Intraocular implants

p00001Intraocular implants and their methods and kits.

COUNTRYSIDE

p00003The devices described herein generally refer to reduction of intraocular pressure. More particularly, the devices refer to implantable intraocular implants in the Schlemm canal that can reduce intraocular pressure without substantially interfering with the flow of fluid in the Schlemm canal.

BACKGROUND

p00005Glaucoma is a disease that potentially causes blindness and affects more than 60 million people worldwide, or about 1-2% of the population. Typically, glaucoma is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure. Increased pressure in the eye can cause damage to the optic nerve, which can lead to loss of vision if left untreated. The significant reduction in intraocular pressure can delay or stop the progressive loss of vision associated with glaucoma. In addition, patients are frequently diagnosed with pre-glaucoma and ocular hypertension when they exhibit symptoms that are likely to lead to glaucoma, such as somewhat elevated intraocular pressure, but still do not show signs of damage to the optic nerve. Treatments for glaucoma, pre-glaucoma and ocular hypertension mainly seek to reduce intraocular pressure.

p00006The increase in intraocular pressure is caused by drainage or drainage of suboptimal fluid (aqueous humor) from the eye. The aqueous humor or fluid is a clear, colorless fluid, which is continuously resupplied in the eye. The aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body, and then flows outward mainly through the trabecular meshwork of the eye. The trabecular mesh extends circumferentially around the eye at the angle of the anterior chamber, or at the drainage angle, which is formed at the intersection between the peripheral iris or the iris root, the anterior sclera, or the sclera and cornea. peripheral The trabecular mesh is fed outward, towards the Schlemm canal, a narrow circumferential passage that generally surrounds the outer edge of the trabecular mesh. Positioned around and extending radially from the Schlemm canal are the aqueous veins or collecting channels that receive the drained fluid. The drainage or net outflow of aqueous humor may be reduced as a result of the decrease in the ease of flow, decrease of the flow through the trabecular meshwork and the drainage apparatus of the Schlemm canal, increase in episcleral venous pressure, or possibly Increased production of aqueous humor. Flow out of the eye may be restricted by blockages or constriction in the trabecular meshwork and / or the Schlemm canal.

p00007Glaucoma, pre-glaucoma and ocular hypertension can currently be treated by reducing intraocular pressure, using one or more modalities, including medication, incision surgery, laser surgery, cryosurgery and other forms of surgery. In the United States, medications or medical therapy are typically the first lines of therapy. If medical therapy is not effective enough, more invasive surgical treatments can be used. In other countries, such as those with socialized medical systems or with nationalized medical care systems, surgery may be the first line of therapy, if it is considered a more cost-effective treatment.

p00008A standard incision surgical procedure to reduce intraocular pressure is trabeculectomy, or filtration surgery. This procedure involves creating a new drainage site for aqueous humor. Instead of draining naturally / through the trabecular meshwork, a new drainage path is created by extracting a portion of the sclera and the trabecular meshwork at the drainage angle. This creates an opening between the anterior chamber and the subconjunctival space that is drained by the conjunctival blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The new opening can be covered with sclera and / or conjunctiva to create a new reservoir called a blister, into which the aqueous humor can drain. However, trabeculectomy carries both short and long term risks. These risks include blocking the opening created surgically through scarring or other mechanisms, hypotonia or abnormally low intraocular pressure, expulsive hemorrhage, hypema, intraocular infection or endophthalmitis, superficial anterior chamber angle, and others. Alternatives to trabeculectomy are actively being sought.

p00009Revascularization stents are also used to bridge the locked trabecular meshwork. Stents can be inserted between the anterior chamber of the eye and the Schlemm canal, deriving the trabecular meshwork. However, it is difficult to accurately and reliably implant a revascularization stent from the anterior chamber into the Schlemm canal. The implant procedure is challenging, and stents can become occluded and lose functionality over time. Others have inserted hollow, cylindrical, stretched and tubular stents longitudinally into the Schlemm canal. The hollow cylindrical stents can be configured to allow the flow of circumferential fluid around the channel. These may also lose functionality over time as a result of occlusion or scarring.

p00010The Schlemm channel is small, approximately 190-370 micrometers in cross and circular diameter. Therefore, it can be difficult or expensive to design and manufacture hollow tubular stents of appropriate dimensions for use in opening the Schlemm canal. In addition, tubular and hollow stents may be prone to failure and collapse, or occlude over time, as demonstrated by cardiovascular stents. Tubular and hollow stents that incorporate thin walls are especially prone to failure. Likewise, the walls of the tubular stents placed along the Schlemm canal can have significant surface area contact with the trabecular mesh and / or the collecting channels, which can cause the mesh or the collecting channels to block, substantially interfering with the transmural flow in the Schlemm canal and into the collecting channels of the eye.

p00011Consequently, devices that are easily fabricable and minimally invasive are desired for the effective long-term reduction of intraocular pressure.

p00012WO 2006/066103 describes an implant for placement within the Schlemm canal that provides tension to the trabecular meshwork. The implant placed within the Schlemm canal can impart a force radially inwards from the inner wall of the Schlemm canal to increase the aqueous flow through the inner wall of the canal and limit the distention of the inner wall.

SUMMARY

p00014According to the present invention, the device according to claim 1 is provided.

p00015Devices, kits and methods for reducing intraocular pressure are described below. The supports of the devices use the natural drainage pathways of the eye. The supports can be implanted in the Schlemm canal with minimal trauma to the eye.

p00016The support in general comprises a biocompatible material. At least a portion of the support may be made of a biocompatible polymer, e.g. eg, acrylics, silicones, polymethylmethacrylate or a hydrogel. In addition, at least part of the support can be made of a biocompatible metal such as gold. In some variations, at least a portion of the support is made of a material with memory of the conformation. Suitable conformation memory materials include conformation memory polymers or conformation memory alloys, such as nickel and titanium alloys. If a material with conformation memory is used, the support may have a compressed state before and during implantation in the Schlemm canal, and an expanded state after implantation to open the canal.

p00017In some variations, the support is at least partially made of a biocompatible, biodegradable polymer. The biodegradable polymer can be collagen, a derivative of collagen, a poly (lactide); a poly (glycolide); a poly (lactide-co-glycolide); a poly (lactic acid); a poly (glycolic); a poly (lactic acid-coglycolic acid); a poly (lactide) / poly (ethylene glycol) copolymer; a poly (glycolide) / poly (ethylene glycol) copolymer; a poly (lactide-co-glycolide) / poly (ethylene glycol) copolymer; a poly (lactic acid) / poly (ethylene glycol) copolymer; a poly (glycolic acid) / poly (ethylene glycol) copolymer; a copolymer of poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) / poly (ethylene glycol); a poly (caprolactone); a poly (caprolactone) / poly (ethylene glycol) copolymer; a polyorthoester; a poly (phosfacene); a poly (hydroxybutyrate) or a copolymer that includes a poly (hydroxybutyrate); a poly (lactide-co-caprolactone); a polycarbonate; a poly (esteramide); a polyanhydride; a poly (dioxanone); a poly (alkyleneoalkylate); a copolymer of polyethylene glycol and a polyorthoester; a biodegradable polyurethane; a poly (amino acid); a polyether ester; a polyacetal; a polycyanoacrylate; a poly (oxyethylene) / poly (oxypropylene) copolymer; and mixtures and their copolymers.

