Lenses, devices, methods and systems for refractive error

Lenses, devices, methods and systems for refractive error

Field of the invention

Certain disclosed embodiments relate to lenses, devices and / or methods for modifying or regulating the wavefront of light entering an eye, especially a human eye.

Some disclosed embodiments relate to the configuration of lenses, devices, methods and / or systems for correcting or dealing with refractive errors.

Certain embodiments described relate to the configuration of lenses, devices, methods and / or systems intended to act on refractive errors while providing excellent vision from far vision to near vision without noticeable ghost images.

Certain embodiments described relate to lenses, devices and / or methods intended to correct, treat, mitigate and / or act on refractive error, especially in human eyes. The refractive error can for example result from myopia or hyperopia, with or without astigmatism. Refractive error can result from presbyopia, either alone or in association with myopia or hyperopia and with or without astigmatism.

Certain disclosed embodiments of lenses, devices, and / or methods include embodiments that relate to foveal vision; certain embodiments which relate to both foveal and peripheral vision; and certain other embodiments relate to peripheral vision.

Some examples of lenses falling within the scope of certain embodiments include contact lenses, comean onlays, comean inlays, and lenses for intraocular devices (both anterior and posterior chambers).

Examples of devices falling within the fields of certain embodiments described relate to accommodation intraocular lenses and / or electroactive spectacle lenses.

Examples of methods falling within the scope of certain embodiments include methods of modifying the refractive state and / or wavefront of light entering an eye and received by a retina of the eye (e.g. , refractive surgery, comean ablation), processes for the design and / or manufacture of lenses and optical devices, surgical methods for transforming the refractive state of an eye; and methods of regulating the stimulus for the progression of growth of the eye.

Reference to related documents

The present application claims the priority of Australian Provisional Application No.

2012 / 901,382, entitled “Devices and methods for controlling refractive error” filed on April 5, 2012, and Australian provisional application No. 2012 / 904,541 entitled Lenses, devices and methods relating to ocular refractive error ”, 17 October 2012. These Australian provisional claims are both cited here for reference in their entirety. In addition, US patents No. 7077522; 7357509; 7025460; and 7503655 are each cited herein by reference in their entirety.

Background of the invention

In order for an image to be seen with sharpness, the optics of the eye must result in an image that is focused on the retina. Nearsightedness, commonly known as short-distance sight, is an optical disorder of the eye in which on-axis images are focused in front of the fovea of ​​the retina. Hyperopia, commonly known as long-distance vision, is an optical disorder of the eye in which on-axis images are focused on the back of the fovea of ​​the retina. Focusing images on the front or back of the retinal fovea creates a lower order defocus aberration. Another lower order aberration is astigmatism. An eye can also exhibit higher order optical aberrations, including, by way of example, spherical aberration, coma and / or trefoil. Many people prone to natural refractive error are on the rise (refractive error grows over time). The progression is particularly prevalent in people prone to myopia. Schematic representations of eyes with myopia or hyperopia and astigmatism are shown in Figures 1A-C, respectively. In a myopic eye 100, the parallel incoming light beam 102 passes through the refractive elements of the eye, namely, the cornea 104 and the lens 106, to a focal point 108 a short distance from the retina 110. The image formed on the retina 110 is therefore blurred. In a hyperopic eye 120, the parallel incoming light beam 122 passes through the refractive elements of the eye, namely, the cornea 124 and the lens 126, to a focal point 128 located beyond the retina 130, making here still blurred the image present on the retina 130. In an astigmatic eye 140, the parallel incoming light beam 142 passes through the refractive elements of the eye, namely, cornea 144 and lens 146, and leads to two foci, namely tangential 148 and sagittal 158 foci. In the example of astigmatism illustrated in FIG. 1C, the tangential focus 148 is at the front of the retina 160 while the sagittal focus 158 is at the rear of the retina 160. The image present on the retina in the astigmatic case is called circle of least confusion 160.

At birth, human eyes are hyperopic, that is to say that the length on the axis of the eyeball is too small for its optical power. As we age, from infancy to adulthood, the eyeball continues to grow until its refractive state stabilizes. The lengthening of the eye in a growing human can be regulated by a feedback mechanism, known as the process of emmetropization, so that the position of focus in relation to the retina plays some role in the regulating the importance of eye growth. Deviation from this process would potentially lead to refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia and / or astigmatism. Although research is ongoing on the cause of the deviation of emmetropization from stabilization at the level of emmetropia, one theory considers that optical feedback may be involved in part in regulating the growth of l 'eye. By way of example, FIG. 2 illustrates cases which can, according to a theory of the process of emmetropization by a feedback mechanism, transform the process of emmetropization. In Figure 2A, the parallel incoming light beam 202 passes through a negative refractive element 203 and the refractive elements of the eye (the cornea 204 and the lens 206), to form an image at the focal point 208, past the retina. 210. The resulting image blurring on the retina, called hyperopia defocus, is an example of defocus that can promote eye growth in accordance with this feedback mechanism. In contrast, as shown in Figure 2B, the parallel incoming light beam 252 passes through a positive refractive element 253, the refractive elements of the eye (the cornea 254 and the lens 256), to form an image at the focal point 258 in the front of the retina 260. The resulting blurring of the image, called myopia defocus, on this retina is considered to be an example of an induced defocus in the retina that would not promote eye growth. . It has therefore been proposed that the progression of the myopic refractive error could be regulated by positioning the focus in front of the retina. For an astigmatic system, the spherical equivalent, that is to say the midpoint between the tangential and sagittal foci, can be positioned in front of the retina. However, these proposals did not provide a full explanation or solution, especially in the case of progressive myopia.

A number of optical device designs and refractive surgery methods have been proposed to regulate eye growth during emmetropization. Many of these are generally based on expansions of the idea summarized above that foveal imaging provides a stimulus that regulates the growth of the eye. In humans, the eye lengthens during emmetropization and cannot narrow. Therefore, during emmetropization an eye may lengthen to correct hyperopia, but cannot narrow to correct myopia. Proposals have been made to act on the progression of myopia.

In addition to the optical strategies proposed to fight against the development of refractive error and its progression, in particular myopia, we have also been interested in strategies involving a non-optical intervention such as pharmacological substances, such as atropine or pirenzipine.

Another eye condition is presbyopia, in which the eye's ability to accommodate is reduced or the eye has lost its ability to accommodate. Presbyopia can be experienced in association with myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and higher order aberrations. Various devices and lenses for acting on presbyopia have been proposed, including in the form of bifocal, multifocal or progressive addition lenses / devices, which simultaneously provide two or more foci to the eye. Three types of lenses commonly used for presbyopia are multifocal and bifocal concentric (ring-type) aspherical lenses for central near vision and central far vision alternating between far and near vision powers.

In addition, it is sometimes necessary to remove the lens of one eye, for example if the person has cataracts. The removed natural lens can be replaced with an intraocular lens. Accommodation intraocular lenses allow the eye to regulate the refractive power of the lens, for example through haptic systems extending from the lens to the ciliary body.

Some problems with existing lenses, devices, methods and / or systems are that they seek, for example, to correct refractive errors but compromise the quality of vision at different distances and / or introduce ghost images and / or distortion. . Therefore, there is a need for lenses, devices, methods and / or systems intended to mitigate and / or act on refractive errors, for example, myopia, hyperopia or presbyopia, with or without astigmatism, without causing at least one or more of the disadvantages mentioned here. Other solutions will appear in the description below.

Summary of the invention

Certain embodiments relate to various lenses, devices and / or methods for providing an aberration profile for an eye. Characteristics of aberration profiles and / or methodologies for identifying aberration profiles are described for myopic eyes, hyperopic eyes and / or presbyopic eyes. In addition, lenses, devices and methods for an astigmatic eye are disclosed.

In some embodiments, a lens for an eye has an optical axis and an aberration profile about its optical axis, the aberration profile having a focal length and comprising at least one of an optical component. first-order spherical aberration C (4.0) and a second-order spherical aberration component C (6.0). The aberration profile provides a retinal image quality (RIQ - Retinal Image Quality) corresponding to a transfocal slope (throughfocus) which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3. The RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a range of spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive. In other embodiments the measurement of RIQ may be different.

In some embodiments, a lens includes an optical axis and an aberration profile around the optical axis that provides a focal length for a Zemike coefficient term C (2.0); a peak Visual Strehl Ratio ('first Visual Strehl Ratio') in a transfocal range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio remaining at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range which includes said focal length, in which the Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for at least one pupil diameter lying in the range of 3 mm to 5 mm, in a range of spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.10 and the transfocal range is at least 1.8 diopters.

In some embodiments, a method for a presbyopic eye includes identifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eye, the wavefront aberration profile comprising at least one term. spherical aberration. The prescription focal length of the aberration profile is determined taking into account said spherical aberration, the prescription focal length being at least +0.25 D with respect to a focal length defined for a Zemike C coefficient term. (2, 0) wavefront aberration profile. The method may include producing a device, lens, and / or comean profile for the eye to modify said wavefront aberration profile.

In some embodiments, a method for a myopic eye includes identifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eye and applying or prescribing the aberration profile. The wavefront aberration profile comprises at least one spherical aberration term, the prescription focal length of the aberration profile being determined taking into account said spherical aberration and the prescription focal length being at least +0.10 D with respect to a focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0) of the wavefront aberration profile. The wavefront aberration profile also provides retinal image quality degrading in the direction posterior to the retina.

Certain embodiments provide a method for a hyperopic eye, the method comprising identifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eye and applying or prescribing the aberration profile. The wavefront aberration profile comprises at least one spherical aberration term, the prescription focal length of the wavefront aberration profile being determined taking into account said spherical aberration. At the prescription focal length, the wavefront aberration profile provides improving retinal image quality in the direction posterior to the retina.

In some embodiments, a computing device includes an input for receiving a first combination of aberrations, one or more processors for computing a second combination of aberrations for one or more optical surfaces, and an output for outputting the second. combination of aberrations, the second combination of calculated aberrations providing in association with the first combination of aberrations a total combination of Higher Order Aberrations (HOA) as described herein. In some embodiments, the computing device can be used to generate power profiles, aberration profiles, wavefront ablation profiles, or combinations thereof. These calculations can then be used for contact lenses, comean inlays, comean onlays, single or dual element intraocular lenses, anterior and / or posterior chamber accommodation intraocular lenses, forehead ablation. waveform for refractive corneal surgery techniques and other suitable devices and / or applications.

Other embodiments and / or advantages of one or more of the embodiments will emerge from the description presented below, by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Brief description of the drawings

These features, aspects, and advantages of the present description, and others still, will become more apparent when one considers the following description, the appended claims, and the associated figures.

Figures 1A-1C are schematic representations of eyes exhibiting myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, respectively.

Figures 2A and 2B are respective schematic representations of the hyperopia defocus and myopia defocus induced in the retina.

Figure 3 illustrates a two-dimensional transfocal point spread function calculated at the level of the retinal plane without higher order aberrations (HOA) and in the presence of HOA, spherical aberration, vertical coma and horizontal trefoil, according to some embodiments.

Figures 4-7 show graphs of the interaction of first order spherical aberration with horizontal coma, vertical coma, horizontal trefoil, and vertical trefoil, respectively, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Figure 8 illustrates a graph showing the magnitude of myopia progression according to an optical feedback mechanism for eye growth, for first order spherical aberration versus first order vertical astigmatism, and with respect to first order horizontal astigmatism, according to some embodiments.

Figure 9 illustrates a graph showing the magnitude of myopia progression for first-order spherical aberration versus second-order vertical astigmatism and versus second-order horizontal astigmatism, in accordance with certain modes of achievement.

Fig. 10 illustrates a graph indicating the progression of myopia on a binary scale for first order spherical aberration versus second order spherical aberration, in accordance with some embodiments.

Fig. 11 illustrates a graph indicating the progression of myopia on a binary scale for first order spherical aberration versus third order spherical aberration, in accordance with some embodiments.

Fig. 12 illustrates a graph indicating the progression of myopia on a binary scale for first order spherical aberration versus fourth order spherical aberration, in accordance with some embodiments.

Fig. 13 illustrates a graph showing the progression of myopia on a binary scale for first order spherical aberration versus second order spherical aberration and versus third order spherical aberration, according to certain modes. of achievement.

Figure 14 illustrates exemplary aberration profile designs that provide negative and positive gradient RIQ in a growing direction of the eye, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Fig. 15 illustrates a flowchart for myopic eyes, progressing or not progressing, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Figure 16 illustrates a flowchart for hyperopic eyes, progressing or not progressing to emmetropia, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Figures 17 to 25 illustrate exemplary designs of power profiles of a corrective lens over the entire diameter of the optical zone, intended to act on the optical feedback mechanisms for myopia, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Fig. 26 illustrates an exemplary design of a power profile of a corrective lens over the entire diameter of the optical zone, intended to act on the optical feedback mechanisms for hyperopia, in accordance with certain embodiments.

FIG. 27 illustrates an overall transfocal retinal image quality (TFRIQ - Through Focus Retinal Image Quality) for an aberration profile corresponding to a unifocal lens.

Figure 28 illustrates an overall TFRIQ for a first aberration profile (Iteration A1), which can be applied to a progressing myopic eye.

Fig. 29 illustrates the power profile for a lens for obtaining the first aberration profile (Iteration A1), in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 30 illustrates an overall TFRIQ for a second aberration profile (Iteration A2), which can also be applied to a progressing myopic eye, in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 31 illustrates the power profile over the entire diameter of the chord for a second aberration profile (Iteration A2), in accordance with some embodiments.

Figures 32 and 33 illustrate an overall TFRIQ for third and fourth aberration profiles (Iteration C1 and Iteration C2 represented by power profiles over the optical diameter of the chord in Figures 34 and 35), which can be applied to a hyperopic eye, in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 36 illustrates retinal image quality (RIQ) for seven aberration profiles over a 2.5D transfocal range. The seven aberration profiles correspond to examples of aspheric multifocal lenses for central far vision and central near vision and bifocal lenses of the ring / concentric ring type and three examples of aberration profiles (Iteration B1, Iteration B2, Iteration B3) obtained after optimization of the transfocal performances, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Figures 37-43 illustrate the power profiles of contact lenses across the diameter of the optical zone, to provide the TFRIQ depicted in Figure 36, in accordance with some embodiments.

Figures 44 to 46 illustrate the TFRIQ on axis for the three exemplary embodiments corresponding to presbyopia (Iterations B1, B2 and B3) on four pupil diameters (3mm to 6mm) and Figures 47 and 48 illustrate the TFRIQ on axis for concentric designs for central far vision and central near vision over four pupil diameters (3mm to 6mm), according to some embodiments.

Figures 49 and 50 illustrate the on-axis TFRIQ for aspheric multifocal designs for central far vision and central near vision over four pupil diameters (3mm to 6mm), in accordance with some embodiments.

Figures 51 and 52 illustrate a monocular correction approach for presbyopia, in which different higher order aberration profiles are provided for the right and left eyes, according to which the transfocal optical and / or visual performance is different in the eyes. right and left eyes (vergences desired) in order to obtain respectively a range of combined added powers of 1.50D to 2.50D, on the negative side of the transfocal curve, according to some embodiments.

Figures 53 and 54 illustrate a monocular correction approach for presbyopia, in which different higher order aberration profiles are provided for the right and left eyes, according to which the transfocal optical and / or visual performance is different in the right and left eyes (vergences desired) in order to obtain respectively a range of combined added powers of 1.50D to 2.50D, on the positive side of the transfocal curve, according to some embodiments.

Figure 55 illustrates an overall TFRIQ for three other iterations of the aberration profile (iterations A3, A4 and A5 respectively shown in Figures 56, 57 and 58), in order to provide a substantially constant retinal image quality over an entire field horizontal visual from 0 to 30 degrees, according to some embodiments.

Figures 59 and 60 show example designs of the power profile of corrective contact lenses having opposite phase profiles (Iteration E1 and Iteration E2) and Figures 61-63 illustrate the on-axis TFRIQ for Iterations E1 and E2. with three different levels of intrinsic first-order spherical aberration of the candidate eye, according to some embodiments.

Figure 64 illustrates TFRIQ (depth of focus) performance measurements of 78 examples of aberration profiles (Appendix A) involving a combination of spherical aberration terms. The Y axis of the graph represents a 'Q' performance metric and the X axis represents the transfocal range from -1.5 to + 1D. In this example, the calculations were performed for a 4mm pupil. The solid black line indicates the transfocal performance of a combination not exhibiting a spherical aberration mode while the gray lines indicate the 78 combinations that include at least one higher order spherical aberration term. The 78 combinations were selected for performance on the negative side of the transfocal curve, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Figure 65 illustrates the performance of TFRIQ of an example combination taken from Figure 56 involving only positive spherical aberration as compared to a combination not exhibiting spherical aberration, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Figure 66 illustrates TFRIQ (depth of focus) performance measurements of 67 examples of aberration profiles involving a combination of spherical aberration terms (Appendix C). The Y axis of the graph represents a 'Q' performance metric and the X axis represents the transfocal range from -1.5 to + 1D. In this example, the calculations were performed for a 4mm pupil. The solid black line indicates the transfocal performance of a combination not exhibiting a spherical aberration mode while the gray lines indicate the 67 combinations that include at least one higher order spherical aberration term. These 67 combinations improve performance on the positive side of the transfocal curve, according to some embodiments.

Figure 67 illustrates a flowchart for presbyopic eyes, in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 68 illustrates a power profile for a toric prescription of a contact lens for both astigmatism and presbyopia, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Fig. 69 illustrates an example of a lens power profile, which is obtained from an example of spherical aberration term combination and Fig. 70 illustrates the lens power profile converted to an axial thickness profile for a contact lens, in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 71 illustrates an example of an axial power profile of a lens over a chord diameter (Iteration Gl), which is an example of a set of designs whose performance is substantially independent of the intrinsic spherical aberration of the candidate eye. , in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 72 illustrates the TFRIQ of an example, described horn being Iteration G1, for a pupil diameter of 4 mm. The Y axis represents the performance metric of RIQ and the X axis represents the transfocal range from -1D to + 1.75D. The four different legends, solid black line, solid gray line, broken black line, and double solid line, represent four different levels of spherical aberration in a sample of the affected population for one pupil diameter. of 5 mm, in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 73 illustrates the TFRIQ of an example, described horn being Iteration G1, for a pupil diameter of 5 mm. The Y axis represents the performance metric of RIQ and the X axis represents the transfocal range from -1D to + 1.75D. The four different legends, solid black line, solid gray line, broken black line, and double solid line, represent four different levels of spherical aberration in a sample of the affected population, for a diameter of pupil of 5 mm, according to some embodiments.

Figure 74 illustrates an exemplary axial power profile of a lens over one half of the chord diameter (Iteration Jl), which is an example set of designs for an intraocular lens used to restore far vision, covering far-to-near visions after removal of the lens in the eye, according to some embodiments.

Figure 75 illustrates an example of an axial thickness profile of a lens (Iteration J1) over one half of the chord diameter, which is an example set of designs for an intraocular lens used to restore far vision, covering vision from far to near after removal of the lens in the eye, in accordance with some embodiments.

Figures 76 illustrate power profiles of eleven different contact lenses over half a diameter of the chord, for these eleven different designs (Iterations K1 to K11). These are some commercially available lens designs.

Figs. 77 illustrate power profiles of four different lenses over half a diameter of the string, these four different designs (iterations R1 to R4) being representative of certain embodiments.

FIG. 78 illustrates the normalized absolute amplitude spectrum of a Fast Fourier Transform of eleven different contact lenses (Iterations K1 to K11) as a function of the spatial frequency in Cycles / mm. These are the eleven lenses shown in Figure 76.

Figure 79 illustrates the normalized absolute amplitude spectrum of a Fast Fourier Transform of four different lens designs (RI to R4 iterations) as a function of spatial frequency in Cycles / mm. These four designs are representative of certain embodiments.

FIG. 80 illustrates the first absolute derivative of eleven different contact lenses (iterations K1 to K11) as a function of the half-diameter of the chord (mm). These are the eleven lenses shown in Figure 76.

FIG. 81 illustrates the absolute first derivative of four different contact lenses (iterations RI to R4) as a function of the half-diameter of the chord (mm). These four designs are representative of certain embodiments.

Figure 82 illustrates the average subjective scores measured on a far vision visual analog scale for a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 83 illustrates the average subjective scores measured on a visual analogue scale in intermediate vision for a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 84 illustrates the average subjective scores measured on a near vision visual analog scale for a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 85 illustrates the average subjective scores measured on an analog scale of far vision ghost images for a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 86 illustrates the average subjective scores measured on an analog scale of near vision ghost images for a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 87 illustrates the average subjective scores measured on a global vision visual analog scale for a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 88 illustrates the average subjective scores measured on an analog scale without far vision ghosting for a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 89 illustrates the average subjective scores measured on an analog scale without near vision ghosting for a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 90 illustrates the average subjective scores measured on a combined near and far vision analog phantom image scale for a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 91 illustrates the average subjective ratings measured on a visual analog scale for cumulative vision performance including far, intermediate and near vision and the absence of far and near vision ghost images for a sample of 'an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 92 illustrates the percentage of people whose subjective rating on a visual analog scale was greater than 9, in distance vision. Data were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 93 illustrates the percentage of people whose subjective score on a visual analog scale was greater than 9, in intermediate vision. Data were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 94 illustrates the percentage of people whose subjective rating on a visual analog scale was greater than 9, in near vision. Data were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 95 illustrates the percentage of people whose subjective rating on a visual analog scale was greater than 9, in global vision. Data were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 96 illustrates the percentage of people whose subjective rating on an analog ghost scale was greater than 3, in far vision. Data were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 97 illustrates the percentage of people whose subjective rating on an analog ghost scale was greater than 3, in near vision. Data were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 98 illustrates the percentage of people whose subjective score on a visual analog scale was greater than 9, for cumulative vision. The cumulative vision rating was obtained by averaging the far, intermediate, near and global vision ratings, also including the absence of ghost images for far and near vision. Data were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 99 illustrates the average objective measurements of high contrast visual acuity on a sample from an affected presbyopic population. Measurements were obtained using a test distance of 6 meters and are presented on a logarithmic MAR scale. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 100 illustrates the average objective measurements of differential sensitivity on a sample from an affected presbyopic population. Measurements were obtained using a test distance of 6 meters and are presented on a logarithmic scale. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 101 illustrates the average objective measurements of low contrast visual acuity on a sample from an affected presbyopic population. Measurements were obtained using a test distance of 6 meters and are presented on a logarithmic MAR scale. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 102 illustrates the average objective measurements of intermediate visual acuity on a sample from an affected presbyopic population, using a test distance of 70 centimeters. The measurements are presented on a logarithmic MAR scale. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 103 illustrates the average objective measurements of near visual acuity on a sample from an affected presbyopic population, using a test distance of 50 centimeters. The measurements are presented on a logarithmic MAR scale. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 104 illustrates the average objective measurements of near visual acuity on a sample from an affected presbyopic population, using a test distance of 40 centimeters. The measurements are presented on a logarithmic MAR scale. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 105 illustrates the average objective measurements of combined visual acuity on a sample from an affected presbyopic population. Combined visual acuity includes far, intermediate and near vision measurements at 50cm. The measurements are presented on a logarithmic MAR scale. Four of the H to K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A to G lenses are commercial lenses.

Figure 106 illustrates the average objective measurements of combined visual acuity on a sample from an affected presbyopic population. Combined visual acuity includes far, intermediate and near vision measurements at 50cm, and near vision at 50cm. The measurements are presented on a logarithmic MAR scale. Four of the H through K lenses are representative of certain embodiments, while the A through G lenses are commercial lenses.

detailed description

The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to one or more embodiments, some examples of which are illustrated and / or detailed in the associated figures. The examples and embodiments are provided by way of non-limiting explanation of the invention. Further, features illustrated or described as part of an embodiment may be used by themselves to obtain other embodiments and features illustrated or described as part of an embodiment. embodiment can be used with one or more other embodiments to obtain other embodiments. It should be noted that the present invention covers these variations and embodiments as well as other variations and / or modifications.

It should be noted that the term “understand” and all its derivatives (for example, comprises, comprising), as used in this document, should be taken to include the characteristics to which it refers, and should not be considered as excluding the presence of possible additional characteristics, unless otherwise indicated or implied.

The features described herein (including the appended claims, the abstract, and the drawings) may be replaced by other features performing an identical, equivalent or similar function, unless expressly indicated otherwise.

Subheadings appearing in the detailed description are used only for ease of reading and should not be used to limit the subject matter presented throughout the description or the claims. Subheadings should not be used to determine the scope of the claims or the limitations of the claims.

The optical and / or visual performance of the human eye can be limited by one or more optical and / or visual factors. Some of these factors can include monochromatic and polychromatic aberrations of the optical wavefront and retinal sampling which can impose a Nyquist limit on spatial vision. Some other factors may include the effect and / or the spread of Stiles-Crawford. These factors or combinations of factors can be used to determine retinal image quality (RIQ), according to some embodiments. By way of example, retinal image quality (RIQ) can be obtained by measuring wavefront aberrations of the eye with or without fitting a corrective lens using appropriate adjustments and using if necessary factors such as the Stiles Crawford effect. As described herein, various methods of determining the RIQ can also be used, such as, for example, but not limited to a simple Strehl ratio, the point spread function, the modulation transfer function, the modulation function. composite modulation transfer, the phase transfer function, the optical transfer function, the Strehl ratio in the space domain, the Strehl ratio in the Fourier domain, or combinations thereof.

1. Retinal image quality (RIQ) Using a wavefront aberrometer, such as a Hartmann-Shack instrument, the optical characteristics of a candidate eye with or without refraction correction, and a model of eye with or without refraction correction, can be measured to identify a measure of retinal image quality (RIQ). In some examples, the eye model used may be a physical model which is anatomically and optically equivalent to an average human eye. In some examples, the RIQ can be calculated by optical calculations such as ray tracing and / or Fourier optics. Several measures of RIQ are described here.

(A) The Strehl Report

Once the wavefront aberration of the candidate eye has been obtained, the image quality at the retina of the eye can be determined by calculating the simple Strehl ratio, as described in Equation 1. In some applications, the image quality at the retina of the eye can be characterized by calculating a simple Strehl ratio, as shown in Equation 1. The Strehl ratio can be calculated both in the spatial domain (i.e. using the point spread function) and in the Fourier domain (i.e. using the Function transfer, as shown in Equation 1) below. The measure of the Strehl ratio is between 0 and 1, where 1 is associated with the best image quality obtainable.

ff ^ (FT (\ FT ÎA (p, Θ) * exp & * W (p, f?) U |²)) Strehl ratio = -----, -— Oat? t * (μ) * br * wdiffo.e)]} R)

Equation 1 (B) Visual Strehl Report

US Pat. No. 7,077,522 B2 describes a vision metric called a sharpness metric. This metric can be calculated by convolving a point spread function with a neural quality function. Furthermore, US Pat. No. 7,357,509 describes several other metrics intended to evaluate the optical performance of the human eye. One such RIQ measure is the Visual Strehl Ratio, which is calculated in the frequency domain. In some applications, the RIQ measurement is characterized by the Visual Strehl Ratio which is calculated in the frequency domain. The Visual Strehl Frequency Domain Ratio is described by Equation 2 and ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 is associated with the best image quality achievable in the retina. This metric is associated with monochromatic aberrations.

iC CSF (f_x, / 0 * real (FT (\ FT Ù (p, g) * exp K * IF (p, 0) 1} j²)) Monochromatic RIQ = ---- = - r —-— J / _⁺“CSF (f_x, f_y) * (FTÇ \ FT {ri (p, Θ) * exp * Wdiff (ρ, θ)]} j²)) Equation 2

The measurement of RIQ by the Monochromatic Visual Strehl Ratio shows a strong correlation with objective and subjective visual acuity. This metric can be used to describe RIQ in some embodiments shown. However, other measures described herein and variations thereof may be used in the design of optical devices, lenses and / or methods.

(C) Polychromatic RIQ

The Visual Strehl Ratio defined by Williams, as mentioned above, relates to monochromatic light. To account for polychromatic light, a metric called polychromatic retinal image quality (polychromatic RIQ) is defined, which includes chromatic aberrations weighted by spectral sensitivities for selected wavelengths. The measure of polychromatic RIQ is defined in Equation 3.

In some applications, the measurement of polychromatic RIQ is characterized by Equation 3.

Polychromatic RIQ iï * ~ CSF (f_xlf_y) * Efeçsffl * (reaf (Fr (| .F7 · {a (p, 3) * exp * ίΤζρ, 3)]} |²)))) iC CSF (£, /_y) * Σ & 500 * ((FT (jfT pl (p, 3) * exp * Wdiff (p, β)]} /))))

Global monochromatic RIQ equation 3 (D)

The Strehl Visual Report or the monochromatic RIQ mentioned here and in paragraph B mainly concerns axis vision. As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, on axis refers to one or more of the optical, visual, and pupillary axes. To take into account the wide-angle view (i.e. the peripheral visual field), a metric called Global Retinal Image Quality (GRIQ) is defined, comprising a range of eccentricities of the field. visual. A monochromatic GRIQ measure is defined in Equation 4. In some applications, the monochromatic GRIQ measure is characterized by Equation 4.

β / Ç Monochromatic global * exp [^ · * IV (p, g)]} |²))} άφ άλ * exp [^ * W, fô]} i²))} άφάλ

Equation 4 (E) RIQ polychromatic overall

Another form of RIQ metric that takes into account polychromatic light and wide-angle view (i.e. peripheral visual field), a metric called polychromatic overall retinal image quality (GRIQ) is defined. , comprising chromatic aberrations weighted by spectral sensitivities for selected wavelengths and range of visual field eccentricities. A polychromatic GRIQ measure is defined in Equation 5. In some applications, the measurement of polychromatic GRIQ is characterized by Equation 5.

β / Q Polychromatic global _ * (real (FTQFT {a (p, Θ) * exp άφ άλ fy) * Σ & (5 (λ) * "FT (jFT {A (p, 6) * exp Pj¹ * Wdiff ζρ, β}]} p))))} dA

Equation 5

In Equations 1 to 5:

f designates the spatial frequency tested, which can be in the range of F_mi_not to F_max15 (representing the limits imposed on the content of spatial frequencies), for example F_mi_not = 0 cycle / degree; F_max = 30 cycles / degrees;

f_x and F_y denote the spatial frequency tested in the x and y directions;

CSF (f_x, f_y) represents a differential sensitivity function which, in symmetric form, can be defined by CSF (F) = 2.6 (0.0192 + 0.114 * f) * exp ”⁽⁰’¹¹⁴‘^{f) A1}’¹ ;

FT represents, according to one form of the equation, a 2D fast Fourier transform;

A (p, Θ) and W (p, Θ) respectively represent the pupil diameter and the phase of the wavefront of the typical case;

Wdiff (p, 0) represents the phase of the wavefront of the diffraction-limited case;

p and θ are normalized polar coordinates, where p represents the radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or the azimuth;

λ represents the wavelength; a represents the angle of view;

φ represents the meridian angle;

S (λ) represents the spectral sensitivity.

The phase of the wavefront, for example, can be written as a set of standard Zemike polynomial functions up to a desired order, as described below, έ = 1 where Sj represents the i^eme coefficient of the Zemike polynomial

Ζ_έ(ρ, 0), represents the i^eme term of the Zemike polynomial 'k', represents the highest term of the series.

These polynomials can be represented in the Optical Society of America format or the Malacara format or other formats available for the expansion of the Zemike polynomial. Besides the Zemike method for constructing the wavefront phase, other wavefront construction methods other than the Zemike method can also be adopted, namely Fourier series, Taylor series, etc.

(F) Overall RIQ metric, integrated time of exposure to myopia propensity

Factors discussed here with respect to RIQ variants include one or more of the following: wavefront aberration, chromaticity and spectral sensitivity, the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first type, and optical and / or visual performance in the peripheral retina. Another factor that can be cited is the time spent in various states of accommodation on an average day (the daily amount of near vision work), also known as the myopia propensity exposure time, T ( AT). This leads to the following variant of GRIQ:

fAmax

T (À) * GRIQ (dA)

Limin

Equation 6 (G) Other possible measures of the RIQ

In the following description, other measures of RIQ may also be used in the design of devices, lenses and / or methods. An example of a measurement variant of RIQ is simply the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). Referring to Equation 2, a polychromatic MTF is formed by calculating the modulus of the real part of the optical transfer function and further excluding the convolution step with the CSF. A monochromatic MTF is formed if S (λ) is also removed from Equation 2.

2. The transfocal RIQ

RIQ can also be considered to be anterior and / or posterior to the retina. The anterior and / or posterior RIQ to the retina is referred to herein as transfocal RIQ and is referred to herein by the abbreviation TFRIQ (Through-Focus RIQ). Likewise, the RIQ at and / or around the retina can also be considered to be within a range of focal lengths (this causing changes, as the eye adjusts, to the refractive characteristics of the eye s 'adding to the variation in focal length).

Some embodiments may consider not only the RIQ at the retinal level, but also the variation of the transfocal RIQ. This is contrary to an approach which may for example only consider the RIQ at the level of the retina and / or an integral or a summation of RIQ measurements at or near the retina. By way of example, certain embodiments of the lenses, devices and / or methods disclosed herein implement, or are designed to implement, for an eye having particular refractive characteristics, a variation or regulation of the. degree or rate of change of the RIQ in the directions anterior to the retina (i.e. the direction from the retina to the cornea) and / or posterior to the retina.

Certain embodiments may also implement, or are designed to implement, variation or regulation of the variation of the RIQ with focal length. As an example, several candidate lens designs can be identified by performing a modification of the RIQ in the posterior retinal direction and then a single design or a subset of designs can be identified taking into account the variation of the RIQ. RIQ when the focal length varies.

In some embodiments, the process described above is reversed. In particular, a set of designs is selected based on variations of the RIQ at the retina as a function of focal length. A selection within the set is then made with reference to the TFRIQ.

In some embodiments, a single assessment process is performed that combines consideration of TFRIQ and changes in RIQ at the retina as a function of focal length. For example, an average measurement of RIQ as a function of changes in focal length can be used to identify a design. Average measurement may give greater weight to particular focal lengths (eg far vision, intermediate vision, and near vision and may therefore be weighted differently).

