Vacuum solar thermal panel with a vacuum tight glass-metal sealing

Vacuum solar thermal panel with a vacuum-sealed glass-metal seal.

The present invention relates to a solar thermal vacuum panel and a process for the production of said solar thermal vacuum panel according to the preamble of the main claims.

Evacuated tube solar panels are usually obtained by connecting multiple heat pipes in parallel, with heat absorbing fins attached to them, sealed in individual evacuated glass tubes.

This design suffers from the drawback that it provides a significant dead space between heat absorbers and has an important part of the heat transfer fluid circuit system outside the vacuum insulation.

To overcome these limitations, flat solar thermal vacuum panels were developed, comprising a flat vacuum sealed enclosure with a transparent glass plate for visible solar radiation. Heat absorbers and a tube entering and leaving the envelope, connected to the heat absorbers, are disposed within the vacuum envelope. Solar radiation enters the shell through the glass plate, is absorbed by heat absorbers and is converted into heat, which is transferred to the tube and to the thermal fluid flowing in the tube. The high vacuum is maintained within the shell that includes the heat absorbers and the tube connected to them, in order to prevent heat from escaping into the external environment by convection.

US Patent No. 4,332,241 and EP 1706678 describe a solar thermal vacuum panel comprising two parallel glass plates and a metal separation frame for supporting the glass plates in a spaced arrangement. The surface portions of the glass plates have a metallic coating, in order to allow welding to the metal separation frame, thereby providing a vacuum tight seal between the glass plates and the metal separation frame. In addition, the separation frame preferably comprises deformable bars or tapes of lead or soft metal to be welded to the metal coating of the glass plates, in order to limit the stress induced in the glass-metal sealing by the differences in thermal expansion and pressure . GB 2259732 discloses a generic thermal insulation panel with two parallel plates and a flexible peripheral seal, preferably made of silicon rubber or polysulfide, to allow movement of the plates with respect to each other due to the thermal expansion of the gas contained within the panel.

Both technologies have serious intrinsic limitations. Most soft metals (i.e. lead) are toxic and their use is increasingly restricted. The metallization of glass depends on surface coatings that can deteriorate much faster than bulk materials due to the fact that they extend only through some atomic layers. On the other hand, glues, silicon rubber or polysulfide allow gas permeation over time, due to their organic constituents, thus avoiding their use for long-term, high-vacuum applications.

Document FR 249956 discloses a solar thermal vacuum panel comprising a top and bottom glass plate spaced and supported by metal or glass side walls whose edges are sealed to the edge of said plates when using pyroceramic frit paste.

US Patent No. 4493440 describes an airtight solar panel, in which the rigid side walls are not sealed from a top glass plate by means of a frit paste.

US Patent No. 4095428 describes a solar electric power plant that has thermal collectors, comprising a top glass plate, which transmits incident solar radiation to a steel liner provided on its bottom face with a fluid conduit to pass a fluid Heat transfer along the surface of the liner. On the upper surface of the steel cladding, a sintered layer of tempered silicon powder is disposed, retained in the steel liner by a thermally conductive strong welding material. A flange formed from a thin steel band connects the glass plate and the steel liner, respectively, by means of a glass frit paint solution and a strong weld.

JP59119137 describes a method for sealing a tubular metal body to the tube glass manifold. In addition, the fact of forming a glass ring at an edge of the tubular metal body before connecting said body to the glass tube is disclosed.

GB1439444 describes a process for joining two preformed glass elements by resistance heating of a metal sealing element.

US Patent No. 4640700 discloses a method for attaching a rivet bolt to a cathode ray tube panel.

GB2259732 discloses a thermal insulation apparatus for making windows with a seal

Airtight without vacuum and flexible.

Document US2005 / 181925 describes a process for manufacturing a glass-metal gasket for a solar energy tube collector.

An objective of the present invention is to overcome the drawbacks of prior art solar thermal panels by providing a vacuum solar thermal panel comprising a durable and reliable vacuum envelope.

Another objective of the present invention is to reduce the stress applied to the glass-metal seal due to atmospheric pressure and differential thermal expansion of the panel constituents when heated during the cooking cycle.

Another object of the invention is to provide a flat vacuum solar thermal panel with two parallel plates.

Another object of the invention is to provide a flat vacuum solar thermal panel with improved efficiency at a temperature greater than 200 ° C.

A further object of the invention is to provide a method for obtaining said solar thermal vacuum panel.

The present invention will be more fully understood and understood from the following detailed description considered together with the attached figures, in which:

Figure 1 shows a perspective view of a solar thermal vacuum panel according to the invention;

Figure 2 shows an exploded view of the panel;

Figure 3 shows a cross section of the peripheral wall of the solar thermal vacuum panel;

Figure 4 shows an enlarged cross-section of the peripheral wall of the vacuum solar thermal panel, showing a corresponding massive glass-metal seal, which has the edge of the peripheral belt embedded in the glass plate, according to a first embodiment of the invention;

Figures 5 and 6 show an enlarged cross-section of a first and second embodiment of the peripheral wall of the solar thermal vacuum panel, showing a massive glass-metal compression seal, which has the edge of the peripheral belt embedded in a glass frit tape that joins the peripheral belt to the glass plate, according to a second embodiment of the invention.