p00018The support may comprise an active agent. For example, a support may be coated or impregnated with an active agent. Alternatively, an active agent can be dispersed within the support, e.g. eg, filling a cavity inside the support. The active agent may include a prostaglandin, a prostaglandin analogue, a beta blocker, an alpha-2 agonist, a calcium channel blocker, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, a growth factor, an anti-metabolite, a chemotherapeutic agent, a steroid, an antagonist of a growth factor or its combinations. The release of the active agent can be controlled using a time release system, e.g. eg, embedding or encapsulating the active agent with a time-release composition.

p00019In some variations, the support will be compact. In other variations, at least a portion of the support will be hollow or porous. The surface of the support can be smooth, rough, serrated or grooved. Even in other variations, at least part of the support will be made of a mesh. The support includes at least one fenestration and may also include one or more rod type members.

p00020In some variations, the support comprises at least two adjacent microspheres. Adjacent microspheres can have the same or different sizes and shapes, and can be made of the same or different materials. The shapes of the microspheres can be spherical, spheroidal, ovoid, cylindrical, cuboid, cubic, conical, discoid, helical, or their segments. In some variations, there is a connector that links at least two adjacent microspheres to each other. If there is a connector, it can be rigid or flexible. If there is more than one connector, p. For example, two connectors inserted between three heads, the connectors can have the same lengths or different lengths. The connectors may include the same or different material as the microspheres they connect. A connector can also function as a spacer configured to provide space between adjacent microspheres. In some variations, the support comprises at least two disks separated by, and connected with, a connector. The discs may include fenestrations. The connector may also comprise a guiahyl on which the fenestrated microsphere can be threaded into the Schlemm channel.

p00021The support can extend approximately throughout the Schlemm channel, if the support has a circumference approximately equal to the circumference of the Schlemm channel. Alternatively, the support can extend only about halfway around the circumference of the Schlemm channel, or about a quarter around the channel. In some variations, the support will extend less than a quarter of the circumference of the Schlemm channel. The support can be configured to be in contact with the inner surface of the Schlemm channel wall at two, three or more points. In some variations, the support can be attached to tissue. The support may comprise a rigid, arcuate member having a radius of curvature smaller or greater than the Schlemm channel.

p00022In some variations, the support can be altered using electromagnetic radiation. For example, a laser having an absorbable wavelength by at least a localized portion of the support can be used to alter the support. In other variations, electromagnetic radiation can be used to release an active agent from the support. Even in other variations, the support can be visually enhanced using fluorescence or phosphorescence emission. For example, the support may comprise a chromophore that fluoresces or phosphoresce upon excitation with a light source. In some variations, the emitted fluorescence or phosphorescence is in the wavelength range of about 300 nm to about 800 nm. In some variations, the support may comprise a chromophore that enhances the post-operative monitoring of the support.

p00023Kits are also provided to reduce intraocular pressure. The kits contain a support that can be circumferentially implanted within the Schlemm channel. The support is configured to maintain the patenting of at least part of the Schlemm channel. The support occupies at least a portion of a central core of the Schlemm canal and does not substantially interfere with the transmural flow in the canal. The kits also contain an introducer to implant the support into the canal. In some variations, the kits include a positioning device to adjust the support within the channel. In other variations, the kits include instructions. Even in other variations, the kits include an active agent. Some kits contain at least two brackets. If more than one support is included, the kits may include at least two introducers to supply the supports. Multiple supports within the same kit can have the same or different shape, size or composition. Multiple brackets within the same kit can be connected to each other or remain separate. In some variations, the kits include a fixing device for connecting a support to the tissue. In other variations, the kits may include a system to visually enhance the appearance of the support.

p00024Methods for reducing intraocular pressure are also described. The methods include inserting a support circumferentially into the Schlemm channel. The support is configured to maintain the patenting of at least part of the channel. The support occupies at least a portion of a central core of the Schlemm canal, and does not substantially interfere with the transmural flow in the canal. In some variations, the methods also include dilating the Schlemm channel before inserting the support. Even in other variations, the methods comprise anchoring the support to the tissue. The methods may include implanting at least two supports. If more than one support is implanted within a single eye, the multiple supports can be positioned circumferentially adjacent to each other or circumferentially opposite (ie, positioned approximately 180 ° apart) with each other within the Schlemm channel. Multiple brackets inside one eye can be connected or remain separated. In some variations of the methods, the support is illuminated with a light source to visually enhance the position of the support. In other variations of the methods, the support can be altered using electromagnetic radiation. For example, a laser absorbed by at least a localized portion can be used to alter the support. The alteration may include the creation or extension of an opening in the support. If electromagnetic radiation is used to alter a support, the alteration may occur before or after implantation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

p00026FIG. 1 provides a partial sectional side view of a normal human eye.

p00027FIG. 2 provides a partial sectional side view of a normal fluid drainage path of the eye.

p00028FIG. 3 shows a front view of normal eye fluid drainage.

p00029FIG. 4A shows an alternative front view of normal fluid drainage pathways of the eye.

p00030FIG. 4B shows a sectional view along the line I-I '.

p00031FIG. 5 A provides a frontal view of an eye in which the Schlemm canal has narrowed or collapsed.

p00032FIG. 5B shows a front view of a device that includes a support inserted in the Schlemm channel that allows transmural flow in the channel.

p00033FIG. 5C illustrates an alternative design of a device inserted in the Schlemm channel that allows transmural flow through the channel.

p00034FIG. 6A shows side views of various configurations of microspheres or elements that can be used in

p00035the supports described herein. FIG. 6B shows the corresponding front views of the microsphere configurations or elements that are shown in FIG. 6A. FIG. 6C illustrates an element or microsphere that has fenestrations.

p00036FIG. 7A illustrates a support that has multiple juxtaposed microspheres. FIG. 7B illustrates a support that has multiple juxtaposed and connected microspheres. FIG. 7C shows an alternative configuration of a support that has multiple juxtaposed microspheres and

p00037connected.