In some embodiments, transfocal changes and / or changes in RIQ at the retina as a function of focal length are considered for one or more of the following: i) on the axis, ii) integrated around the axis, for example in an area corresponding to or close to the size of a pupil, with or without taking into account the effect of StilesCrawford, iii) off axis (where off-axis means a position, a set of positions and / or the integral of positions on the retina outside the fovea, which may be where light is focused with field angles greater than approximately 10 degrees), and iv) one or more combinations of i) to iii). In some applications, the angles of view are greater than or equal to about 15, greater than or equal to about 20, greater than or equal to about 25, or greater than or equal to about 30 degrees.

Although the description here mentions quantitative measures of RIQ, qualitative measures can also be used to aid in the process of designing an aberration profile in addition to quantitative measures. For example, the Visual Strehl Ratio at a particular transfocal position is calculated or determined based on the point spread function. As can be seen from the example images referred to in the next section, the point spread function can be evaluated visually. This leads to a qualitative evaluation method of the transfocal characteristics.

3. Aberrations affecting retinal image quality and TFRIQ

The influence of lower order aberrations on RIQ and TFRIQ is known from the prior art. The use of lower order correcting aberrations is a conventional method of correcting the refractive error for an eye. Therefore, the identification of an aberration profile consisting of lower order aberrations to correct for defocus and astigmatism will not be described here in detail.

The influence of higher order aberrations (HOA) on image quality is demonstrated in Figure 3 from the two-dimensional transfocal point spread functions (300). In Figure 3 the rows illustrate the point spread functions for a selection of aberrations and the horizontal axis illustrates the degree of defocus for the aberration concerned, in diopters.

Examples of HOA on picture quality are shown in Figure 3, in accordance with some embodiments. This is illustrated by the two-dimensional transfocal point spread functions 300 shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the rows illustrate the point spread functions for a selection of aberrations and the horizontal axis illustrates the degree of. defocus for the particular aberration concerned, in diopters.

The point spread functions without higher order aberrations 302 (in the illustrated examples of retinal images in an eye with myopia or hyperopia alone), with vertical coma 306 alone, and with a trefoil horizontal 308 alone, remain symmetrical with positive and negative defocus. For first order positive and negative spherical aberrations, either alone 304 or combined 310 with coma and / or trefoil, the transfocal variation of the point spread function is asymmetric for positive and negative defocus. For some HOAs, positive and negative defocus produces uneven effects on image quality. It can be seen that these unequal effects are more pronounced for spherical aberrations. HOAs that exhibit asymmetric effects on RIQ, visual acuity and / or differential sensitivity may be applicable to certain lenses, devices and / or methods disclosed herein.

The interactions between HOA and defocus influence TLRIQ. Some HOAs interact favorably with defocus by enhancing the RIQ, while others interact adversely by causing degradation of the RIQ. The most commonly measured higher order ocular aberrations include spherical aberration, coma, and trefoil. With the exception of the latter, the HOA profiles obtained with some multifocal optical designs cause considerable levels of wavefront aberrations, often expressed up to 10^eme order in Zemike's polynomial representation.

Generally speaking, in Zemike's pyramid, terms closer to the center often have more influence, or are more useful, when considered in terms of the optical effects obtained than those at the edge or at the angle. This may be because terms farther from the center have a relatively large planar area on the wavefront compared to those whose angular frequency is closer to zero. In certain applications, the Zemike terms which have the highest propensity, or a significantly higher propensity, to interact with defocusing are for example the terms having an even radial order and having a component of zero angular frequency, namely the Fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth order Zemike coefficients, representing first order, second order, third order, and fourth order spherical aberrations. Other Zemike coefficients representing another order of spherical aberration can also be used.

The above description of aberrations identifies some of the aberrations that affect retinal RIQ and transfocal RIQ. This description is not, and should not be construed as, an exhaustive description of the various aberrations that affect retinal RIQ and transfocal RIQ. In various embodiments, additional aberrations that affect retinal RIQ and / or transfocal RIQ may be considered, with the aberrations of concern identified taking into account the current refractive state of the ocular system (i.e. (say of the eye in combination with lenses or optical devices that affect the wavefront received by the retina) and a retinal RIQ / transfocal RIQ target.

4. RIQ optimization

When designing and / or selecting a required change in the refractive state of an eye, measurement of RIQ and transfocal RIQ is generally made for certain embodiments presented. In particular, the investigation of the amplitude and sign of the defocus which interact with one or more of the aberrations concerned and produce an acceptable RIQ and an acceptable transfocal RIQ is generally carried out. The search is carried out for the best or at least acceptable combination of RIQ and transfocal RIQ. In some embodiments, the selected combination is determined by evaluating the RIQ and the transfocal RIQ and selecting the combination that is appropriate, substantially optimized, or optimized for the application. In some embodiments described here, a merit function S = 1 / RIQ is used for this purpose. In some embodiments, the approximation of a merit function S = 1 / RIQ can be used for this purpose.

The identification of aberration coefficients which optimize, or substantially optimize RIQ at the retinal level can be accomplished, in accordance with some embodiments by finding a minimum or substantially minimum value of the S function. an optimization routine of the RIQ in a range of dioptric (transfocal) distances increases the complexity of the optimization process. Various methods can be used to overcome this complexity.

One example is to use a nonlinear unconstrained optimization routine, on the selected group of Zemike SA (Spherical Aberration) Coefficients as variables, according to some embodiments. A random element can be incorporated automatically and / or through human intervention to move to different positions so as to find other local minima of the S function. The criteria by which the optimization routine evaluates performance may be a combination of retinal RIQ and maintenance of transfocal RIQ between predefined retinal RIQ limits. The limits can be defined by various methods, for example as a range encompassing the value corresponding to the retinal RIQ. This range may be fixed (eg, plus or minus 0.15 for Visual Strehl Ratio or a similar measure), or may vary (eg, fall below a set rate of change when the distance to the retina increases). In some embodiments, the range can be set to one or more of the following ranges: plus or minus 0.05, or plus or minus 0.1 or plus or minus 0.15. These ranges can be used with one or more of the following factors: simple Strehl ratio, point spread function, modulation transfer function, phase transfer function, optical transfer function, Strehl in the Fourier domain, or combinations thereof.

As explained in more detail here, the target function for TFRIQ may vary depending on whether or not the goal of the merit function is to obtain a TFRIQ having a slope that provides a stimulus to either inhibit or promote the growth of l. candidate eye, according to an explanation of emmetropization by optical feedback, at least in some embodiments. In certain other applications, for example corrections aimed at reducing presbyopia, the objective of the merit function is to obtain a TFRIQ having a low slope of acceptable value or a slope substantially equal to zero. In some other presbyopic embodiments, a slope of sufficiently low value for the TFRIQ may be considered from one or more of the following: a) slope of the TFRIQ approximately zero, b) slope of the TFRIQ equal to zero, c) slope of the TFRIQ greater than zero and less than 0.25, d) slope of the TFRIQ greater than -0.25 and less than zero, e) slope of TFRIQ greater than zero and less than 0.5 or f) slope of TFRIQ greater than -0.5 and less than zero.

Another approach consists in limiting the number of possible combinations of the aberration profiles. One way to limit the possible aberration values ​​is to ensure that the Zemike coefficients can only have values ​​corresponding to 0.05 µm increments of the focus, or some other increment interval. In some embodiments, the Zemike coefficients can have values ​​corresponding to increments of about 0.0 lpm, about 0.02 µm, about 0.03 µm, about 0.04 pm, or about. 0.05pm. In some embodiments, the Zemike coefficients can have values ​​corresponding to increments of 0.0lpm, 0.02pm, 0.03pm, 0.04pm, or 0.05pm. In some embodiments, the Zemike coefficients can have values ​​corresponding to increments selected from one or more of the following ranges: 0.005pm to 0.0lpm, 0.0lpm to 0.02pm, 0.02pm to 0.03pm, 0.03pm to 0.04pm, 0.04pm to 0.05pm, or 0.005pm to 0.05pm. The interval can be selected taking into account the available computational resources. By limiting the number of available coefficient values, it is possible to simulate the performance of a significant part of the aberration profiles formed by the combinations of the Zemike coefficients, such that those exhibiting an RIQ on axis and a transfocal RIQ the best or acceptable can be identified.

The results of this process can be used to constrain a more detailed analysis, for example by reverting to an optimization routine using coefficient values ​​lying in a low range in the vicinity of an identified candidate combination of the aberrations of higher order.

5. Regulation of myopia progression by optical feedback

A person can be identified as at risk of developing nearsightedness, for example, based on one or more of the following indicators, including whether their parents had nearsightedness and / or nearsightedness, their ethnicity , lifestyle factors, environmental factors, the amount of work in near vision, etc. Other indications or combinations of indicators may also be used, in accordance with certain embodiments. For example, a person can be identified as at risk of developing nearsightedness if their eye and / or eyes have an RIQ in the retina that improves in the direction of growth of the eye. The RIQ can be achieved either with or without the refractive correction in use (for example: with or without a common prescription for glasses or contact lenses). In some embodiments, the use of an RIQ improving in the direction of growth of the eye may occur alone or in combination with one or more other indicators, for example the other indicators listed herein.

According to some embodiments, the process of emmetropization can be explained by an optical feedback mechanism that relies on the RIQ at the retina and / or the slope of the TFRIQ in the anterior-posterior direction to the retina. . In accordance with certain applications discussed herein, the candidate eye is stimulated to grow to the position at which the merit function S of the optimization routine is minimized or substantially minimized. In accordance with this explanation of the process of emmetropization, at least for human eyes, if the position of the minimum, or near-minimum, of the merit function S is reached, then the eye can or will be stimulated to s' lengthen, in some embodiments. In yet another application, the quasi-minimum of the merit function optimization routine may be a local minimum or a global minimum. In other applications, if the position of the minimum, or near-minimum, of the merit function S is posterior to the retina or if the transfocal RIQ improves at positions posterior to the retina, then the eye may or will be stimulated to lie down. According to other embodiments, for example, if the position of the minimum, or near the minimum, of the merit function S is localized on the retina or is anterior to the retina, then the eye may or will remain at the rear. same length.

How selected HOA combinations can affect change in transfocal RIQ is described below. These aberrations can be easily incorporated into a lens, an optical device, and / or used in a process for modifying the wavefront aberration profile of incoming light received by the retina. In some embodiments, characterizations of these aberrations can be readily incorporated into a lens, optical device, and / or used in a method of modifying the wavefront aberration profile of incoming light received by the retina. . This leads to a mechanism by which certain embodiments can alter the refractive state of a candidate eye. In some embodiments, the lens, optical device, and / or method will include at least the aberration characteristics of embodiments for transforming the refractive state of a candidate eye.

As described in more detail herein, obtaining a target TFRIQ is considered in association with obtaining or substantially approximating a target axis RIQ at the retina for a particular focal length, which is. generally far vision, in some embodiments. In some applications, one or more of the following is referred to as long distance and / or far vision: i) infinity objects; ii) objects more than 3 meters to about 6 meters, or iii) objects more than 0.7 meters to infinity. In other applications, a target TFRIQ may be considered for another focal length as an alternative to far vision, for example intermediate vision or near vision. In some applications, intermediate vision can be defined as one or more of the following: a) about 0.75 to 2 meters; b) from 0.75 to 2 meters; or c) from 0.5 meter to 0.7 meter. In some other applications, near vision can be defined as one or more of the following: a) about 0.35 to 0.6 meters; b) from 0.4 meter to 0.6 meter; or c) 0.4 meter to 0.5 meter.

For the examples described here the RIQ was evaluated, or characterized using the Visual Strehl Ratio shown in Equation 2.

(A) The first order spherical aberration, coma and trefoil

The interactions between first order spherical aberration, coma, and trefoil and their effect on eye growth can be described, or characterized using a wavefront phase function defined using defocus, terms of first order spherical aberration (PSA - Primary Spherical Aberration), coma and trefoil of a standard Zemike series. Other methods are also possible.

The pupil size was set at 4 mm and the calculations were performed at a wavelength of 589 nm. In order to assess the effects of aberration patterns on ocular growth, it was hypothesized that a position of a minimum of the S function described above at positions posterior to the retina provided a stimulus of growth to this position and that there would be no growth stimulus to the eye if the minimum of S function was on or in front of the retina. In other words, we assume that the image formed on the retina provides a growth stimulus leading to minimizing the S function. The ranges of values ​​of PSA, horizontal and vertical coma, and horizontal trefoil and vertical that were used in the simulations are as follows:

PSA = (-0.30, -0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) pm

Horizontal coma = (-0.30, -0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) pm

Vertical coma = (-0.30, -0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) gm

Horizontal trefoil = (-0.30, -0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) gm and

Vertical trefoil = (-0.30, -0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) gm.

With a total of 3,125 combinations tested, overall it was observed that the spherical aberration primarily determined the direction of improvement in the RIQ.

Figures 4-7 illustrate the eye growth stimulus resulting from TFRIQ for a selection of combinations, including the combined effects of PSA in association with horizontal and vertical coma, and in association with horizontal and vertical trefoil, according to some embodiments. Figures 4 through 7 are shown on a continuous scale and white (0) indicates no progression and the gray-black transition indicates the amount of progression in diopters.

Figure 4 illustrates a graph 400 of the interaction of first order spherical aberration and horizontal coma. The gray plot indicates the amount of myopia progression that is stimulated by the combination of these two aberrations, where white 402 indicates no stimulus for progression and shades going dark 404 indicate stimulus for progression myopia (in this case up to -0.8 D) resulting from the combination of PSA with horizontal coma. Figure 5 illustrates a graph 500 of the progression of myopia as a function of the interaction of first order spherical aberration and vertical coma. As in Figure 4, white areas 502 indicate the absence of a stimulus for progression and dark areas 504 indicate a stimulus for progression. Figure 6 illustrates a graph 600 of the interaction of the first order spherical aberration and the horizontal trefoil. Figure 7 illustrates a graph 700 of the progression of myopia as a function of the interaction of the first order spherical aberration and the vertical trefoil. For the combinations shown in Figures 4-7, approximately 52% of the combinations produce a stimulus promoting eye growth.

The eye growth stimulus can therefore be eliminated by regulating the refractive state of an eye so that it is in one or more of the white areas of Figures 4-7. This can for example be achieved by designing a lens or optical device which, when applied, changes the refractive characteristics of the eye, resulting in the retina of the eye exhibiting a transfocal RIQ which does not occur. 'not significantly improving, or not improving, in the direction of growth of the eye (posterior to the retina) or decreasing in the direction of growth of the eye.

Although a trefoil and coma in the range of -0.30 to 0.30 µm on a 4 mm pupil does not appear to have a significant impact on the direction of growth (the effect of progression maximum is only -0.1D), positive PSA seems to accelerate growth while negative PSA seems to inhibit growth. PSA therefore appears to have the predominant effect. Therefore, at least for an eye with positive PSA and possibly either coma or trefoil, the addition of negative PSA may or will inhibit the growth of the eye in accordance with the explanation for emmetropization by optical feedback. It follows that applying a negative PSA to one eye, or at least removing a positive PSA, can eliminate the growth stimulus from the eye. The coma and trefoil of the eye may remain unchanged or possibly be partially or fully corrected (preferably in the range of -0.30 to 0.30 µm).

(B) Spherical aberration and astigmatism

To illustrate the interactions between first order spherical aberration and astigmatism, a wavefront phase function has been defined using these aberrations (including both horizontal / vertical and oblique components) and defocus. Figures 8-13 (unlike Figures 4-7) are shown on a binary scale - where white (1) indicates typical cases that cause a progression stimulus (increased eye growth) and black (0) indicates candidate combinations which lead to the absence of progression or to a very low progression (absence of ocular growth stimulus or stop signal). The scale is without units. Figures 8 to 13 illustrate certain embodiments presented.

Figure 8 is an example that illustrates a graph 800 showing the magnitude of myopia progression for PSA versus a first order oblique astigmatic component (POA - Primary Oblique Astigmatism) versus a horizontal / vertical astigmatic component of the first order (PHV - Primary Horizontal / Vertical). In this example, the 800 graph shows the combinations of PSA and astigmatism that may or will lead to a myopia progression stimulus (white) and the combinations that will not lead to a myopia progression stimulus (black). Neither POA or PHV appears to have a significant impact on the effects of PSA.

Figure 9 is an example illustrating a graph 900 indicating the importance of progression of myopia for PSA versus a second order oblique astigmatic component (SOA) versus a second order oblique astigmatic component (SHV - Secondary Horizontal / Vertical), according to some embodiments. In this example, neither SOA and VHS appear to have a significant impact on the effects of PSA.

An eye growth stimulus can therefore be eliminated by regulating the refractive state of an eye so that it is in one or more of the white areas in Figures 8 and 9.

Figures 8 and 9 are an example showing that the first order and second order astigmatic components appear to have or have little influence on the enhancement or inhibition of eye growth when combined with PSA . Therefore, when these aberrations are taken into account, it indicates that PSA should be considered as being able or to be given priority. In addition, it can be determined whether the eye has elevated levels of POA, PHV, SOA and / or SHV. If so, in this example correcting these aberrations (by reducing or eliminating them substantially) can then also help remove the growth stimulus from the eye.

(C) Higher order spherical aberrations

For uncorrected eyes or eyes corrected by single vision lenses, a fourth order Zemike series can be used to describe or characterize the wavefront at the exit pupil. However, this may not necessarily be the case, for example, when contact lenses are used for correction, especially with multifocal contact lenses (both aspherical and concentric), noticeable amounts of order five HOA and higher that can be used. Multifocal contact lenses can for example be described using Zemike polynomials ranging from about up to tenth or twentieth order. In these cases the amplitudes and signs of higher order spherical aberrations begin to play a significant role (in addition to PSA).

To illustrate the interactions between first order, second order, third order and / or fourth order spherical aberrations of a standard Zemike series, a wavefront phase has been defined using these terms and defocus. Several combinations of HOA as predicted from data modeled with these multifocal contact lenses were used. Selective sets of these HOAs that demonstrate interactions producing a peak RIQ have been obtained using specialized nonlinear optimization routines. Calculations were performed on a 4 mm pupil, and at a wavelength of 589 nm. It has been observed that at least the first three modes of intrinsic spherical aberration of the eye play some role in establishing the direction of the eye growth stimulus and that in some cases aberration modes spherical superiors also played a role. In some applications, these roles were significant.

The results described below relate to the second order spherical aberration (SSA2989179

Secondaiy Spherical Aberration), third order spherical aberration (TSA - Temaiy Spherical Aberration) and fourth order spherical aberration (QSA - Quatemaiy Spherical Aberration), but higher order spherical aberrations can also be used in some embodiments of the lenses, devices and / or methods described herein. For four types of spherical aberrations, a range of -0.30 to 0.30 µm was used to study the effects of HOA combinations. These ranges, for these types of aberrations, are not necessarily in agreement with normative distributions of aberrations associated with the eyes because the appearance of these higher order aberrations is not necessarily associated with the eyes but with optical devices ( for example, multifocal contact lenses) alone or in combination with the eyes. By the way, the range of -0.30 to 0.30 µm is only used to illustrate the effects, but when determining combinations of HOA to obtain an aberration profile in a lens or optical device , or for its implementation by means of surgical interventions, larger or smaller ranges can be used.

Figures 10 to 12 are examples which illustrate the myopia progression stimulus as a function of PSA in association with SSA, TSA and QSA, respectively, in accordance with certain embodiments. In this example, this diagram is a binary color plot, where white (0) indicates combinations of wavefront aberrations that provide a myopia progression stimulus according to the feedback mechanism described here and black ( 1) indicates combinations that are detrimental to the progression of myopia. From these graphs it appears that the higher orders of spherical aberrations have an impact on the myopia progression stimulus. In this example, about 82% of the combinations studied suggest a stimulus for eye growth. The interactions of the spherical aberration terms depend on their individual signs and then on their individual amplitudes.

Fig. 10 is an example which illustrates a graph 1000 indicating the presence of a myopia progression stimulus as a function of combinations of PSA and SSA, in accordance with certain embodiments. In Fig. 10, it can be seen that when a PSA in the range of -0.30 µm to 0.20 µm is combined with a negative SSA in the range of 0.00 to -0.30 µm, it There is little or no improvement in RIQ in the direction of growth of the eye, so no progression of myopia is predicted (in the area indicated in 1004). However, when a PSA in the range of 0.20 to 0.30 µm is viewed with a negative SSA of about -0.10 µm, this appears to worsen the progression, as shown in area 1002. Overall, the sign of SSA appears to have a decisive effect on the effect of wavefront aberrations and the resulting retinal image quality. In this example, a negative SSA corresponding to very high amplitudes (greater than -0.20 µm) predicts a protective effect against the progression of myopia when combined with either a positive or negative PSA, when the

PSA and SSA are the only two HOA involved in candidate eye wavefront aberration.

Fig. 11 is an example which illustrates a graph 1100 indicating the presence of a myopia progression stimulus as a function of combinations of PSA and TSA, in accordance with certain embodiments. When PSA and TSA are of the same sign and when the TSA has an amplitude of about 4 / 5th of the PSA, as indicated by rectangular box 1106, little or no progression of myopia is predicted (black area). However, in this example, with other combinations of PSA and TSA, for example as indicated in areas 1102 and 1104, progression of myopia can be expected.

Fig. 12 is an example which illustrates a graph 1200 indicating the presence of a myopia progression stimulus as a function of combinations of PSA and QSA, in accordance with certain embodiments. In this example, when the PSA and QSA are of opposite signs and when the QSA has an amplitude of about 4 / 5th of the PSA, as indicated by the predominantly black area 1204, no progression of myopia is predicted. However, with other combinations of PSA and QSA (eg as shown in white areas 1202 and 1206), progression of myopia can be expected.

Fig. 13 is an example showing a graph (1300) illustrating the presence of a myopia progression stimulus as a function of PSA, SSA and TSA, in accordance with certain embodiments. This diagram is a binary color plot, where 1 (white) indicates combinations of wavefront aberrations that promote the progression of myopia; while 0 (black) indicates combinations that detract from the progression of myopia (i.e., not producing growth stimulus to the eye).

Most of the solid dark circles 1304 fall within the region governed by a negative SSA, with a few exceptions. On the other hand, combinations in which PSA and TSA are of the same sign, in association with negative SSA, appear to produce a protective effect against the progression of myopia. The combinations of PSA, SSA, TSA and QSA which have a protective effect against myopia progression according to the explanation of optical feedback emmetropization (which include the black areas shown in Figure 13) can be summarized as shown in Table 1.

<td>N ° S</td><td>Specific aberration higher order adding to defocus</td><td>Amplitude and sign of higher order aberration</td>

<td> 1</td><td>PSA alone</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;0.125pm</td>

<td> 2</td><td>PSA alone</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;- SSA &lt;= 0.075pm</td>

<td> 3</td><td>TSA alone</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= TSA &lt;= 0.075pm</td>

<td> 4</td><td>QSA only</td><td>-0.10 pm &lt;= QSA &lt;= 0.075pm</td>

<td> 5</td><td>PSA &amp; SSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;= 0.20 pm and -0.25pm ​​&lt;= SSA &lt;= 0.025pm</td>

<td> 6</td><td>PSA &amp; TSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;= 0.30 pm and TSA = (PSA / 2) pm +/- 0.075pm</td>

<td> 7</td><td>PSA &amp; QSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;= 0.30 pm and QSA = (| PSA | / 3) pm +/- 0.075pm</td>

<td> 8</td><td>PSA, SSA, TSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;-0.05 pm &amp; 0.05 pm &lt;PSA &lt;0.30 pm; -0.30 µm &lt;= SSA &lt;0.05 µm; -0.20 pm &lt;= TSA &lt;-0.025pm &amp; 0.025pm &lt;TSA &lt;0.20 pm;</td>

<td> 9</td><td>PSA, SSA, TSA and QSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;-0.05 pm &amp; 0.05 pm &lt;PSA &lt;0.30 pm; -0.30 µm &lt;= SSA &lt;0.05 µm; -0.20 pm &lt;= TSA &lt;-0.025pm &amp; 0.025pm &lt;TSA &lt;0.20 pm; -0.20 pm &lt;= QSA &lt;-0.025pm &amp; 0.025pm &lt;QSA &lt;0.20 pm;</td>

Table 1 Sets of combinations of higher order aberrations which detract from the growth of the eye (potential treatment of myopia), according to certain embodiments.

The majority of white circles 1302 fall within the region governed by the positive SSA, with a few exceptions. On the other hand, combinations in which PSA and TSA are of the same sign, in combination with positive SSA may produce a treatment effect for hyperopia. The combinations of PSA, SSA, TSA and QSA that have a treatment effect against hyperopia according to the explanation of optical feedback emmetropization (including the white areas shown in Figure 13) can be summarized. as shown in Table 2.

<td>N ° S</td><td>Higher order aberration in addition to defocus</td><td>Amplitude and sign of higher order aberration</td>

<td> 1</td><td>PSA alone</td><td>0.30 pm =&gt; PSA&gt; = 0.125 pm</td>

<td> 2</td><td>PSA alone</td><td>0.30 pm =&gt; SSA&gt; 0.075 pm</td>

<td> 3</td><td>TSA alone</td><td>0.30 pm =&gt; TSA&gt; 0.075 pm</td>

<td> 4</td><td>QSA only</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= QSA &lt;= -0.125 pm or 0.30 pm =&gt; QSA&gt; 0.075 pm</td>

<td> 5</td><td>PSA &amp; SSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;= 0.30 pm and 0.30 pm&gt; = SSA&gt; 0.075 pm</td>

<td> 6</td><td>PSA &amp; TSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;= 0.30 pm and (PSA / 2) pm + 0.075 pm &lt;= TSA &lt;0.30 pm or -0.30 pm &lt;= TSA &lt;(PSA / 2) pm - 0.075 pm</td>

<td> 7</td><td>PSA &amp; QSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;= 0.30 pm and QSA being in the range of -0.20 to 0.20 µm but at excluding values ​​such as QSA = (| PSA) / 3) pm +/- 0.075pm</td>

<td> 8</td><td>PSA, SSA, TSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;-0.05 pm &amp; 0.05 pm &lt;PSA &lt;0.30 pm; 0.075 µm &lt;= SSA &lt;0.30 µm; -0.20 pm &lt;= TSA &lt;-0.025pm &amp; 0.025pm &lt;TSA &lt;0.20 pm;</td>

<td> 9</td><td>PSA, SSA, TSA and QSA</td><td>-0.30 pm &lt;= PSA &lt;-0.05 pm &amp; 0.05 pm &lt;PSA &lt;0.30 pm; 0.075 µm &lt;= SSA &lt;0.30 µm; -0.20 pm &lt;= TSA &lt;-0.025pm &amp; 0.025pm &lt;TSA &lt;0.20 pm; -0.20 pm &lt;= QSA &lt;-0.025pm &amp; 0.025 pm &lt;QSA &lt;0.20 pm;</td>

Table 2 Sets of combinations of higher order aberrations that promote eye growth (potential treatment for hyperopia), according to some embodiments.

Therefore, when designing a lens, optical device, or method of modifying the eye, the aberrations can be selected in order to obtain a combination of the aberrations mentioned above which produce either a protective effect against the growth of the eye for example for myopia, or which promote the growth of the eye for example for hyperopia. The combination of aberrations can be applied in conjunction with the required correction of possible myopia defocus or hyperopia defocus.

It emerges from the above description that the spherical aberration terms, including the first-order, second-order, third-order and fourth-order SA terms influence the RIQ and the transfocal RIQ. In addition, it was observed that much higher spherical aberration orders could also influence the RIQ and the transfocal RIQ. In various embodiments, different combinations of spherical aberration are used, including embodiments using combinations of two or more spherical aberration terms and which provide a required or acceptable transfocal RIQ profile, in association with an RIQ. required or acceptable at a particular focal length (eg far vision). In some embodiments, characterizations of one or more of the spherical aberrations can also be used.

6. The instantaneous gradient in image quality

The above description of the eye growth stimulus can be explained by an optical feedback mechanism which is based on the position of an RIQ peak on the axis. In some examples, another approach has been to describe the growth stimulus of the eye as reflected by the slope of TFRIQ at the level of the retina. In some embodiments, lenses, methods and / or devices use the gradient or slope of the RIQ to regulate the progression of myopia, with or without astigmatism. In other embodiments, lenses, methods and / or devices use the gradient or slope of the RIQ to treat hyperopia, with or without astigmatism. The gradient or slope of the RIQ can be taken into consideration for one or more of the following variants of the RIQ: a) the monochromatic RIQ with or without taking into account the effect of accommodation, b) the RIQ polychromatic with or without taking into account the effect of accommodation, c) the global RIQ, d) the RIQ considered with a temporal signal of propensity to myopia, e) the global RIQ with a temporal signal of propensity to myopia, each described here.

In some embodiments, the lenses, devices and / or methods disclosed herein can be applied to obtain the stimulus in accordance with this explanation of emmetropization by an optical feedback mechanism. Embodiments for acting on the growth of the eye in accordance with the explanation of emmetropization by optical feedback (for example, aiming at controlling the progression of myopia or seeking to stimulate the growth of the eye to correct hyperopia) can use aberrations to modify one, two or more of the positions of the minima, or near minima, of the S function relative to the retina and the gradient of the S function across the retina.

In the following description it is assumed that a positive measurement of the TFRIQ gradient (increasing RIQ posterior to the retina) provides a stimulus for the development and progression of myopia, while a negative measurement of the latter delays or stops the progression of myopia. Figure 14 is an example which illustrates a plot of RIQ for two different cases, 1402 and 1404, as a function of transfocal change in the posterior retinal direction, in accordance with some embodiments. These cases are two different combinations of PSA, SSA, and TSA that produce identical or substantially identical retinal RIQs. As can be seen in the figure, although the two sets of selected aberrations produce similar image quality at the retina (defocus = 0), when introducing defocus (in the direction of growth of the eye) the retinal image quality of model case 1402 increases gradually, indicating a stimulus for growth of the eye, while model 1404 indicates that there would be no growth stimulus, since the retinal image quality deteriorates further in the direction of growth of the eye.

From the results described herein which indicate the effects of HOAs on image quality and the resulting progression of myopia, it is possible to determine the relevant HOA combinations that can be used in lenses, optical devices, and / or capable of being performed by optical surgery, and which, when appropriate in association with aberrations of the eye, may or will lead to combinations of HOA that inhibit or retard the growth of the eye for the treatment of the progression of myopia. To slow the growth of the eye in the case of myopia, one can use optical devices and / or compensatory surgeries which, in combination with the optics of the eye, can or will lead to a combination of HOA resulting in a negative gradient of TFRIQ, as shown in Example 1404 (Figure 14). To treat hyperopia in some applications, optical devices and / or compensatory surgeries can be used which, in combination with the optics of the eye, can or will lead to a combination of HOA resulting in a gradient positive transfocal retinal image quality, as shown in Example 1402 (Figure 14).

If an aberration profile exhibits a variable RIQ over an entire transfocal range, then the slope of the transfocal RIQ at a particular focal length can be changed by selecting an appropriate defocus term C (2.0) with the profile of RIQ considered. For example, if the slope is positive at a first level of the transfocal characteristics and negative at a second level of the transfocal characteristics, the slope at the level of the retina of a recipient eye can be selected by selectively introducing a defocus at l. 'one or the other of the first or the second level. Examples of aberration profiles having varying RIQ slopes at different levels of defocus are provided herein in connection with embodiments of aberration profiles for application to presbyopia. Many of the embodiments described for presbyopia can be applied in order to obtain a stimulus leading to delay and / or promote the growth of the eye in accordance with the explanation described herein of emmetropization by optical feedback. Generally, young people have progressive myopia and may or may not therefore have presbyopia. Therefore, the selected aberration profile may place less importance on obtaining a high RIQ over a wide transfocal range and more importance on obtaining the highest RIQ in the retina in. distance vision in association with the provision of a negatively sloping RIQ profile across the retina (i.e., decreasing RIQ in the direction of growth of the eye). For hypermetropic young people, here again, the selected aberration profile may give less importance to obtaining a high RIQ over a wide transfocal range and more importance to obtaining the highest RIQ over a wide transfocal range. far vision level of the retina in association with providing a positive slope of the RIQ profile at the back of the retina (in the direction of growth of the eye).

In some embodiments, a lens, device, and / or method may incorporate an aberration profile that provides, i) an acceptable on-axis RIQ; and ii) a transfocal RIQ having a slope which degrades in the direction of growth of the eye; to an eye with progressing myopia or to an eye that is identified as at risk of developing myopia. In some embodiments, the acceptable on-axis RIQ measurement can be chosen from one or more of the following: on-axis RIQ of 0.3, on-axis RIQ of 0.35, on-axis RIQ of 0, 4, an on-axis RIQ of 0.45, an on-axis RIQ of 0.5, an on-axis RIQ of 0.55, an on-axis RIQ of 0.6, an on-axis RIQ of 0.65, or an RIQ on axis of 0.7. In some embodiments, the candidate myopic eye can be viewed with or without astigmatism.

In some embodiments, a lens, device, and / or method may incorporate an aberration profile that provides, i) an acceptable on-axis RIQ; and ii) a transfocal RIQ having a slope which improves in the direction of growth of the eye; to an eye with hyperopia. In some embodiments, the acceptable on-axis RIQ measurement can be selected from one or more of the following: on-axis RIQ of 0.3, on-axis RIQ of 0.35, on-axis RIQ of 0, 4, an on-axis RIQ of 0.45, an on-axis RIQ of 0.5, an on-axis RIQ of 0.55, an on-axis RIQ of 0.6, an on-axis RIQ of 0.65, or an RIQ on axis of 0.7. In some embodiments, the candidate hyperopic eye can be viewed with or without astigmatism. In some embodiments, the gradient or slope of the RIQ can be considered for one or more of the following variations of the RIQ: a) monochromatic RIQ with or without taking into account the effect of accommodation, b) polychromatic RIQ with or without taking into account the effect of accommodation, c) overall RIQ, d) RIQ considered with the temporal myopia propensity signal, e) the global RIQ with the temporal myopia propensity signal, each of which is described here.

7. Aberration design or selection process

In some embodiments, determining the aberration profile required in a lens, optical device, and / or as a result of intervention, first comprises identifying the HOA present in the eye. In some embodiments, determining the characterization of the aberration profile required in a lens, optical device, and / or as a result of intervention first comprises identifying the HOA present in the eye. Measurements can be made, for example, using wavefront ocular examinations which utilize aberrometry such as, for example, by means of a Shack-Hartmann aberrometer. The existing HOAs of the eye can then be taken into account. In addition, one or more effects of HOAs inherent in lenses or optical devices may also be taken into account.