The solar thermal vacuum panel according to the invention (Figures 1 and 2) comprises a vacuum envelope 30 defining a sealed volume, capable of withstanding an atmospheric pressure when evacuated, at least with a first plate 1 made of transparent glass for visible solar radiation. A tube 13 for the thermal fluid with multiple heat absorbers 12 in good thermal contact with the same tube is enclosed with the vacuum shell to prevent heat transfer to the environment due to convection. Said tube 13 enters and exits the vacuum shell 30 through the outlet ports 20. Of course, more than one tube 13 may be present.

The vacuum envelope 30 may have a first and second parallel plate 1 and 2, both made of glass, or a first plate 1, made of glass, and a second plate 2, made of metal, held in a spaced arrangement by means of a chassis 18, disposed within the shell 30 between the plates 1 and 2, and a peripheral frame 3. Said chassis 18 and the peripheral frame 3 can also support parts of the tube 13 inside the casing 30 and the heat absorbers 12 connected thereto.

As shown in Figure 1, the solar thermal panel is flat. The vacuum envelope 30 of the panel comprises a first and second plate 1 and 2, made of glass, and a metallic peripheral frame 3. It also comprises two metallic peripheral belts 4 and 5, each joining the glass plates 1 and 2 with the metallic peripheral frame 3. If the above plates are made of glass, the solar panel has two active surfaces (flat double-sided panel), one that collects the solar radiation directly from the sun and the other that collects the solar radiation reflected by a suitable mirror (not shown in the figure).

In case the first plate 1 must be made of glass and the second plate 2 of metal, the solar panel must have only one side, that is, only with one side capable of collecting solar radiation. When the second plate is made of metal, the peripheral frame can be directly attached to the second plate by means of conventional metal-metal welding, without the presence of a flexible peripheral belt, or as shown in Figure 6, said frame peripheral 3A forms a single piece with the second metal plate 2A.

The composition of the glass plate must be chosen to maximize transparency (transmission coefficient 0.91).

In addition, it is commonly known to those skilled in the art that by applying a coating to the glass plate, thereby reducing the transparency of glass, the amount of solar energy entering the panel will also be reduced and thus the efficiency of the panel. According to the invention, the opposite can be achieved. In fact, by applying a low infrared emission coating (1C, 2C) to the inner side of the glass plates, even by reducing the transmission in the visible part of the solar spectrum, the efficiency of the panel increases at high temperature due to the predominant effect Reduction of radiation losses resulting from infrared emissions from the heat absorber.

To obtain this result, the low emission coating is selected in such a way: that the reflectivity for wavelengths between 4 and 6 microns (corresponding to a temperature range of 200-400 ° C) is greater than 0.9 and that the transmission for wavelengths between 0.25 and one micron is greater than 0.7. A panel that operates, for example, at 265 ° C, will have an infrared emission for the heat absorber that peaked at 5.4 microns.

It was found that a coating according to the invention can increase the panel efficiency at 265 ° C of more than 30%.

According to the invention, it was found that the effectiveness of the panel can also be increased by applying a second coating (1B, 2B) to the outer surface of the glass plates. This second coating is a commonly used anti-reflective coating.

According to the invention, it was also found that, in the case of a panel with only one side, the efficiency can also be increased by applying a third coating (Figure 6) to the inner surface of the metal plate to decrease its emissivity. This third coating is, for example, a commonly used electrodeposited copper layer.

Additionally, the glass should be prestressed or thermally laminated to improve safety and reduce thickness. In the case of float glass of extra clear soda lime, thermally prestressed, the thickness of the glass plates should be approximately 5 mm, when considering a chassis 18 with support structures separated between 120 and 160 mm.

Figure 2 shows an exploded view of the panel, the elements thereof being separated, in order to be better identified.

Figures 3, 4 and 5 show a cross-section of the peripheral wall of the vacuum envelope, the peripheral wall comprising the peripheral frame 3, which supports the two plates 1 (or 101 in Figure 5) and 2 in a spaced arrangement , and the two peripheral belts 4 (or 104 in Figure 5) and 5 attached to the peripheral frame 3 with a metal-metal seal 6 (or 116 in Figure 5) and 7 vacuum-tight and attached to the first and second glass plates 1, 101 and 102, by means of a vacuum-sealed bulk glass-metal seal 8 (108 in Figure 5) and 9.