p00038FIG. 7D shows a support that has multiple separate but connected microspheres. FIG. 7E illustrates the microspheres threaded into a connector. FIG. 8A-B show side and front views, respectively, of a support having a network structure

p00039open FIG. 8C-D show side and front views, respectively, of a support having a configuration in

p00040Longitudinal zigzag that will contact the wall of the Schlemm canal at least three points (marked P1, P2, P3). FIG. 8E-F show side and front views, respectively, of a support having a type member

p00041rod with continuously striated edges and fenestrations.

p00042FIG. 8G-H show side and front views, respectively, of another variation of a support having a rod type member with continuously striated edges. FIG. 9A-B show expanded sectional views of a support implanted within the Schlemm channel. FIG. 10A-C illustrate various configurations of the supports implanted in the Schlemm channel. FIG. 11A-B illustrate two media configurations that have a smaller radius of curvature than the channel

p00043from Schlemm. FIG. 11C shows a support that has a greater radius of curvature than the Schlemm channel. FIG. 12A illustrates a variation of a support that crosses the center of the central core of the Schlemm channel. FIG. 12B shows a sectional view along line II-II '. FIG. 12C illustrates a variation of a support that crosses the central core of the channel. FIG. 12D shows a sectional view along line III-IIF. FIG. 12E illustrates a variation of a support that occupies most of the central core of the channel. FIG. 12F shows a sectional view along line IV-IV. FIG. 12G illustrates a variation of the support having an open network occupying a portion of the central core of the

p00044channel. FIG. 12H shows a sectional view along the VV line. FIG. 13 shows an illustrative example of a support that can be modified using electromagnetic radiation. FIG. 14A illustrates a syringe that can be used to insert a support into the Schlemm channel. FIG. 14B illustrates a variation in which a support is threaded into a guide element for insertion and

p00045Schlemm channel positioning.

p00046FIG. 14C illustrates a sectional view of a support having a central inner wall to house an element guide. FIG. 14D illustrates a variation in which a syringe and a guide element are used for insertion and positioning

p00047of a support in the Schlemm channel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

p00049Devices, kits and methods for reducing intraocular pressure are described herein, maintaining or restoring the Schlemm canal, so that at least a portion of the canal is patent or unobstructed. The devices, kits and methods operate to prevent the Schlemm canal from collapsing, while not substantially interfering with the natural drainage mechanism of the aqueous humor eye, where the flow of transmural fluid occurs in the Schlemm canal. The devices are implantable in the Schlemm canal with minimal trauma to the eye.

p00050With reference to the figures, FIG. 1 shows a partial sectional view of the anatomy of a normal human eye. The ciliary body 12 is connected to the iris 18 and the lens 16 by means of zonular fibrils 14. The anterior chamber of the eye 20 is joined on its anterior (frontal) surface by the cornea 24. In the center of the iris 18 is the pupil 22. The Cornea 24 is connected at its periphery to the sclera 26, which consists of a hard fibrous tissue that forms the white of the eye. The trabecular meshwork 28 is located on the outer peripheral surface of the anterior chamber 20. The trabecular meshwork extends 360 ° circumferentially around the anterior chamber. Located on the outer peripheral surface of the mesh 28 is the Schlemm channel 30. The Schlemm channel extends 360 ° circumferentially around the trabecular meshwork. At the apex formed between the iris 18, the mesh 28 and the sclera 26 is the angle 32. The conjunctiva 34 is a membrane that overlaps the sclera 26 and that covers the inner part of the eyelid (not shown).

p00051FIG. 2 shows a partial sectional view of aqueous humor in and out of a normally functioning human eye. Aqueous humor occurs in the ciliary body 12 and its path through and out of the eye is indicated by the continuous directional line 36. The aqueous humor flows from the ciliary body 12, between the lens 16 and the iris 18, through the pupil 22 into the anterior chamber 20, through the trabecular meshwork 28, through the Schlemm channel 30, into the vein aqueous or collecting channels (not shown) and finally into the bloodstream through the conjunctival vasculature.

p00052FIG. 3 shows a front view of normal flow of aqueous humor out of the eye. The aqueous humor enters the anterior chamber 20 through the pupil 22. The fluid flows outward towards the periphery of the eye, with the general flow path indicated by the continuous directional lines 36. The fluid crosses the trabecular meshwork 28 and crosses the Schlemm channel 30 until reaching the aqueous veins or collecting channels 38. There are typically 25-30 collecting channels located in a human eye. The collecting channels 38 are connected to the vasculature 40, where the drained aqueous humor enters the bloodstream. While the direction of the net or volume flow fluid is represented as radially outward by the directional lines 36 from the pupil 22 for simplicity, the actual fluid flow in one eye can follow more varied paths.

p00053Different fluid flow paths are illustrated in and through the Schlemm channel in FIG. 4A-B. FIG. 4A shows a front view of one eye and FIG. 4B shows an expanded sectional view along the IP line. The circumferential (ie, longitudinal) flow along and around the circular channel 30 is represented by the directional lines 50. The fluid that does not pass through the channel 30 to reach the collecting channels 38 cannot be effectively drained from the eye. Examples of fluid path flow that can effectively drain the eye are illustrated by the directional lines 52, 52 'and 52 ". In each of these paths, the fluid enters the trabecular mesh 28 along its peripheral surface inside 60 and exits the mesh along its outer peripheral surface 62 '. The outer peripheral surface of the mesh 62' provides the inner peripheral surface or the wall of the Schlemm channel 30. The transmural fluid in the Schlemm canal involves two instances of transmural flow in the walls or confines.

p00054First, the fluid must flow from the trabecular meshwork 38 through the inner peripheral surface or the wall 62 'of the Schlemm channel 30 to reach lumen 64 of the channel. Second, the fluid must flow from the lumen 64 through the outer peripheral wall of the channel 62 "through openings 38 'to enter the collecting channels 38. Finally, the collecting channels 38 feed the fluid drained into the vasculature. The lumen 64 of channel 30 includes a central core region 67. Therefore, the fluid flow of the eye differs from the fluid flow in other vessels of the body, where the fluid needs to flow only longitudinally along the vessel, like blood flowing through a vein.

p00055Dispositives

p00056Devices for reducing intraocular pressure are described herein comprising a support that can be circumferentially implanted in the Schlemm canal to maintain the patency of at least a portion of the canal. The support occupies at least a portion of a central core of the Schlemm canal and does not substantially interfere with intramural flow in the canal. By "maintaining the patency" of at least a portion of the channel, it is understood that the support operates to keep the channel partially unobstructed for transmural flow, so that the fluid can 1) exit through the trabecular mesh; 2) cross the channel; and 3) drain through the collecting channels. To maintain the patent of the channel, it is not necessary for the support to leave the channel unobstructed with respect to the circumferential flow. By "does not substantially interfere" with the transmural flow, it is understood that the support does not significantly block the fluid outlet of the trabecular meshwork or the fluid outlet to the collecting channels. In many variations, the support allows between about 0.1 and about 5 microliters per minute of aqueous outflow of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and the collecting channels. The "central core of the Schlemm channel" refers to the region around the transverse center of the channel in the interior space of the channel lumen, that is, not at the periphery of the channel. Consequently, a device that occupies at least a portion of a central core of the Schlemm canal can pass through at least a portion of the lumen of the canal.