When a lens is required that provides a stimulus to the growth of the eye or to retard the growth of the eye, these existing HOAs are then compared to combinations of HOAs that inhibit or delay the progression of myopia (for example, as discussed above with reference to Figures 5-14) to determine one or more additional HOA (s) that may be required to reduce or retard or promote eye growth in accordance with the optical feedback mechanism of emmetropization. These additional combinations are then implemented in the design of lenses or optical devices or implemented by optical surgery. The flowcharts of Figures 15 and 16 provide a summary of suitable methods, in accordance with certain embodiments.

Alternatively, in some applications, existing aberrations of the eye may not be taken into account and an aberration profile which provides the required slope of the transfocal RIQ may be provided for the eye by a lens which in some cases. applications, is a removable lens so that different aberration profiles can be tested if necessary. The aberration profile resulting from the combination of the lens and eye aberration profile can then be measured to determine whether the characteristics of RIQ are acceptable (for example, a particular transfocal RIQ slope and an acceptable RIQ in far vision). Alternatively, different lenses can be placed on the eye in conjunction with measurements of objective and / or subjective vision in determining which lens to select. When the lens is selected in order to obtain the stimulus inhibiting or promoting the growth of the eye without taking into account existing aberrations of the eye, the selected aberration profile may be a profile generally exhibiting higher spherical aberration values. so that the sign of the slope is not affected by a lower level of HOA in the eye.

In some applications, the purpose of the merit function optimization routine when finding a combination of HQA may be different. For example, when considering presbyopia, this goal may be a combination of aberrations that provide high RIQ over a wide transfocal range. When peripheral vision is useful, then the objective can include a high RIQ over a wide range of field angles. Therefore, in various embodiments, HOAs are exploited for optimization for a combination of a high retinal RIQ and one or more of a low slope, low variation transfocal RIQ. RIQ with pupil diameter and high RIQ in the peripheral field.

In some applications, an acceptable high RIQ is considered to be greater than 0.7, greater than 0.65, greater than 0.6, greater than 0.55, greater than 0.5, greater than 0.45, greater than 0.4, greater than 0.35, or greater than 0.3. In some applications, a small acceptable change in RIQ with pupil diameter can be considered to be a change occurring in one or more of the following ranges: a change in RIQ between 0 and 0.05, between 0.05 and 0 , 1, or between 0.1 and 0.15. In some other applications, an acceptable low slope of the transfocal RIQ can be chosen from one or more of the following: slope less than zero, slope equal to zero, slope greater than zero, slope approximately zero, slope in the range of - 0.5 to zero, slope in the range 0 to 0.5, slope in the range -1 to zero, slope in the range 0 to 1, slope in the range - there -0.5, or slope in the range 0.5 to 1. The high RIQ, the low variation of the RIQ and the low slope of the provided TFRIQ can be combined in one or more combinations. For example, the combination of a high RIQ of 0.40 or more, a small change in the RIQ with a pupil diameter between 0 and 0.05, and a low slope of the approximately zero TFRIQ , can be applied to some embodiments. In other applications, the combination of a high RIQ of 0.3 or more, a small change in the RIQ with a pupil diameter between 0 and 0.075 and the low slope of the TFRIQ in the range of - 0.25 to 0.25 or -0.5 to 0.5 can be applied.

The following examples were selected using the measure of RIQ in Equation 2. The initial set of designs for analysis was found by calculating this RIQ for all, or for a notable number of combinations of Zemike coefficients. from SA, until 10^eme order. The coefficients used were restricted to the range of -0.3 µm to 0.3 µm and restricted to a value which is a multiple of 0.025 µm. In some embodiments, the RIQ used may be based on an approximation or characterization of Equation 2.

An analysis of the initial set of designs consisted of: 1) identifying optimized combinations of Zemike coefficients providing a high RIQ and a transfocal RIQ of negative slope in the vicinity of the retina; 2) take into account the RIQ, the transfocal RIQ and the variation of the RIQ and the transfocal RIQ at different pupil sizes; and 3) take into account the RIQ on the horizontal visual field. The relative weights given to these assessment stages may vary for the particular recipient. To identify the following examples, the highest weight was given to the first criteria.

8. Examples of optical designs acting on the slope of the transfocal RIQ

Examples of designs for affecting the growth stimulus of the eye in accordance with an optical feedback mechanism are provided herein. The examples below are rotationally symmetrical. However, astigmatic designs and other rotational non-symmetrical designs can be produced. When a deliberate decentering of symmetrical designs is imposed so that the optical axes of the corrective contact lens coincide with a reference axis of the eye, for example the pupillary axis or the visual axis, certain residual amounts d Asymmetric aberrations such as coma and trefoil can be induced, these can be compensated for by choosing additional higher order asymmetric terms.

Figures 17 to 25 are examples which illustrate the power profile of sample design graphics which provide an RIQ degrading in the direction of growth of the eye for on-axis vision (zero field angle), thereby providing a stimulus. of inhibiting the growth of the eye according to the explanation of the process of emmetropization by the optical feedback mechanism, according to some embodiments. The graphs of the aberration profiles are described as the change in power on the axis in diopters over the diameter of the optical zone. The examples provided can be applied to progressive myopia with a spherical refractive error of -2 D, this information being indicated by a double gray line on the power profiles.

Figure 26 is an example which illustrates details of a sample design that may be used for the treatment of hyperopia, in accordance with certain embodiments. This design was produced using a specific aberration profile as an input parameter that can produce a positive gradient in TF retinal image quality in the direction of growth of the eye, as shown in Table 2 and in optimizing the power profile (front surface of the corrective contact lens) to achieve a required positive gradient. The lens design is described as the change in power on the diopter axis over the diameter of the optical zone. The example provided can be applied to non-progressive hyperopia with a spherical refractive error of +2 D, this information being indicated by a double gray line on the power profile.

As explained herein, the example power profiles shown in Figures 17-26 were selected based on the slope of the RIQ in the vicinity of the retina, in accordance with some embodiments. In all of these examples, notable variations in the value of the RIQ may occur. These variations occur on the axis, on the diameter of the pupil, and at different angles of view. Additional selection criteria are the value of the RIQ and the variation of the RIQ with the field of view. In particular, the selection can be made so as to maximize one or more of the RIQs on axis, on pupil diameter (with or without light reduction of the Stiles-Crawford effect) and at different angles. of field. In addition, the recipient's pupil size can also be used as a selection criteria - for example, a first aberration profile may be better suited to a first recipient having a normal pupil size of 4mm and a second aberration profile may be better suited to a second recipient having a normal pupil size of 5mm. The normal pupil size can optionally be selected taking into account lifestyle factors, such as the time spent by a person indoors rather than outdoors. Additional examples referred to below incorporate these selection criteria. However, first, in order to get a point of comparison, the RIQ performance of a single vision lens is described and illustrated in Fig. 27.

Fig. 27 is an example which illustrates a graph of a measurement of a transfocal RIQ metric, according to some embodiments, which in this case and in the following examples is the Visual Strehl Ratio (monochromatic) . RIQ may for example result from a unifocal contact lens having a power of -2 D used to correct a recipient myopic eye model with only -2D. The horizontal (independent) axis illustrates the transfocal characteristics, in diopters. The zero value (0) on the horizontal axis represents the focal point position of the unifocal lens and the vertical (dependent) axis illustrates the RIQ. Three plots are presented, one for on-axis vision (circles), one for a 10-degree field of view (triangles) and one for a 20-degree field of view (cross). As used in this example, the term global refers to taking into account the whole of a range of field angles, including zero. Therefore, the graph illustrates the overall transfocal RIQ, as it includes plots covering a range of field angles. While a single vision lens exhibits on-axis symmetric RIQ at zero field angle, it exhibits asymmetric transfocal RIQ at non-harmful field angles, including both 10 and 20 degrees. In particular, the graph illustrates that RIQ improves in the direction of growth of the eye at non-detrimental field angles, in accordance with certain embodiments. Consistent with the explanation of emmetropization by the optical feedback mechanism, peripheral and on-axis visions provide a stimulus for growth of the eye.

Figure 28 is an example which illustrates a graph of RIQ for one embodiment of a lens (designated 'Iteration A1') selected to illustrate the explanation of emmetropization by the optical feedback mechanism for which the growth of the eye must be inhibited (for example, to act on progressing myopia or to act on a risk of developing myopia), according to some embodiments. The data corresponding to Figure 28 was prepared for a pupil size of 4 mm and to act on the same, or substantially the same, level of myopia as for Unifocal Iteration. When comparing Fig. 28 to Fig. 27, the RIQ no longer improves in a growing direction of the eye for non-detrimental field angles. In particular, the RIQ has a strong tendency to degrade in the direction of growth of the eye for 10 degrees off axis. While there may be a slight improvement or noticeably no change in the RIQ in the vicinity of the retina '20 degrees off-axis, the overall effect is strongly biased towards degradation. of RIQ in the direction of growth of the eye. Figure 29 illustrates a power profile which leads to the RIQ graph of Figure 28.

Fig. 30 is an example which illustrates a graph of RIQ for some embodiments of a lens (Iteration A2) selected to illustrate the explanation of emmetropization by the optical feedback mechanism. The data corresponding to Figure 30 was prepared for a pupil size of 5 mm.

Figures 31 and 32 are examples which illustrate RIQ graphs for two other embodiments of a lens (Iteration C1 and Iteration C2 respectively) selected to illustrate the explanation of emmetropization by the optical feedback mechanism, but in this case, in order to obtain an improvement in the RIQ in the direction of growth of the eye (for example, in order to obtain a stimulus leading to growth of the eye correcting farsightedness). Figures 31 and 32 illustrate examples of embodiments selected with different weights of the selection criteria. In the power profile shown in Fig. 31, obtaining a high on-axis RIQ has been assigned more weight than obtaining a high RIQ over a wide range of field angles. In the power profile which gives Figure 32, more weight has been assigned to providing a high RIQ over a whole wide range of field angles than to obtaining an RIQ over high axis. In some applications, an acceptable high RIQ over a wide range of field angles is considered to be greater than 0.6, greater than 0.55, greater than 0.5, greater than 0.45, greater than 0 , 4, greater than 0.35, or greater than 0.3.

Table 3 shows the defocus and higher order aberration coefficients up to 20^eme order, in microns, over a pupil diameter of 5 mm for the power profiles described above.

<td>Iteration</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>Lens</td><td rowspan="2"> -1,800</td><td rowspan="2"> 0,000</td><td rowspan="2"> 0,000</td><td rowspan="2"> 0,000</td><td rowspan="2"> 0,000</td><td rowspan="2"> 0,000</td><td rowspan="2"> 0,000</td><td rowspan="2"> 0,000</td><td rowspan="2"> 0,000</td><td rowspan="2"> 0,000</td>

<td>unifocal</td>

<td>Al iteration</td><td> -1,568</td><td> 0,107</td><td> -0,017</td><td> -0,016</td><td> -0,022</td><td> -0,008</td><td> 0,026</td><td> 0,005</td><td> -0,016</td><td> 0,003</td>

<td>A2 iteration</td><td> -1,562</td><td> 0,115</td><td> -0,011</td><td> -0,011</td><td> -0,019</td><td> -0,007</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,004</td><td> -0,017</td><td> 0,005</td>

<td>Cl iteration</td><td> 1,468</td><td> -0,135</td><td> 0,020</td><td> 0,029</td><td> 0,036</td><td> 0,011</td><td> -0,036</td><td> -0,008</td><td> 0,022</td><td> -0,003</td>

<td>C2 iteration</td><td> 1,468</td><td> -0,116</td><td> 0,035</td><td> 0,010</td><td> -0,013</td><td> -0,030</td><td> -0,014</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,004</td><td> -0,016</td>

Table 3 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients over a 5mm pupil for a single vision lens and four exemplary embodiments that provide a required slope for transfocal RIQ.

9. Application to presbyopia

In some applications, transfocal RIQ extension may provide one or more benefits in the context of presbyopia. The reduced ability of the eye to see up close due to the reduced accommodation can be partially compensated for and / or alleviated using the extended transfocal approach described herein. By way of example, these advantages may include one or more of the following: near visual performance substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a suitably prescribed single vision lens at near vision distances as well as visual performance in far and intermediate vision , substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a single vision lens suitably prescribed for far vision; visual performance for far, intermediate and near vision, substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a single vision lens suitably prescribed for far vision;

obtaining visual performance in far, intermediate and near vision, substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a single vision lens suitably prescribed for far vision with minimal or substantially minimal ghost images; visual performance in a far, intermediate and near vision presbyopic eye which is substantially equivalent to the visual performance of the non-presbyopic eye in far, intermediate and near vision; visual performance in a substantial part of the far to near range which is substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a single vision lens suitably prescribed for far vision.

In some embodiments the transfocal RIQ is further extended using a monocular optimization approach, or by using one or more of the monocular methods disclosed herein. The monocular optimization approach used in some embodiments is achieved by extending the transfocal RIQ to optimize one eye for far vision and the other eye for near vision. In some embodiments, this optimization is accomplished by selecting different base powers (or effective refractive prescriptions) for the lenses. The extended transfocal values ​​(eg RIQ) for each lens make it possible to separate the base powers, or to use them without sacrificing, or significantly reducing the far, intermediate or near vision between the two base powers.

In some embodiments, one or more of the monocular methods disclosed herein can be used to extend binocular transfocal RIQ, or transfocal RIQ, using an aberration profile for one eye and a different aberration profile for the other. eye. The extended transfocal RIQ of each lens optimizes one eye for far vision and the other eye for near vision without significantly reducing far, intermediate, and / or near vision, and leads to minimal ghosting, or substantially minimal with the two aberration profiles.

In some embodiments, one or more of the monocular methods disclosed herein can be used to extend the binocular transfocal RIQ, or the transfocal RIQ, using an aberration profile and base power for one eye and an aberration profile. and a different base power for the other eye. The extended transfocal RIQ of each lens optimizes one eye for far vision and the other eye for near vision without significantly reducing far, intermediate, and / or near vision, and leads to minimal ghosting, or noticeably minimal with both aberration and base power profiles.

In accordance with the monocular approach, in some embodiments, selection of an aberration profile may assign a higher priority to consideration of RIQ and transfocal RIQ, and variation of RIQ and of the transfocal RIQ at different pupil sizes (which reflect the variation of the eye for different levels of accommodation and levels of illumination).

Likewise, a lens or optical device can be designed as a bifocal or multifocal or omnifocal lens, with one or both parts implementing the aberration profiles, as described herein to extend the TFRIQ. A combination of bifocal, multifocal, omnifocal lenses, devices, methods and interventions can be used either in one eye or synergistically in both eyes by appropriate selection for each eye which will improve performance. binoculars. For example, one eye may be skewed in the direction of optimal distance vision and the other eye in the direction of optimal near vision.

A combination of lenses, devices, bifocal, multifocal, omnifocal methods can increase visual performance over a range of dioptric distances of approximately 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, or 2.25D. By way of example, referring to this method of prescribing bifocal lenses: one eye may have far vision in the upper performance quadrants (RIQ of approximately 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, or other selected value) and near vision in the lower quadrants of performance (RIQ of approximately 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.17, 0.2, or other selected value) and the other eye may have intermediate vision in the upper quadrants of the performance (RIQ of about 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5 or other selected value) and near vision in the lower performance quadrants (RIQ of approximately 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.17, 0.2 or other selected value) .

When different base powers, power profiles or aberration profiles are used in two different eyes, the different base powers, power profiles, aberration profiles can be selected such that the transfocal RIQ overlaps to increase the binocular transfocal RIQ. For example, in some embodiments the base powers can be selected so that, in combination, the Visual Strehl Ratio does not drop below 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 , 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.40 or other selected value, between the combined RIQ profiles.

A) Examples for presbyopia

Figure 36 illustrates a graph of the transfocal RIQ (in this case, the Visual Strehl Ratio) for seven power profiles, according to some embodiments. In this figure the vertical axis (RIQ) is defined on a logarithmic scale. Figure 36 was obtained for a pupil size of 5 mm and an eye without myopia or hyperopia and without other higher order aberrations. One or more of the power profiles can be tailored to a myopic or hyperopic eye by incorporating an appropriate defocus correction term, which does not affect the higher order aberrations defining the power profiles used to establish Figure 36. .

The seven power profiles are: a power profile that may appear in a conventional multifocal aspheric lens for central far vision (indicated by triangles in Figure 36); a power profile which may appear in a conventional multifocal near central vision lens (indicated by 'x' in Fig. 36); a power profile which may appear in a concentric bifocal lens for central far vision (indicated by solid 'n' in Figure 36); a power profile that may appear in a concentric bifocal lens for central near vision (indicated by '0' voids in figure 36) and three iterations (Iteration B1, Iteration B2, Iteration B3) comprising a favorable combination of aberrations spherical (respectively indicated by solid circles, bold '+' signs and pairs of concentric circles in Figure 36).

The power profiles for each of these are shown in Figures 37 through 43. Aspheric multifocal lenses for central far vision and central near vision had a central component extending up to about 2 mm and a power of. outer zone starting at a radius of about 1.8 mm. A linear transition was established between the near and far vision power zones. The concentric bifocal lenses both had a ring structure, alternating between an additional power of 2 diopters and no additional power (also known as the base power for far vision).

Table 4 shows the defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients up to 20^th order, in microns, over a pupil diameter of 5 mm, for the three exemplary embodiments of the power profiles, namely: Iteration B1 (figure 41), Iteration B2 (figure 42) and Iteration B3 (figure 43) , respectively.

<td>Iteration</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>Iteration Bl</td><td> -0,096</td><td> -0,135</td><td> 0,020</td><td> 0,029</td><td> 0,036</td><td> 0,012</td><td> -0,036</td><td> -0,010</td><td> 0,022</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td>B2 iteration</td><td> -0,092</td><td> 0,032</td><td> 0,074</td><td> -0,015</td><td> -0,006</td><td> -0,018</td><td> -0,009</td><td> 0,007</td><td> 0,011</td><td> 0,002</td>

<td>Iteration B3</td><td> 0,033</td><td> 0,003</td><td> 0,077</td><td> -0,045</td><td> -0,023</td><td> 0,010</td><td> 0,014</td><td> 0,007</td><td> 0,003</td><td> -0,014</td>

Table 4 Defocus and Spherical aberration coefficients of three exemplary embodiments corresponding to presbyopia

Table 5 shows the defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients up to 20^th order, in microns, over a pupil diameter of 5 mm, for the power profiles described, namely, an aspherical multifocal lens for central far vision (figure 37), and an aspherical multifocal lens for central near vision (figure 38), respectively.

<td>Iteration</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>Lens multifocal aspherical for central vision of far</td><td> 1,150</td><td> 0,181</td><td> -0,090</td><td> 0,020</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td>Lens multifocal aspherical for</td><td> 0,324</td><td> -0,244</td><td> 0,114</td><td>-o, o2r</td><td> -0,013</td><td> 0,011</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

central near vision

Table 5 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients of aspherical multifocal lenses of both types for central far and near vision

In aspheric multifocal lenses the spherical aberration coefficients gradually decrease in absolute value as the order increases. This is contrary to the power profiles of Iteration B1, Iteration B2 and Iteration B3, which include at least one higher order spherical aberration term with a coefficient whose absolute value is greater than the absolute value of the coefficient for a lower order term. This feature is present in one or more embodiments of power profiles described herein.

In Fig. 36, it can be noted that the aspheric multifocal lens for central far vision has an RIQ of 0.23-0D, which is significantly lower than other power profiles, in accordance with some embodiments. However, the performance of this lens, as evaluated by the RIQ metric, is kept relatively constant over a wide transfocal range. For example, at -0.4 diopter the RIQ is approximately 0.2, at 0.67 the RIQ is approximately

0.18 and at -1 diopter the RIQ is approximately 0.12.

The aspheric multifocal lens for central near vision has an RIQ at 0D of approximately 0.5.

In this design example, the RIQ drops to about 0.24 to -0.67 diopter (even better than the aspherical multifocal lens for central far vision). However, beyond this, the aspherical multifocal lens for central near vision exhibits a rapidly decreasing RIQ. As can be seen, at -1 diopter the value of the RIQ is approximately 0.08.

The two concentric bifocal lenses (central far and near vision) have a low

RIQ of 0.13 and 0.21 at 0D. Both concentric bifocal lenses maintain their RIQ level or better within a range of about 1.1 diopters.

Iteration B1, Iteration B2 and Iteration B3 have an RIQ at least as satisfactory, at 0D, as the bifocal lens for central near vision as well as a better RIQ over the entire TF range between -0 , 65D and 0.75D as the eye adjusts. For example, Iteration B2 has an RIQ of about 0.53 to -0.40 diopter, about 0.32 to -0.67 diopter, and about 0.13 to -1 diopter. The transfocal performances (RIQ) of Iteration B1, Iteration B2 and Iteration B3 can be further extended. This extension is obtained by shifting the curves to the left in figure 36. However, the performance of the aspherical multifocal lens for central near vision, in this example, cannot be so shifted without significantly affecting the performance, due to the asymmetric RIQ which decays much faster for the positive powers (right side of the lens). figure 36).

As an example, the three example iterations have an RIQ of about 0.40 to +0.55D. The combination of the spherical aberration terms with a defocus term of + 0.55D shifts the value of RIQ in far vision towards the value corresponding to +0.55 D in figure 36. If we consider Iteration B2 again, the transfocal performance (RIQ) would be modified as follows: an RIQ of about 0.4 in far vision, an RIQ of about 0.53 to -0.4 diopter , about 0.64 to -0.67 diopters, about 0.52 to -1 diopters, about 0.40 to -1.1 diopters, and about 0.15 to -1.5 diopters.

By shifting the far vision point in a lens exhibiting HOA combinations that extend transfocal RIQ performance, lenses, devices and / or methods that provide the HOA combination can have significantly improved transfocal performance. This is achieved while maintaining at least as good an RIQ in the form of an aspherical multifocal lens for central near vision and a significantly improved RIQ compared to an aspherical multifocal lens for central far vision. The value of the additional defocus power added to offset the RIQ curves is a matter of choice, and represents a compromise between the RIQ in far vision and the RIQ in near vision. Table 6 illustrates the defocus (left column) and RIQ values ​​for the power profiles described above. It also illustrates the defocus values ​​shifted by + 0.55D, which may apply when Iteration B1, Iteration B2 and / or Iteration B3 are modified by this amount.

<td>Defocus (D)</td><td>Lens multifocal aspherical for vision central far</td><td>Lens multifocal aspherical for vision central near</td><td>Iteration Bl</td><td>Iteration B2</td><td>Iteration B3</td><td>Lens bifocal concentric for vision central far</td><td>Lens bifocal concentric for vision central near</td><td>Defocus shifted from +0.50</td>

<td> -1,1085</td><td> 0,1021</td><td> 0,0601</td><td> 0,1342</td><td> 0,0918</td><td> 0,0971</td><td> 0,2025</td><td> 0,1349</td><td> -0,6085</td>

<td> -0.9977</td><td> 0,1212</td><td> 0,0768</td><td> 0,1831</td><td> 0,1338</td><td> 0,1228</td><td> 0,2447</td><td> 0,1524</td><td> -0,4977</td>

<td> -0,8868</td><td> 0,1407</td><td> 0,1062</td><td> 0,2394</td><td> 0,1882</td><td> 0,1577</td><td> 0,2913</td><td> 0,1675</td><td> -0,3868</td>

<td> -0,7760</td><td> 0,1598</td><td> 0,1574</td><td> 0,2957</td><td> 0,2511</td><td> 0,2095</td><td> 0,3362</td><td> 0,1789</td><td> -0,2760</td>

<td> -0,6651</td><td> 0,1776</td><td> 0,2383</td><td> 0,3423</td><td> 0,3160</td><td> 0,2830</td><td> 0,3700</td><td> 0,1851</td><td> -0,1651</td>

<td> -0,5543</td><td> 0,1931</td><td> 0,3481</td><td> 0,3867</td><td> 0,4262</td><td> 0,3723</td><td> 0,3839</td><td> 0,1855</td><td> -0,0543</td>

<td> -0,4434</td><td> 0,2060</td><td> 0,4699</td><td> 0,4550</td><td> 0,5318</td><td> 0,4583</td><td> 0,3735</td><td> 0,1805</td><td> 0,0566</td>

<td> -0,3326</td><td> 0,2162</td><td> 0,5715</td><td> 0,4992</td><td> 0,6099</td><td> 0,5266</td><td> 0,3417</td><td> 0,1709</td><td> 0,1674</td>

<td> -0,2217</td><td> 0,2237</td><td> 0,6185</td><td> 0,5110</td><td> 0,6451</td><td> 0,5691</td><td> 0,2969</td><td> 0,1584</td><td> 0,2783</td>

<td> -0,1109</td><td> 0,2284</td><td> 0,5913</td><td> 0,4924</td><td> 0,6369</td><td> 0,5879</td><td> 0,2495</td><td> 0,1444</td><td> 0,3891</td>

<td> 0,0000</td><td> 0,2304</td><td> 0,4980</td><td> 0,5014</td><td> 0,5993</td><td> 0,5906</td><td> 0,2076</td><td> 0,1300</td><td> 0,5000</td>

<td> 0,1109</td><td> 0,2294</td><td> 0,3702</td><td> 0,4924</td><td> 0,5511</td><td> 0,5825</td><td> 0,1754</td><td> 0,1167</td><td> 0,6109</td>

<td> 0,2217</td><td> 0,2249</td><td> 0,2468</td><td> 0,5110</td><td> 0,5055</td><td> 0,5609</td><td> 0,1539</td><td> 0,1055</td><td> 0,7217</td>

<td> 0,3326</td><td> 0,2160</td><td> 0,1549</td><td> 0,4992</td><td> 0,4648</td><td> 0,5182</td><td> 0,1418</td><td> 0,0973</td><td> 0,8326</td>

<td> 0,4434</td><td> 0,2048</td><td> 0,1010</td><td> 0,4550</td><td> 0,4232</td><td> 0,4513</td><td> 0,1367</td><td> 0,0924</td><td> 0.9434</td>

<td> 0,5543</td><td> 0,2000</td><td> 0,0758</td><td> 0,3867</td><td> 0,3741</td><td> 0,3672</td><td> 0,1358</td><td> 0,0908</td><td> 1,0543</td>

<td> 0,6651</td><td> 0,2173</td><td> 0,0650</td><td> 0,3082</td><td> 0,3154</td><td> 0,2815</td><td> 0,1363</td><td> 0,0917</td><td> 1,1651</td>

<td> 0,7760</td><td> 0,2727</td><td> 0,0588</td><td> 0,2327</td><td> 0,2511</td><td> 0,2095</td><td> 0,1362</td><td> 0,0940</td><td> 1,2760</td>

<td> 0,8868</td><td> 0,3701</td><td> 0,0535</td><td> 0,1694</td><td> 0,1882</td><td> 0,1577</td><td> 0,1347</td><td> 0,0962</td><td> 1.3868</td>

<td> 0.9977</td><td> 0,4907</td><td> 0,0491</td><td> 0,1219</td><td> 0,1338</td><td> 0,1228</td><td> 0,1325</td><td> 0,0992</td><td> 1,4977</td>

<td> 1,1085</td><td> 0,5962</td><td> 0,0458</td><td> 0,0896</td><td> 0,0918</td><td> 0,0971</td><td> 0,1305</td><td> 0,1087</td><td> 1,6085</td>

Table 6 RIQ values ​​for two bifocal lenses, two concentric bifocal lenses, and three aberration profiles for extended transfocal RIQ

B) Effect of pupil size

Figures 44-46 illustrate the variation of the transfocal RIQ with pupil size for Iteration B1, Iteration B2, and Iteration B3 respectively, in accordance with certain embodiments. The example RIQ profiles are relatively stable, in that the RIQ retains the combination of a relatively high RIQ (e.g. compared to an aspherical multifocal lens for central far vision) in combination with a relatively long transfocal range (e.g. example by comparison with an aspherical multifocal lens for central near vision). The sets of Figures 47, 48 and 49, 50 illustrate the variation of the transfocal RIQ with pupil size for the two concentric bifocal lenses and two aspherical multifocal lenses, respectively. From these figures we can see that, comparatively, the variation of the performances of RIQ and of transfocal RIQ are less stable for these lenses than Iteration B1 (figure 39), Iteration B2 (figure 40) and Iteration B3 ( figure 41). Figures 39-50 are examples, in accordance with some embodiments.

C) Monocular design

As described here, Iteration B2 (Figure 40) can provide an RIQ of 0.4 or more from far vision at about an intermediate vergence of about 1.1 diopters. When an appropriate level of defocus is added to the same iteration while correcting the other eye, the TFRIQ can be extended from 1.1 diopters to near a target vergence, for example 2.2D, that is. that is, the binocularly combined candidate eye can maintain an RIQ of 0.4 or more from a far vision test distance of up to, or substantially up to, 2.2 diopters. Using this monocular design approach and assuming the recipient accepts the monocular design, the combined transfocal performance is significantly extended, according to some embodiments.

Referring to the transfocal profiles shown in Figures 51 and 52, which are described here, in accordance with the monocular design approach, we will select a lens so that it has a base power (refraction prescription for far vision) which shifts the transfocal curve towards the extremum, or substantially to the left (starting from the -2.5D mark) and the other lens is selected so that it has a base power which shifts the transfocal curve slightly to the left (starting from the -1.5D mark) , in accordance with some embodiments.

Figures 51 and 52 illustrate the TFRIQ of the design of two pairs of power profiles (binocular 'Q' correction), according to some embodiments. Each lens in the pair has been designed to extend the RIQ in conjunction with the other lens in the pair. The defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients for these combinations are specified in Tables 7 and 8, respectively.

<td>Combination</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>Right eye</td><td> 0,28</td><td> -0,100</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td>Left eye</td><td> 0,57</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

Table 7 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients of first exemplary embodiments for a monocular design of lenses for presbyopia (Effective addition of 1.5D in the negative direction of the transfocal curve).

<td>Combination</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>Right eye</td><td> 0,433</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td>Left eye</td><td> 0,866</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

Table 8 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients of second exemplary embodiments for a monocular design of lenses for presbyopia (Effective addition of 2.5D in the negative direction of the transfocal curve).

The power profiles described in connection with Table 7 and Table 8 are examples of combinations of higher order aberrations that provide improved transfocal performance on the negative side of transfocal function. Likewise, using this monocular design approach, the combined transfocal performance can also be significantly extended on the right side of the transfocal function, provided that an appropriate level of defocus is added to a selected combination of higher order aberrations. . Figures 53 and 54 illustrate examples having a relatively constant RIQ (&gt; 0.35) in a range of defocus, in the positive direction of the transfocal function, according to some embodiments. The defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients for these combinations are specified in Tables 9 and 10, respectively.

<td>Combination</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>Right eye</td><td> -0,28</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td>Left eye</td><td> -0,43</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

Table 9 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients of third exemplary embodiments for a monocular design of lenses intended for presbyopia (Effective addition of 1.5D in the positive direction of the transfocal curve)

<td>Combination</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>Right eye</td><td> -0,43</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td>Left eye</td><td> -0,86</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

Table 10 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients of fourth exemplary embodiments for a monocular design of lenses for presbyopia (Effective addition of 2.5D in the positive direction of the transfocal curve)

10. Design for peripheral field

In some embodiments, when selecting a combination of HOA to form a power profile, the weight assigned to peripheral vision may be increased. This may for example be the case when the recipient practices certain sports in which peripheral vision is important.

Figure 55 illustrates a graph of the RIQ (again the Strehl Visual Report), for three different power profiles which substantially equalize the RIQ on the horizontal visual field, in accordance with some embodiments. RIQ measurements were obtained for a 5 mm pupil. The defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients for each power profile are shown in Table 11.

<td>Iteration</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>A3 iteration</td><td> -1,506</td><td> 0,111</td><td> -0,040</td><td> -0,015</td><td> 0,007</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,011</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,003</td><td> 0,017</td>

<td>A4 iteration</td><td> -1,504</td><td> 0,114</td><td> -0,037</td><td> -0,013</td><td> 0,009</td><td> 0,027</td><td> 0,013</td><td> -0,024</td><td> -0,002</td><td> 0,016</td>

<td>A5 iteration</td><td> -1,501</td><td> 0,117</td><td> -0,034</td><td> -0,010</td><td> 0,012</td><td> 0,029</td><td> 0,014</td><td> -0,023</td><td> -0,002</td><td> 0,015</td>

Table 11 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients of three exemplary embodiments for substantially constant RIQ over extended horizontal field angles

Iterations A3 (Figure 56), A4 (Figure 57), and A5 (Figure 58) produced an on-axis RIQ of approximately 0.5 from zero to 30 degrees of field angle (assuming horizontal symmetry, c ' (i.e. 60 degrees in total on both nasal and temporal fields), according to some embodiments. The axial RIQ is also about 0.5, that is, lower than certain other embodiments where degradation of the RIQ below 0.5 as the field angle increases is allowed.

Therefore, in some embodiments, a compromise can be found between on-axis RIQ and RIQ at high field angles. For example, we can allow the RIQ to drop to 0.2 to 30 degrees of field of view (but to remain at 0.5 or more for 20 degrees of field of view and less), to allow HOA selection that increases on-axis RIQ beyond those shown in Figure 55. Peripheral vision power profile designs can be selected for a lens designed to achieve a slope of the RIQ (providing a stimulus leading to retard or promote eye growth in accordance with the explanation for emmetropization by optical feedback mechanism), or corrections / lenses intended for presbyopia (emmetropia, myopia or hyperopia) or for other eyes. In some embodiments, the high field angles are one or more of the following: 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees, or 40 degrees of visual field. Other suitable high field angles may also be used in certain applications.

11. Selecting a positive and negative phase

For the particular recipient of a lens, device and / or method disclosed herein, a selection can be made between two power profiles of opposite phases. In this context, the term 'opposite phase' identifies power profiles that have identical, or substantially identical, sets of specific combinations of higher order aberrations on a desired pupil, although their signs are opposite. to one another. Figures 59 and 60 illustrate power profile iterations E1 and E2, which are examples of power profiles having opposite phases, in accordance with some embodiments. Table 12 shows the amplitudes and signs of the higher order spherical aberration terms for the E1 and E2 iterations.

