liners and generally, any filter material. 7 8 Method Of Manufacturing 9 The present invention additionally provides for a method of manufacturing the 10 electrostatically charged filter media having an active agent incorporated thereon. The 11 substrate itself may be manufactured according to various known methods, such as melt 12 blown, spun blown, air laid, carted, etc. 13 14 Method of Incorporating the Active Agent 15 Prior art incorporation methods using polypropylene require the use of polyethylene to 16 maintain a tackiness to the fibers to hold the solid particulate for a longer amount of time 17 to prevent the particulate from falling off the fibers. In the present invention, the active 18 agent, such as the iodinated resin disclosed in the ‘452 patent, may be physically 19 entrapped in the fibers. Thus, the active agent does not have to adhere to the fibers to be 20 incorporated into the media. 21 22 In the present invention, the active agent may be incorporated to the substrate according 23 to various methods. For example, liquid emulsification of the active agent in the melt at 12 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 increased temperature and increased pressure for mix and melt processes, or 2 incorporation by spraying the active agent after extrusion of non-woven fibers during 3 processing. 4 5 In a preferred embodiment, as shown in Figure 4, polymer granules, such as 6 polypropylene granules, are extruded through an extruder; the extruded fibers being of 7 varying thickness and length. As the fibers are extruded they fall toward a collecting 8 web. A desired active agent is provided in a cloud at a location closest to the extrusion 9 point of the resulting fibers. The cloud envelops the cooling fibers while the fibers are 10 still in a quasi-liquid quasi-solid state. In one embodiment, the active agent particulate 11 may range from 0.2 microns to 0.5 millimeters. However, one of ordinary skill in the art 12 can apply active agents with smaller and bigger particulates size. The active agent 13 particulate settles and collects so that it is intermeshed or entrapped wife fee fibers on fee 14 collecting web. After the fibers wife the active agent incorporated thereon falls to fee 15 collecting web, the resulting media is formed into a mesh by known methods. 16 Additionally, the cloud may be in various physical states including a vapor, fine dry dust, 17 or atomized or aerosolized particulate. Advantageously, cloud incorporation may occur 18 at room temperature with particulate also at room temperature. Further, fee thickness, 19 length and pressure define the mechanical properties of fee resulting media. 20 21 A suitable melt blown system for fee above embodiment is fee Accuweb provided by 22 Accurate Products Co. of Hillside, NJ. 23 13 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 Various other methods of incorporating an active agent to a filter media are suitable for

2 the present invention. First, for example, using the method disclosed in published U.S 3 patent application number 20010045398 Al. Second, soaking a bail of hair-like extruded 4 fibers in an active agent (and using alcohol to achieve the soak) and then creating the felt 5 using pressure and temperature. Third, taking solid polymer granules manufactured with 6 an active agent mixed in an extruder hopper to create a mixture that is then extruded into 7 fine hair-like bails. Felt is then formed through a temperature and pressure process. 8 Fourth, extruding a substrate, such as a polymer in to a hair-like substance on to which an 9 active agent is sprayed in solid after the extrusion. The active agent may be vaporized 10 like an aerosol. Fifth, the active agent can be injected or sprayed into non-woven fabric 11 as the fabric is being pressurized. Sixth, carting bails of filament and mixing the 12 resulting media with the active agent to generate a sheet having the active agent 13 incorporated therein. Seventh, depositing the active agent on a non-woven media and 14 thereafter needle-punching the media to impregnate the active agent through and through 15 the media. Other methods may be used. 16 17 In another embodiment of the present invention, polymer granules are placed in a hopper 18 of an extruder with active agent in dust form prior to extrusion. Thus, the active agent is 19 mixed in the hopper prior to the melt. The two components are mixed, heated and then 20 extruded to form a thin “hair” fiber used to make a felt. The resulting hair in the above 21 embodiments having the active agent incorporated thereto is a bail-like wool. The 22 substrate could be transparent depending on the polymer used. Additionally, a resulting 23 polymer fiber having the active agent incorporated thereto can be treated with water, 14 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 pressurized and then heated to form a felt. In other embodiments, the resulting polymer 2 fiber having the active agent incorporated thereto can an be air laid, vacuum laid, water 3 laid, etc. 4 5 Although not specifically described herein, other conventional or known methods that 6 achieve incorporation of an active agent to a substrate are suitable for the present 7 invention. Thus, at this point the substrate has an active agent incorporated therein. 