p00057Therefore, the devices described herein need not comprise an open-ended tubular support arranged longitudinally along the Schlemm channel, that is, the devices and supports may not be tubular. A tubular, open-ended, longitudinal support can allow longitudinal flow along the channel. However, even if the fluid can flow longitudinally (i.e. circumferentially) along the Schlemm canal, the eye may not be effectively drained unless the fluid eventually crosses the canal. That is, the flow of transmural fluid through two confines must take place: 1) the fluid must flow from the trabecular mesh through an inner wall of the channel coinciding with an outer peripheral confine of the trabecular mesh to reach the lumen of the channel; and 2) the fluid must flow from the lumen of the channel through openings in the outer peripheral wall of the channel to reach the collecting channels. The collecting channels are then able to disperse the fluid further and complete the natural drainage process. A tubular support inserted longitudinally in the channel can have a significant surface area that overlaps with the surfaces of the channel such that transmural flow through the channel can be greatly prevented. A longitudinal tubular support arranged in the Schlemm channel can block the flow to the channel from the trabecular mesh and block the flow out of the channel and into the collecting channels.

p00058The devices described herein for treating elevated intraocular pressure include a support that is implanted within the Schlemm canal. In many cases, the device will reduce the intraocular pressure by 1-40 mm Hg, for example by at least 2mm Hg. In other cases, the device will reduce the intraocular pressure by at least 4 mm Hg, or at least 6 mm Hg, or at least 10 or 20 Hg. Even in other examples, the device will operate to bring the intraocular pressure to the range of about 8 to about 22 mm Hg. The support can be configured in a variety of ways to at least partially hold the Schlemm channel open, thus maintaining its patenting without substantially interfering with or impeding the flow of transmural fluid into the Schlemm channel. The support will be fully contained within the Schlemm channel.

p00059In some variations, a support for maintaining an at least partial patent for the Schlemm channel to enable fluid flow between an inner wall of the channel and an outer wall of the channel may comprise elements or structures such as microsphere type elements, which may connect with each other, p. eg, by a bead of microspheres. Individual elements or microspheres, or a connected group of elements or microspheres can be inserted directly into the Schlemm channel. A more detailed description of the supports incorporating elements or microspheres is provided below.

p00060FIG. 5 A illustrates a front view of an eye having a narrowed or collapsed Schlemm channel 30, where the outer peripheral wall of the channel 62 "is very close to the inner peripheral wall of the channel 62 '. While the Schlemm channel 30 is depicted in FIG. 5A as uniformly narrow around the entire circumference of the channel, it is possible that only a portion of the Schlemm channel is narrowed or collapsed. When the Schlemm channel is collapsed or narrowed, the aqueous net outlet of the anterior chamber towards the collecting channels 38 decreases, thereby increasing the intraocular pressure. As a result, the risk of pre-glaucoma, ocular hypertension or glaucoma may increase.

p00061FIG. 5B illustrates an example of a device 70 inserted in the Schlemm channel 30 through the incision site

p0006274. The device 70 in this example is positioned towards one side of the incision site 74. The device 70 includes a support 72 that is configured to keep the Schlemm channel at least partially open so that the flow of transmural fluid from both the inner wall of channel 62 'as of the outer wall of channel 62 "reach the collecting channels 38 through openings 38'. In the example shown in FIG. 5B, the support 72 includes elements or microspheres 76 connected with connectors 78. In this variation, the distance between the inner wall of the channel 62 'and the outer wall 62 "is approximately determined by the cross-sectional dimension of the support 72, which a in turn, it is determined by the larger transverse diameter of the microspheres 76. Therefore, the flow of circumferential (ie, longitudinal) fluid around and along the channel 30 indicated by the directional line 50 can be inhibited by inserting the support 72 into the channel. However, the transmural flow through both walls or confines of the channel indicated by the directional lines 52, 52 ', 52 "is enhanced with the support 72, and the fluid is able to reach the collecting channels 38 and drain from the eye. As a consequence, support 72 can effectively reduce intraocular pressure using the eye's natural drainage mechanism. The incision 74 has to be only large enough to accommodate the diameter of the microspheres 76, so as to minimize trauma to the eye. The microspheres can have transverse dimensions in the range of about 50 micrometers to about 500 micrometers. The insertion of microspheres that have relatively small transverse diameters (e.g., approximately 50 micrometers) in the Schlemm channel opens the channel less than the normal transverse diameter of the channel, which is approximately 190 to about 370 micrometers, but can even maintain the patent of the channel. The insertion of microspheres that have relatively large transverse diameters (e.g. eg, greater than about 300 micrometers) can open the channel as much or larger than the normal transverse diameter of the channel and can also operate to stretch the trabecular mesh. Stretching the trabecular meshwork can also enhance drainage.

p00063FIG. 5C illustrates an alternative configuration of a device 80 inserted into the Schlemm channel 30 through the incision site 84. The device 80 includes the support 82 that extends to both sides of the incision site 84. The support 82 includes elements or microspheres 76 connected with 88 and 88 'connectors. In this example, the connector 88 'has a different length than the connectors 88. As in FIG. 5B, the microspheres 76 can prevent the flow of circumferential (ie, longitudinal) fluid around and along the channel 30 indicated by the directional line 50. However, the transmural flow through the channel is enhanced with the support 82 that maintains the patent in the channel and allows the fluid to reach the collecting channels 38. If the microspheres are fenestrated

p00064or they comprise rough, grooved or serrated perimeters, then circumferential fluid may also appear through or around the microspheres.

p00065The elements or microspheres used in a support can be hollow and closed structures, compact structures, porous structures or any combination thereof, and can have any suitable shape. FIG. 6 A and 6B illustrate side and front views, respectively, of the illustrative elements or microspheres that can be used in the supports described herein. As shown, the compact forms 90 or hollow 91, spherical 90, spheroidal 92, ovoid 93, conical 94, discoid 95, polyhedral 96, rod type 97, or microspheres with striated edges 98, rough edges, 89 or can be used jagged edges 88. In some cases, it may be desirable to round the vertices or edge of the microspheres. As illustrated in FIG. 6C, the elements or microspheres 76 may include fenestrations 99, 99 '. Fenestrations can have any suitable transverse shape, such as round or quadrilateral. Although a discoid shaped microsphere 76 is shown in FIG. 6C, any form of microsphere can be fenestrated.