The opposite phase lenses described here can lead to the same, or substantially the same RIQ on the peak axis. The transfocal RIQ performance of these phase profile pairs can be mirror images, or substantially mirror images, each of each other along the Y axis (i.e. say offset from each other by defocus), as shown in Figure 61. However, this result would be obtained if the intrinsic high order aberration profile were negligible (such as a first order spherical aberration in the range of -0.02 µm to 0.02 µm on a pupil of 5. mm).

<td>Iteration</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>El iteration</td><td> -2,015</td><td> -0,102</td><td> 0,021</td><td> 0,019</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,010</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,006</td><td> 0,016</td><td> -0,003</td>

<td>Iteration E2</td><td> -1,573</td><td> 0,102</td><td> -0,021</td><td> -0,019</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,010</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,006</td><td> -0,016</td><td> 0,003</td>

Table 12 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients of two exemplary embodiments having opposite phases (mirror images of power profiles along the X axis).

Interactions between the intrinsic aberration profiles of candidate eyes and a selected phase profile can have either a) improved or b) degraded effect on objective and / or subjective optical and / or visual performance. As the TFRIQ depends on the intrinsic aberration profile, a selected phase profile may for example be useful to modify the slope of the TFRIQ in the direction which may promote the process of emmetropization for myopic or hyperopic eyes; or alternatively, the same or similar phase profile can be used to alleviate presbyopic conditions in other candidate eyes.

Figures 62 and 63 illustrate how the TFRIQs of opposite phase profiles depend on the intrinsic ocular aberration of the candidate eye (in this example, the positive spherical aberration), in accordance with certain embodiments. Certain embodiments disclosed herein consist in providing lenses of identical or substantially identical design, but of opposite phase and allowing the recipient to select the preferred phase. The selection process may be done through an objective assessment of TLRIQ's performance metric and / or may be a purely subjective preference through visually guided testing.

12. Identification and selection of combinations

As described here for certain embodiments, it is possible to obtain a desirable on-axis RIQ in far vision and an appropriate transfocal RIQ which would provide better visual performance for far, intermediate and near vergences by choosing an appropriate combination of HOA. This combination of higher order aberrations may contain a correction for the intrinsic aberration profile of the test candidate. Annex A to this document lists 78 combinations of higher order spherical aberration coefficients that provide both a usefully high RIQ and an option to achieve an extended transfocal RIQ in the negative direction (left side). A combination which does not exhibit any spherical aberration of any order has also been presented in Annex A for comparison. Annex B presents the values ​​of TFRIQ for the combinations listed in Annex A. Calculations were made for a pupil size of 4mm, but the approach, or method, can be extended to other suitable and / or desired pupil sizes as needed or desired. By way of example, the method can be used with a pupil size lying in one or more of the following ranges: 1.5 to 8 mm, 2 to 8 mm, 2.5 to 8 mm, 3 to 7 mm, 3 to 8 mm and 3.5 to 7 mm. As an example, the method can be used with pupil sizes of approximately 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6 , 5, 7, 7.5 or 8 mm.

The TLRIQ measurements of the 78 combinations of aberrations are shown in Figure 64, with the black line representing the symmetrical RIQ that resulted from a combination not exhibiting higher order aberrations, the lines lighter (i.e. (i.e. gray lines) representing improved performance in the negative direction of the TLRIQ function for the 78 combinations involving higher order spherical aberration terms.

From Figure 64, several observations can be made. The 78 profiles with higher order spherical aberration terms provide extended transfocal performance in the negative direction, especially when an appropriate selection of a negative power is made to shift the traced transfocal profile to a negative defocus (left) . The 78 profiles include a range over which the RIQ is 0.1 or greater than at least 2 diopters. Several of the 78 profiles include a range over which the RIQ is 0.1 or greater than at least 2.25 diopters. The 78 profiles include an RIQ (Monochromatic Visual Strehl Ratio) which peaks above 0.35. Many of the profiles include an RIQ that peaks above the thresholds of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 and some combinations result in a peak that is above the 0.8 mark.

The spherical aberration terms vary in combinations, from one (example: combination 77) to nine. In other embodiments, even higher orders of the spherical aberration terms can be added, to create additional combinations.

Combination 77 shown in Annex A illustrates that by selecting a particular level of first order spherical aberration, the aberration profile can be used to advantage for a presbyopic eye. Reference will be made to US Pat. No. 6045568 for myopia. On the other hand, according to some embodiments, a stimulus leading to retard growth on the axis of the eye according to the explanation of emmetropization by optical feedback is obtained if the retina is located on the negative side of the graph. shown in Fig. 65 (i.e. the focal length of the lens is longer than the eye). In other words, the aberration profile generally includes a C (2.0) term having additional negative power in addition to the amount required to correct for myopia.

Appendix C lists 67 other combinations of higher order coefficients which provide both a usefully high RIQ and an option for obtaining extended TFRIQ in the positive direction (right side of Figure 66). A combination which does not exhibit any spherical aberration of any kind has also been presented in Annex C for comparison. Annex D illustrates the values ​​of TFRIQ for the combinations listed in Annex C. Again, calculations have been made for a 4mm pupil size, but the approach, or methods, can be extended to other appropriate or desired pupil sizes as needed or desired.

The TFRIQ measurements of the 67 combinations of aberrations are shown in Figure 66, with the black line representing the symmetrical RIQ that resulted from a combination not exhibiting higher order aberrations, the light lines (i.e. ie gray) representing the improved performance in the positive direction of the TFRIQ function, for the 67 combinations that involved higher order spherical aberration terms.

From Figure 66, several observations can be made. The 67 profiles with higher order spherical aberration terms provide extended transfocal performance in the positive direction, especially when an appropriate selection of a negative power is made to shift the traced transfocal profile to a negative defocus (left) . The 67 profiles include a range over which the RIQ is 0.1 or greater or greater than 2.5D. Figure 67 illustrates an exemplary flowchart for identifying a power profile for application to a presbyopic eye, in accordance with certain embodiments.

13. Spherical aberration and astigmatism

Iterations B1, B2 and B3 have been described here for emmetropic presbyopia. When considering astigmatic presbyopia, at least two different procedures can be adopted. A first correction method is implemented by considering the astigmatic refractive error as an equivalent sphere. According to this method, the equivalent spherical prescription is deduced by dividing the cylindrical / astigmatic power by two (S = -C / 2). This is a very common approach often considered to act on low to moderate levels of astigmatism, for example up to -1.5D. Once the equivalent sphere has been obtained, iterations identical, or substantially identical to those described here, such as for example B1, B2 or B3, can be used as an effective prescription, once the defocus term has been adjusted. to adapt it to the spherical equivalent.

A second method considers the preparation of an O-ring prescription for both astigmatism and presbyopia. Figure 68 illustrates an exemplary embodiment which includes an toric power profile for treating both astigmatism and presbyopia. In this case, the prescription is made to correct an individual who has an astigmatic correction from -ID to 90 and requires additional power to enable near vision. As can be seen in the figure, the difference between the horizontal and vertical meridians is -ID, this amplitude being adjusted to correct astigmatism in the above case; although the combination of higher order spherical aberrations is aimed at alleviating presbyopic conditions. Other suitable methods may also be used or incorporated into some of the embodiments described.

14. Implementation

Aberration profiles of the types described herein can be implemented in a number of lenses, ocular devices and / or methods.

For example, contact lenses (rigid or soft), comean onlays, comean inlays, and lenses intended for intraocular devices (both anterior and posterior chambers) may include the combined aberration profiles. evoked. Techniques for designing lenses and achieving a power profile are known and will not be described in detail here.

Aberration profiles can be applied to spectacle lenses. However, as the aberration profiles require alignment of the eye with the center of the optic providing the aberration profile, then an advantage can only arise for a particular direction of gaze. Recently, electroactive lenses have been proposed which can follow the direction of the gaze and modify the refractive properties of the lenses in response. Through the use of electroactive lenses, the aberration profile can move with the eye, thereby increasing the utility of the aberration profiles described for spectacle lenses.

The aberration profile can be applied to a lens which is an intraocular lens. In some embodiments, the intraocular lens can include haptic systems that provide accommodation. In other embodiments, the lens can have a fixed focal length. The aberration profile can be applied to a complementary endocapsular lens.

In some applications, one or more of the described aberration profiles can be applied to an eye via computer-assisted surgical procedures and / or methods of modifying the power and / or the aberration profile of the eye. 'eye. For example, implants, laser sculpture, laser ablation, thermokeratoplasty, lens sculpture are used for this purpose. Examples of such procedures include radial keratotomy (KR), photorefractive keratotomy (KPR), thermokeratoplasty, conductive keratoplasty, laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK), assisted in-situ epi-keratomileusis. by laser (LASEK) and / or extraction of the transparent lens. For example, refractive surgery or corneal ablation can be used to form a selected aberration profile. The desired power profile or the desired variation in corneal shape and / or power is substantially determined, or is determined, and is inputted to the laser system for application to the patient's eye. Interventions can also be used to input a desired profile and / or aberration profile to the lens itself either by implantation or by laser ablation and / or laser sculpting in order to achieve a desired result. This includes, but is not limited to, currently existing systems, including wavefront guided femtosecond lasers.

When the aberration profiles are to be included in a lens, then the aberration profile can first be translated into a lens thickness profile for input to a computer aided manufacturing system. Considering for example the DI lens power profile shown in Fig. 69, which is a combination of Zemike higher order spherical aberration terms, this is converted to an axial thickness profile, or surface, for a contact lens, taking into account the refractive index of the contact lens material (in this case, the refractive index of the contact lens material is 1.42). An example of a thickness profile is shown in Fig. 70. In some embodiments, the characteristics of the power or thickness profiles can either be applied to the front or back surface or to a combination of the two, taking into account refractive indices of the lens and cornea. Once one or more of the following parameters, i.e. thickness profile, power profile, back surface shape, diameter and refractive index of the material has been determined, one or more of parameters are input to a computer-aided lathe, or other manufacturing system to produce the contact lens. Similar approaches can be taken for other lenses and optical systems, such as, for example, intraocular lenses, anterior and / or posterior chamber lenses, comean implants, refractive surgery, or combinations thereof.

The aberration profile can be selected and identified as a lens customized for an individual. The aberration profile design process may include measuring the wavefront aberration of the eye and designing an aberration profile to obtain a transfocal RIQ profile described herein. The design process includes identifying the spherical aberration in the natural eye and designing an aberration profile for the lens, device and / or process which in association with the spherical aberration of the natural eye. eye, provides a required or desired RIQ profile. As described herein, the required or desired RIQ profile may differ depending on the lens application - as different requirements may apply, for example, between a person with progressive myopia and a person with presbyopia. In some embodiments, other aberrations of the eye, for example astigmatism, coma, or trefoil, are ignored. In other embodiments, these are taken into account. For example, as described herein, the presence of astigmatism affects the combinations of aberrations that provide transfocal RIQ inhibiting the growth of the eye in accordance with the explanation of emmetropization by optical feedback. In other embodiments, these aberrations are incorporated into the design. For example, in producing a lens design, one can produce a base lens which corrects for defocus and corrects one or more of astigmatism, coma, and trefoil. In addition to this basic profile is applied a spherical aberration profile designed to obtain (in the sense of use as an objective design) the profiles described here. The spherical aberration profile can be selected using a trial-and-error approach, or by iterative convergence, for example by identifying a candidate profile, calculating the transfocal RIQ and evaluating whether the transfocal RIQ has an acceptable profile. According to another approach, the outlier profiles can be designed for the mean, expected expectation, population median, or other statistical or metric representations. One approach to designing lenses that match the mean, expected value, population median, or other statistical or metric representations, is to standardize, or customize, or adapt, or optimize the design for a size. pupil.

In some embodiments, the description of the aberration profiles, the first derivatives of the power profiles, the second derivatives of the power profiles, a Fourier transform of the power profiles, the power profiles and the power profiles. images of power profiles and / or other matched or appropriate measurements of one or more optical characteristics or one or more performance metrics for lenses, of devices and / or methods has been provided to some extent by way of explanation or mathematical calculation. This makes it possible to a certain extent to guarantee the accuracy of the calculations and / or the description of the aberration profiles, the first derivatives of the power profiles, the second derivatives of the power profiles, the Fourier transformation of the power profiles, power profiles and image profiles of the power profiles for the lenses. However, in certain applications, the lenses, devices and / or methods may optionally have an accuracy which is comparable or of an order of magnitude identical to, or deduced from, that of mathematical calculations. By way of example, the tolerances and inaccuracies appearing during manufacture can possibly lead to variations in the lens profile. In some embodiments, the power profile and / or the aberration profile of a lens can be approximately measured using, for example, a wavefront aberrometer. From this an approximate measurement of the transfocal RIQ can be determined; for example, using the Visual Strehl Report. In some embodiments, the power profile and / or the aberration profile of a lens can be characterized using, for example, appropriate instruments and / or techniques such as, for example, Hartman-Shack aberrometry, tracing. rays, lens power mapping, focometry, interferometry, phase contrast, ptchyography, eddy systems, or combinations thereof. From these characterizations one or more of the following: aberration profiles, first derivatives of power profiles, second derivatives of power profiles, Fourier transformation of power profiles, power profiles and image profiles of power profiles and / or other suitable or appropriate measures of one or more optical characteristics or of one or more performance metrics, can be measured, deduced or otherwise determined.

Aberration profiles can be implemented in a number of lenses, devices, and / or methods, in accordance with some embodiments. For example, the lens can be characterized by testing the lens on an eye model obtained by ray tracing or physics with a focal length equal to or substantially equal to the focal length of the lens. The lens aberration profile, including higher order aberration profiles, that can result in an image on the retina can be quantified using one or more of the disclosed RIQ metrics. In some embodiments, the eye model may have no or substantially no aberrations. In some embodiments, the RIQ metric may be the Visual Strehl Ratio. In other embodiments, the pupil size can be selected from one or more of the following ranges: 2 to 8mm, 2 to 7mm, 2 to 6mm, 3 to 6mm, 3 to 5mm, 4 to 6 mm or 5 to 7 mm. In certain other embodiments, the spatial frequency ranges can be selected from one of the following: 0 to 30 cycles / degrees, 0 to 60 cycles / degrees, or 0 to 45 cycles / degrees. In other embodiments, the wavelength selected for the calculations of one or more RIQ metrics can be selected from one or more of the following: 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, 420 nm to 760 nm inclusive , 500 nm to 720 nm inclusive or 420 nm to 590 nm inclusive. In some embodiments, the RIQ can be measured on an on-axis eye model. In other applications an off-axis eye model can be used to obtain other variations of the RIQ such as the global RIQ. The transfocal RIQ can be calculated on the eye model using spherical lenses on the front of the eye model.

Certain embodiments disclosed herein relate to vision correction methods in which a lens of one or more disclosed embodiments is prescribed in accordance with one or more of target refractive powers, of an appropriate power profile, and the lens is placed on one eye to achieve visual performance of the eye which falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, the visual performance of the lens being at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a properly prescribed single vision lens for far vision. Certain embodiments disclosed herein relate to vision correction methods in which a lens of one or more disclosed embodiments is prescribed in accordance with one or more of the target refractive powers, of an appropriate power profile, and the lens is placed on an eye to improve the visual performance of the eye. In some applications, one or more methods disclosed herein can be used to correct the vision of the eye according to certain embodiments, the eye being one or more of the following: nearsighted, hyperopic, emmetropic, regular astigmatic, irregular astigmatic, optically aberrant, presbyopic, non-presbyopic.

Certain embodiments may be used in methods of correcting the vision of a pair of eyes, where one or both eyes are subject to optical aberrations and have at least one higher order aberration. Certain embodiments may be used in methods of correcting binocular vision, wherein two lenses of one or more embodiments disclosed herein are prescribed in accordance with first and second target refractive powers, first and second lens profiles. power are selected, and the two lenses attached to a pair of eyes improve the visual performance of the two eyes combined as compared to separate individual eyes. In some methods disclosed herein, the first target refractive power is different from the second target refractive power.

Some embodiments provide methods of correcting binocular vision, in which the first target refractive power is selected to improve visual performance at a visual distance that is at least one of the following: far, intermediate, near ; and the second target refractive power is selected to improve visual performance at a visual distance which is at least one of the following: far, intermediate, near; the visual distance at which the visual performance for which the first target refractive power is selected being different from the visual distance giving the visual performance for which the second target refractive power is selected. In some applications, one or more methods disclosed herein can be used to correct the vision of the eye according to certain embodiments, the eye being one or more of the following: nearsighted, hyperopic, emmetropic, regular astigmatic, irregular astigmatic, optically aberrant, presbyopic, non-presbyopic.

Some embodiments relate to methods of manufacturing lenses, the lenses being configured or designed in accordance with a reference eye, the lens characteristics that are configured being selected from one or more of the following: focal length, lens power. refraction, power profile, number of spherical aberration terms, amplitude of spherical aberration terms; wherein the reference eye is selected from one or more of the following: an individual eye, both eyes of an individual person, the statistical representation of eyes from a sample of an affected population, a model of computation of an eye and / or a computational model of eyes of an affected population.

Some embodiments relate to one or more methods of surgically correcting vision to improve visual performance. By way of example, a method of surgical correction may include the following steps: (1) calculating one or more target changes in the optical properties, power and / or physical structure of an eye; the target modifications comprising: at least one desired refractive power and at least one suitable power profile; at least one aberration profile, the at least one aberration profile consisting of at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term; and visual performance spanning substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision, wherein the visual performance of the eye covering substantially continuous visual distances is substantially equivalent to the visual performance of an eye wearing a unifocal lens correctly prescribed for far vision; (2) inputting desired modifications to an ophthalmic surgery system; and (3) applying the desired changes to the eye with the ophthalmic surgery system. In some applications, the visual performance of the eye is further characterized by minimal or absent ghost images at near, intermediate and far viewing distances. In some applications, the vision performance of the correctly prescribed single vision lens provides the eye with visual acuity which is the best corrected visual acuity. In some applications, the best corrected visual acuity is visual acuity which cannot be significantly improved by further manipulation of the power of the correctly prescribed single vision lens. In some applications, the at least one aberration profile includes two or more spherical aberration terms and a defocus term.

Some embodiments relate to one or more methods of surgical vision correction for improving visual performance. By way of example, a vision correction method comprises the following steps: (1) calculating one or more target changes of an eye; modifications providing the eye with: at least one optical characteristic; the at least one optical characteristic comprising at least one aberration profile; the at least one aberration profile comprising at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term; and visual performance for intermediate and far vision that is substantially equivalent to or better than that of the eye fitted with a single vision lens properly prescribed for far vision; wherein when tested using a defined visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units, the visual performance of the eye for near vision is within two units of the visual performance of the eye with a unifocal lens correctly prescribed for far vision; (2) inputting desired modifications to an ophthalmic surgery system; and (3) applying the target changes to the eye using the ophthalmic surgery system. In some applications, the visual performance additionally provides near-minimal ghost images to the vision of the eye at both near and far viewing distances. In some applications, substantially equivalent or better visual performance is determined at least in part by a visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units.

Some embodiments relate to one or more methods of surgical vision correction for improving visual performance. By way of example, vision correction methods may include the following steps: (1) calculating one or more target changes of an eye; modifications providing the eye with: at least one optical characteristic; the at least one optical characteristic comprising at least one aberration profile; the at least one aberration profile comprising at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term; and visual performance at two or more of the following distances: near, intermediate and far vision distances, i.e. substantially equivalent to or greater than those of the eye fitted with a single vision lens properly prescribed for distance vision; and wherein the visual performance is further characterized by minimum ghost images for the vision of the eye at least for the far vision; (2) inputting desired modifications to an ophthalmic surgery system; and (3) applying the desired changes to the eye using the ophthalmic surgery system. In some applications, the minimum ghost images score less than or equal to 2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6, or 1.4 on the visual ghost rating scale of 1 to 10 units.

Some embodiments relate to one or more surgical vision correction devices and / or systems for improving visual performance. By way of example, a device and / or a system for correcting the vision of an eye may comprise: (1) an input module; (2) a calculation module; and (3) a delivery module; the input module being configured to receive an input relating to the vision correction of the eye; the calculation module being configured to calculate one or more target changes of the eye; the modifications providing the eye with: at least one target refractive power and at least one suitable power profile; at least one aberration profile, the at least one aberration profile consisting of at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term; and visual performance covering substantially continuous visual distances, including near, intermediate and far vision, wherein the visual performance of the eye covering substantially continuous visual distances is substantially equivalent to the visual performance of an eye wearing a correctly prescribed single vision lens for far vision; and the delivery module uses the calculated target changes of the eye, calculated by the calculation module to deliver the target changes to the eye. In some applications, the visual performance of the eye is further characterized by minimal or absent ghost images at near, intermediate and far viewing distances. In some applications, the correctly prescribed single vision lens provides the eye with visual acuity which is the best corrected visual acuity. In some applications, the best corrected visual acuity is visual acuity which cannot be significantly improved by further manipulation of the power of the properly prescribed single vision lens. In some applications, the at least one aberration profile includes two or more spherical aberration terms and a defocus term. In some applications, the delivery module can be an ophthalmic refractive surgical system such as a femtosecond laser.

Some embodiments relate to one or more surgical vision correction devices and / or systems for improving visual performance. By way of example, a device and / or a system for correcting the vision of an eye may comprise: (1) an input module; (2) a calculation module; and (3) a delivery module; the input module being configured to receive an input relating to the vision correction of the eye; the calculation module being configured to calculate one or more target changes of the eye; modifications providing the eye with: at least one optical characteristic; the at least one optical characteristic comprising at least one aberration profile; the at least one aberration profile comprising at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term; and visual performance for intermediate and far vision that is substantially equivalent to or better than that of the eye provided with a single vision lens properly prescribed for far vision; and when tested using a defined visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units, the visual performance of the eye at near vision distances is within two units of the visual performance of the eye with a single vision lens. correctly prescribed for far vision; the delivery module using target changes to the eye calculated by the compute module to deliver the desired changes to the eye. In some applications, the visual performance further produces in the vision of the eye minimal ghost images at near and far viewing distances. In some applications, substantially equivalent or better visual performance is substantially determined at least in part by a visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units. In some applications, the delivery module is an ophthalmic refractive surgical system such as a femtosecond laser.

Some embodiments relate to one or more surgical vision correction devices and / or systems for improving visual performance. By way of example, a device and / or a system for correcting the vision of an eye may comprise: (1) an input module; (2) a calculation module; and (3) a delivery module; the input module being configured to receive an input relating to the vision correction of the eye; the calculation module being configured to calculate one or more target changes of the eye; modifications providing the eye with: at least one optical characteristic; the at least one optical characteristic comprising at least one aberration profile; the at least one aberration profile comprising at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term; and visual performance at two or more of the following distances: near, intermediate and far vision distances, i.e. substantially equivalent to or greater than those of the eye fitted with a single vision lens properly prescribed for vision from afar ; and wherein the visual performance is characterized by minimum ghost images for the vision of the eye at least for the far vision; and the delivery module using the calculated target changes of the eye, calculated by the calculation module to provide the desired changes to the eye. In some applications, minimum ghost images are rated at or below 2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6, or 1.4 on the visual ghost rating scale from 1 to 10 units. In some applications, the delivery module is an ophthalmic refractive surgical system such as a femtosecond laser.

In some embodiments, the lens is configured to provide vision substantially equivalent to, or better than, distance vision corrected by a lens correctly prescribed for refractive error for a distance spanning a dioptric range of 0D to 2. , 5D or infinity at 40 cm with minimal ghost images for emmetropic, myopic, hyperopic and astigmatic. In some applications, the lenses substantially correct the distance refractive error; the lens being configured to allow the slowing of myopia without the loss of vision which is usually associated with multifocal contact lenses and providing excellent vision over the entire visual field for example, from 30 degrees of nasal field to 30 degrees of temporal field and also allowing the provision of lenses which provide a retinal image quality of 0.4 or better for a focal length either chosen or averaged over focal lengths of infinity to 40 cm with an average retinal image quality of 0.3. These lenses, when optimizing retinal image quality, provide exceptionally sharp high contrast images at selected distances; the lens providing exceptional image quality and visual performance with minimal ghosting over the full range of dioptric distances from infinity to near vision for refractive error correction, presbyopia treatment and control against myopia; when tested using a defined global visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units, the multifocal lens is configured so that the overall visual performance of the multifocal lens is substantially equivalent to or better than that of a properly prescribed unifocal lens for far vision.

15. Examples of sets of lens designs that are substantially independent of the intrinsic spherical aberration of the eye

Interactions between the intrinsic aberration profiles of candidate eyes and those of a selected combination of a set of designs may have a) enhanced effect; b) a degraded effect; or c) no significant effect on objective and / or subjective optical and / or visual performance. The present invention provides embodiments relating to the choice between a positive and / or negative phase of a particular combination of aberration profiles in order to be able to achieve a particular goal for the candidate eye. The particular aim may for example be to modify the slope of the transfocal RIQ in a direction which would promote the process of emmetropization for myopic or hyperopic eyes; or alternatively a similar approach or methods can be used to alleviate presbyopic conditions in other candidate eyes.

Some embodiments relate to a lens, device, and / or method that enables the design of lenses that when applied to a candidate eye can produce visual performance that is substantially independent of the aberration profile of that candidate eye. . By substantially independent, in certain applications, is meant the fact that one can design lenses which provide acceptable and / or similar performance on a plurality of candidate eyes which are part of the representative sample of the target populations. In some applications, methods for obtaining a target TFRIQ include using a nonlinear unconstrained optimization routine and one or more other variables. The variables selected for the nonlinear unconstrained optimization routine may include a selected group of Zernike spherical aberration coefficients, from C (2, 0) to C (20, 0) and one or more others. variables. The other variables can for example be the aberration profiles of a representative sample of the target population. Lenses can be designed by selecting an optimization routine to evaluate a transfocal RIQ which may include: a) a target TFRIQ; b) a target TFRIQ between predefined bounds; or c) a combination of a) and b). Iteration G1 (Figure 71) is an example of a lens design whose visual performance is independent of the intrinsic aberration profile of the candidate eye. Table 13 provides the defocus term and the rest of combinations of the spherical aberration terms, shown in the Zernike coefficients C (2.0) to C (20.0), which represents the design example for an area optic or pupil diameter of 4 and 5 mm.

<td>Gl iteration</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>At 4 mm</td><td> 0,442</td><td> -0,103</td><td> -0,081</td><td> 0,032</td><td> 0,056</td><td> -0,017</td><td> -0,023</td><td> 0,010</td><td> 0,004</td><td> -0,002</td>

<td>At 5 mm</td><td> 0,558</td><td> -0,096</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,017</td><td> -0,086</td><td> -0,027</td><td> 0,053</td><td> -0,005</td><td> -0,017</td><td> 0,017</td>

<td>At 6 mm</td><td> 0,470</td><td> -0,241</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,046</td><td> 0,043</td><td> 0,057</td><td> -0,056</td><td> -0,053</td><td> 0,051</td><td> 0,006</td>

Table 13 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients, for an optical zone diameter of 4, 5 and 6 mm, of an exemplary embodiment whose performance is substantially independent of the intrinsic spherical aberration of l candidate eye for pupil diameters of at least 4 and 5 mm from the candidate eye.

16. Examples of sets of designs as intraocular lenses

Aberration profiles can be used in intraocular lens applications, according to some embodiments. By way of example, the aberration profile, and / or the power profile, can be translated into an intraocular lens surface profile, using one or more of the following parameters: thickness profile, power, aberration profile, front surface, back surface, diameter, and / or refractive index of the material. The surface profile is then supplied to a computer-assisted type or other type of manufacturing process to produce the intraocular lens. The produced intraocular lens is configured at least in part based on the surface profile and / or the generated surface profiles. The lens power profile (Iteration J1) shown in Figure 74 is a combination of Zemike higher order spherical aberration terms. The power profile can be converted to an axial thickness profile (Fig. 75) for an intraocular lens, taking into account the refractive index of the material of the intraocular lens, according to some embodiments. In this case, the refractive index of the intraocular lens material is 1.475. Table 14 provides the defocus term and other combinations of the spherical aberration terms, shown in the Zemike coefficients C (2,0) to C (20,0), which represent an example of the design of a intraocular lens (figure 74) for an optical zone diameter of 4 and 5 mm.

<td colspan="11">Iteration J1</td>

<td>Zone size optical or pupil</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (1.6.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>At 4 mm</td><td> 12,060</td><td> -0,120</td><td> -0,085</td><td> 0,033</td><td> 0,058</td><td> -0,018</td><td> -0,023</td><td> 0,012</td><td> 0,005</td><td> -0,003</td>

<td>At 5 mm</td><td> 18,666</td><td> -0,129</td><td> 0,040</td><td> 0,018</td><td> -0,089</td><td> -0,026</td><td> 0,056</td><td> -0,006</td><td> -0,019</td><td> 0,017</td>

Table 14 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients, for an optical zone diameter or pupil size of 4 and 5 mm, for one of the exemplary embodiments of an intraocular lens design that provides an improvement in the optical and / or visual transfocal performance of the candidate eye.

17. Descriptors for power profiles using a Fourier transform

Fourier transform-type methods can be used to characterize the power profiles of certain embodiments, especially for certain bifocal or multifocal designs. By way of example, Figure 76 plots the power profiles for a number of commercially available bifocal and multifocal lenses. Figure 77 plots power profiles for a number of bifocal or multifocal lenses according to embodiments. Figure 78 plots the Fourier transform of the power profiles for the commercially available bifocal and multifocal lenses of Figure 76. Figure 79 plots Fourier transforms of the power profiles of Figure 77. In both figures 78 and 79, the horizontal axis represents the spatial frequency in cycles per millimeter (cyc / mm) and the vertical axis represents the normalized absolute amplitude spectrum obtained from the fast Fourier transform of the profiles of power. In these figures, by normalized, is meant a rescaling of each amplitude spectrum such that the maximum value of the absolute amplitude spectrum is reset to a scale of 1. For example, the normalized absolute amplitude spectrum can be obtained by dividing the absolute amplitude spectrum by the maximum value of the absolute amplitude spectrum.

A comparison of Figures 78 and 79 illustrates the differentiation between some embodiments and commercial plotted lenses, given that their normalized absolute magnitude from the Fourier transform of their power profiles has a normalized absolute magnitude greater than 0.2 to one or more spatial frequencies equal to or greater than 1.25 cycles per millimeter. Unlike the embodiments illustrated in Figures 77 and 79, none of the currently commercially available lenses has a normalized absolute amplitude greater than 0.2 at one or more spatial frequencies equal to or greater than 1.25 cycles per millimeter. Certain embodiments, such as for example lenses, bifocal lenses, and / or multifocal lenses can be characterized using the Fourier transform. By way of example, certain embodiments relate to a lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces; the lens being characterized by a power profile whose normalized absolute amplitude of the Fourier transform of the power profile is greater than 0.2 at one or more spatial frequencies equal to or greater than 1.25 cycles per millimeter. In some applications, the lens is configured with a power profile whose normalized absolute amplitude of the Fourier transform of the power profile is greater than 0.2 at one or more spatial frequencies equal to or greater than 1.25 cycles per millimeter .

18. Power profile descriptors using first derivatives or rate of change of power

First derivative-based methods can be used to characterize the power profiles of certain embodiments, especially for certain bifocal or multifocal designs. By way of example, Figure 76 plots the power profiles for a number of commercially available bifocal and multifocal lenses. Figure 77 plots power profiles for a number of multifocal lenses in accordance with embodiments. Figure 80 plots the first derivative of power profiles for the commercially available bifocal and multifocal lenses of Figure 76. Figure 81 plots the first derivative of power profiles of Figure 77. In both Figures 80 and 81, the horizontal axis represents the half-chord of the diameter of the optical zone and the vertical axis represents the absolute first derivative of the power profiles.

A comparison of Figures 80 and 81 illustrates the differentiation between certain embodiments and the plotted commercial lenses, where it is seen that the absolute first derivative of the power profiles of the illustrated embodiments has at least 5 peaks whose amplitude absolute is greater than 0.025 with units of ID by 0.01 mm. Unlike the embodiments shown in Figures 80 and 81, none of the currently commercially available lenses have at least 5 peaks. ⁶⁸ exhibiting an absolute first derivative greater than 0.025 with units of ID by 0.01 mm.

Some embodiments, such as lenses, bifocal lenses, and / or multifocal lenses, for example, can be characterized using the first derivative or the rate of change of power. By way of example, certain embodiments relate to a lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces; the lens exhibiting a power profile, the power profile is characterized in such a way that the absolute value of a first derivative of the power profile has at least 5 peaks whose absolute amplitude is greater than 0.025 with units of ID by 0.01 mm along its half-chord. In some applications, the at least one power profile is characterized such that the absolute value of a first derivative of the power profile has at least 5 peaks whose absolute amplitude is greater than 0.025 with units of ID by 0.01 mm along its half-chord.

19. Power profile descriptors using aperiodic functions

Certain embodiments of the present invention use one or more power profiles which can be characterized by aperiodic functions over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens. Some embodiments relate to lenses that are configured such that the at least one power profile is aperiodic over a significant portion of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens. In general, an aperiodic function is defined as being a function which is not periodic. A periodic function is a function that repeats or duplicates its values ​​at regular intervals, often referred to as periods. For example, the trigonometric functions (that is to say the sine, cosine, secant, cosecant, tangent and cotangent functions) are periodic since their values ​​are repeated over intervals of 2π radians. A periodic function can also be defined as a function whose graphical representation has translational symmetry. A function F (x) is said to be periodic with period P (where P is a non-zero constant), if it meets the following condition: F (x + P) = F (x).

20. Power profile descriptors using non-monotonic functions

Certain embodiments of the present invention use one or more power profiles which can be characterized by non-monotonic functions over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens. Some embodiments relate to lenses that are configured such that the at least one power profile is non-monotonic over a significant portion of the optical region of a half chord of the lens. Generally, a 'monotonic' or 'monotonic' function is a function which is substantially non-increasing or substantially non-decreasing. A function F (x) is said to be non-increasing over an interval I of real numbers if: F (b) &lt;= F (a) for all b&gt; a; where a, b are real numbers and are a subset of I; A function F (x) is said to be non-decreasing over an interval I of real numbers if: F (b)&gt; = F (a) for all b&gt; a; where a, b are real numbers and are a subset of I.