8 9 Method of Electrostatically Charging 10 The substrate having an active agent incorporated therein is provided with an electrostatic 11 charge. The charge may be induced by using a corona, needle punching, chemical 12 enhancement, any other known charge inducing system or method, or a combination of 13 any of the foregoing. Needle punching creates high-level friction thus adding a charge. 14 15 In a particular embodiment, to make the electrostatically charged non-woven fabric the 16 formed media, such as felt, is placed into a corona system of about 25Kv, slow pass, until 17 fully charged. The resulting material holds its charge for between about 6 months to 2 18 years. 19 20 Operation Qf An Electrostatic Filter Media 15 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 In operation, a contaminated air or fluid stream is introduced to a filter employing the 2 electrostatically charged filter media of the present invention. The air/fluid stream may 3 be forced or drawn through the filter media by means of a pressure gradient. The stream 4 may contain contaminant particles of various sizes to be removed or treated by the filter 5 element. As the stream approaches the filter media, it is directed through the filter media 6 such that the contaminate particles are brought into contact with the filter media and 7 removed from the stream or treated by the active agent as describe elsewhere in this 8 application. This is achieved through the properties of the filter, which causes the 9 particles to follow a convoluted pathway through the filter element, thus increasing the 10 time that the contaminant is in contact with the active agent. This increased contact time 11 increases the effectiveness of the active agent in treating the particles in the stream. 12 13 The convoluted path that the particles follow is the result of the added electrostatic 14 properties and the nonwoven properties of the substrate of the filter element. With 15 respect to the electrostatic properties of the filter element, the convoluted pathway of the 16 contaminant particles may be attributed to the particles polar nature. Polar molecules are 17 neutrally charged and are also large in size. Because of the large size, the contaminants 18 have a magnetic moment, which when subjected to an electric field causes the 19 contaminant particle to be diverted from its pathway. 20 21 Additionally, the convoluted path of the contaminant particles is attributable to the 22 nonwoven properties of the filter substrate. This is achieved because the nonwoven 23 substrate had no direct and continuous pathway for the stream to pass through. Instead, 16 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 due to the nonwoven properties, the substrate is made up of a porous material wherein no 2 single pores of the material forms a continuous pathway through the substrate. 3 Therefore, the stream and the particles carried by the stream are continuously diverted 4 through the substrate. Accordingly, the travel time through the filter is lengthened and 5 the exposure to the active agent is increased. 6 7 Additional Uses 8 The present invention can also be used in a manner consistent with existing nonwoven 9 fabrics. Uses in various goods include both durable and disposable goods. For example, 10 nonwovens can be used products such as diapers, feminine hygiene, adult incontinence, 11 wipes, bed linings, automotive products, face masks, air filtration,water filtration, 12 biological fluids filtration, home furnishings and geotextiles. The media described 13 herein can also be used in, for example: clothing, wound dressing, air filter, shelters, and 14 liners. Additional uses include those known in the art for electrostatic filters and 15 antimicrobial or antitoxin filters. 16 17 In a particular embodiment, the filter media according to the present invention with or 18 without the active agent can be used as a closure or to make a filter closure for air filters 19 for products such as facemasks and HVAC. According to the present invention there is 20 provided a closure material made of substrate having electrostatic properties and an 21 electrostatic material with an active agent incorporated therein, where the material is a 22 high loft (in one embodiment, approximately, 1” thick) breathable material of a tri- 23 dimensional structure and is placed around the mask or air filter in order to not create a 17 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 so-called airtight junction but instead creates a breathable closure that actually covers all 2 the contours of the different geometrical surface to provided a permeable closure, having 3 filtering properties. This approach makes the closure into a filter whereby air that 4 bypasses the mask through gaps caused by a non-perfect fit, still passes through the 5 closure and is filtered. In addition, contrary to a "resilient" closure the pressure 6 differential that is detrimental in an airtight approach is reversed in our approach since 7 the air following the path of least resistance will pass through the filter material of the 8 mask instead. This method of closing a facemask or other filter type could also be 9 achieved with a substitution of the non-woven filter element with a breathable foam 10 having the same properties. Thus, while prior art facemask attempt to block air flow at 11 the closure, the facemasks of the present invention acts as a gasket that allows air there 12 through and kills the spores, virus, bacteria, fungi, etc. traveling through the airstream 13 with an effective active agent, such as the iodinated resin disclosed in the ‘452 patent, 14 described above. Additionally, the use of straps to hold the mask in place compresses the 15 gasket of the present invention to fit essentially all faces. 