p00066As illustrated in the variations shown in FIG 7A-E, two or more microspheres 76 on a support can be adjacent to each other. Adjacent microspheres can be juxtaposed (FIG. 7A), connected and juxtaposed (FIG. 7B and 7C), or connected together with connectors 100, 100 'to form intervals between the microspheres (FIG. 7D). In addition, the microspheres may be threaded to a connector 101 (FIG. 7E). Multiple microspheres used on a single support can have the same or different shapes, and can be made of the same or different materials

p00067The junctions 102 between the microspheres, as shown in FIG. 7B, can be made using any suitable technique, such as using an adhesive, chemical adhesive, mechanical interlocking or welding. The microspheres can also be juxtaposed and connected as shown in FIG. 7C threading into a guide element 104. The guide element 104 may comprise a fiber, a suture, a thread guide, an accessory or the like. The microspheres can be fixed in a configuration juxtaposed in a guide element, e.g. eg, weaving ends of the fiber or providing other terminal block devices 106, such as clips, caps, projections or the like at the ends 108 of the element 104. Each and every microsphere can be attached to the guide element 104, p . eg, the microspheres that occupy terminal positions may be connected to the element 104 and function as blocking microspheres to prevent the microspheres from sliding down the ends 108 of the element 104. Alternatively, the microspheres may slide through the element 104. The guide element 104 It can be flexible, such as fine polymer fibers, such as a suture or metallic threads. Alternatively, element 104 may be flexible but fixable, such as one or more conformable metal wires that can bend to the desired position and maintain that position against some amount of external tension or pressure. In other variations, the guide element 104 may be rigid, e.g. eg, a molded polymeric part or a rigid metal part.

p00068As shown in FIG. 7D, multiple connectors 100, 100 'can be used on a single support, with at least one connector inserted between adjacent microspheres 76. If multiple connectors are used, they can be the same or different lengths. In addition, the multiple connectors within the same support can be made of the same or different materials as the microspheres. Discrete connectors 100, 100 'can be inserted between the microspheres 76 and attached to adjacent microspheres using any suitable method, including the use of adhesives, chemical adhesives, welds, mechanical interlocking, knots, or any combination thereof. In some variations, the connectors 100, 100 'between the microspheres can be configured to function as spacers between individual microspheres. As illustrated in FIG. 7E, the microspheres 76 can also be threaded to a connector 101. If the microspheres are threaded to a connector, the microspheres can be held in fixed positions along the connector 101 by any suitable method, including the use of adhesives, chemical adhesives, welding , staples, protrusions in the connector, mechanical interlacing between a connector and a microsphere, knots, or any combination thereof. Alternatively, some or all of the microspheres can slide through the connector 101. The connectors 100, 100 ', 101 can be flexible, such as thin polymer fibers or metal wires. The connectors 100, 100 ', 101 can also be flexible but fixed, such as conformable metal wires. Alternatively, the connectors 100, 100 ', 101 may be rigid, such as molded polymeric connectors or rigid metal connectors.

p00069The supports of the described devices must not contain microspheres. For example, a support can be a unit structure of fixed or variable length. The supports can be compact, hollow or porous, or any combination thereof. For example, a support can be partially compact and partially hollow. Examples of support configurations are shown in a side view and in a front view in FIG. 8A-F. As illustrated in FIG. 8A-B, a support can have an open network structure. Said support can be manufactured from conformable metal wires, for example. The support illustrated in FIG. 8A-B would have a contact of the minimum surface area with the walls of the Schlemm channel, that is, only point contacts at the end of the threads or fibers 170. Alternatively, a support having an open network structure may be made partially of a mesh or foam. The mesh or foam can be made of any suitable material, e.g. eg metal or plastic. As shown in FIG. 8C-D, the support can have a sinusoidal or zigzag configuration that extends over a selected length of the Schlemm channel. For the example shown in FIG. 8C, the support will contact the Schlemm canal wall at least three points, labeled P1, P2 and P3, after implantation. In FIG. 8E-H, examples of rod-type brackets having striated edges are shown. In FIG. 8E-F, the striated edges 110 extend longitudinally along the sides between the ends 114 of the support to form the structures 116. The structures 116 may include fenestrations 113. The support may include a central interior wall 117. In FIGs. . 8G-H, striated edges 110 'extend along the sides 112' to form structures 116 '. The structures 116 'have serrated outer surfaces 115' extending between the ends 114 '. The support may include the inner wall 117 '. In the variations illustrated in FIG. 8E-H, the support can contact the walls of the channel at least four points. In some variations, the support is adjustable.

p00070A frequent feature of the support configurations described herein is that they do not need to have continuous or extensive contact with a Schlemm channel wall. In fact, many of the devices and structures described have minimal tangential, periodic or sporadic contact with the wall. The surface of the support can be rough, smooth, serrated or grooved, as in the example shown in FIG. 8A-B, some supports have only point contacts with the channel wall. For the supports shown in FIG. 5B-C, the rounded microspheres of each of the supports make only tangential contact with the channel wall. The shapes of the microspheres can be selected or designed to have a contact of the minimum surface area with the channel walls, e.g. eg, microspheres 98 having striated edges as shown in FIG. 6A-B may have a low surface area contact with the channel walls. Also, the supports that have well-spaced microspheres, e.g. eg, by the connectors illustrated in FIG. 7D-E that can function to space the microspheres at desired intervals to reduce contact with the walls of the channel, even operate to keep the channel open. As illustrated above with respect to FIG. 8C-D, in some variations, the support contacts the inner wall of the channel at least two points; or at least three points.

p00071Expanded transverse views of a support 152 circumferentially implanted in the Schlemm channel are provided in FIG. 9A-B. The fraction of the channel wall in contact with a support can be estimated by visualizing the inside of the Schlemm channel as a slightly curved cylinder C having a length L, which extends circumferentially from a first end X1 to a second end X2 of the support 152 , and within the radius Ri. The support contacts less than 30% of the surface area of ​​C. In some variations, the support contacts less than 0.1% or less than 1% of the surface area of ​​the cylinder C, as described above. In other variations, the support contacts less than 10% of the surface area of ​​C. For example, the support 152 shown in FIG. 9A-B contacts the wall of channel 62 only at the outer peripheral edges of the microsphere at E1-E7, at a distance of the width of the microsphere Bw. There is no contact with the channel walls where the connectors 156 space the microspheres 154, and there is no contact in the striated regions 160 of the microspheres 154. The characteristic of the minimal contact design of the support with the walls of the channel allows a support to maintain the patency of the channel without substantially interfering with the transmural flow in the channel. If a substantial portion of the surface area of ​​the inner periphery of the channel adjacent to the trabecular meshwork or the surface area of ​​the outer periphery of the channel where the collector channels are located is blocked, the effective fluid flow through the channel can be hindered .