21. Power profile descriptors using non-monotonic and aperiodic functions

Certain embodiments of the present invention use one or more power profiles which can be characterized by non-monotonic and aperiodic functions over a significant part of the optical zone of a half-chord of the lens. Some embodiments relate to lenses that are configured such that the at least one power profile is non-monotonic and aperiodic over a significant portion of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens. In general, some functions can be both non-monotonic and aperiodic. These functions simultaneously have the properties of non-monotonic and aperiodic functions, as described here.

Some embodiments, such as lenses, bifocal lenses, and / or multifocal lenses, for example, can be characterized using aperiodic functions, non-monotonic functions, or combinations thereof. A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces; the lens having at least one power profile, the power profile being characterized by a function which is non-monotonic, aperiodic or combinations thereof on a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens. In some applications, the lens is configured to have a power profile that is non-monotonic, aperiodic, or combinations thereof over a significant portion of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens.

22. Clinical performance of certain exemplary embodiments compared to commercially available single-vision, bifocal and multifocal soft contact lenses.

In the following experimental clinical study, the performance of four exemplary embodiments described here (manufactured as soft contact lenses) were compared to seven commercial lenses comprising a single vision product, a bifocal product and five multifocal products. details of which are provided in Table 15 below. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Bellberry, South Australia.

Experimental objective:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the visual performance of four multifocal soft contact lenses, according to certain embodiments, and six commercial bifocal and multifocal lens designs.

Study design:

The study design was a prospective bilateral port crossover clinical trial in which participants were masked, with a minimum overnight washout period between lens evaluations. The lens wear time was up to 2 hours.

Selection of participants:

Participants were admitted to the study if they met the following criteria:

a) Be able to read and understand English and provide confirmed informed consent by signing an informed consent package.

b) Be at least 18 years old, male or female.

c) Agree to abide by the protocol for wearing and visiting the clinical trial in accordance with the instructions of the investigator.

d) Have an eye health assessment within normal limits that does not prevent the participant from safely wearing contact lenses.

e) Be able to be corrected to at least 6/6 (20/20) or better in each eye by single vision contact lenses.

f) Have a minimum astigmatism correction of -1.5 D or less.

g) To have or not to have the habit of wearing contact lenses.

Participants were excluded from the study if they had one or more of the following conditions:

a) Irritation, injury or pre-existing eye condition (including infection or disease) of the cornea, conjunctiva or eyelids which may prevent contact lens insertion and safe wearing of contact lenses.

b) Systemic disease adversely affecting eye health eg diabetes, Graves disease and autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Note: Conditions such as systemic hypertension and arthritis may not automatically exclude potential participants.

c) The use or need for simultaneous eye treatments of category S3 and above during recruitment and / or during the clinical trial.

d) The use or need for a systemic drug and / or topical drugs which may alter normal eye tests and / or known to alter a participant's ocular health and / or physiology or the performance of contact lenses whether unfavorably or beneficially during recruitment and / or during the clinical trial.

e) NB: Systemic antihistamines are permitted on an as needed basis, provided they are not used prophylactically during the test and at least 24 hours before the clinical test product is used.

f) Eye surgery less than 12 weeks immediately prior to enrollment for this trial.

g) Previous refractive surgery of the cornea.

h) Contraindications to wearing contact lenses.

i) Known allergy or intolerance to the ingredients of the products in the clinical trial.

j) The investigators excluded people they believed might not be able to meet the requirements of the clinical trial.

<td>Lens code</td><td>Contact lenses (Marketed in Australia under the brand)</td><td>Maker</td><td>Material</td><td>Mode of use in this test</td><td>Power (D)</td><td>Diameter (mm)</td><td>Base curve (mm)</td>

<td>Lens A</td><td>AirOptix® Aqua Unifocal</td><td>Alcon (USA)</td><td>Lotrafilcon B / Unifocal</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>HOOD at-10.00</td><td> 14,2</td><td> 8,60</td>

<td>Lens B</td><td>Air Optix® Aqua bifocal</td><td>CIBA VISION (USA)</td><td>Lotrafilcon B</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 6.00D to -1.00D ADD low / medium / high</td><td> 14,2</td><td> 8,6</td>

<td>C lens</td><td>ACUVUE® multifocal</td><td>J&amp;J (USA)</td><td>Etafilcon A</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 6.00D to -9.00D ADD + 1.50 / + 2.50D</td><td> 14,2</td><td> 8,5</td>

<td>Lens D</td><td>Prodear® Design multi-distance focal</td><td>Cooper Vision (USA)</td><td>Omafilcon AT/ Design aspherical multifocal</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 4.00D to -10.00D ADD up / down</td><td> 14,4</td><td> 8,5-8,7</td>

<td>E lens</td><td>Prodear® Multifocal near vision design</td><td>Cooper Vision (USA)</td><td>Omafilcon AT/ Design aspherical multifocal</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 4.00D to -10.00D ADD up / down</td><td> 14,4</td><td> 8,5-8,7</td>

<td>Lens F</td><td>PureVision® multifocal</td><td>Bausch &amp; Lomb (USA)</td><td>Balafilcon AT</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 6.00D to -10.00D ADD up / down</td><td> 14,0</td><td> 8,6</td>

<td>G lens</td><td>CLARITI® 1 Day multifocal</td><td>Sauflon (UK)</td><td>Filcon il multifocal</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 5.00D to -6.00 ADD low / high</td><td> 14,1</td><td> 8,60</td>

<td>H lens</td><td>Prototype 1</td><td>Made by the lathe maker under</td><td>Hioxifilcon A / B / D (Benz,</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 4.00D to -10.00D</td><td> 13,5-14,5</td><td> 8,1-87</td>

<td></td><td></td><td>AND</td><td>USA)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Lens 1</td><td>Prototype 2</td><td>Manufactured by the lathe manufacturer under AND</td><td>Hioxifilcon A / B / D (Benz, USA)</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 4.00D to -10.00D</td><td> 13,5-14,5</td><td> 8,1-8,7</td>

<td>--J lens</td><td>Prototype 3</td><td>Manufactured by the lathe manufacturer under AND</td><td>Hioxifilcon A / B / D (Benz, USA)</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 4.00D to -10.00D</td><td> 13,5-14,5</td><td>A-&gt;, 7</td>

<td>K lens</td><td>Prototype 4</td><td>Manufactured by the lathe manufacturer under AND</td><td>Hioxifilcon A / B / D (Benz, USA)</td><td>Daily wear</td><td>+ 4.00D to -10.00D</td><td> 13,5-14,5</td><td> 8,1-8,7</td>

Table 15 List of lenses used in the clinical study

Processes:

For each fitting consultation, lenses were placed bilaterally. After allowing the lenses to stabilize, the performance of the lenses was evaluated, which included:

at. Visual acuity

i. Logarithmic MAR scale graphs were used to obtain measurements for far vision under bright light conditions ii. High contrast visual acuity at 6 meters iii. Low contrast visual acuity at 6 meters iv. Differential Sensitivity Using a PelliRobson graph equivalent at 6 meters, the text was kept constant at a letter size of 6/12 while reducing the contrast logarithmically.

v. A Hanks near vision point graph was used to measure visual acuity at 70cm (intermediate vision) and 50cm (near vision) under bright light conditions. Since the Hanks near vision point plot was designed for use at a near vision distance of 40cm, visual acuity equivalents for 50cm were calculated. Visual acuity equivalents for 70 cm. Intermediate and near visual acuity results were converted to log MAR vi equivalent. Cumulative results were obtained by averaging the three results.

Subjective response questionnaire

1. Quality of far, intermediate and near vision on a visual analog scale of 1 to 10.

2. Scoring of far and near ghost images on an analog ghost scale from 1 to 10.

3. Overall rating of vision performance on a visual analog scale from 1 to 10.

Figures 82 to 106 illustrate the subjective and objective results obtained for the clinical study. Other exemplary embodiments are as follows:

Al A lens intended for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an aberration profile around its optical axis, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), the aberration profile providing here, for an eye model having no aberrations, or having substantially no aberration, and a length on axis equal or substantially equal to the focal distance:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3 in which the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 6mm, within a range of 3mm to 6mm. spatial frequency range from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A2 A lens intended for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an aberration profile around its optical axis, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), the aberration profile providing here, for an eye model having no aberrations and having a length on axis equal to the focal distance:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3 in which the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 6mm, within a range of 3mm to 6mm. spatial frequency range from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A3 A lens intended for an eye, the lens having an optical axis, a focal length and being characterized by:

an aberration profile in the vicinity of the optical axis of the lens, the aberration profile:

comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), the aberration profile providing here, for an eye model having no aberrations, or having substantially no aberration, and having a length on axis equal or substantially equal to the focal distance:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3 in which the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 6mm, within a range of 3mm to 6mm. spatial frequency range from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A3.1 A lens for an eye, the lens having at least one optical axis and at least one optical profile substantially around the at least one optical axis, the optical profile:

having at least one focal length; and comprising one or more higher order aberrations, wherein the profile provides, for an eye model having substantially no aberration, an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the desired focal length;

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

wherein the RIQ is measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a range of spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A3.2 A lens intended for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an aberration profile around its optical axis, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), the aberration profile providing here, for an eye model having no aberrations, or having substantially no aberration, and having a length on axis equal or substantially equal to the focal distance:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3 in which the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 6mm, within a range of 3mm to 6mm. spatial frequency range from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A3.4 A lens intended for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an aberration profile about its optical axis, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), the aberration profile providing here, for an eye model having no aberrations and having a length on axis equal to the focal distance:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3 in which the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 6mm, within a range of 3mm to 6mm. spatial frequency range from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A3.5 A lens intended for an eye, the lens having an optical axis, a focal length and being characterized by:

an aberration profile in the vicinity of the optical axis of the lens, the aberration profile:

comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), the aberration profile providing here, for an eye model having no aberrations, or having substantially no aberration, and having a length on axis equal or substantially equal to the focal distance:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3 in which the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 6mm, within a range of 3mm to 6mm. spatial frequency range from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A3.6 A lens for an eye, the lens having at least one optical axis and at least one optical profile substantially around the at least one optical axis, the optical profile:

having at least one focal length; and comprising one or more higher order aberrations, wherein the profile provides, for an eye model having substantially no aberration, an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the desired focal length;

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

wherein the RIQ is measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a range of spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A4 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the focal length is a prescription focal length for a myopic eye and in which the focal length differs from the focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient C (2.0) of the aberration profile.

A4.1 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the focal length is a prescription focal length for a hyperopic eye and in which the focal length differs from the focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient C (2.0 ) of the aberration profile.

A5 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A6 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least four spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A7 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A8 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least six spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A9 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least seven spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A10 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the amplitude of the included higher order aberrations is at least 0.01 µm over a pupil diameter of 4 mm, 5 mm or 6 mm

Garlic The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the amplitude of the included higher order aberrations is at least 0.02 µm over a pupil diameter of 4 mm, 5 mm or 6 mm

A12 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the amplitude of the included higher order aberrations is at least 0.03 µm over a pupil diameter of 4 mm, 5 mm or 6 mm

A13 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the amplitude of the included higher order aberrations is at least 0.04 µm over a pupil diameter of 4 mm, 5 mm or 6 mm

A14 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the amplitude of the included higher order aberrations is at least 0.05 µm over a pupil diameter of 4 mm, 5 mm or 6 mm

A15 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a growing direction of the eye.

A15.1 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in the direction of growth of the eye.

Al6 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in the direction of growth of the eye.

Al7 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in the direction of growth of the eye.

A1 8 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range of 3mm to 6 mm.

A19 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a significant portion of pupil diameters in the range of 4mm to 5 mm.

A20 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in the direction of growth of the eye when first order astigmatism is added to the profile d 'aberration.

A20.1 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which improves in the direction of growth of the eye when first order astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.

A21 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in the direction of growth of the eye when second order astigmatism is added to the profile d 'aberration.

A2 L1 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which improves in the direction of growth of the eye when second order astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.

A22 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the RIQ is, or is characterized by:

~ Jji ^ B) where:

Fmin is equal to 0 cycles / degree and Fmax is equal to 30 cycles / degree; CSF (x, y) represents the differential sensitivity function (7577 /) = 2.6 (0.0192 + 0.1 Mfje ^^0,114^'¹’¹, where f denotes the spatial frequency tested, in the range of F_mm to F_miU ;

FT represents a fast 2D Fourier transform;

Α (ρ, θ) represents the pupil diameter;

W (p, Q) represents the phase of the wavefront of the typical case, measured for i = 1 to 20;

fc

<img file="FR2989179B3_D0001.tif" />

Wdiff (p, Θ) represents the phase of the wavefront of the diffraction-limited case;

p and Θ are normalized polar coordinates, where p represents the radial coordinate and 0 represents the angular coordinate or azimuth; and λ represents the wavelength.

A22 A lens comprising an optical axis and an aberration profile around the optical axis which provides:

a focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0);

a peak Visual Strehl Ratio ('first Visual Strehl Ratio') in a transfocal range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio remaining at or above a second Strehl Ratio

Visual in the transfocal range which includes said focal length, wherein the Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least a diameter of pupil lying in the range of 3 mm to 5 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range of 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and wherein the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, and the transfocal range is at least 1.8 diopters.

A23 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.4.

A24 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.5.

A25 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.6.

A26 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.7.

A27 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.8.

A27.1 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 or 0.2.

A27.2 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the transfocal range is at least

1.8 diopters.

A28 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the transfocal range is at least

1.9 diopters.

A29 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the transfocal range is at least 2 diopters.

A30 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the transfocal range is at least 2.1 diopters.

A31 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the transfocal range is at least 2.25 diopters.

A32 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the transfocal range is at least 2.5 diopters.

A33 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the lens has a prescription focal length within 0.75 diopters of one end of the transfocal range.

A34 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the lens has a prescription focal length within 0.5 diopters of one end of the transfocal range.

A3 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the lens has a prescription focal length within 0.3 diopters of one end of the transfocal range.

A36 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the lens has a prescription focal length within 0.25 diopters of one end of the transfocal range.

A3 7 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the end of the transfocal range is the negative power end.

A3 8 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the end of the transfocal range is the positive power end.

A3 9 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the Visual Strehl Ratio remains greater than or equal to the second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range and in a range of pupil diameters of at least 1 mm.

A40 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the Visual Strehl Ratio remains greater than or equal to the second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range and in a range of pupil diameters of at least 1.5 mm.

A41 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the Visual Strehl Ratio remains greater than or equal to the second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range and in a range of pupil diameters of at least 2 mm.

A42 The lens of one or more examples A, wherein the combination of higher order aberrations comprises at least one of a first order spherical aberration and a second order spherical aberration.

A43 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A44 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A45 The lens of one or more Examples A, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A46 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the aberration profile is substantially described using only the Zemike coefficients of spherical aberration C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A47 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the RIQ, for each angle of view, over a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 ° is at least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4.

A48 The lens of one or more Examples A, in which the RIQ, for each angle of view, over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° is at least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4.

A49 The lens of one or more examples A, in which the RIQ, for each angle of view, over a horizontal field of at least -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4.

A50 A method for a presbyopic eye, the method comprising identifying at least one wavefront aberration profile for the eye, the at least one waveform aberration profile comprising at minus a spherical aberration term, wherein the prescription focal length of the lens is determined taking into account said at least one spherical aberration and wherein the prescription focal length of the lens is at least +0.25 D from a defined focal length for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0) of at least one wavefront aberration and producing one or more of the following: a device, a lens and a comean profile for the eye for modifying said at least one wavefront aberration profile.

A51 A method for a myopic or emmetropic eye, the method comprising forming an aberration for the eye and applying or prescribing the aberration profile, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for the eye:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

wherein said RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 6mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A52 A method for a hyperopic eye, the method comprising forming an aberration for the eye and applying or prescribing the aberration profile, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for the eye:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

wherein said RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 6mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

A53 The method of one or more Examples A, wherein applying or prescribing the aberration profile comprises providing a lens, the lens having an aberration profile comprising at least two selected spherical aberration terms in the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A54 The method of one or more Examples A, wherein applying or prescribing the aberration profile comprises providing a lens, the lens having an aberration profile comprising at least three selected spherical aberration terms in the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A55 The method of one or more Examples A, wherein applying or prescribing the aberration profile comprises providing a lens, the lens having an aberration profile comprising at least five selected spherical aberration terms in the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

A56 A method for a myopic eye, the method comprising identifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eye and applying or prescribing the aberration profile, the aberration profile of wave front comprising at least one spherical aberration term, wherein the prescription focal length of the lens is determined taking into account said spherical aberration and wherein the prescription focal length is at least +0.1 D with respect to a focal length defined for a coefficient term of Zemike C (2, 0) of the wavefront aberration profile and wherein the wavefront aberration profile provides retinal image quality degrading in the direction posterior to the retina.

A57 A method for a hyperopic eye, the method comprising identifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eye and applying or prescribing the aberration profile, the aberration profile of wave front comprising at least one spherical aberration term, wherein the prescription focal length of the lens is determined taking into account said spherical aberration and wherein the prescription focal length is at least +0.1 D with respect to a focal length defined for a coefficient term of Zemike C (2, 0) of the wavefront aberration profile and in which the wavefront aberration profile provides an improvement in retinal image quality in the direction posterior to the retina.

A58 The method of one or more examples A, in which the prescription focal length is at least +0.1 D relative to a focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0) of the profile wavefront aberration.

A59 A method for a hyperopic eye, the method comprising identifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eye and applying or prescribing the aberration profile, the aberration profile of wave front comprising at least one spherical aberration term, wherein the prescription focal length of the lens is determined taking into account said spherical aberration and wherein at the prescription focal length the wavefront aberration profile provides improved retinal image quality in the range. direction posterior to the retina.

B1.1 A multifocal lens comprising:

an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consisting of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term; and the multifocal lens is configured to provide visual performance that falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly prescribed single vision lens at far vision distance.

B1.2 A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consisting of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term; and wherein the multifocal lens is configured to provide visual performance that falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at its best. less substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly prescribed single vision lens at far vision distance.

B 1.1 A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term; and the multifocal lens is configured to provide visual performance spanning substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of 'a correctly prescribed single vision lens at far vision distance.

B 1.2.1 A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and at least one aberration term; and the multifocal lens is configured to provide visual performance that falls within a range of visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the lens is at least equivalent to the visual performance of a single vision lens at far vision distance.

B 1.2.2 A multifocal lens comprising:

an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

wherein the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and at least one aberration term; and wherein the multifocal lens is configured to provide visual performance which falls within a range of visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the lens is at least equivalent to visual performance of a single vision lens at far vision distance.

B. 1.3 A multifocal lens comprising:

an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term, at least one spherical aberration term and at least one asymmetric term; and⁸⁶ the multifocal lens is configured to provide visual performance that falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly prescribed single vision lens at far vision distance.

B. 1.4 A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term; and the multifocal lens is configured to provide visual performance that falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly prescribed single vision lens at far vision distance.

Bl .5 A multifocal lens for the correction of presbyopia comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term, at least one spherical aberration term and at least one asymmetric aberration term; and the multifocal lens is configured to provide visual performance for a presbyopic condition which falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens are at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly prescribed single vision lens at far vision distance.

Bl .6 A multifocal lens for the correction of presbyopia comprising: an optical axis;

combinations of one or more zones having different focal powers; and the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured to provide visual performance for a presbyopic eye which falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a properly prescribed single vision lens at the far vision distance.

B2. A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are characterized at least in part by at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term; and the multifocal lens provides visual performance that falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of 'a single vision lens prescribed at far vision distance.

B3. A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term; and the multifocal lens provides visual performance that falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of 'a single vision lens prescribed in one or more parts of the far vision range.

B4. A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis of the lens;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term; and the multifocal lens provides visual performance that falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a properly prescribed single vision lens in one or more parts of the far vision distance.

B.5. A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens being characterized at least in part on the basis of an aberration profile associated with the optical axis of the lens;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term; and the multifocal lens provides visual performance that falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a Single vision lens effectively prescribed at one or more far visual distances.

B.6. A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the optical properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis of the lens;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and at least one aberration term; and the multifocal lens provides visual performance that falls within a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances, and the visual performance of the multifocal lens is substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a lens unifocal actually prescribed at the far vision distance.

B.7. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the unifocal lens is one or more of the following: prescribed, appropriately prescribed, correctly prescribed and actually prescribed.

B.7.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over a significant part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

B.7.2 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a constant power over part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

B.8. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over a part of one or more optical zones of the unifocal lens.

B.9. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the multifocal lens is used for a presbyopic eye.

B. 10. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the lens is configured for a presbyopic eye.

B.ll. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the lens is configured to optically correct or substantially correct presbyopia.

B. 12. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the lens is configured to attenuate or substantially alleviate the optical consequences of presbyopia.

B. 13. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the lens is configured to transform or substantially transform a presbyopic state into a non-presbyopic state.

B. 14. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the multifocal lens is used to at least correct a presbyopic eye condition and which when used provides an appropriate correction to adjust the vision of the eye. user to substantially normal non-presbyopic vision.

B. 14.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the normal vision is 6/6 or better.

B. 15. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the multifocal lens is further characterized by minimal ghost images, substantially absent or absent at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

B. 15.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the multifocal lens is further characterized by minimal ghost images, substantially absent or absent at near vision distances, intermediate vision distances and vision distances from afar.

B.15.1.1 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the multifocal lens is further configured to obtain minimum ghost images, noticeably absent or absent at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

B. 15.1.2 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the minimum ghost images consist in the absence of an appearance of an undesirable second order image in the image plane of the optical system.

B. 15.1.3 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the minimum ghost images consist of the absence of the appearance of an undesirable second order image on the retina of the eye.

B. 15.1.4 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the minimum ghost images consist of the absence of an unwanted double image appearing on the retina of the eye.

B. 15.1.5 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the minimum ghost images consist of the absence of a false defocused image appearing along the side of the first order image in an optical system.

B. 15.2 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the multifocal lens is further configured to obtain a sufficient absence of ghost images in a part of the near, intermediate and far vision distances.

B. 15.2.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the multifocal lens is further configured to obtain a sufficient absence of ghost images at near vision distances, intermediate vision distances and at distances of far vision.

B. 15.3 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the multifocal lens is further configured to obtain a sufficient absence of ghost images in part of two or more of the following distances: near vision distances, intermediaries and from afar.

B. 15.3.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the absence of ghost images consists of the absence of an undesirable image appearing in the image plane of the optical system.

B. 15.2.2 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the absence of ghost images consists of the absence of false defocused images appearing along the side of the first order image in an optical system .

B. 15.3.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the multifocal lens is further configured to obtain a sufficient absence of ghost images in a part of two or more of the following distances: near vision distances , intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances.

B. 15.4 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the multifocal lens is further configured to achieve an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the range of intermediate vision distances and an RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47 or 0.5 in the range of far vision distances.

B. 15.5 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the multifocal lens is further configured to achieve two or more of the following: an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17 , 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37, or 0.4 in the range of intermediate viewing distances and an RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47 or 0.5 in the range of viewing distances of far.

B.15.6 The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, in which the RIQs are selected from the near, intermediate and far viewing distance ranges so that the multifocal lens is configured to provide minimum ghost images or absent at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

B. 16. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the multifocal lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce ghosting at near, intermediate and far viewing distances.

B. 16.1 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the multifocal lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce ghosting at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances .

B. 16.1.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the near vision distance is the range 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more.

B. 16.2 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the near vision distance is the range 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object over which focusing is done.

B. 16.3 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the near vision distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more.

B. 16.4 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which focusing is effected.

B. 16.5 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the near vision distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity.

B. 16.6 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which the focusing is effected.

B. 17. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the multifocal lens is configured to minimize or reduce ghosting at near, intermediate and far viewing distances when used on one eye.

B. 17.1 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the multifocal lens is configured to minimize or reduce ghosting at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances when is used on one eye.

B. 18. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous.

B. 19. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes from 40 cm to optical infinity.

B.20. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is from 33 cm to optical infinity.

B.20.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the lens is configured such that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals assigned to the Near-viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances, and far-viewing distances perceive minimal or no ghosting at near-viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances, and far-viewing distances.

B.21 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the lens is configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals assigned to the Intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances perceive minimal or no ghosting at intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances.

B.22. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the unifocal lens provides the user with visual acuity equal to one or more of the following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least 20 / 40, at least about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about 20/40, for distance vision.

B.23. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and at least two, two or more, three, three or more, four, four or more, five, five or more, six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more, nine, nine or more, ten, or ten terms of spherical aberration or more.

B.24. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine , or at least ten spherical aberration terms.

B.25. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and spherical aberration terms between C (4.0) and C (6, 0), C (4.0) and C (8.0), C (4.0) and C (10.0), C (4.0) and C (12.0), C (4.0 ) and C (14.0), C (4.0) and C (16.0), C (4.0) and C (18.0), or C (4.0) and C (20.0 ).

B.26. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the unifocal lens provides visual acuity which is the best corrected visual acuity.

B.27. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the best corrected visual acuity is visual acuity which cannot be significantly improved by further manipulation of the power of the unifocal lens.

B.28. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the lens has two optical surfaces.

B.29. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the at least one aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.

B.30. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the lens has a focal length.

B.31. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, wherein the at least one aberration profile comprises higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4, 0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0).

B.32. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and a length on axis equal to the focal length:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

B.32.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and a length on axis equal to the focal length:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

B.33. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the lens has an optical axis and an aberration profile around its optical axis, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and having an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the focal length:

an RIQ having a transfocal slope that degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

B.33.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the lens has an optical axis and an aberration profile around its optical axis, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and having an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the focal length:

an RIQ having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

B.34. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the focal length is a prescription focal length for a myopic, hyperopic, astigmatic, and / or presbyopic eye and in which the focal length differs from the focal length defined for a coefficient of Zemike C (2.0) of the aberration profile.

B.35. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

B.36. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

B.37. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the higher order aberrations comprise at least five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

B.38. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

B.38.1 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° improves in a growing direction of the eye.

B.39. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

B.39.1 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° improves in a growing direction of the eye.

B.40. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the slope, for a notable part of the angles of view, on a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of l 'eye.

B.41. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the significant part of the field angles, on a horizontal field; is at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the angles of view.

B .42. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the notable part of the angles of view, over a horizontal field, is each angle of view.

B.43. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of l 'eye.

B.44. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the notable part of the angles of view, on a vertical field, is each angle.

B.45. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the significant part of the angles of view, over a vertical field, is at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the angles of view.

B.46. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a significant portion of pupil diameters ranging from 3mm to 6 mm.

B.47. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a significant portion of pupil diameters ranging from 4mm to 5mm. mm.

B.48. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when first order or second order astigmatism is observed. added to the aberration profile.

B.48.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which improves in a direction of growth of the eye when first order astigmatism or second order is added to the aberration profile.

B.48.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which first order or second order astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by modifying one or more of the following terms: C (2, -2 ), C (2.2), C (4, -2), C (4.2), C (6, -2), and / or C (6.2).

B.49. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when second order astigmatism is added to the profile d 'aberration.

B.49.1 The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which second order astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by modifying one or more of the following terms: C (2, -2), C ( 2.2), C (4, -2), C (4.2), C (6, -2), and / or C (6.2).

B.50. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the RIQ is characterized by where:

Fmin is equal to 0 cycles / degree and Fmax is equal to 30 cycles / degree;

CSF (x, y) represents the differential sensitivity function 09 / (/) = 2.6 (0.0192 + 0.114f) e ' _oqydégigHç)_at spatial frequency tested, in the range of F_min at ;

FT represents a fast 2D Fourier transform;

Α (ρ, θ) represents the pupil diameter;

W (p, 6) represents the phase of the wavefront of the typical case, measured for i = 1 at 20

Wdiff (p, Θ) represents the phase of the wavefront of the diffraction-limited case;

p and Θ are normalized polar coordinates, where p represents the radial coordinate and Θ represents the angular coordinate or the azimuth; and λ represents the wavelength.

B.51. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the multifocal lens comprises an optical axis and an aberration profile along the optical axis which provides:

a focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0);

a peak Visual Strehl Ratio ('first Visual Strehl Ratio') in a transfocal range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio remaining at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range which includes said focal length, wherein the Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter ranging from 3mm to 5 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range of 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and in which the Visual Strehl First Ratio is at least 0.35 , the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the transfocal range is at least 1.8 diopters.

B.51.1 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the multifocal lens comprises an optical axis and an aberration profile along the optical axis which provides:

a focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0);

a peak Visual Strehl Ratio ('first Visual Strehl Ratio') in a transfocal range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio remaining at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range which includes said focal length, wherein the Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for an eye model having no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 5mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range of 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and in which the Visual Strehl First Ratio is at least 0.35 , the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the transfocal range is at least 1.8 diopters.

B-52. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0, 8.

B.53. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 or 0.2.

B.54. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the transfocal range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.25 or 2.5 diopters.

B.55. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which the lens has a prescription focal length of less than 0.75, 0.5, 0.3, or 0.25 diopters inclusive, from one end of the transfocal range.

B.56. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the end of the transfocal range is the negative power end.

B.57. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the end of the transfocal range is the positive power end.

B.58. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the Visual Strehl Ratio remains greater than or equal to the second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range and in a range of pupil diameters of at least 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, or 3 mm.

B.59. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the combination of higher order aberrations comprises at least one of a first order spherical aberration and a second order spherical aberration.

B.60. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two, three, or five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0) .

B.61. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the aberration profile is substantially characterized by using only Zemike coefficients of spherical aberration C (4.0) to C (20.0) .

B.62. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.4.

100

B.63. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.35.

B.64. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.3.

B.65. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the lens is one or more of the following: a contact lens, comean onlays, comean inlays, an anterior chamber intraocular lens, or a posterior chamber intraocular lens .

B.66. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein the lens is one of the following: a contact lens, eomean onlays, comean inlays, an anterior chamber intraocular lens or a posterior chamber intraocular lens.

B.67. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, wherein a first multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of Examples B and a second multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of Examples B to form a pair of lenses.

B.68. The multifocal lens of one or more examples B, wherein the first multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of the examples B and a second lens is provided to form a pair of lenses.

B.69. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples B, in which a pair of multifocal lenses is provided for use by an individual to substantially correct the individual's vision.

B. 70. A process for making or using one or more of the multifocal lenses of one or more Examples B.

C. l. A lens comprising:

an optical axis;

at least two optical surfaces;

wherein the lens is configured to provide visual performance, on a presbyopic eye, substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a unifocal lens on the prepresbyte eye; and wherein the lens has an aperture size greater than 1.5mm.

101

C.2. A lens comprising: an optical axis;

at least two optical surfaces;

wherein the lens is configured to provide visual performance, on a presbyopic eye, substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a properly prescribed unifocal lens on the pre-presbyopic eye; and wherein the lens has an aperture size greater than 1.5mm.

C.3. A lens comprising:

an optical axis;

at least two optical surfaces;

wherein the lens is configured to provide visual performance, for a presbyopic condition, substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a properly prescribed single vision lens for a pre-presbyopic condition; and wherein the lens has an aperture size greater than 1.5mm.

C.4. A lens comprising:

an optical axis;

at least two optical surfaces;

wherein the lens is configured to provide visual performance, on a presbyopic eye, substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a single vision lens actually prescribed on the pre-presbyopic eye; and wherein the lens has an aperture size greater than 1.5mm.

C.5. The lens of one or more of Examples C, wherein the lens is configured at least in part based on at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term; and the lens is configured to provide visual performance, over a range of substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances.

C.5.1 The lens of one or more of the examples C, in which

102 the lens is configured to provide visual performance spanning substantially continuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances.

C.5.1.1 The lens of one or more of Examples C, in which the lens is configured to provide visual performance covering visual distances including near vision distances, intermediate vision distances, and vision distances from afar.

C.5.2 The lens of one or more of Examples C, in which the lens is configured to provide visual performance, over a range of visual distances including near, intermediate and far vision distances.

C.5.3 The lens of one or more of Examples C, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of the defocus term, the at least one spherical aberration term and at least one term asymmetric higher-order aberration.

C.5.4 The lens of one or more of Examples C, wherein the lens is characterized in part by the at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis of the lens.

C.6. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the unifocal lens is one of the following: prescribed, correctly prescribed, suitably prescribed, suitably prescribed or actually prescribed.

C.7. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the lens is one or more of the following: a contact lens, comean onlays, comean inlays, an intraocular contact lens, an intraocular lens, an intraocular lens of anterior chamber and a posterior chamber intraocular lens.

C.8. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the lens is one of the following: a contact lens, comean onlays, comean inlays, an intraocular contact lens, an intraocular lens, an anterior chamber intraocular lens or a posterior chamber intraocular lens.

C.9 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over a significant part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

C.9.1 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a constant power over part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

103

C.10. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over one or more parts of the optical zone of the unifocal lens.

C. 11 The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a constant power over one or more parts of the optical zone of the unifocal lens.

C.12. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the lens is configured to optically correct or alleviate presbyopia.

C.13. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the lens is configured to transform or substantially transform a presbyopic state into a non-presbyopic state.

C.14. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the lens is used to at least correct a presbyopic eye condition and which, when used, provides the best available adaptation to adjust the user's vision towards a substantially normal vision.

C.15. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the lens is further characterized by minimal or absent ghost images at near, intermediate and far viewing distances.

C.15.1 The lens of one or more examples C, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve minimum or no ghost images at near, intermediate and far viewing distances.

C.15.2 The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images in a significant part of the near, intermediate and far vision distances.

C.15.3 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the lens is further configured to obtain a sufficient absence of ghost images in a significant part of two or more of the following distances: near vision distances, intermediate and by far.

C.15.3.1 The lens of one or more examples C, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images at two or more of the following distances: near, intermediate and near vision distances. far.

C.15.4 The lens of one or more examples C, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 or 0 , 2 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.3, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38 or 0.4 in the range of intermediate vision distances and an RIQ of at least 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 in the range of far vision distances.

104

C.15.5 The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve two or more of the following: an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.14 , 0.16, 0.18 or 0.2 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.3, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38 or 0, 4 in the range of intermediate viewing distances and an RIQ of at least 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 in the range of far viewing distances.