16 17 Experimental Data 18 Experimental tests were performed comparing a particular embodiment of the filter 19 media of the present invention to an existing electrostatic filter. Each test was run in the 20 same environment to treat air with a different contaminant. The experimental data 21 provided was collected during these tests. In each of the tests a contaminant was 22 introduced into a chamber in a controlled amount and fed into four lines. Two of the 23 lines included a filter according to the present invention comprising an electrostatically 18 LIBNY/4243498.1 167440/2 1 charged filter with an iodinated resin according the the ‘452 patent incorporated thereto. 2 The third line included an electrostatically charged filter, known as Transweb. This filter 3 does not have antimicrobial properties or any other type of active agent incorporated 4 thereto. And a fourth line was provided as a control, having no filter and was used to 5 confirm that the amount of contaminant entering the control chamber was equivalent to 6 the amount of contaminant exiting the control chamber. ' 7 8 Exhibit A sets forth experimental data illustrating certain features of exemplary 9 embodiments of the present invention. Experiment No. AF276, describes the 10 performance of different filtration membranes against BG spores for 30, 60,120, 180, 11 240. 300, and 360 minutes of filtration; Bacillus globigii spores must be present in amounts of about 12 8,000 to 30,000 spores to cause illness in the average human. As can be seen in Exhibit 13 A, for each of the 30, 60, 120,180, 240, 300 and 360-minute tests, the filter of tihe present 14 invention achieved a 100% reduction of BG spores from the airstream. 15 16 As can be seen in Exhibit A, the electrostatic filter of the present invention achieves the 17 essentially the same or similar net effect as the Transweb in these tests. However, an 18 important advantage provided is that the present invention sterilizes the spores rather than 19 just holding the spores to the filter. Thus, unlike the present invention, if the Transweb is 20 handled by a user or is contacted by the skin, contamination will occur. The present 21 invention maintains the hygiene of the filter. 22 19 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 Turning now to Exhibit B, the results of Experiment AF270 there is shown test results for 2 the performance of different filtration membranes against MS2 viruses for 30, 60,120, 3 180,240 300, and 360 minutes of filtration. Virus amounts ranging from 1 to 1000 4 viruses will cause illness in the average human. Thus, the presence of even one virus can 5 cause illness in a human. As can be seen in Exhibit B, for each of the 30, 60,120,180, 6 240, 300 and 360-minute tests, the filter of the present invention achieved a 100% 7 reduction of MS2 viruses from the airstream. However, the Transweb does not achieve a 8 100% reduction in MS2 viruses and allows between 1000 to 10000 viral units to be found 9 in the effluent air stream. Use of Transweb to air contaminated with MS2 viruses would 10 not achieve desired results. Thus, as can be seen in Exhibit B, in addition to the benefits 11 of sterilization properties described above with respect to Exhibit A, the present invention 12 protects more effectively over viruses such as MS2 over time. Because only a small 13 amount of vinises contaminate a human (1 to 1000 viruses), unlike the present invention, 14 Transweb does not effectively protect a user from these viruses. 15

16 CONCLUSION 17 Having now described one or more exemplary embodiments of the invention, it should be 18 apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing is illustrative only and not limiting, l 19 having been presented by way of example only. All the features disclosed in this 20 specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract, and drawings) may be 21 replaced by alternative features serving the same purpose, and equivalents or similar 22 purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Therefore, numerous other embodiments of 20 LIBNY/4243498.1 WO 2004/024278 PCT/IB2003/004553 1 the additions and modifications thereof are contemplated as falling within the scope of 2 the present invention as defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereto. 3 4 21 LIBNY/4243498.1 □’Ewan ’ntt's , crnxan rw:n ατα pnow pnizn irn nr “jaoa ,ρνιη ηχΏ- naoana mavia nairmaa np’ioz .zrtwan rwaa mp’nn ρηυ1? αχηΓΐη . r. Geodauer □ιηππ Ρν

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