p00072The supports can have variable lengths and thicknesses. For example, the length of the supports using microspheres can be tuned by varying the number, type or spacing of the microspheres, or any combination thereof. The thickness of a support can be increased by adding one or more microspheres having larger dimensions. Unit supports can also be constructed with variable lengths, or adjustable dimensions (e.g., cut-out). For example, for a support made of conformable metal having a sinusoidal or zig-zag configuration as shown in FIG. 8C-D, a transverse dimension 117 of the support can be reduced or increased by applying tension along dimension 119. As illustrated in FIG. 10A, a support 160 can extend essentially around the entire circumference of the Schlemm channel 30. Alternatively, a support can extend approximately halfway to the circumference of the channel (not shown). As shown in FIG. 10B, a support 162 may extend less than halfway around the channel. As shown in FIG. 10C, a support 164 may extend a quarter or less of the circumference around the channel. In addition, more than one support 164, 166, 168 can be inserted into a single Schlemm channel. If multiple supports are inserted in a single channel, they can have different shapes, lengths, materials or sizes.

p00073A support can be configured so that it will open the channel more beyond a maximum transverse dimension of the support itself. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 11 A, the device 130 comprising the support 132 is inserted into the Schlemm channel 30. The support 132 comprises microspheres 134 having a maximum transverse dimension BD. The support 132 comprises a rigid curved element 135 with a radius of curvature Rsupp smaller than the radius of curvature of the Schlemm Rsc channel. The fixed, smaller radius of curvature Rsupp of the curved member 135 prompts the channel 30 to open more than BD. In another variation shown in FIG. 1 IB, support 179 comprises a curved member 180 without microspheres having a radius of curvature Rsupp less than the radius of curvature Rsc of the channel. The member 180 is rigid enough to prompt the channel to open. In another variation shown in FIG. 11C, the support 181 comprises a curved member 182 having a radius of curvature Rsupp greater than that of the Schlemm Rsc channel. The member 182 is also rigid enough to prompt the channel to open. The curved members 135, 180 and 182 may comprise a shape memory material such as Nitinol, for example. As indicated in FIG. 11C, support 181 may include microspheres 184. To incite to open the channel, the radius of curvature Rsupp of the curved members may be approximately 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% or smaller or larger than that of the Schlemm Rsc channel. For example, a curved member may have a radius of curvature of about 3 mm to about 8 mm. In some variations, the radius of curvature of a curved member Rsupp on a support is about 3 mm, or about 4 mm, or about 5 mm. In other variations, the radius of curvature Rsupp of a curved member on a support is approximately 6 mm, or approximately 7 mm, or approximately 8 mm.

p00074The supports described here occupy at least a portion of the central core of the Schlemm channel. The central core of the Schlemm canal is the region around the transverse center of the channel in the interior space of the channel lumen. A support that occupies at least a portion of the central core of the channel can pass through at least a portion of the lumen of the channel. For example, some variations of supports may cross the transverse center of the channel at least one point. Referring to FIG. 12 A, a front view of a support 220 is provided having microspheres 222 connected with connectors 224. FIG. 12B shows an expanded cross-sectional view along line II-II '. The support 220 occupies a portion of the central core of the channel 67 in the lumen of the channel 64. The trabecular mesh 28 is shown adjacent to the channel 30. In this variation, the support 220 crosses the transverse center 66 of the channel. In other variations, the supports can cross the lumen of the offset channel,

p00075p. eg, appearing as a string through the lumen of the channel in cross section. Referring to FIG. 12C, a front view of a curved support 210 is shown. FIG. 12D shows an expanded cross-sectional view along line III-IIF. The support 210 passes through and occupies a portion of the central core 67 in the lumen 64 of the channel 30 without crossing the center of the channel 66. In some variations, the support can occupy most of the central core of the channel. Referring to FIG. 12E, a front view of the support 230 is shown comprising discoid microspheres 232. A cross-sectional view is shown along the line IV-IV 'in FIG. 12F. As illustrated in FIG. 12F, the microsphere 232 with fenestrations 234 occupies most of the central core 67 of the channel 30. In other variations, the support occupies only a small portion of the central core of the channel. For example, in FIG. 12G, a front view of a support 240 having an open network structure is shown. A cross-sectional view is shown along the VV line in FIG. 12H.

p00076A support can be made of a variety of different materials. In general, the support should comprise a biocompatible material, such as a biocompatible polymer, ceramic or ceramic compounds, glass or glass, metal compounds, or combinations of these materials. Examples of biocompatible metals include stainless steel, gold, silver, titanium, tantalum, platinum and its alloys, cobalt and chromium alloys, and titanium and nickel alloys such as Nitinol. Examples of biocompatible polymers include high density polyethylene, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyesters, polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl chloride, ethyl vinyl acetate, collagen derivative, collagen, collagen, collagen, flexible collagen polyolefins, NYLON® polymer, polyimide, polyacrylamide, fluorinated elastomers and copolymers and mixtures thereof. In addition, biocompatible hydrogels may be used in the supports and devices described herein. As will be discussed in more detail below, biocompatible polymers can be biodegradable. A support can be made of a single material or a combination of materials. In some variations, a support made of a first material is coated with a second material, e.g. eg, to enhance or improve its biocompatibility.

p00077In some examples, the biocompatible polymer in a support will include a biodegradable polymer. Examples of suitable biodegradable polymers include collagen, a collagen derivative, a poly (lactide), a poly (glycolide), a poly (lactide-co-glycolide), a poly (lactic acid), a poly (glycolic acid), a poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), a copolymer of poly (lactide) / poly (ethylene glycol), a copolymer of poly (glycolide) / poly (ethylene glycol), a copolymer of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) / polyethylene glycol), a copolymer of poly (lactic acid) / poly (ethylene glycol), a copolymer of poly (glycolic acid) / poly (ethylene glycol), a copolymer of poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) / poly (ethylene glycol), a poly (caprolactone), a copolymer of poly (caprolactone) poly (ethylene glycol) , a polyorthoester, a poly (phosphazene), a poly (hydroxybutyrate) or a copolymer that includes a poly (hdroxybutyrate), a poly (lactide-co-caprolactone), a polycarbonate, a poly (steramide), a polyanidride, a poly (dioxanone), a poly (alkylenenalkylate), a polyethylene glycol copolymer and a polyortoester, a biodegradable polyurethane, a poly (amino acid), a polyether ester, a polyacetal, a polycyanoacrylate, a poly (oxyethylene) / poly (oxypropylene) copolymer, and mixtures and copolymers thereof.