C.l5.6 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the RIQs are selected from the near, intermediate and far viewing distance ranges so that the lens is configured to provide minimum ghost images or absent at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

C.l6. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce ghosting at near, intermediate, and far viewing distances.

C.l6.1 The lens of one or more examples C, wherein the near vision distance is the range 33cm to 50cm or 40cm to 50cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more.

C.l6.2 The lens of one or more examples C, wherein the near vision distance is the range 33cm to 50cm or 40cm to 50cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object over which focusing is done.

C.16.3 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more.

C.l6.4 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the near vision distance is the range of 40cm to 50cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which focusing is effected.

C.l6.5 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the near vision distance is the range of 40cm to 50cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity.

105

C.16.6 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity, and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which focusing is effected.

C.17. The lens of one or more examples C, wherein the lens is configured to minimize or reduce ghosting at near, intermediate and far viewing distances when used on the pre-presbyopic eye.

C.17.1 The lens of one or more examples C, in which ghost images are measured when the lens is used on the pre-presbyopic eye.

C.18. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous.

C.19. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes from 40 cm to optical infinity.

C.20. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is 33 cm to optical infinity.

C.21 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the lens is configured such that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals affected in the Near, intermediate and far vision distance ranges perceive minimal or no ghosting at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

C.22 The lens of one or more examples C, in which the lens is configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals affected in the Near, intermediate and far vision distance ranges perceive minimal or no ghosting at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

C.23. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the unifocal lens provides the user with visual acuity equal to one or more of the following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least 20/40 , at least about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about 20/40, in far vision.

C.24. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of the defocus term and the at least two, two or more, three, three or more, four, four or more, five , five or more, six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more, ten, or ten or more spherical aberration terms.

106

C.25. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of the defocus term and the at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or at least ten terms spherical aberration.

C.26. The multifocal lens of one or more examples C, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and spherical aberration terms between C (4.0) and C (6, 0), C (4.0) and C (8.0), C (4.0) and C (10.0), C (4.0) and C (12.0), C (4.0 ) and C (14.0), C (4.0) and C (16.0), C (4.0) and C (18.0), or C (4.0) and C (20.0 ).

C.27. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the best corrected visual acuity is visual acuity which cannot be significantly improved by further manipulation of the power of the single vision lens.

C.28. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the at least one aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.

C.29. The lens of one or more examples C, wherein the at least one aberration profile comprises higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0 ) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0).

C.30. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no aberrations and a length on axis equal to the focal length:

an RIQ having a transfocal slope that degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.30;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

C.31. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no aberrations and having a length on axis equal to the focal distance:

an RIQ having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a range of

107 spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

C.32. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the lens has an optical axis and an aberration profile in the vicinity of the optical axis of the lens, the aberration profile:

having focal length; and comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and the second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), in which the aberration profile provides, for the eye model having no aberrations and having a length on axis equal to the focal distance:

an RIQ having a transfocal slope that degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for the at least one pupil diameter ranging from 3mm to 6mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

C.33. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the focal length is a prescription focal length for a myopic eye and in which the focal length differs from the focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient C (2.0) of the profile aberration.

C.34. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

C.35. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

C.36. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

C.37. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a growing direction of the eye.

108

C.38. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a growing direction of the eye.

C.39. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

C.40. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the significant part of the angles of view, over a horizontal field, is each angle of view.

C.41. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

C.42. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the significant part of the field angles, over a vertical field, is each angle.

C.43. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a significant portion of pupil diameters in the range of 3mm to 6mm .

C.44. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a significant portion of pupil diameters in the range of 4mm to 5mm .

C.45. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when first order astigmatism is added to the profile of aberration.

C.46. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when second order astigmatism is added to the profile of aberration.

C.47. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the RIQ is characterized by^Q j)²))}) ' or : .

Fmin is equal to 0 cycles / degree and Fmax is equal to 30 cycles / degree;

CSF (x, y) represents the differential sensitivity function C5F (/) = 2.6 (0.0192 + 0.114f) e '(o, ii4fri, i, y denotes i_at spatial frequency tested, in the range of F_mm to F_bitch ;

109

FT represents a fast 2D Fourier transform;

Α (ρ, θ) represents the pupil diameter;

W (p, 6) represents the phase of the wavefront of the typical case, measured for i = 1 to 20;

&amp;

lF (p, β) = α, Ζ f-1

Wdifffp, Θ) represents the phase of the wavefront of the diffraction-limited case;

p and Θ are normalized polar coordinates, where p represents the radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or the azimuth; and λ represents the wavelength.

C.48. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the lens comprises the optical axis and the aberration profile around the optical axis which provides:

the focal length for the Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0);

a peak Visual Strehl Ratio ('first Visual Strehl Ratio') in a transfocal range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio remaining at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range which includes focal length, wherein the Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for the eye model having no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 5mm, in the spatial frequency range 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at the wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and in which the Visual Strehl First Ratio is at least 0.35 , the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the transfocal range is at least 1.8 diopters.

C.49. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0.8.

C.49.1 The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 or 0.2.

C.50. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the transfocal range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.25 or 2.5 diopters.

110

C.51. The lens of one or more Examples C, in which the lens has a prescription focal length of less than 0.75, 0.5, 0.3, or 0.25 diopters inclusive, from one end of the transfocal range.

C.52. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the end of the transfocal range is the negative power end.

C.53. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the end of the transfocal range is the positive power end.

C.54. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the Visual Strehl Ratio remains greater than or equal to the second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range and in a range of pupil diameters of at least 1 mm, 1.5 mm or 2 mm.

C.55. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the combination of higher order aberrations comprises at least one of a first order spherical aberration and a second order spherical aberration.

C.56. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two, three, or five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

C.57. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the aberration profile is substantially characterized by using only Zemike coefficients of spherical aberration C (4.0) to C (20.0).

C.58. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.3, 0.35, or 0.4.

C.59. The lens of one or more examples C, in which the RIQ, for each angle over a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.3, 0.35, or 0.4.

C.60. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein a first lens is provided based on one or more of Examples C and a second lens is provided based on one or more of Examples C to form a pair of lentils.

C.61. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein a first lens is provided based on one or more of Examples C and a second lens is provided to form a pair of lenses.

C.62. The lens of one or more Examples C, wherein the pair of lenses is provided for use by an individual to substantially correct the individual's vision.

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Dl. A lens for an eye, the lens having at least one optical axis and at least one optical profile substantially around at least one optical axis, the optical profile comprising:

at least one focal length; and one or more higher order aberrations, in which the optical profile provides:

(i) an eye model having substantially no aberration, and an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the desired focal length;

(ii) retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and (iii) an RIQ of at least 0.3; and wherein the RIQ is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a range of spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

Dl.l A lens intended for an eye, the lens having at least one optical axis and at least one optical profile substantially around at least one optical axis, the optical profile comprising:

at least one focal length; and one or more higher order aberrations, in which the optical profile provides:

(i) an eye model having no aberrations and an on-axis length equal to the desired focal length;

(ii) retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and (iii) an RIQ of at least 0.3; and wherein the RIQ is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a range of spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

D2. A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and at least one optical profile substantially around the optical axis, the optical profile comprising:

at least one focal length; and

112 one or more higher order aberrations, in which the optical profile provides:

(i) an eye model having substantially no aberration, and an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the desired focal length;

(ii) retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and (iii) an RIQ of at least 0.3; and wherein the RIQ is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a range of spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

D.3. A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an aberration profile about the optical axis, the aberration profile comprising:

a focal length; and higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), in which the aberration profile provides:

(i) an eye model having no aberrations, or having substantially no aberration, and an on-axis length equal to the focal length:

(ii) retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and (iii) an RIQ of at least 0.3;

wherein the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

D.4 A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an aberration profile around the optical axis, the aberration profile comprising:

a focal length; and

113 higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), wherein the aberration profile provides:

(i) an eye model having no aberrations and an on-axis length equal to the focal length;

(ii) retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and (iii) an RIQ of at least 0.3;

wherein the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

D5. A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and at least one optical profile substantially around the optical axis, the optical profile comprising:

at least one focal length; and one or more higher order aberrations, in which the optical profile provides:

(iv) an eye model having substantially no aberration, an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the desired focal length;

(v) retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and (vi) an RIQ of at least 0.3; and wherein the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

D.6. A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an aberration profile about the optical axis, the aberration profile comprising:

a focal length; and

114 higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), wherein the aberration profile provides:

(iv) an eye model having no aberrations, or having substantially no aberration, and a length on axis equal to the focal length:

(v) retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and (vi) an RIQ of at least 0.3;

wherein the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

D.6.1 A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and a surface structure, wherein the surface structure is configured to generate an aberration profile around the optical axis, the aberration profile comprising :

a focal length; and higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), in which the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no aberrations, or having substantially no aberration, and a length on axis equal to the focal distance:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

wherein the RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

D.6.2. A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and at least one optical profile substantially around the optical axis, the optical profile comprising:

at least one focal length; and

115 one or more higher order aberrations, wherein the optical profile provides, for an eye model having substantially no aberration, an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the desired focal length;

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

wherein said RIQ is measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil.

D.7. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the unifocal lens is one or more of the following: prescribed, appropriately prescribed, correctly prescribed and actually prescribed.

D.7.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over a significant part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

D.7.2 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a constant power over part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

D.8. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over part of one or more optical zones of the unifocal lens.

D.9. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is used for a presbyopic eye.

D.10. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is configured for a presbyopic eye.

D.ll. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the lens is configured to optically correct or substantially correct presbyopia.

D.12. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is configured to attenuate or substantially alleviate the optical consequences of presbyopia.

D.13. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is configured to transform or substantially transform a presbyopic state into a non-presbyopic state.

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D.14. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the lens is used to at least correct a presbyopic eye condition and which, when used, provides an appropriate correction to adjust the user's vision to a vision. not substantially normal presbyopic.

D.14.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the normal vision is 6/6 or better.

D.15. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is further characterized by minimal ghost images, substantially absent or absent at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

D.15.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is further characterized by minimal ghost images, substantially absent or absent at near vision distances, intermediate vision distances and far vision distances .

D.15.1.1 The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve minimum, noticeably absent, or absent ghost images at near, intermediate and far viewing distances.

D.15.1.2 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of an unwanted second order image occurring in the image plane of the optical system.

D.15.1.3 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of the appearance of an undesirable second order image on the retina of the eye.

D.15.1.4 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of an unwanted double image appearing on the retina of the eye.

D.15.1.5 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of a false defocused image occurring along the side of the first order image in an optical system.

D.15.2 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images in part of the near, intermediate and far vision distances.

D. 15.2.1 The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and viewing distances of far.

D.15.3 The lens of one or more examples D, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images in part of two or more of the following distances: near, intermediate and near vision distances from afar.

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D. 15.3.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the absence of ghost images consists of the absence of an undesirable image appearing in the image plane of the optical system.

D. 15.2.2 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the absence of ghosting is the absence of false defocused images appearing along the side of the first order image in an optical system.

D.15.3.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images in part of two or more of the following distances: near vision distances, distances intermediate vision and far vision distances.

D.15.4 The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0, 25 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the range of intermediate vision distances and a RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47 or 0.5 in the range of far vision distances.

D.15.5 The lens of one or more examples D, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve two or more of the following: an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0 , 2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the range of intermediate viewing distances and an RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47 or 0.5 in the range of far viewing distances.

D.15.6 The lens of one or more D examples, in which the RIQs are selected from the near, intermediate and far viewing distance ranges so that the lens is configured to provide minimal or no ghost images at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

D.16. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce ghosting at near, intermediate, and far viewing distances.

D.16.1 The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce ghosting at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances.

D.16.1.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the near vision distance is the range 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more.

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D.16.2 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the near vision distance is the range 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object over which focusing is done.

D.16.3 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more.

D.16.4 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which focusing is effected.

D.16.5 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity.

D.16.6 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity, and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which focusing is effected.

D.17. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is configured to minimize or reduce ghosting at near, intermediate and far viewing distances when used on one eye.

D.17.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is configured to minimize or reduce ghosting at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances when in use on one eye.

D.18. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous.

D.19. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes from 40 cm to optical infinity.

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D.20. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is 33 cm to optical infinity.

D.20.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is configured so that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals assigned to the distances vision ranges, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances perceive minimal or no ghost images at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances.

D.21 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens is configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals assigned to the distances viewing distances and far viewing distances perceive minimal or no ghost images at intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances.

D.22. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the single vision lens provides the user with visual acuity equal to one or more of the following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least 20/40 , at least about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about 20/40, for distance vision.

D.23. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and at least two, two or more, three, three or more, four, four or plus, five, five or more, six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more, nine, nine or more, ten, or ten terms of spherical aberration or more.

D.24. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or at least ten spherical aberration terms.

D.25. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and spherical aberration terms between C (4.0) and C (6.0 ), C (4.0) and C (8.0), C (4.0) and C (10.0), C (4.0) and C (12.0), C (4.0) and C (14.0), C (4.0) and C (16.0), C (4.0) and C (18.0), or C (4.0) and C (20.0) .

D.26. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the single vision lens provides visual acuity which is the best corrected visual acuity.

D.27. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the best corrected visual acuity is visual acuity which cannot be significantly improved by further manipulation of the power of the single vision lens.

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D.28. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens has two optical surfaces.

D.29. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the at least one aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.

D.30. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens has a focal length.

D.31. The lens of one or more examples D, wherein the at least one aberration profile comprises higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0 ) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0).

D.32. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the focal length is a prescription focal length for a myopic, hyperopic, astigmatic, and / or presbyopic eye and in which the focal length differs from the focal length defined for a coefficient of Zemike C (2.0) of the aberration profile.

D.33. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

D.34. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

D.35. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

D.36. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a growing direction of the eye.

D.37 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of an unwanted second order image occurring in the image plane of the optical system.

D.38 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of the appearance of an undesirable second order image on the retina of the eye.

D.38.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the minimum ghost images consist of the absence of an unwanted double image appearing on the retina of the eye.

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D.38.2 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of a false defocused image occurring along the side of the first order image in an optical system.

D.38.3 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° improves in a growing direction of the eye.

D.39. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a growing direction of the eye.

D.39.1 The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° improves in a growing direction of the eye.

D.40. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

D.41. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the significant part of the angles of view, over a horizontal field, is at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the angles of view.

D.42. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the notable part of the angles of view, over a horizontal field, is each angle of view.

D.43. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

D.44. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the significant part of the field angles, over a vertical field, is each angle.

D.45. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the significant part of the angles of view, over a vertical field, is at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the angles of view.

D.46. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a significant portion of pupil diameters in the range of 3mm to 6mm .

D.47. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a significant portion of pupil diameters in the range of 4mm to 5mm .

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D.48. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when first order or second order astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.

D.48.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which improves in a direction of growth of the eye when first order astigmatism or second order is added to the aberration profile.

D.48.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which first order or second order astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by modifying one or more of the following terms: C (2, -2) , C (2.2), C (4, -2), C (4.2), C (6, -2), and / or C (6.2).

D.49. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when second order astigmatism is added to the profile of aberration.

D.49.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which second order astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by modifying one or more of the following terms: C (2, -2), C (2 , 2), C (4, -2), C (4.2), C (6, -2), and / or C (6.2).

D.50. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the RIQ is characterized by jg ^ CSFCx.yj7 ((FrqF44 (p, 6) where:

Fmin is equal to 0 cycles / degree and Fmax is equal to 30 cycles / degree;

CSF (x, y) represents the differential sensitivity function CSF (f) = 2.6 (0.0192 + 0.114f) e '(o, ii4f)^ATi, i ^ θύ y denote the spatial frequency tested, in the range of F_min at ;

FF represents a fast 2D Fourier transform;

Α (ρ, θ) represents the pupil diameter;

W (p, 6) represents the phase of the wavefront of the typical case, measured for i = 1 at 20

Wdiff (p, Θ) represents the phase of the wavefront of the diffraction-limited case;

p and Θ are normalized polar coordinates, where p represents the radial coordinate and 0 represents the angular coordinate or azimuth; and λ represents the wavelength.

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D.51. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens comprises an optical axis and an aberration profile along the optical axis which provides:

a focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0);

a peak Visual Strehl Ratio ('first Visual Strehl Ratio') in a transfocal range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio remaining at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range which includes said focal length, wherein the Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter ranging from 3mm to 5 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range of 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and in which the Visual Strehl First Ratio is at least 0.35 , the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the transfocal range is at least 1.8 diopters.

D.51.1 The lens of one or more examples D, in which the lens comprises an optical axis and an aberration profile along the optical axis which provides:

a focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0);

a peak Visual Strehl Ratio ('first Visual Strehl Ratio') in a transfocal range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio remaining at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range which includes said focal length, wherein the Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for an eye model having no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 5mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range of 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and in which the Visual Strehl First Ratio is at least 0.35 , the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the transfocal range is at least 1.8 diopters.

D.52. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0.8 .

D.53. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 or 0.2.

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D.54. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the transfocal range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.25 or 2.5 diopters.

D.55. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which the lens has a prescription focal length of less than 0.75, 0.5, 0.3, or 0.25 diopters inclusive, from one end of the transfocal range.

D.56. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the end of the transfocal range is the negative power end.

D.57. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the end of the transfocal range is the positive power end.

D.58. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the Visual Strehl Ratio remains greater than or equal to the second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range and in a range of pupil diameters of at least 1 mm, 1.5 mm , 2mm, 2.5mm, or 3mm.

D.59. The lens of one or more examples D, wherein the combination of higher order aberrations comprises at least one of a first order spherical aberration and a second order spherical aberration.

D.60. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two, three, or five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

D.61. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the aberration profile is substantially characterized by using only Zernike coefficients of spherical aberration C (4.0) to C (20.0).

D.62. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.4.

D.63. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.35.

D.64. The lens of one or more examples D, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.3.

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D.65. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the lens is one or more of the following: a contact lens, comean onlays, comean inlays, an anterior chamber intraocular lens, or a posterior chamber intraocular lens.

D.66. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein the lens is one of the following: a contact lens, comean onlays, comean inlays, an anterior chamber intraocular lens, or a posterior chamber intraocular lens.

D.67. The lens of one or more Examples D, wherein a first lens is provided based on one or more of Examples D and a second lens is provided based on one or more of Examples D to form a pair of lentils.

D.68. The lens of one or more examples D, wherein the first lens is provided based on one or more of the examples D and a second lens is provided to form a pair of lenses.

D.69. The lens of one or more Examples D, in which a pair of lenses is provided for use by an individual to substantially correct the individual's vision.

D.70. A method for making or using one or more of the lenses of one or more examples

D.

E. l A lens intended for one eye, the lens comprising:

an optical axis;

an aberration profile around the optical axis and having a focal length; and at least two optical surfaces; and in which the optical properties of the lens can be characterized during tests by at least the following properties:

two or more of the higher order aberrations having one or more of the following components: a first order spherical aberration C (4.0), a second order spherical aberration C (6.0), a third order spherical aberration C (8.0), a fourth order spherical aberration C (10.0 ), fifth order spherical aberration C (12.0), sixth order spherical aberration C (14.0), seventh order spherical aberration C (16.0), eighth order spherical aberration C (18 , 0) and a ninth order spherical aberration C (20.0);

the aberration profile, when tested on an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and having equal or substantially equal length on axis

126 equal to the focal length, leads to a retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope such that the RIQ decreases in a growing direction of the eye, the RIQ being determined by a Visual Strehl Ratio which is measured substantially along the optical axis; and RIQ is measured for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter ranging from 3mm to 5mm, within a range of 3mm to 5mm. spatial frequency range from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected from the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

E.2 A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis;

an aberration profile around the optical axis and having a focal length; and at least two optical surfaces; and in which the optical properties of the lens can be characterized during tests by at least the following properties:

two or more higher order aberrations having one or more of the following components: a first order spherical aberration C (4.0), a second order spherical aberration C (6.0), a third order spherical aberration C (8.0), a fourth order spherical aberration C (10.0 ), fifth order spherical aberration C (12.0), sixth order spherical aberration C (14.0), seventh order spherical aberration C (16.0), eighth order spherical aberration C (18 , 0) and a ninth order spherical aberration C (20.0);

the aberration profile, when tested on an eye model having no aberrations and having a length on axis equal to the focal length, results in a retinal image quality (RIQ) having a slope transfocal such that the RIQ decreases in a growing direction of the eye, the RIQ being determined by a Visual Strehl Ratio which is measured along the optical axis; and RIQ is measured for an eye model having no aberrations and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 5 mm, in a range spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

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E.3 A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis;

an aberration depth around the optical axis and having a focal length; and at least two optical surfaces; and in which the optical properties of the lens can be characterized during tests by at least the following properties:

two or more higher order aberrations having one or more of the following components: a first order spherical aberration C (4.0), a second order spherical aberration C (6.0), a third order spherical aberration C (8.0), a fourth order spherical aberration C (10.0 ), fifth order spherical aberration C (12.0), sixth order spherical aberration C (14.0), seventh order spherical aberration C (16.0), eighth order spherical aberration C (18 , 0) and a ninth order spherical aberration C (20.0);

the aberration profile, when tested on an eye model having no aberrations and having a length on axis equal to the focal length, results in a retinal image quality (RIQ) having a slope transfocal such that the RIQ grows in a growing direction of the eye, the RIQ being determined by a Visual Strehl Ratio which is measured along the optical axis; and RIQ is measured for an eye model having no aberrations and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 5 mm, in a range spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

E.4 A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis;

an aberration profile around the optical axis and having a focal length; and at least two optical surfaces; and in which the optical properties of the lens can be characterized during tests by at least the following properties:

128 two or more higher order aberrations having one or more of the following components: a first order spherical aberration C (4.0), a second order spherical aberration C (6.0), a third order spherical aberration C (8.0), a fourth order spherical aberration C (10.0 ), fifth order spherical aberration C (12.0), sixth order spherical aberration C (14.0), seventh order spherical aberration C (16.0), eighth order spherical aberration C (18 , 0) and a ninth order spherical aberration C (20.0);

the aberration profile, when tested on an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and having a length on axis equal to or substantially equal to the focal length, results in retinal image quality (RIQ ) having a transfocal slope such that the RIQ increases in a growing direction of the eye, the RIQ being determined by a Visual Strehl Ratio which is measured substantially along the optical axis; and RIQ is measured for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter ranging from 3mm to 5mm, within a range of 3mm to 5mm. spatial frequency range from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected from the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

E.5 A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis;

an aberration profile around the optical axis and having a focal length; and at least two optical surfaces; and in which the optical properties of the lens can be characterized during tests by at least the following properties:

two or more higher order aberrations having one or more of the following components: a first order spherical aberration C (4.0), a second order spherical aberration C (6.0), a third order spherical aberration C (8.0), a fourth order spherical aberration C (10.0 ), fifth order spherical aberration C (12.0), sixth order spherical aberration C (14.0), seventh order spherical aberration C (16.0), eighth order spherical aberration C (18 , 0) and a ninth order spherical aberration C (20.0);

129 the aberration profile, when tested on an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and having a length on axis equal to or substantially equal to the focal length, leads to a transfocal RIQ, in the transfocal range , namely a first RIQ which is a peak RIQ and which remains at or above a second RIQ in the transfocal range which includes the focal length; and the first and second RIQs are measured for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter ranging from 3mm to 5mm , in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range of 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

E.6 A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis;

an aberration profile around the optical axis and having a focal length; and at least two optical surfaces; and in which the optical properties of the lens can be characterized during tests by at least the following properties:

two or more higher order aberrations having one or more of the following components: a first order spherical aberration C (4.0), a second order spherical aberration C (6.0), a third order spherical aberration C (8.0), a fourth order spherical aberration C (10.0 ), fifth order spherical aberration C (12.0), sixth order spherical aberration C (14.0), seventh order spherical aberration C (16.0), eighth order spherical aberration C (18 , 0) and a ninth order spherical aberration C (20.0);

the aberration profile, when tested on an eye model having no aberrations and having a length on axis equal to the focal distance, leads to a transfocal RIQ, in the transfocal range, namely a first RIQ which is a peak RIQ and which stays at or above a second RIQ in the transfocal range which includes the focal length; and the first and second RIQs are measured for an eye model having no aberration and are measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter ranging from 3mm to 5mm, within a range of 3mm to 5mm. frequency range

130 from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

E.7. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the unifocal lens is one or more of the following: prescribed, appropriately prescribed, correctly prescribed and actually prescribed.

E.8 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over a significant part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

E.9 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a constant power over part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

E.10. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over part of one or more optical zones of the unifocal lens.

Ell. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the lens is further characterized by minimal ghost images, substantially absent or absent at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

E.12 The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the lens is further characterized by minimal ghost images, substantially absent or absent at near vision distances, intermediate vision distances and far vision distances .

E.13 The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve minimal, noticeably absent, or absent ghost images at near, intermediate and far viewing distances.

E.14 The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of an unwanted second order image occurring in the image plane of the optical system.

E.15 The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of an unwanted second order image on the retina of the eye.

E.15.1 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of an unwanted double image appearing on the retina of the eye.

E.15.2 The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the minimum ghosting consists of the absence of a false defocused image occurring along the side of the first order image in an optical system.

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E.15.3 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images in part of the near, intermediate and far vision distances.

E.15.4 The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghosting at near vision distances, intermediate vision distances and far vision distances.

E.15.5 The lens of one or more examples E, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images in part of two or more of the following distances: near, intermediate and near vision distances from afar.

E.15.6 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the absence of ghost images consists of the absence of an undesirable image appearing in the image plane of the optical system.

E.15.7 The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the absence of ghosting is the absence of false defocused images appearing along the side of the first order image in an optical system.

E.15.8 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images in part of two or more of the following distances: near vision distances, vision distances intermediate and far vision distances.

E.15.9 The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0, 25 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the range of intermediate vision distances and a RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47 or 0.5 in the range of far vision distances.

E. 15.10 The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the lens is further configured to achieve two or more of the following: an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0 , 2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the range of intermediate viewing distances and an RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47 or 0.5 in the range of far viewing distances.

E.15.11 The lens of one or more E examples, in which the RIQs are selected from the near, intermediate and far viewing distance ranges so that the lens is configured to provide minimal or no ghost images at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

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E.16. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce ghosting at near, intermediate and far viewing distances.

E.16.1 The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce ghosting at near, intermediate and far viewing distances.

E.16.1.1 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the near vision distance is the range 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more.

E.16.2 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the near vision distance is the range 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object over which focusing is done.

E.16.3 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more.

E.16.4 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which focusing is effected.

E.16.5 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity.

E.16.6 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the near vision distance is the range 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which the focusing is effected.

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E.17. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the lens is configured to minimize or reduce ghosting at near, intermediate and far viewing distances when used on one eye.

E.17.1 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the lens is configured to minimize or reduce ghosting at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances when used on one eye.

E.18. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous.

E.19. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes from 40 cm to optical infinity.

E.20. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is 33 cm to optical infinity.

E.20.1 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the lens is configured such that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals assigned to the distances vision ranges, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances perceive minimal or no ghost images at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances.

E.21 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the lens is configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals assigned to the distances viewing distances and far viewing distances perceive minimal or no ghost images at intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances.

E.22. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the unifocal lens provides the user with visual acuity equal to one or more of the following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least 20/40 , at least about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about 20/40, for distance vision.

E.23. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and at least two, two or more, three, three or more, four, four or plus, five, five or more, six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more, nine, nine or more, ten, or ten terms of spherical aberration or more.

E.24. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or at least ten spherical aberration terms.

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E.25. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and spherical aberration terms between C (4.0) and C (6.0 ), C (4.0) and C (8.0), C (4.0) and C (10.0), C (4.0) and C (12.0), C (4.0) and C (14.0), C (4.0) and C (16.0), C (4.0) and C (18.0), or C (4.0) and C (20.0) .

E.26. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the single vision lens provides visual acuity which is the best corrected visual acuity.

E.27. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the best corrected visual acuity is visual acuity which cannot be significantly improved by further manipulation of the power of the unifocal lens.

E.28. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the lens has two optical surfaces.

E.29. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the at least one aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.

E.30. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the lens has a focal length.

E.31. The lens of one or more examples E, wherein the at least one aberration profile comprises higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0 ) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0).

E.32. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the focal length is a prescription focal length for a myopic, hyperopic, astigmatic, and / or presbyopic eye and in which the focal length differs from the focal length defined for a coefficient of Zemike C (2.0) of the aberration profile.

E.33. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

E.34. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

E.35. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

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E.36. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a growing direction of the eye.

E.37 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° improves in a growing direction of the eye.

E.38. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a growing direction of the eye.

E.39 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° improves in a growing direction of the eye.

E.40. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

E.41. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the significant part of the angles of view, over a horizontal field, is at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the angles of view.

E.42. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the significant part of the angles of view, over a horizontal field, is each angle of view.

E.43. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

E.44. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the significant part of the field angles, over a vertical field, is each angle.

E.45. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the significant part of the angles of view, over a vertical field, is at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the angles of view.

E.46. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a significant portion of pupil diameters in the range of 3mm to 6mm .

E.47. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a significant portion of pupil diameters in the range of 4mm to 5mm .

E.48. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when first order or second order astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.

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E.48.1 The lens of one or more examples E, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which improves in a direction of growth of the eye when first order astigmatism or second order is added to the aberration profile.

E.48.1 The lens of one or more examples E, in which first order or second order astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by modifying one or more of the following terms: C (2, -2) , C (2.2), C (4, -2), C (4.2), C (6, -2), and / or C (6.2).

E.49. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when second order astigmatism is added to the profile of aberration.

E.49.1 The lens of one or more examples E, in which second order astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by modifying one or more of the following terms: C (2, -2), C (2 , 2), C (4, -2), C (4.2), C (6, -2), and / or C (6.2).

E.50. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the RIQ is characterized by φ ^ 4 ^ Η / ίρ, θ}]) |²5))} where:

Fmin is equal to 0 cycles / degree and Fmax is equal to 30 cycles / degree;

CSF (x, y) represents the differential sensitivity function C5F (/) = 2.6 (0.0192 + 0.114f) e '(0&gt; u4f)^ATii, _où f denotes the spatial frequency tested, in the range of F_min to F_bitch ;

FT represents a fast 2D Fourier transform;

Α (ρ, θ) represents the pupil diameter;

W (p, Q) represents the phase of the wavefront of the typical case, measured for i = l at 20

Wdiff (p, Θ) represents the phase of the wavefront of the diffraction-limited case;

p and Θ are normalized polar coordinates, where p represents the radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or the azimuth; and λ represents the wavelength.

E.51. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0.8 .

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E.52. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 or 0.2.

E.53. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the transfocal range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.25 or 2.5 diopters.

E.54. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which the lens has a prescription focal length of less than 0.75, 0.5, 0.3, or 0.25 diopters inclusive, from one end of the transfocal range.

E.55. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the end of the transfocal range is the negative power end.

E.56. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the end of the transfocal range is the positive power end.

E.57. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the Visual Strehl Ratio remains greater than or equal to the second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range and in a range of pupil diameters of at least 1 mm, 1.5 mm , 2mm, 2.5mm, or 3mm.

E.58. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the combination of higher order aberrations comprises at least one of a first order spherical aberration and a second order spherical aberration.

E.59. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two, three, or five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

E.60. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least six, seven or eight spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

E.61. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the aberration profile can be characterized using only the Zemike coefficients of spherical aberration C (4.0) to C (20.0).

E.62. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4.

E.63. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a vertical field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4.

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E.64. The lens of one or more examples E, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.3.

E.65. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the lens is one or more of the following: a contact lens, comean onlays, comean inlays, an anterior chamber intraocular lens or a posterior chamber intraocular lens.

E.66. The lens of one or more Examples E, wherein the lens is one of the following: a contact lens, comean onlays, comean inlays, an anterior chamber intraocular lens or a posterior chamber intraocular lens.

E.67. The lens of one or more examples E, in which a first lens is provided based on one or more of the examples E and a second lens is provided based on one or more of the examples E to form a pair of lentils.

E.68. The lens of one or more examples E, wherein the first lens is provided based on one or more of the examples E and a second lens is provided to form a pair of lenses.

E.69. The lens of one or more Examples E, in which a pair of lenses is provided for use by an individual to substantially correct the individual's vision.

E.70. A method for making or using one or more of the lenses of one or more examples

E.

F. l. A lens comprising:

an optical axis;

an aberration profile around the optical axis and having a focal length;

at least two optical surfaces;

an opening size greater than 2 mm;

wherein the lens is configured such that the lens is characterized by one or more power profiles and that said one or more power profiles provide a lens which has the following properties:

the visual performance of the multifocal lens at near, intermediate and far viewing distances is substantially equivalent to or better than that of a properly prescribed single vision lens for far vision and produces minimal ghost images at distances ranging from distances of far to near vision.

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F.2. A lens comprising: an optical axis;

an aberration profile having a focal length; and at least two optical surfaces;

wherein the lens is configured at least in part by one or more of the power profiles and the lens exhibits the following properties:

the visual performance of the lens at near, intermediate and far viewing distances is substantially equivalent to or better than that of a single vision lens properly prescribed for far vision and produces minimal ghost images at distances ranging from viewing distances from far to near.

F.3. A lens comprising: an optical axis;

an aberration profile having a focal length; at least two optical surfaces;

wherein the lens is configured at least in part by one or more of the power profiles and the lens exhibits the following properties:

the visual performance of the lens at near, intermediate and far viewing distances is substantially equivalent to or better than that of a suitably prescribed single vision lens for far vision and produces minimal ghost images at distances ranging from viewing distances from far to near.

F.4. A lens comprising: an optical axis;

an aberration profile having a focal length; at least two optical surfaces;

the lens is configured by one or more power profiles and has the following lens properties:

the lens is able to reduce the rate of progression of myopia;

the lens is capable of reducing the rate of growth of the eye as measured by the length on axis; and

140 provides visual performance at near, intermediate and far viewing distances that are substantially equivalent to or greater than that of a suitably prescribed single vision lens for far vision and produces minimum ghost images at distances ranging from viewing distances of far to near.