p00078At least a portion of the support may be made of any material with conformation memory. Alloys with conformation memory, e.g. eg, a nickel and titanium alloy. In addition, polymers with conformation memory, e.g. eg, polymers made from oligo (e-caprolactone) dimethacrylate and butyl acrylate copolymerizing monomers or polymers based on styrene acrylate, cinnamate ester and epoxy. If a material with conformation memory is used in the support, the support may have a compressed state before and during implantation, and an expanded state after implantation. The use of a support in a compressed state comprising a material with conformation memory can allow a smaller incision and facilitate insertion into a narrowed or compressed Schlemm channel. Once implanted, the support can be expanded using any suitable method, e.g. eg, heat up with body heat or with an alternative heat source, to adopt an expanded state, thus opening the channel.

p00079The support may include an active agent, such as a pharmaceutical product. Active agents may include prostaglandins, prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha-2 agonists, calcium channel blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, growth factors such as tissue growth factors and vascular endothelial growth factors, anti- metabolites, chemotherapeutic agents such as mitomycin-C, 5fluorouracil, steroids, antagonists of growth factors such as antagonists of vascular endothelial growth factors, or combinations thereof. The active agent can be provided as a coating on at least a portion of a support. The active agent can be administered through the eye by dissolution and other dispersion mechanisms. Alternatively, at least a portion of the support can be impregnated with the active agent. In other embodiments, the active agent may be dispersed within at least a portion of the support. For example, a cavity in the support can be filled with the active agent.

p00080Administration of the active agent can be controlled by time release. For example, the portion of the support containing the active agent may include a time release coating or a time release formulation designed to gradually dissipate the active agent over a given period of time. Biodegradable coatings and formulations for time release of active agents are known in the art. In some variations, the support may comprise multiple layers, where the layers each comprise an active agent. For example, the support layers can be used to release a series of different agents, or a series of doses of the same agent. Said layers may be part of a coating applied to a support, or part of a support body. In addition, the support may comprise biodegradable layers that do not contain any active agents, which can be applied or intercalated between other layers to further control the administration of active agents to the eye.

p00081In some variations, it will be convenient to change or alter the support using electromagnetic radiation. For example, at least a portion of a support can be fenestrated, perforated, curved, shaped or formed using a laser to enhance intraocular pressure reduction. As illustrated in FIG. 13, the predetermined localized portions 120 of the support 122 may be designed to absorb light of a certain wavelength

p00082or wavelength range. Preferential absorption can be achieved by material selection and / or by mixing with chromophores. After irradiation with sufficient energy at the selected wavelength or wavelength range, the typified regions 120 erode or melt, leaving new or expanded perforations or indentations in the support. For example, a pulsed sapphire and titanium laser operating between approximately 750 and approximately 800 nm can be used to erode regions of gold. If the microspheres 126 in the support 120 are hollow, then after irradiation and erosion, the characteristics 120 will become fenestrations. Fenestrations can be created to make support 122 more porous in nature or to allow the release of an active agent from within a support, e.g. eg, from within the microspheres

p00083126. Alternatively, it is possible to use a mask in combination with electromagnetic radiation to alter a support, such as modeling or machining. Modification of a support using electromagnetic radiation can be carried out before or after insertion.

p00084In some variations, the visual appearance of the support can be enhanced under certain conditions to facilitate the arrangement or to monitor the position or condition of the support. Visual enhancement can be achieved by incorporating chromophores that fluoresce or phosphoresce upon excitation with a light source. Chromophores can also help a doctor verify the position of the support after surgery, using a gonoscope, for example. Light sources may include lasers, lamps and light emitting diodes. In some cases, transmission or absorption filters can be used to select the wavelength of the excitation source or to detect or display the emission. The emission from a support capable of visual enhancement may be in the wavelength range of about 300 nm to about 800 nm. The chromophores can be an integral component of the material that makes up the support, be added to the support material, or be coated or sprayed on the support. The visual enhancement chromophores can be applied temporarily or permanently. An example of a suitable chromophore is fluorescein, which can be excited with any laser or lamp that emits at about 400 to about 500 nm. In addition, phosphorus-based chemiluminescent or photoluminescent pigments can be used, which can be selected to absorb at different wavelengths throughout the visible spectrum.

p00085In some variations, the support may be able to connect to the tissue. For example, the support may include a hook, loop, clip, extension or the like, which can be easily connected to the fabric. The support can also be connected to the fabric using sutures or adhesives. The support can be connected to the fabric using more than one method of attachment, e.g. eg, sutures may be used in combination with a loop, or an adhesive may be used in combination with a hook. In other variations, it can be allowed to self-position the support in the Schlemm channel. Even in other variations, the support can be mobile within the Schlemm channel.

p00086Kits As an example, kits are provided to reduce intraocular pressure, where the kits contain at least one support that can be circumferentially implanted within the Schlemm channel configured to maintain the patenting of at least a portion of the Schlemm channel. The support occupies at least a portion of a central core of the Schlemm canal and does not substantially interfere with the transmural flow in the canal. The kits also provide an introducer or administration device for implanting the support in the canal. The stand and the introducer are provided in combination packaged in the kits. The kits may also include instructions for use, e.g. eg, to implant and inspect the support.

p00087The introducer can be inserted into the eye and is able to implant the support in the desired implantation position within the Schlemm canal. For example, an introducer may include a tubular cannula through which the support can pass. In addition to a cannula, the introducer may include a tubular or compact drive rod that can be used to push or advance the support towards and / or around the Schlemm channel. Alternatively, a driving rod or a plunger without a cannula can be used to insert a support into the channel. A support can be installed in the lumen of a cannula before insertion, position the distal end of the cannula at or near the desired support site, and operate the impeller rod from the proximal end to push the support distally out of the distal end of the cannula and towards the canal. The cannula and / or the driving rod can be flexible and of a diameter small enough to extend at least partially around the channel. In some variations, a proximal end of a suture can be introduced into the canal by a cannula and the suture extends circumferentially around the canal. A distal portion of the suture can be connected to the support and force applied to the proximal end of the suture to attract the support to the canal. The support can be positioned within the canal by attracting the suture in a distal or proximal direction. The suture can be used to anchor the support within the canal. In other variations, the support can be introduced directly into the canal, using surgical forceps, or the like.