F.5. A lens comprising: an optical axis;

at least two optical surfaces;

at least one aberration profile having a focal length and / or at least one power profile, wherein the at least one aberration profile and / or at least one power profile configure the lens to provide a profile of the image and image profile used with an eye is capable of stabilizing and / or modifying the growth of the eye; and wherein the lens is configured to provide visual performance, at near, intermediate and far viewing distances that are substantially equivalent to or greater than that of a properly prescribed single vision lens for far vision and produces minimal ghosting at distances ranging from far to near vision distances;

where the image profile generates one or more of the following:

myopic and / or hyperopic defocus at the center and / or at the periphery of the retina;

an RIQ of at least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4 in the retina and a slope of the

Transfocal RIQ degrading in the direction of growth of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4 at the level of the retina and a slope of the

Transfocal RIQ that improves in the direction of growth of the eye.

F.7. The lens of one or more examples F, in which the image profile created by the lens has the effect of slowing the growth of the myopic eye by one or more stop signals.

F.8. The lens of one or more Examples F, in which the slope of the transfocal RIQ degrading in the direction of growth of the eye is one or more of the following: significant, partial, sufficient or combinations thereof ,

F.9. The lens of one or more examples F, lens for the fight against myopia.

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F. 10. The lens of one or more examples F, wherein the improvement in the direction of growth is one or more of the following: significant, partial, sufficient or combinations thereof.

F1 1. The lens of one or more examples F, wherein the lens has an aperture size of 2mm or more; 2.5mm or more, 3mm or more, 3.5mm or more or 4mm or more.

F. 12. The lens of one or more examples F, in which the lens is a multifocal lens having a power variation of at least 1 diopter, at least 1.25 diopters or at least 1.5 diopters over the whole of a central and / or peripheral middle part of the optical zone of the lens.

F. 13. The lens of one or more examples F, in which the lens is a presbyopic multifocal lens having a power variation of at least 1 diopter, at least 1.25 diopters or at least 1, 5 diopter over the whole of a central and / or peripheral middle part of the optical zone of the lens.

F.14. The lens of one or more examples F, in which the lens is non-monotonic and non-periodic.

F. 15. The lens of one or more examples F, in which the lens is a lens which is not a pinhole.

F. 16. The lens of one or more examples F, in which the lens is a lens which is not a pinhole and the lens is a multifocal lens having a power variation of at least 1, 1.25 or 1.5 diopters over the whole of a central and / or peripheral middle part of the optical zone of the lens.

F. 17. The lens of one or more Examples F, in which the lens produces a retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye, the RIQ being determined by a Strehl ratio A visual that is measured substantially along the optical axis when the aberration profile is tested on an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and having an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the focal length.

F. 18 The lens of one or more examples F, in which the lens produces a retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye, the RIQ being determined by a Visual Strehl ratio which is measured along the optical axis when the aberration profile is tested on an eye model having no aberrations and having an on-axis length equal to the focal length.

F. 19. The lens of one or more examples F, in which the lens has at least one wavefront aberration profile associated with the optical axis, and the at least one aberration profile is formed :

142 at least two spherical aberrations selected at least in part from a group comprising the Zemike coefficients C (4.0) to C (20.0).

F. 19.1 The lens of one or more examples F, in which the lens can be characterized during tests by at least the following properties:

two or more higher order aberrations having one or more of the following components: a first order spherical aberration C (4.0), a second order spherical aberration (C (6.0), a third order spherical aberration C (8.0), a fourth order spherical aberration C (10, 0), fifth order spherical aberration C (12.0), sixth order spherical aberration C (14.0), seventh order spherical aberration C (16.0), eighth order spherical aberration C (18 , 0) and a ninth order spherical aberration C (20.0).

Hl A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the multifocal lens is configured at least in part based on an aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term;

the multifocal lens is configured such that the visual performance of the multifocal lens for intermediate and far vision is substantially equivalent or superior to that of a suitably prescribed or suitable unifocal lens for far vision; and when tested using a defined visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units, the visual performance at near vision distances is within two units of the visual performance of the appropriately prescribed lens at far vision.

H.2 A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the multifocal lens is configured in part by at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term;

143 wherein the multifocal lens is configured such that the visual performance of the multifocal lens for intermediate and far vision is equivalent to or better than an appropriately or correctly prescribed unifocal lens for far vision; and wherein when tested with a defined visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units, the visual performance at near vision distances is within two units of the visual performance of the properly prescribed single vision lens for far vision.

H.3. A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the multifocal lens is configured at least in part based on an aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

wherein the at least one aberration profile consists of at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term; and wherein when tested with an overall visual rating scale set from 1 to 10 units, the multifocal lens is configured such that the overall visual performance of the multifocal lens is substantially equivalent to or better than that of a unifocal lens appropriately prescribed for distance vision.

H.4. A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the multifocal lens is configured at least in part based on an aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term; and wherein the multifocal lens is configured such that the visual performance on a visual analog scale of the multifocal lens at far viewing distances is rated 9 or more in 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% , 75% or 80% of a representative sample of presbyopes;

wherein the multifocal lens is configured such that the visual performance on a visual analog scale of the multifocal lens at intermediate visual distances is rated 9 or more in 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% , 70% or 75% of a representative sample of presbyopes; and

144 wherein the multifocal lens is configured so that the visual performance on a visual analog scale of the multifocal lens at near vision distances is rated 9 or more in 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% or 55% of a representative sample of presbyopia.

H.5. A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis;

the multifocal lens which is characterized or configured in part by at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis;

the at least one aberration profile consists of at least one spherical aberration term and one defocus term; and wherein the multifocal lens is configured such that the overall visual performance on a visual analog scale leads to a rating of 9 or more in 18%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% of a representative sample of presbyopes.

H.6. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens, in use, produces near-minimal ghost images in the user's vision at both near and far vision distances.

H.7. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, in which substantially equivalent or better visual performance is determined at least in part by a visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units.

H.8. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the average visual performance of the lens, in use, for a representative sample of the affected population has a far vision score of at least 8.5 , has an intermediate vision score of 8.5 or more and has a near vision score of 7.5 or more.

H.9. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the average visual performance of the lens, in use, for a representative sample of the affected population has a far vision score of at least 8.0 , at least 8.2 or at least 8.4; has an intermediate vision score of at least 8.0, at least 8.2 or at least 8.4; has a near vision rating of at least 7.0, at least 7.2, or at least 7.4; or combinations thereof.

H. 10. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the multifocal lens provides quasi-minimal ghost images for a representative sample of the population affected at the near and / or intermediate vision distances.

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H. 11 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the substantially minimal ghost images are an average visual performance score less than or equal to 2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6 or 1.4 on the analogue ghost image vision scale of 1 to 10 units for a representative sample of the affected population using the multifocal lens.

H. 12. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the substantially minimal ghost images are a score less than or equal to 2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6 or 1.4 on the scale visual scoring of ghost images 1 to 10 units, using the average visual performance of the lens, in use, on a sample of persons in need of vision correction and / or therapy, for one or more of the following conditions: myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, emmetropia and presbyopia.

H.13. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, the lens providing therapy against myopia with minimal ghost images with or without vision correction.

H. 14. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, the lens providing correction of presbyopia with minimal ghost images with or without correction for far vision.

H. 15. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the lens corrects astigmatism up to 1 diopter without significant use of rotational stable toric lens design features.

H. 16. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the lens corrects astigmatism up to 1 diopter without significant use of rotational stable toric lens design features with minimal ghosting.

H. 17. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, further comprising a first lens and a second lens, the first lens being biased so as to substantially optimize far vision and the second lens being biased so as to substantially optimize far vision. near, and who, when used together provide monocular and binocular visions substantially equivalent to or better than a single vision lens appropriately prescribed for far vision, the pair of lenses providing stereoscopic vision with minimal ghosting.

H. 18. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the overall average visual performance of the lens, in use, for a representative sample of the affected population, has an overall vision score of at least. minus 7.8, 8, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8 or 9.

H. 19. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the overall average visual performance of the lens, in use, for a representative sample of the affected population, has an overall vision score of at least minus 7.8, 8, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8 or 9.

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H.20. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens, in use, produces near-minimal ghost images in the user's vision at near and far vision distances.

H.21. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, in which substantially equivalent or better visual performance is determined at least in part by a visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units.

H.22. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, in which substantially equivalent or better visual performance is substantially determined by a visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units.

H.23. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the average visual performance of the lens, in use, for a representative sample of the affected population, has a far vision score of at least 8.5 , have an intermediate vision score of 8.5 or more, and a near vision score of 7.5 or more.

H.24. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the average visual performance of the lens, in use, for a representative sample of the affected population, has a far vision score of at least 8.0 , at least 8.2 or at least 8.4; have an intermediate vision score of at least 8.0, at least 8.2 or at least 8.4; have a near vision rating of at least 7.0, at least 7.2 or at least 7.4, or combinations thereof.

H.2 5. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens, in use, provides the average visual performance of the lens, in use, for a representative sample of the affected population and produces near-minimal ghost images in the user's vision at near and / or intermediate vision distances.

H.2 6. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the substantially minimal ghost images are defined as being a score less than or equal to 2.5, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6 or 1.4 on the visual ghosting scale of 1 to 10 units, using the average visual performance of the lens, in use, for a representative sample of the affected population.

H.27. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, in which the overall average visual performance of the lens, in use, for a representative sample of the affected population, has an overall vision score of at least 7.8 , 8, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8 or 9.

H.28. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over a significant part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

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H.29. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens is used for a presbyopic eye.

H.30. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens is further characterized by minimal or absent ghost images at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

H.31. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the substantially continuous distances are continuous.

H.32. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the unifocal lens is one or more of the following: prescribed, appropriately prescribed, correctly prescribed and actually prescribed.

H.33 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over a significant part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

H.34 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a constant power over part of an optical zone of the unifocal lens.

H.35. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the unifocal lens is a lens having a substantially constant power over a part of one or more optical zones of the unifocal lens.

H.36. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the multifocal lens is used for a presbyopic eye.

H.37. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens is configured for a presbyopic eye.

H.38. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the lens is configured to optically correct or substantially correct presbyopia.

H.39. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens is configured to attenuate or substantially alleviate the optical consequences of presbyopia.

H.40. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens is configured to transform or substantially transform a presbyopic state into a non-presbyopic state.

H.41. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, in which the multifocal lens is used to at least correct a presbyopic eye condition and which, when used, provides an appropriate correction to adjust the user's vision towards noticeably normal non-presbyopic vision.

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H.42 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the normal vision is 6/6 or better.

H.43. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the multifocal lens is further characterized by minimal ghost images, substantially absent or absent at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

H.44. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the multifocal lens is further characterized by minimal ghost images, substantially absent or absent at near vision distances, intermediate vision distances and far vision distances.

H.45 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens is further configured to achieve minimal, substantially absent, or absent ghost images at near, intermediate, and far viewing distances.

H.46 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the minimum ghost images consist of the absence of an undesirable second order image in the image plane of the optical system.

H.47 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the minimum ghost images consist of the absence of an undesirable second order image appearing on the retina of the eye.

H.48 The multifocal lens of one or more H examples, in which the minimum ghost images consist of the absence of an unwanted double image appearing on the retina of the eye.

H.49 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the minimum ghost images consist of the absence of a false defocused image appearing along the side of the first order image in an optical system.

H.50 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the multifocal lens is further configured to obtain a sufficient absence of ghost images in a part of the near, intermediate and far vision distances.

H.51 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and viewing distances of far.

H.52 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens is further configured to achieve a sufficient absence of ghost images in part of two or more of the following distances: near vision distances, intermediaries and from afar.

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H.53 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the absence of ghost images consists of the absence of an undesirable image appearing in the image plane of the optical system.

H.54 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the absence of ghosting is the absence of false defocused images appearing along the side of the first order image in an optical system.

H.55 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the multifocal lens is further configured to obtain a sufficient absence of ghost images in part of two or more of the following distances: near vision distances, distances intermediate vision and far vision distances.

H.56 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the multifocal lens is further configured to achieve an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the range of intermediate vision distances and an RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47 or 0.5 in the range of far vision distances.

H. 5 7 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens is further configured to achieve two or more of the following: an RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0, 17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the range of near vision distances, an RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0, 4 in the range of intermediate viewing distances and an RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47 or 0.5 in the range of viewing distances from afar.

H.58 The multifocal lens of one or more H examples, in which the RIQs are selected from the near, intermediate and far viewing distance ranges so that the multifocal lens is configured to provide minimal ghost images or absent at near, intermediate and far vision distances.

H. 59. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the multifocal lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce ghosting at near, intermediate, and far viewing distances.

H.60 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the multifocal lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce ghosting at near, intermediate, and far viewing distances.

H. 61 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the near vision distance is the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more.

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H.62 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the near vision distance is the range 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm, 50cm to 80cm or 50cm to 70cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, 80cm or more, or 70cm or more and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object over which focusing is done.

H.63 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the near vision distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more.

H.64 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the near vision distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm or more, and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which focusing is effected.

H.65 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the near vision distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity.

H.66 The m ultifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the near vision distance is the range 40cm to 50cm; the intermediate viewing distance is the range of 50cm to 100cm; and the far viewing distance is the range of 100cm to optical infinity, and the near, intermediate and far viewing distances are determined by the distances from the object on which focusing is effected.

H.67. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens is configured to minimize or reduce ghosting at near, intermediate and far viewing distances when used on one eye.

H.68. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens is configured to minimize or reduce ghosting at near viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances when used over an eye.

H.69. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous.

H.70. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes from 40 cm to optical infinity.

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H.71. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the range of substantially continuous distances is from 33 cm to optical infinity.

H.72 The multifocal lens of one or more H examples, in which the lens is configured such that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals assigned to the Near-viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances, and far-viewing distances perceive minimal or no ghosting at near-viewing distances, intermediate viewing distances, and far-viewing distances.

H.73 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens is configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a randomly selected group of 20 individuals assigned to the Intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances perceive minimal or no ghost images at intermediate viewing distances and far viewing distances.

H.74. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the unifocal lens provides the user with visual acuity equal to one or more of the following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least 20/40 , at least about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about 20/40, for distance vision.

H.75. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and at least two, two or more, three, three or more, four, four or more, five, five or more, six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more, nine, nine or more, ten, or ten terms of spherical aberration or more.

H.76. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocus term and at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine , or at least ten spherical aberration terms.

H.77. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the at least one aberration profile consists of a defocusing term and spherical aberration terms between C (4.0) and C (6, 0), C (4.0) and C (8.0), C (4.0) and C (10.0), C (4.0) and C (12.0), C (4.0 ) and C (14.0), C (4.0) and C (16.0), C (4.0) and C (18.0), or C (4.0) and C (20.0 ).

H.78. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which unifocal lens provides visual acuity which is the best corrected visual acuity.

H.79. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the best corrected visual acuity is visual acuity which cannot be significantly improved by further manipulation of the power of the unifocal lens.

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H.80. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens has two optical surfaces.

H.81. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the at least one aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.

H. 82. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens has a focal length.

H. 83. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the at least one aberration profile comprises higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0).

H.84. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and having a length on axis equal to the focal length:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

H.85 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and having a length on axis equal to the focal length:

retinal image quality (RIQ) having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

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H.86. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens has an optical axis and an aberration profile around its optical axis, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the focal length:

an RIQ having a transfocal slope that degrades in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

H.87 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens has an optical axis and an aberration profile around its optical axis, the aberration profile:

having a focal length; and comprising higher order aberrations having at least one of a first order spherical aberration component C (4.0) and a second order spherical aberration component C (6.0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and having an on-axis length equal to or substantially equal to the focal length:

an RIQ having a transfocal slope which improves in a growing direction of the eye; and an RIQ of at least 0.3;

where RIQ is the Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm, in a range of

154 spatial frequencies from 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive and at a wavelength selected in the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.

H.88. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the focal length is a prescription focal length for a myopic, hyperopic, astigmatic, and / or presbyopic eye and in which the focal length differs from the focal length defined for a coefficient of Zernike C (2.0) of the aberration profile.

H.89. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

H.90. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the higher order aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

H.91. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the higher order aberrations comprise at least five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4.0) to C (20.0).

H.92. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

H.93 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, in which the average slope over a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° improves in a growing direction of the eye.

H.94. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° degrades in a direction of growth of the eye.

H.95 The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, in which the average slope over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 ° improves in a growing direction of the eye.

H.96. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the slope, for a significant part of the angles of view, on a horizontal field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of l 'eye.

H.97. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the significant part of the angles of view, on a horizontal field, is at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the angles of view.

H.98. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the significant part of the angles of view, over a horizontal field, is each angle of view.

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H.99. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the slope, for a significant part of the field angles, over a vertical field of at least -20 ° to + 20 °, degrades in a direction of growth of l 'eye.

H. 100. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the notable part of the angles of view, on a vertical field, is each angle.

H. 101. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the notable part of the angles of view, on a vertical field, is at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the angles of view .

H. 102. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range of. 3 mm to 6 mm.

H. 103. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ of at least 0.3 at focal length for a substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range of. 4 mm to 5 mm.

H. 104. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when first order astigmatism or second order is added to the aberration profile.

H. 105. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which improves in a direction of growth of the eye when first order astigmatism or second order is added to the aberration profile.

H. 106 The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which first order or second order astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by modifying one or more of the following terms: C (2, -2) , C (2.2), C (4, -2), C (4.2), C (6, -2), and / or C (6.2).

H. 107. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the aberration profile provides an RIQ having a transfocal slope which degrades in a direction of growth of the eye when second order astigmatism is present. added to the aberration profile.

H. 108. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which second order astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by modifying one or more of the following terms: C (2, -2), C ( 2.2), C (4, -2), C (4.2), C (6, -2), and / or C (6.2).

H. 109. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the RIQ is characterized by

156 or :

Fmin is equal to 0 cycles / degree and Fmax is equal to 30 cycles / degree;

CSF (x, y) represents the differential sensitivity function GSF (/) = 2.6 (0.0192 + 0.114f) e (ο, ιΐ4ί)^Λΐ, ζ θύ y indicate the spatial frequency tested, in the range of F_min to F_may ;

FT represents a fast 2D Fourier transform;

Α (ρ, θ) represents the pupil diameter;

W (p, 6) represents the phase of the wavefront of the typical case, measured for i = 1 at 20 wip, e) = E?_{= î}MiCp ^);

Wdiff / p, Θ) represents the phase of the wavefront of the diffraction-limited case;

p and Θ are normalized polar coordinates, where p represents the radial coordinate and 0 represents the angular coordinate or azimuth; and λ represents the wavelength.

H. 110. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens comprises an optical axis and an aberration profile along the optical axis which provides:

a focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0);

a peak Visual Strehl Ratio ('first Visual Strehl Ratio') in a transfocal range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio remaining at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range which includes said focal length, wherein the Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for an eye model having no or substantially no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter ranging from 3mm to 5 mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range of 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and in which the Visual Strehl First Ratio is at least 0.35 , the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the transfocal range is at least 1.8 diopters.

H.lll The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the multifocal lens comprises an optical axis and an aberration profile along the optical axis which provides:

a focal length defined for a Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0);

157 a peak Visual Strehl Ratio ('first Visual Strehl Ratio') in a transfocal range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio remaining at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range which includes said focal length, wherein the Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for an eye model having no aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range of 3mm to 5mm, in a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles / degrees inclusive, at a wavelength selected in the range of 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and in which the Visual Strehl First Ratio is at least 0.35 , the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the transfocal range is at least 1.8 diopters.

H. 112. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0, 7 or 0.8.

H. 113. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 or 0.2.

H. 114. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the transfocal range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.25 or 2.5 diopters.

H. 115. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens has a prescription focal length of less than 0.75, 0.5, 0.3, or 0.25 diopters inclusive, d 'one end of the transfocal range.

H. 116. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the end of the transfocal range is the negative power end.

H. 117. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the end of the transfocal range is the positive power end.

H. 118. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the Visual Strehl Ratio remains greater than or equal to the second Visual Strehl Ratio in the transfocal range and in a range of pupil diameters of at least 1 mm , 1.5mm, 2mm, 2.5mm, or 3mm.

H. 119. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein the combination of higher order aberrations comprises at least one of a first order spherical aberration and a second order spherical aberration.

H. 120. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the higher order aberrations include at least two, three, or five spherical aberration terms selected from the group C (4,0) to C ( 20.0).

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H. 121. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the aberration profile can be substantially characterized using the Zemike coefficients of spherical aberration C (4.0) to C (20.0).

H. 122. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.4.

H. 123. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.35.

H. 124. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the RIQ, for a significant part of the angles covering a horizontal field of at least -10 ° to + 10 °, -20 ° to + 20 ° or -30 ° to + 30 °, is at least 0.3.

H. 125. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens is one or more of the following: a contact lens, comean onlays, comean inlays, an anterior chamber intraocular lens or a lens posterior chamber intraocular.

H. 126. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, in which the lens is one of the following: a contact lens, comean onlays, comean inlays, an anterior chamber intraocular lens or an intraocular lens of posterior chamber.

H. 127. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein a first multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of the examples H and a second multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of the examples. examples H to form a pair of lenses.

H. 128. The multifocal lens of one or more examples H, wherein the first multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of the examples H and a second lens is provided to form a pair of lenses.

H. 129. The multifocal lens of one or more Examples H, wherein a pair of multifocal lenses is provided for use by an individual to substantially correct the individual's vision.

H. 130. A process for making or using one or more of the multifocal lenses of one or more Examples H.

I. L A lens system comprising:

159 a series of lenses, in which the lenses of the series of lenses have the following properties: at least two spherical aberration terms selected at least in part from a group comprising spherical aberration coefficients of C (4.0) to C (20.0), providing astigmatism correction up to 1 diopter without significant use of rotational stable toric lens design features; and wherein the lenses of the lens series eliminate the need to maintain additional inventory for astigmatic corrections associated with cylinder powers of 0.5, 0.75 and ID, leading to a reduction in inventory management units. at least six, eight, twelve, sixteen, eighteen, thirty-six, fifty-four, or 108 times for each spherical power.

J1. A multifocal lens for one eye comprising:

at least one optical axis;

at least one wavefront aberration profile associated with the optical axis and the prescription focal power of the lens;

wherein the multifocal lens is configured to increase the depth of field of the eye by altering retinal image quality over a range of distances by manipulating the at least one wavefront aberration profile for the eye.

J2. A multifocal lens for an eye comprising: at least one optical axis;

at least one wavefront aberration profile associated with the optical axis and the at least one aberration profile consists of at least two spherical aberration terms and the prescription focal power of the lens ;

wherein the lens is configured such that the lens increases the depth of field of the eye by altering retinal image quality over a range of distances by manipulating at least one front aberration profile. wave for the eye.

J3. A multifocal lens for an eye comprising: at least one optical axis;

at least one wavefront aberration profile associated with the optical axis, and the at least one aberration profile consists of:

at least two spherical aberrations selected at least in part from a group comprising the Zemike coefficients C (4.0) to C (20.0), and

160 a prescription focal power of the lens that can be provided at least in part by the Zemike coefficient term C (2, 0) either with or without one or more prescription shift terms;

wherein the multifocal lens is configured to increase the depth of field of the eye by improving retinal image quality over a range of distances by manipulating the at least one wavefront aberration profile.

Kl A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is characterized during tests by a function which is non-monotonic over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens.

K2 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is characterized by a function which is non-monotonic over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens.

K3 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is characterized by a function which is aperiodic over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens.

K4 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is characterized during tests by a function which is aperiodic over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens.

161

K5 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is characterized by a function which is aperiodic and not monotonic over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens.

K6 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is characterized during tests by a function which is aperiodic and not monotonic over a significant part of the optical zone of a half-chord of the lens.

K7 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is configured so that the power profile is non-monotonic over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens.

K8 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is configured so that the power profile is aperiodic over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens.

K9 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

162 in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is configured so that the power profile is aperiodic and not monotonic over a significant part of the optical zone of a half chord of the lens.

K10 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces; and wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is configured such that the absolute value of a first derivative of the power profile has at least 5 peaks whose absolute amplitude is greater than 0.025 with ID units by 0.01 mm along its half-chord.

Kl 1 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces; and in which the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile is characterized such that the absolute value of a first derivative of the power profile has at least 5 peaks whose absolute amplitude is greater than 0.025 with ID units by 0.01 mm along its half-chord.

Kl 1.1 The multifocal lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces; and wherein the multifocal lens has a power profile such that an absolute value of a first derivative of the power profile, as a function of the half-diameter of the chord, has at least 5 peaks whose absolute amplitude is greater than 0.025 with ID units per 0.01mm along its half-chord diameter.

K12 The lens of one or more of Examples K, wherein the lens is configured at least in part by at least one aberration profile associated with the optical axis.

K1 3 The lens of one or more of Examples K, in which the lens has at least one aberration profile consisting of a defocusing term and at least one spherical aberration term.

163

K14 The lens of one or more of Examples K, wherein the lens is a multifocal or bifocal lens.

K1 5 The lens of one or more of Examples K, in which the significant part of the half-chord is 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% of the half-chord.

Kl6 A method of characterizing a lens power profile comprising the following steps:

at. measuring the spatially resolved power profile;

b. calculating a first derivative of the power profile; and

vs. analyze or describe the power profile as a first derivative of the power profile.

K1 7 The method of one or more of Examples K, wherein the first derivative of the power profile is an absolute first derivative of the power profile.

Kl 8 A method of characterizing a lens power profile comprising the following steps:

measure the power profile;

calculating a Fourier transform of the power profile; and describe the power profile as a Fourier spectrum, in which a normalized absolute magnitude of the Fourier transform of the power profile is greater than 0.2 at one or more spatial frequencies equal to or greater than 1.25 cycles per millimeter.

Kl9 The method of one or more examples K, in which the Fourier spectrum of the power profile is the amplitude of the Fourier spectrum.

K20 The method of one or more K examples, in which the Fourier spectrum of the power profile is the phase of the Fourier spectrum.

K21 The method of one or more examples K, in which the Fourier spectrum is an absolute value of the Fourier spectrum.

164

K22 The method of one or more K examples, in which the Fourier spectrum is a real part of the Fourier spectrum.

K23 The method of one or more examples K, in which the Fourier spectrum is a normalized absolute value of the Fourier spectrum.

K24 A lens comprising:

an optical axis; at least two surfaces;

wherein the lens exhibits at least one power profile which is characterized by a normalized absolute amplitude of the Fourier transform of the power profile which is greater than 0.2 at one or more spatial frequencies equal to or greater than 1.25 cycles per millimeter.

It should be noted that the inventions described and defined in this document extend to other combinations of two or more of the individual characteristics mentioned or emerging from the text or the drawings. These different combinations constitute various other aspects of the disclosed embodiments.

165

23. Appendix A - Examples of combinations of spherical aberrations

<td>Combination</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>No Aberr</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td>

<td> 1</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 2</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 3</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 4</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 5</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 6</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 7</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 8</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 9</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 10</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 11</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 12</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 13</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 14</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 15</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 16</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 17</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 18</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 19</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 20</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 21</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 22</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 23</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 24</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 25</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 26</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

166

<td> 27</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 28</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 29</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 30</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 31</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 32</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 33</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 34</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 35</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 36</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 37</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 38</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 39</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 40</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 41</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 42</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 43</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 44</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 45</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 46</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 47</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 48</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 49</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 50</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 51</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 52</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 53</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> • 54</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 55</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 56</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

167

<td> 57</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 58</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 59</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 60</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 61</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 62</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 63</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 64</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 65</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 66</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 67</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 68</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 69</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 70</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 71</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 72</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 73</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 74</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 75</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 76</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 77</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 78</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

168

24. Annex B - Transfocal RIQ for the spherical aberration combinations of Annex A

<td>Combination</td><td> -1,50</td><td> -1,25</td><td> -1,00</td><td> -0,75</td><td> -0,50</td><td> -0,25</td><td> 0,00</td><td> 0,25</td><td> 0,50</td><td> 0,75</td><td> 1,00</td><td> 1,25</td><td> 1,50</td>

<td>No Aberr</td><td> 0,024</td><td> 0,040</td><td> 0,073</td><td> 0,148</td><td> 0,307</td><td> 0,709</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 0,709</td><td> 0,307</td><td> 0,148</td><td> 0,073</td><td> 0,040</td><td> 0,024</td>

<td> 1</td><td> 0,089</td><td> 0,135</td><td> 0,192</td><td> 0,243</td><td> 0,304</td><td> 0,434</td><td> 0,606</td><td> 0,667</td><td> 0,542</td><td> 0,329</td><td> 0,152</td><td> 0,056</td><td> 0,021</td>

<td> 2</td><td> 0,084</td><td> 0,131</td><td> 0,196</td><td> 0,265</td><td> 0,346</td><td> 0,482</td><td> 0,643</td><td> 0,676</td><td> 0,514</td><td> 0,281</td><td> 0,113</td><td> 0,036</td><td> 0,012</td>

<td> 3</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,053</td><td> 0,115</td><td> 0,258</td><td> 0,473</td><td> 0,628</td><td> 0,648</td><td> 0,595</td><td> 0,479</td><td> 0,310</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,071</td><td> 0,028</td>

<td> 4</td><td> 0,039</td><td> 0,067</td><td> 0,153</td><td> 0,313</td><td> 0,458</td><td> 0,493</td><td> 0,477</td><td> 0,492</td><td> 0,470</td><td> 0,361</td><td> 0,220</td><td> 0,112</td><td> 0,052</td>

<td> 5</td><td> 0,082</td><td> 0,128</td><td> 0,198</td><td> 0,281</td><td> 0,384</td><td> 0,532</td><td> 0,675</td><td> 0,675</td><td> 0,481</td><td> 0,236</td><td> 0,080</td><td> 0,021</td><td> 0,006</td>

<td> 6</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,129</td><td> 0,157</td><td> 0,246</td><td> 0,402</td><td> 0,514</td><td> 0,542</td><td> 0,559</td><td> 0,515</td><td> 0,338</td><td> 0,146</td><td> 0,051</td><td> 0,024</td>

<td> 7</td><td> 0,083</td><td> 0,129</td><td> 0,199</td><td> 0,289</td><td> 0,412</td><td> 0,576</td><td> 0,704</td><td> 0,666</td><td> 0,445</td><td> 0,196</td><td> 0,054</td><td> 0,010</td><td> 0,002</td>

<td> 8</td><td> 0,069</td><td> 0,105</td><td> 0,176</td><td> 0,305</td><td> 0,479</td><td> 0,603</td><td> 0,614</td><td> 0,565</td><td> 0,454</td><td> 0,262</td><td> 0,099</td><td> 0,030</td><td> 0,010</td>

<td> 9</td><td> 0,124</td><td> 0,168</td><td> 0,181</td><td> 0,212</td><td> 0,338</td><td> 0,502</td><td> 0,579</td><td> 0,579</td><td> 0,508</td><td> 0,319</td><td> 0,117</td><td> 0,027</td><td> 0,016</td>

<td> 10</td><td> 0,089</td><td> 0,133</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,293</td><td> 0,425</td><td> 0,607</td><td> 0,730</td><td> 0,656</td><td> 0,409</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,034</td><td> 0,003</td><td> 0,001</td>

<td> 11</td><td> 0,104</td><td> 0,159</td><td> 0,199</td><td> 0,247</td><td> 0,359</td><td> 0,508</td><td> 0,581</td><td> 0,570</td><td> 0,502</td><td> 0,326</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,035</td><td> 0,023</td>

<td> 12</td><td> 0,098</td><td> 0,141</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,293</td><td> 0,423</td><td> 0,618</td><td> 0,749</td><td> 0,649</td><td> 0,377</td><td> 0,134</td><td> 0,021</td><td> 0,001</td><td> 0,002</td>

<td> 13</td><td> 0,157</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,250</td><td> 0,282</td><td> 0,354</td><td> 0,482</td><td> 0,542</td><td> 0,480</td><td> 0,364</td><td> 0,232</td><td> 0,120</td><td> 0,060</td><td> 0,032</td>

<td> 14</td><td> 0,092</td><td> 0,184</td><td> 0,314</td><td> 0,371</td><td> 0,390</td><td> 0,505</td><td> 0,592</td><td> 0,481</td><td> 0,297</td><td> 0,204</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,097</td><td> 0,041</td>

<td> 15</td><td> 0,153</td><td> 0,215</td><td> 0,247</td><td> 0,261</td><td> 0,324</td><td> 0,453</td><td> 0,533</td><td> 0,514</td><td> 0,447</td><td> 0,307</td><td> 0,129</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 16</td><td> 0,152</td><td> 0,207</td><td> 0,237</td><td> 0,260</td><td> 0,363</td><td> 0,509</td><td> 0,531</td><td> 0,442</td><td> 0,363</td><td> 0,265</td><td> 0,137</td><td> 0,056</td><td> 0,029</td>

<td> 17</td><td> 0,158</td><td> 0,218</td><td> 0,286</td><td> 0,308</td><td> 0,324</td><td> 0,457</td><td> 0,611</td><td> 0,564</td><td> 0,352</td><td> 0,181</td><td> 0,101</td><td> 0,048</td><td> 0,011</td>

<td> 18</td><td> 0,111</td><td> 0,152</td><td> 0,213</td><td> 0,293</td><td> 0,410</td><td> 0,604</td><td> 0,754</td><td> 0,650</td><td> 0,356</td><td> 0,113</td><td> 0,013</td><td> 0,004</td><td> 0,004</td>

<td> 19</td><td> 0,168</td><td> 0,205</td><td> 0,235</td><td> 0,285</td><td> 0,367</td><td> 0,476</td><td> 0,539</td><td> 0,482</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,253</td><td> 0,138</td><td> 0,052</td><td> 0,023</td>

<td> 20</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,202</td><td> 0,237</td><td> 0,282</td><td> 0,361</td><td> 0,468</td><td> 0,518</td><td> 0,465</td><td> 0,378</td><td> 0,267</td><td> 0,124</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,019</td>

<td> 21</td><td> 0,081</td><td> 0,116</td><td> 0,174</td><td> 0,255</td><td> 0,405</td><td> 0,680</td><td> 0,878</td><td> 0,715</td><td> 0,342</td><td> 0,093</td><td> 0,015</td><td> 0,002</td><td> 0,001</td>

<td> 22</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,212</td><td> 0,253</td><td> 0,256</td><td> 0,304</td><td> 0,463</td><td> 0,584</td><td> 0,514</td><td> 0,360</td><td> 0,223</td><td> 0,095</td><td> 0,016</td><td> 0,003</td>