p00088FIG. 14A-D illustrate additional variations to introduce a support into the channel. As shown in FIG. 14A, a support 200 can be introduced into the channel using a syringe 202 and a plunger 204. The syringe 202 has a distal end 206 that can be partially inserted or disposed adjacent to an opening in the channel. Force is applied distally to plunger 204, thereby pushing support 200 toward the channel. Referring to FIG. 14B-C, the distal end 208 of the guide element 210 may be partially inserted into the channel. The guide element 210 may be a thread guide. The guide element 210 may extend circumferentially along the channel to help position the support. The support 212 comprises a central inner wall 218 capable of accommodating the guide element 210 such that the support 212 can be threaded into the guide element 210 and slidably positioned along the guide element. Once the distal end 209 of the support 212 is threaded into the guide element 210, the support 212 can be pushed in a distal direction along the guide element 210 to insert the support 212 into the channel. In some variations, the support 212 may remain threaded in the guide element 210, and the guide element 210 may remain in the channel. In other variations, the support 212 may be slipped from the distal end 208 of the guide element 210, and the guide element may be attracted in the proximal direction for removal. Referring to FIG. 14C-D, the syringe 202 with the plunger 204 can be used in combination with a guide element 210. In this variation, the distal end 208 of the guide element 210 is inserted at least partially into the Schlemm channel. The guide element 210 may extend circumferentially along the channel to help position the support. The support 212 has a central inner wall 218 capable of accommodating the guide element 210. The proximal end 211 of the guide element 210 is inserted into the inner wall 218. The plunger 204 is lowered distally to push the support 212 toward the channel and slide support 212 along element 210. The guide element 210 may remain in the channel or be removed after insertion of the support. The supports 200, 212 must be elastic enough to tolerate the force found as they are pushed into the channel.

p00089In some variations, a positioning device with the introducer can be used to position or adjust the support within the channel. A positioning device may include in the kits a rod, clamps, a jaw, a hook, or the like. In other variations, a device or system capable of dilating the channel can be included to facilitate the insertion of a support, e.g. eg, a syringe or other device capable of injecting fluid into the canal.

p00090In some variations, the kits contain at least two supports. Multiple supports can be implanted within one eye or multiple eyes. If the kits contain multiple supports, the kits can also contain multiple introducers. Alternatively, the same introducer can be used for implantation of multiple supports, especially if multiple supports are being supplied to the same eye. If multiple supports are to be supplied with the same introducer, then multiple supports can be pre-loaded into the introducer for sterility purposes. If more than one support is included in a kit, the supports may have different shapes, sizes, lengths or materials. If the kits contain more than one support to be implanted in one eye, the supports can be connected to each other.

p00091The kits may comprise an active agent, such as a pharmaceutical agent. The active agent may be included as an integral part of the support, or it may be provided in kits for application to the support or to the eye during or after implantation. Examples of active agents that may be provided as part of the kits include prostaglandins, prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha-2 agonists, calcium channel blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, growth factors such as growth factors. of tissue or vascular endothelial growth factors, anti-metabolites, chemotherapeutic agents such as mitomycin-C, 5-fluorouracil, steroids, growth factor antagonists, such as vascular endothelial growth factor antagonists, and combinations thereof.

p00092The kits may contain a fixing device to connect a support to the tissue. Said fixing device may include sutures, hooks, barbs, staples, adhesives and combinations thereof. In addition, the kits may include a system to visually enhance the support in order to facilitate the display, positioning and monitoring of a support. A system to visually enhance the support can include a light source, a transmission filter

p00093or absorption, a mirror, a composition comprising a chromophore capable of fluorescing or phosphorescer that can be applied to the support, or any combination thereof. Chromophores can help a doctor verify the position of the support after surgery using a gonioscope, for example. The light source is capable of exciting a chromophore contained within or in the support such that the chromophore emits fluorescence or phosphorescence. The emission is preferably within the wavelength range of about 300 nm to about 800 nm. A suitable light source for said system may comprise a laser, a light emitting diode or a lamp. In some cases, transmission or absorption filters can be used to further select the wavelength range of the excitation source or visualize or detect the emission from the chromophores. One or more mirrors can be used to direct a source of light or emitted light, or to visualize the support.

p00094Methods

p00095Methods to reduce intraocular pressure are also provided as an example. In general, the methods comprise inserting a support circumferentially into the Schlemm channel, such that the support maintains the patent of at least a portion of the channel. The support occupies at least a portion of a central core of the Schlemm canal and does not substantially interfere with the transmural flow in the Schlemm canal.

p00096The methods may comprise inserting a support circumferentially into the Schlemm channel using an introducer and / or a positioning device. The introducer may include a cannula and a hollow or tubular drive rod. The support can be installed in the lumen of the cannula at its distal end and the driving rod can be inserted into the lumen of the cannula at its proximal end and extended distally to push the support into position in the channel. In some cases, the cannula and / or the driving rod can be flexible and of a diameter small enough to extend, at least partially, in circumference around the channel. In some variations of the methods, a positioning device may be used in addition to an introducer. The positioning device may comprise a second rod, a clamp, a hook, a jaw, or the like. In some variations, the methods include illuminating a support with a light source to cause the support to flow or phosphorus, thereby aiding the visual appearance of the support. The lighting of the support can take place during or after implantation to inspect the support, e.g. eg, to monitor your position, condition or performance.

p00097In some examples, the methods will also comprise dilating the Schlemm channel before insertion of the support. Canal dilation can be done by injecting fluid into the canal. For example, a high viscosity fluid such as sodium hyaluronate, or other dilator fluids known in the art, can be used to dilate the canal.

p00098Methods may include implanting more than one support in the eye. In some variations, the methods will include the implantation of two or more supports circumferentially adjacent to each other within the channel, and in other variations, the methods will include the implantation of supports circumferentially opposite each other within the channel, e.g. eg, two centered supports with a separation of approximately 180 ° around the circumference of the Schlemm channel. Some variations of the methods may include connecting multiple supports to each other in one eye.

p00099In some variations, the methods may include anchoring the support to the tissue surrounding the Schlemm canal. Anchoring the support to the tissue can be achieved in a variety of ways, e.g. eg, suturing, applying adhesives, placing hooks, staples or the like, or combinations thereof. In other variations, the methods may comprise selecting the size of the support such that the support fits firmly into the channel by friction. Examples of curved supports that can be implanted with friction are illustrated in FIG. 11A-C.

p00100The methods described in the present invention may also include altering the support using electromagnetic radiation. For example, a support may include regions capable of preferentially absorbing a certain wavelength range. When the electromagnetic radiation of the appropriate wavelength range with sufficient energy is incident after the support, the material in the preferably absorbent regions will melt or erode, generating perforations or indentations in the support in those regions. For example, a pulsed titanium and sapphire laser that emits at approximately 750nm to approximately 800nm ​​incident in gold can cause gold to melt or erode. Alteration of the support using electromagnetic radiation can occur before or after implantation of a support. For example, fenestration can be created or extended on a support after the support has remained in one eye for a period of time to enhance drainage.

p00101While inventive devices, kits and methods have been described in some detail by way of illustration, said illustration is intended for clarity and understanding only. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art in view of the descriptions herein that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is contemplated that devices, kits and methods can be applied to non-human eyes to reduce intraocular pressure, e.g. eg, in dogs, cats, primates or horses.