169

<td> 23</td><td> 0,153</td><td> 0,205</td><td> 0,242</td><td> 0,255</td><td> 0,316</td><td> 0,493</td><td> 0,638</td><td> 0,563</td><td> 0,363</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,096</td><td> 0,041</td><td> 0,023</td>

<td> 24</td><td> 0,159</td><td> 0,214</td><td> 0,250</td><td> 0,256</td><td> 0,322</td><td> 0,476</td><td> 0,548</td><td> 0,465</td><td> 0,357</td><td> 0,251</td><td> 0,127</td><td> 0,046</td><td> 0,021</td>

<td> 25</td><td> 0,158</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,231</td><td> 0,253</td><td> 0,312</td><td> 0,472</td><td> 0,648</td><td> 0,612</td><td> 0,359</td><td> 0,141</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,067</td><td> 0,043</td>

<td> 26</td><td> 0,126</td><td> 0,166</td><td> 0,222</td><td> 0,293</td><td> 0,388</td><td> 0,567</td><td> 0,739</td><td> 0,657</td><td> 0,350</td><td> 0,099</td><td> 0,008</td><td> 0,005</td><td> 0,006</td>

<td> 27</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,203</td><td> 0,236</td><td> 0,253</td><td> 0,304</td><td> 0,475</td><td> 0,648</td><td> 0,593</td><td> 0,370</td><td> 0,190</td><td> 0,091</td><td> 0,039</td><td> 0,015</td>

<td> 28</td><td> 0,164</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,226</td><td> 0,253</td><td> 0,323</td><td> 0,472</td><td> 0,604</td><td> 0,547</td><td> 0,352</td><td> 0,197</td><td> 0,112</td><td> 0,058</td><td> 0,031</td>

<td> 29</td><td> 0,171</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,240</td><td> 0,274</td><td> 0,328</td><td> 0,463</td><td> 0,608</td><td> 0,564</td><td> 0,362</td><td> 0,193</td><td> 0,094</td><td> 0,036</td><td> 0,012</td>

<td> 30</td><td> 0,171</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,231</td><td> 0,259</td><td> 0,326</td><td> 0,475</td><td> 0,626</td><td> 0,589</td><td> 0,363</td><td> 0,150</td><td> 0,057</td><td> 0,031</td><td> 0,015</td>

<td> 31</td><td> 0,097</td><td> 0,135</td><td> 0,192</td><td> 0,268</td><td> 0,389</td><td> 0,628</td><td> 0,848</td><td> 0,728</td><td> 0,347</td><td> 0,078</td><td> 0,006</td><td> 0,001</td><td> 0,003</td>

<td> 32</td><td> 0,074</td><td> 0,134</td><td> 0,238</td><td> 0,370</td><td> 0,462</td><td> 0,553</td><td> 0,624</td><td> 0,516</td><td> 0,286</td><td> 0,156</td><td> 0,129</td><td> 0,096</td><td> 0,052</td>

<td> 33</td><td> 0,159</td><td> 0,212</td><td> 0,245</td><td> 0,251</td><td> 0,305</td><td> 0,461</td><td> 0,564</td><td> 0,496</td><td> 0,375</td><td> 0,264</td><td> 0,138</td><td> 0,048</td><td> 0,019</td>

<td> 34</td><td> 0,022</td><td> 0,044</td><td> 0,114</td><td> 0,279</td><td> 0,496</td><td> 0,623</td><td> 0,634</td><td> 0,591</td><td> 0,479</td><td> 0,310</td><td> 0,160</td><td> 0,069</td><td> 0,030</td>

<td> 35</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,200</td><td> 0,244</td><td> 0,318</td><td> 0,404</td><td> 0,493</td><td> 0,584</td><td> 0,550</td><td> 0,352</td><td> 0,162</td><td> 0,072</td><td> 0,032</td><td> 0,009</td>

<td> 36</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,217</td><td> 0,289</td><td> 0,353</td><td> 0,390</td><td> 0,455</td><td> 0,568</td><td> 0,563</td><td> 0,373</td><td> 0,173</td><td> 0,080</td><td> 0,042</td><td> 0,013</td>

<td> 37</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,264</td><td> 0,304</td><td> 0,336</td><td> 0,450</td><td> 0,630</td><td> 0,628</td><td> 0,372</td><td> 0,127</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,014</td><td> 0,004</td>

<td> 38</td><td> 0,164</td><td> 0,211</td><td> 0,254</td><td> 0,279</td><td> 0,309</td><td> 0,455</td><td> 0,681</td><td> 0,686</td><td> 0,400</td><td> 0,126</td><td> 0,027</td><td> 0,011</td><td> 0,005</td>

<td> 39</td><td> 0,142</td><td> 0,181</td><td> 0,232</td><td> 0,292</td><td> 0,364</td><td> 0,512</td><td> 0,699</td><td> 0,664</td><td> 0,364</td><td> 0,097</td><td> 0,005</td><td> 0,006</td><td> 0,008</td>

<td> 40</td><td> 0,155</td><td> 0,222</td><td> 0,286</td><td> 0,331</td><td> 0,369</td><td> 0,465</td><td> 0,601</td><td> 0,579</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,172</td><td> 0,085</td><td> 0,037</td><td> 0,008</td>

<td> 41</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,204</td><td> 0,251</td><td> 0,282</td><td> 0,320</td><td> 0,459</td><td> 0,661</td><td> 0,659</td><td> 0,405</td><td> 0,163</td><td> 0,062</td><td> 0,031</td><td> 0,018</td>

<td> 42</td><td> 0,118</td><td> 0,171</td><td> 0,252</td><td> 0,367</td><td> 0,460</td><td> 0,506</td><td> 0,539</td><td> 0,496</td><td> 0,329</td><td> 0,166</td><td> 0,098</td><td> 0,069</td><td> 0,035</td>

<td> 43</td><td> 0,115</td><td> 0,156</td><td> 0,212</td><td> 0,283</td><td> 0,376</td><td> 0,563</td><td> 0,784</td><td> 0,729</td><td> 0,371</td><td> 0,080</td><td> 0,001</td><td> 0,003</td><td> 0,005</td>

<td> 44</td><td> 0,086</td><td> 0,126</td><td> 0,186</td><td> 0,272</td><td> 0,392</td><td> 0,602</td><td> 0,826</td><td> 0,761</td><td> 0,391</td><td> 0,094</td><td> 0,012</td><td> 0,005</td><td> 0,001</td>

<td> 45</td><td> 0,153</td><td> 0,203</td><td> 0,257</td><td> 0,284</td><td> 0,316</td><td> 0,452</td><td> 0,609</td><td> 0,566</td><td> 0,367</td><td> 0,207</td><td> 0,104</td><td> 0,035</td><td> 0,011</td>

<td> 46</td><td> 0,180</td><td> 0,256</td><td> 0,316</td><td> 0,408</td><td> 0,497</td><td> 0,493</td><td> 0,427</td><td> 0,336</td><td> 0,212</td><td> 0,122</td><td> 0,109</td><td> 0,104</td><td> 0,064</td>

<td> 47</td><td> 0,171</td><td> 0,253</td><td> 0,325</td><td> 0,407</td><td> 0,458</td><td> 0,443</td><td> 0,429</td><td> 0,400</td><td> 0,289</td><td> 0,173</td><td> 0,131</td><td> 0,112</td><td> 0,066</td>

170

<td> 48</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,211</td><td> 0,281</td><td> 0,358</td><td> 0,417</td><td> 0,470</td><td> 0,566</td><td> 0,585</td><td> 0,397</td><td> 0,155</td><td> 0,035</td><td> 0,004</td><td> 0,004</td>

<td> 49</td><td> 0,155</td><td> 0,203</td><td> 0,255</td><td> 0,330</td><td> 0,407</td><td> 0,472</td><td> 0,560</td><td> 0,561</td><td> 0,375</td><td> 0,168</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,042</td><td> 0,018</td>

<td> 50</td><td> 0,159</td><td> 0,197</td><td> 0,240</td><td> 0,289</td><td> 0,339</td><td> 0,449</td><td> 0,636</td><td> 0,663</td><td> 0,396</td><td> 0,110</td><td> 0,005</td><td> 0,007</td><td> 0,009</td>

<td> 51</td><td> 0,185</td><td> 0,272</td><td> 0,360</td><td> 0,392</td><td> 0,353</td><td> 0,357</td><td> 0,461</td><td> 0,486</td><td> 0,330</td><td> 0,168</td><td> 0,108</td><td> 0,077</td><td> 0,037</td>

<td> 52</td><td> 0,096</td><td> 0,141</td><td> 0,222</td><td> 0,351</td><td> 0,472</td><td> 0,508</td><td> 0,515</td><td> 0,524</td><td> 0,412</td><td> 0,196</td><td> 0,057</td><td> 0,024</td><td> 0,021</td>

<td> 53</td><td> 0,158</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,242</td><td> 0,306</td><td> 0,392</td><td> 0,462</td><td> 0,534</td><td> 0,533</td><td> 0,381</td><td> 0,208</td><td> 0,116</td><td> 0,063</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 54</td><td> 0,134</td><td> 0,177</td><td> 0,231</td><td> 0,296</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,494</td><td> 0,694</td><td> 0,710</td><td> 0,409</td><td> 0,101</td><td> 0,001</td><td> 0,004</td><td> 0,007</td>

<td> 55</td><td> 0,152</td><td> 0,204</td><td> 0,259</td><td> 0,316</td><td> 0,366</td><td> 0,464</td><td> 0,626</td><td> 0,630</td><td> 0,369</td><td> 0,110</td><td> 0,031</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,016</td>

<td> 56</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,207</td><td> 0,253</td><td> 0,290</td><td> 0,338</td><td> 0,458</td><td> 0,619</td><td> 0,607</td><td> 0,360</td><td> 0,117</td><td> 0,033</td><td> 0,027</td><td> 0,022</td>

<td> 57</td><td> 0,143</td><td> 0,197</td><td> 0,268</td><td> 0,357</td><td> 0,426</td><td> 0,471</td><td> 0,522</td><td> 0,486</td><td> 0,298</td><td> 0,128</td><td> 0,086</td><td> 0,078</td><td> 0,044</td>

<td> 58</td><td> 0,105</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,214</td><td> 0,299</td><td> 0,398</td><td> 0,542</td><td> 0,721</td><td> 0,717</td><td> 0,423</td><td> 0,123</td><td> 0,017</td><td> 0,003</td><td> 0,003</td>

<td> 59</td><td> 0,110</td><td> 0,169</td><td> 0,259</td><td> 0,371</td><td> 0,457</td><td> 0,518</td><td> 0,571</td><td> 0,515</td><td> 0,302</td><td> 0,113</td><td> 0,068</td><td> 0,073</td><td> 0,053</td>

<td> 60</td><td> 0,158</td><td> 0,202</td><td> 0,246</td><td> 0,308</td><td> 0,374</td><td> 0,455</td><td> 0,553</td><td> 0,536</td><td> 0,366</td><td> 0,196</td><td> 0,093</td><td> 0,030</td><td> 0,008</td>

<td> 61</td><td> 0,118</td><td> 0,160</td><td> 0,205</td><td> 0,284</td><td> 0,407</td><td> 0,520</td><td> 0,588</td><td> 0,569</td><td> 0,421</td><td> 0,224</td><td> 0,088</td><td> 0,026</td><td> 0,007</td>

<td> 62</td><td> 0,076</td><td> 0,119</td><td> 0,189</td><td> 0,297</td><td> 0,437</td><td> 0,593</td><td> 0,722</td><td> 0,683</td><td> 0,425</td><td> 0,165</td><td> 0,053</td><td> 0,021</td><td> 0,006</td>

<td> 63</td><td> 0,156</td><td> 0,207</td><td> 0,243</td><td> 0,258</td><td> 0,318</td><td> 0,460</td><td> 0,563</td><td> 0,511</td><td> 0,364</td><td> 0,236</td><td> 0,140</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,044</td>

<td> 64</td><td> 0,194</td><td> 0,280</td><td> 0,335</td><td> 0,402</td><td> 0,502</td><td> 0,516</td><td> 0,402</td><td> 0,272</td><td> 0,179</td><td> 0,124</td><td> 0,113</td><td> 0,113</td><td> 0,086</td>

<td> 65</td><td> 0,155</td><td> 0,251</td><td> 0,353</td><td> 0,432</td><td> 0,463</td><td> 0,418</td><td> 0,355</td><td> 0,368</td><td> 0,387</td><td> 0,303</td><td> 0,163</td><td> 0,062</td><td> 0,021</td>

<td> 66</td><td> 0,175</td><td> 0,210</td><td> 0,246</td><td> 0,284</td><td> 0,316</td><td> 0,385</td><td> 0,554</td><td> 0,643</td><td> 0,439</td><td> 0,141</td><td> 0,009</td><td> 0,008</td><td> 0,010</td>

<td> 67</td><td> 0,163</td><td> 0,214</td><td> 0,265</td><td> 0,328</td><td> 0,402</td><td> 0,466</td><td> 0,529</td><td> 0,536</td><td> 0,389</td><td> 0,186</td><td> 0,072</td><td> 0,031</td><td> 0,009</td>

<td> 68</td><td> 0,163</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,232</td><td> 0,294</td><td> 0,397</td><td> 0,476</td><td> 0,522</td><td> 0,506</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,192</td><td> 0,103</td><td> 0,062</td><td> 0,031</td>

<td> 69</td><td> 0,157</td><td> 0,220</td><td> 0,281</td><td> 0,355</td><td> 0,428</td><td> 0,468</td><td> 0,519</td><td> 0,533</td><td> 0,375</td><td> 0,160</td><td> 0,065</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,032</td>

<td> 70</td><td> 0,153</td><td> 0,198</td><td> 0,248</td><td> 0,304</td><td> 0,354</td><td> 0,431</td><td> 0,590</td><td> 0,664</td><td> 0,449</td><td> 0,143</td><td> 0,010</td><td> 0,005</td><td> 0,008</td>

<td> 71</td><td> 0,153</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,261</td><td> 0,343</td><td> 0,412</td><td> 0,458</td><td> 0,535</td><td> 0,552</td><td> 0,372</td><td> 0,143</td><td> 0,051</td><td> 0,040</td><td> 0,024</td>

<td> 72</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,207</td><td> 0,259</td><td> 0,316</td><td> 0,391</td><td> 0,466</td><td> 0,517</td><td> 0,487</td><td> 0,353</td><td> 0,210</td><td> 0,114</td><td> 0,042</td><td> 0,006</td>

171

<td> 73</td><td> 0,126</td><td> 0,176</td><td> 0,241</td><td> 0,320</td><td> 0,401</td><td> 0,489</td><td> 0,609</td><td> 0,645</td><td> 0,446</td><td> 0,168</td><td> 0,033</td><td> 0,005</td><td> 0,004</td>

<td> 74</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,203</td><td> 0,237</td><td> 0,270</td><td> 0,333</td><td> 0,456</td><td> 0,608</td><td> 0,618</td><td> 0,406</td><td> 0,179</td><td> 0,081</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,010</td>

<td> 75</td><td> 0,159</td><td> 0,202</td><td> 0,243</td><td> 0,289</td><td> 0,349</td><td> 0,456</td><td> 0,592</td><td> 0,584</td><td> 0,367</td><td> 0,145</td><td> 0,046</td><td> 0,010</td><td> 0,003</td>

<td> 76</td><td> 0,076</td><td> 0,148</td><td> 0,260</td><td> 0,351</td><td> 0,375</td><td> 0,411</td><td> 0,515</td><td> 0,518</td><td> 0,321</td><td> 0,134</td><td> 0,082</td><td> 0,053</td><td> 0,008</td>

<td> 77</td><td> 0,096</td><td> 0,147</td><td> 0,224</td><td> 0,329</td><td> 0,451</td><td> 0,554</td><td> 0,619</td><td> 0,595</td><td> 0,422</td><td> 0,202</td><td> 0,074</td><td> 0,027</td><td> 0,007</td>

<td> 78</td><td> 0,160</td><td> 0,216</td><td> 0,272</td><td> 0,318</td><td> 0,372</td><td> 0,434</td><td> 0,455</td><td> 0,411</td><td> 0,344</td><td> 0,276</td><td> 0,169</td><td> 0,060</td><td> 0,018</td>

172

25. Appendix C - Examples of combinations of spherical aberrations

<td>Combination</td><td>C (2.0)</td><td>C (4.0)</td><td>C (6.0)</td><td>C (8.0)</td><td>C (10.0)</td><td>C (12.0)</td><td>C (14.0)</td><td>C (16.0)</td><td>C (18.0)</td><td>C (20.0)</td>

<td>No Aberr</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td>

<td> 101</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 102</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 103</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 104</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 105</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 106</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 107</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 108</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 109</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 110</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 111</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 112</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 113</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 114</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 115</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 116</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 117</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 118</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,125</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 119</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 120</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 121</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 122</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 123</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 124</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 125</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025 ·</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 126</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

173

<td> 127</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 128</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,100</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 129</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 130</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 131</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 132</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 133</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 134</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 135</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 136</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 137</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 138</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 139</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 140</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 141</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 142</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 143</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 144</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 145</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 146</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 147</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 148</td><td> 0</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 149</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 150</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 151</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 152</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 153</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 154</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 155</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 156</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

174

<td> 157</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 158</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 159</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 160</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,100</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

<td> 161</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,050</td><td> -0,075</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 162</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 163</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,075</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 164</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> -0,025</td>

<td> 165</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 166</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td>

<td> 167</td><td> 0</td><td> 0,125</td><td> 0,075</td><td> -0,050</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,000</td><td> -0,025</td><td> 0,000</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,025</td>

175

26. Annex D: Transfocal RIQ for the spherical aberration combinations of Annex C

<td>Combination</td><td> -1,50</td><td> -1,25</td><td> -1,00</td><td> -0,75</td><td> -0,50</td><td> -0,25</td><td> 0,00</td><td> 0,25</td><td> 0,50</td><td> 0,75</td><td> 1,00</td><td> 1,25</td><td> 1,50</td>

<td>No Aberr</td><td> 0,024</td><td> 0,040</td><td> 0,073</td><td> 0,148</td><td> 0,307</td><td> 0,709</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 0,709</td><td> 0,307</td><td> 0,148</td><td> 0,073</td><td> 0,040</td><td> 0,024</td>

<td> 101</td><td> 0,071</td><td> 0,102</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,371</td><td> 0,466</td><td> 0,446</td><td> 0,409</td><td> 0,397</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,305</td><td> 0,236</td><td> 0,171</td><td> 0,114</td>

<td> 102</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,113</td><td> 0,213</td><td> 0,357</td><td> 0,421</td><td> 0,407</td><td> 0,430</td><td> 0,459</td><td> 0,402</td><td> 0,301</td><td> 0,220</td><td> 0,160</td><td> 0,110</td>

<td> 103</td><td> 0,071</td><td> 0,106</td><td> 0,224</td><td> 0,382</td><td> 0,431</td><td> 0,388</td><td> 0,385</td><td> 0,405</td><td> 0,374</td><td> 0,309</td><td> 0,238</td><td> 0,173</td><td> 0,120</td>

<td> 104</td><td> 0,045</td><td> 0,079</td><td> 0,216</td><td> 0,430</td><td> 0,524</td><td> 0,446</td><td> 0,376</td><td> 0,385</td><td> 0,383</td><td> 0,326</td><td> 0,240</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,106</td>

<td> 105</td><td> 0,043</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,203</td><td> 0,427</td><td> 0,551</td><td> 0,478</td><td> 0,377</td><td> 0,355</td><td> 0,350</td><td> 0,314</td><td> 0,242</td><td> 0,160</td><td> 0,101</td>

<td> 106</td><td> 0,045</td><td> 0,108</td><td> 0,230</td><td> 0,382</td><td> 0,459</td><td> 0,413</td><td> 0,366</td><td> 0,386</td><td> 0,382</td><td> 0,312</td><td> 0,221</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,109</td>

<td> 107</td><td> 0,032</td><td> 0,091</td><td> 0,212</td><td> 0,323</td><td> 0,360</td><td> 0,391</td><td> 0,463</td><td> 0,483</td><td> 0,407</td><td> 0,317</td><td> 0,255</td><td> 0,198</td><td> 0,141</td>

<td> 108</td><td> 0,044</td><td> 0,109</td><td> 0,239</td><td> 0,330</td><td> 0,354</td><td> 0,389</td><td> 0,444</td><td> 0,462</td><td> 0,422</td><td> 0,347</td><td> 0,264</td><td> 0,183</td><td> 0,111</td>

<td> 109</td><td> 0,029</td><td> 0,106</td><td> 0,231</td><td> 0,314</td><td> 0,358</td><td> 0,427</td><td> 0,489</td><td> 0,478</td><td> 0,403</td><td> 0,321</td><td> 0,251</td><td> 0,176</td><td> 0,107</td>

<td> 110</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,098</td><td> 0,234</td><td> 0,343</td><td> 0,359</td><td> 0,364</td><td> 0,439</td><td> 0,503</td><td> 0,447</td><td> 0,324</td><td> 0,232</td><td> 0,168</td><td> 0,109</td>

<td> 111</td><td> 0,033</td><td> 0,093</td><td> 0,221</td><td> 0,343</td><td> 0,385</td><td> 0,402</td><td> 0,469</td><td> 0,514</td><td> 0,446</td><td> 0,326</td><td> 0,234</td><td> 0,168</td><td> 0,113</td>

<td> 112</td><td> 0,049</td><td> 0,091</td><td> 0,202</td><td> 0,327</td><td> 0,384</td><td> 0,405</td><td> 0,450</td><td> 0,467</td><td> 0,400</td><td> 0,303</td><td> 0,223</td><td> 0,163</td><td> 0,116</td>

<td> 113</td><td> 0,048</td><td> 0,082</td><td> 0,211</td><td> 0,400</td><td> 0,476</td><td> 0,408</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,391</td><td> 0,387</td><td> 0,325</td><td> 0,239</td><td> 0,167</td><td> 0,118</td>

<td> 114</td><td> 0,044</td><td> 0,095</td><td> 0,211</td><td> 0,386</td><td> 0,486</td><td> 0,426</td><td> 0,358</td><td> 0,375</td><td> 0,370</td><td> 0,305</td><td> 0,231</td><td> 0,167</td><td> 0,119</td>

<td> 115</td><td> 0,053</td><td> 0,096</td><td> 0,212</td><td> 0,360</td><td> 0,420</td><td> 0,374</td><td> 0,361</td><td> 0,416</td><td> 0,420</td><td> 0,340</td><td> 0,239</td><td> 0,164</td><td> 0,119</td>

<td> 116</td><td> 0,067</td><td> 0,121</td><td> 0,220</td><td> 0,342</td><td> 0,392</td><td> 0,355</td><td> 0,361</td><td> 0,434</td><td> 0,455</td><td> 0,389</td><td> 0,277</td><td> 0,169</td><td> 0,101</td>

<td> 117</td><td> 0,039</td><td> 0,095</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,321</td><td> 0,369</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,383</td><td> 0,422</td><td> 0,418</td><td> 0,358</td><td> 0,268</td><td> 0,180</td><td> 0,120</td>

<td> 118</td><td> 0,061</td><td> 0,120</td><td> 0,212</td><td> 0,315</td><td> 0,388</td><td> 0,387</td><td> 0,350</td><td> 0,353</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,344</td><td> 0,304</td><td> 0,244</td><td> 0,168</td>

<td> 119</td><td> 0,065</td><td> 0,127</td><td> 0,213</td><td> 0,309</td><td> 0,364</td><td> 0,393</td><td> 0,432</td><td> 0,436</td><td> 0,395</td><td> 0,342</td><td> 0,269</td><td> 0,183</td><td> 0,111</td>

<td> 120</td><td> 0,040</td><td> 0,098</td><td> 0,211</td><td> 0,322</td><td> 0,354</td><td> 0,366</td><td> 0,412</td><td> 0,425</td><td> 0,391</td><td> 0,355</td><td> 0,296</td><td> 0,204</td><td> 0,125</td>

<td> 121</td><td> 0,039</td><td> 0,104</td><td> 0,236</td><td> 0,352</td><td> 0,374</td><td> 0,383</td><td> 0,441</td><td> 0,469</td><td> 0,426</td><td> 0,351</td><td> 0,264</td><td> 0,173</td><td> 0,102</td>

<td> 122</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,085</td><td> 0,205</td><td> 0,324</td><td> 0,362</td><td> 0,371</td><td> 0,405</td><td> 0,413</td><td> 0,372</td><td> 0,322</td><td> 0,267</td><td> 0,194</td><td> 0,125</td>

176

<td> 123</td><td> 0,039</td><td> 0,083</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,313</td><td> 0,367</td><td> 0,431</td><td> 0,486</td><td> 0,458</td><td> 0,392</td><td> 0,348</td><td> 0,288</td><td> 0,192</td><td> 0,105</td>

<td> 124</td><td> 0,020</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,204</td><td> 0,339</td><td> 0,396</td><td> 0,417</td><td> 0,452</td><td> 0,459</td><td> 0,403</td><td> 0,317</td><td> 0,242</td><td> 0,172</td><td> 0,107</td>

<td> 125</td><td> 0,044</td><td> 0,096</td><td> 0,203</td><td> 0,327</td><td> 0,395</td><td> 0,383</td><td> 0,359</td><td> 0,389</td><td> 0,423</td><td> 0,393</td><td> 0,304</td><td> 0,194</td><td> 0,101</td>

<td> 126</td><td> 0,057</td><td> 0,106</td><td> 0,205</td><td> 0,327</td><td> 0,410</td><td> 0,411</td><td> 0,368</td><td> 0,358</td><td> 0,369</td><td> 0,346</td><td> 0,293</td><td> 0,224</td><td> 0,147</td>

<td> 127</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,087</td><td> 0,200</td><td> 0,338</td><td> 0,402</td><td> 0,383</td><td> 0,367</td><td> 0,388</td><td> 0,397</td><td> 0,359</td><td> 0,282</td><td> 0,194</td><td> 0,123</td>

<td> 128</td><td> 0,037</td><td> 0,097</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,319</td><td> 0,378</td><td> 0,380</td><td> 0,379</td><td> 0,396</td><td> 0,381</td><td> 0,319</td><td> 0,250</td><td> 0,188</td><td> 0,134</td>

<td> 129</td><td> 0,053</td><td> 0,097</td><td> 0,219</td><td> 0,353</td><td> 0,404</td><td> 0,378</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,397</td><td> 0,395</td><td> 0,323</td><td> 0,235</td><td> 0,163</td><td> 0,112</td>

<td> 130</td><td> 0,050</td><td> 0,106</td><td> 0,211</td><td> 0,342</td><td> 0,446</td><td> 0,474</td><td> 0,421</td><td> 0,381</td><td> 0,381</td><td> 0,347</td><td> 0,267</td><td> 0,179</td><td> 0,109</td>

<td> 131</td><td> 0,058</td><td> 0,121</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,302</td><td> 0,420</td><td> 0,465</td><td> 0,419</td><td> 0,397</td><td> 0,393</td><td> 0,330</td><td> 0,238</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,104</td>

<td> 132</td><td> 0,025</td><td> 0,082</td><td> 0,215</td><td> 0,346</td><td> 0,385</td><td> 0,372</td><td> 0,406</td><td> 0,470</td><td> 0,463</td><td> 0,365</td><td> 0,248</td><td> 0,158</td><td> 0,104</td>

<td> 133</td><td> 0,059</td><td> 0,103</td><td> 0,205</td><td> 0,318</td><td> 0,370</td><td> 0,369</td><td> 0,394</td><td> 0,451</td><td> 0,437</td><td> 0,328</td><td> 0,219</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,109</td>

<td> 134</td><td> 0,045</td><td> 0,095</td><td> 0,210</td><td> 0,336</td><td> 0,389</td><td> 0,380</td><td> 0,383</td><td> 0,424</td><td> 0,441</td><td> 0,388</td><td> 0,295</td><td> 0,199</td><td> 0,116</td>

<td> 135</td><td> 0,046</td><td> 0,094</td><td> 0,209</td><td> 0,331</td><td> 0,379</td><td> 0,374</td><td> 0,371</td><td> 0,392</td><td> 0,413</td><td> 0,383</td><td> 0,303</td><td> 0,207</td><td> 0,121</td>

<td> 136</td><td> 0,048</td><td> 0,102</td><td> 0,208</td><td> 0,326</td><td> 0,393</td><td> 0,391</td><td> 0,358</td><td> 0,355</td><td> 0,377</td><td> 0,356</td><td> 0,289</td><td> 0,213</td><td> 0,142</td>

<td> 137</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,082</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,325</td><td> 0,378</td><td> 0,368</td><td> 0,367</td><td> 0,418</td><td> 0,461</td><td> 0,422</td><td> 0,319</td><td> 0,200</td><td> 0,103</td>

<td> 138</td><td> 0,024</td><td> 0,083</td><td> 0,205</td><td> 0,344</td><td> 0,424</td><td> 0,411</td><td> 0,371</td><td> 0,380</td><td> 0,404</td><td> 0,376</td><td> 0,299</td><td> 0,206</td><td> 0,126</td>

<td> 139</td><td> 0,036</td><td> 0,107</td><td> 0,214</td><td> 0,316</td><td> 0,387</td><td> 0,398</td><td> 0,373</td><td> 0,388</td><td> 0,408</td><td> 0,363</td><td> 0,278</td><td> 0,191</td><td> 0,120</td>

<td> 140</td><td> 0,067</td><td> 0,117</td><td> 0,201</td><td> 0,311</td><td> 0,384</td><td> 0,416</td><td> 0,461</td><td> 0,485</td><td> 0,422</td><td> 0,312</td><td> 0,219</td><td> 0,151</td><td> 0,102</td>

<td> 141</td><td> 0,055</td><td> 0,105</td><td> 0,215</td><td> 0,361</td><td> 0,464</td><td> 0,483</td><td> 0,431</td><td> 0,379</td><td> 0,364</td><td> 0,333</td><td> 0,256</td><td> 0,169</td><td> 0,101</td>

<td> 142</td><td> 0,075</td><td> 0,131</td><td> 0,218</td><td> 0,317</td><td> 0,399</td><td> 0,438</td><td> 0,415</td><td> 0,382</td><td> 0,374</td><td> 0,331</td><td> 0,245</td><td> 0,168</td><td> 0,110</td>

<td> 143</td><td> 0,052</td><td> 0,090</td><td> 0,204</td><td> 0,350</td><td> 0,411</td><td> 0,382</td><td> 0,371</td><td> 0,406</td><td> 0,398</td><td> 0,313</td><td> 0,222</td><td> 0,161</td><td> 0,118</td>

<td> 144</td><td> 0,078</td><td> 0,118</td><td> 0,208</td><td> 0,319</td><td> 0,381</td><td> 0,398</td><td> 0,405</td><td> 0,407</td><td> 0,399</td><td> 0,353</td><td> 0,273</td><td> 0,194</td><td> 0,124</td>

<td> 145</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,086</td><td> 0,212</td><td> 0,359</td><td> 0,437</td><td> 0,421</td><td> 0,381</td><td> 0,386</td><td> 0,403</td><td> 0,368</td><td> 0,286</td><td> 0,192</td><td> 0,116</td>

<td> 146</td><td> 0,036</td><td> 0,105</td><td> 0,226</td><td> 0,341</td><td> 0,402</td><td> 0,405</td><td> 0,382</td><td> 0,390</td><td> 0,405</td><td> 0,360</td><td> 0,269</td><td> 0,179</td><td> 0,109</td>

<td> 147</td><td> 0,035</td><td> 0,092</td><td> 0,218</td><td> 0,372</td><td> 0,454</td><td> 0,434</td><td> 0,387</td><td> 0,383</td><td> 0,391</td><td> 0,352</td><td> 0,272</td><td> 0,183</td><td> 0,111</td>

177

148 0,042 0,104 0,231 0,363 0,423 0,415 0,388 0,386 0,392 0,348 0,260 0,171 0,104 149 0,046 0,102 0,223 0,381 0,471 0,449 0,391 0,374 0,371 0,329 0,255 0,177 0,110 150 0,053 0,107 0,230 0,378 0,449 0,430 0,391 0,375 0,370 0,328 0,249 0,168 0,104 151 0,087 0,139 0,218 0,318 0,389 0,428 0,447 0,425 0,379 0,315 0,228 0,150 0,103 152 0,048 0,099 0,206 0,320 0,374 0,384 0,417 0,463 0,443 0,336 0,220 0,154 0,125 153 0,042 0,095 0,205 0,324 0,375 0,387 0,427 0,466 0,430 0,318 0,209 0,153 0,130 154 0,075 0,124 0,201 0,316 0,436 0,454 0,387 0,368 0,367 0,303 0,217 0,152 0,104 155 0,072 0,118 0,205 0,348 0,488 0,481 0,376 0,359 0,381 0,320 0,222 0,157 0,118 156 0,040 0,096 0,200 0,357 0,504 0,508 0,407 0,366 0,363 0,301 0,213 0,155 0,119 157 0,047 0,097 0,202 0,355 0,455 0,420 0,357 0,393 0,426 0,345 0,223 0,156 0,132 158 0,053 0,110 0,206 0,316 0,403 0,413 0,369 0,385 0,428 0,385 0,276 0,183 0,122 159 0,071 0,127 0,209 0,315 0,415 0,418 0,355 0,370 0,417 0,368 0,260 0,175 0,126 160 0,050 0,107 0,206 0,329 0,429 0,429 0,363 0,363 0,389 0,335 0,236 0,164 0,125 161 0,056 0,121 0,211 0,304 0,386 0,420 0,400 0,393 0,387 0,319 0,226 0,161 0,121 162 0,055 0,122 0,222 0,313 0,355 0,361 0,363 0,401 0,449 0,410 0,285 0,170 0,107 163 0,063 0,129 0,233 0,335 0,403 0,411 0,363 0,354 0,400 0,387 0,291 0,189 0,118 164 0,062 0,106 0,202 0,330 0,412 0,421 0,394 0,375 0,371 0,348 0,275 0,177 0,105 165 0,050 0,107 0,217 0,345 0,423 0,426 0,379 0,351 0,361 0,332 0,240 0,151 0,101 166 0,047 0,105 0,201 0,312 0,411 0,459 0,438 0,418 0,420 0,366 0,262 0,173 0,112 167 0,053 0,119 0,210 0,307 0,405 0,466 0,447 0,416 0,394 0,311 0,212 0,161 0,122