Figure 6 shows a single-sided solar panel comprising a glass plate 1A supported by a frame 21 comprising a single metal part that provides the functions of the metal peripheral frame 3A and the lower plate 2A, and a chassis 18A to support the glass plate 1A and the parts of the tube 13 and the heat absorber 12 (not shown in Figure 6) connected thereto.

The peripheral frame is connected to the glass plate by a metal peripheral belt 5A as described above. A controlled expansion alloy with a content of 48% Ni (NiFe alloy 48) is preferably used for peripheral belt 4 and 5, due to the close coincidence between its coefficient of thermal expansion and that of soda lime glass.

In this context, the term "vacuum tight" should be understood as follows: a seal or component is generally considered to be vacuum tight, if when tested in a mass spectrometer filtration detector with a maximum peak of helium, shows a filtration rate of less than 10E-10 cm3 s-1.

With the expression "massive glass-metal seal" 8, 9, 108, reference is made to a vacuum-tight seal between a glass plate 1, 2 or 101 and a metal peripheral belt 4, 5 or 104, comprising a glass 14 or 114 (Figure 5) that embeds an edge 16, 116 (Figure 5) of the metal peripheral belt 4, 5 or 104. The bulk glass-metal sealing 8, 9, 108 vacuum-tight is obtained by melting and subsequent solidification of the glass 14, 114 that embeds the edge 16, 116 (Figure 5) of the peripheral belt 4, 5, 104, with in order to make the glass 14, 114 adhere directly to the peripheral belt.

The vacuum-sealed bulk glass-metal seal can be of two kinds, according to the first or second embodiment of the invention, respectively:

a) it may be a corresponding glass-metal seal 8 having the edge 16 of the peripheral belt 4 embedded in the glass material 14 resulting from local melting and subsequent solidification of the glass plates 1, 2 (Figure 4 );

b) it can be a compression glass-metal seal 108, which has the edge 116 of the peripheral belt 104 embedded in the glass material 114, resulting from the melting of the glass frit material that joins the peripheral belt 104 to the 101 glass plate (Figure 5).

In both embodiments, the glass material 14, 114 adheres directly to the metal peripheral belt 4, 104. In the first embodiment, the glass material 14 forms part of the first plate 1, which is always made of glass, while in the second embodiment the glass material 114 is some type of aggregate glass frit that forms a meniscus on the edge of the peripheral belt 104 metallic.

When a glass plate is heated, it first softens at a certain temperature and then melts at a higher temperature becoming liquid or molten.

In the corresponding glass-metal seal 8 (Figure 4), the embedding of the edge of the peripheral belt 4 and the adhesion of the glass material 14 to the metallic peripheral belt 4 is achieved by means of the localized fusion of the glass plate 1. The localized glass melting is obtained by heating the peripheral belt together with the glass plate at a temperature close to, but not exceeding, the softening point of the glass (for soda lime glass of approximately 720 ° C). The peripheral belt 4 is further heated (for example, by induction) above the softening temperature of the glass (approximately 800 ° C), inserted into the glass plate 1 approximately 1-2 mm and possibly retracted to allow molten glass forms a meniscus on both sides of the peripheral belt. Finally, the glass plate 1 cools rapidly to induce the level of pretension required, following the standard tempering standards.

In the compression glass-metal seal 108 (Figure 5), recessing of the edge of the metallic peripheral belt 104 and adhesion to the metallic peripheral belt 104 is achieved by melting a glass frit having a much lower softening temperature compared to that of the glass plate, and when joining the peripheral belt 104 to the glass plate 101, once solidified. The glass frit, either vitreous or non-vitreous, can be chosen to have a thermal expansion coefficient (A) slightly lower than that of the components to be sealed, in order to provide some additional compression to the seal. In the case of soda lime glass and NiFe 48 alloy, both having a thermal expansion coefficient A = 90 * 10-7 K-1, a glass frit with A of approximately 75 * 10-7 K-1 can be used. Compression glass-metal sealing 104 is obtained by first applying a thick paste, obtained by mixing glass frit powder with a binder and a suitable solvent (eg, nitrocellulose and amyl acetate) as a continuous tape of approximately 2 mm in height and width at the top of a glass plate, when inserting the peripheral belt in the glass frit paste tape and when cooking the whole set, which is held together by a suitable support structure, in a suitable oven.

In particular, it was advantageous to dry the glass frit tape before inserting the peripheral belt, then place the glass plate with the inverted dry tape and touching the upper edge of the peripheral belt, held in place by a structure of adequate support and then cooking the assembly made in the oven. In this way, the glass frit tape once it reaches its melting temperature will flow down along both sides of the peripheral belt, thus giving rise to a perfectly symmetrical and homogenous meniscus for glass-metal sealing. , as shown in Figure 5.

Frit cooking should follow the usual thermal cycle as described in the technical specifications of the material (for a typical glass frit, the cooking temperature will reach 450 ° C for approximately 30 minutes). The support structure should be made to compensate for the difference in thermal expansion with respect to the remaining mounting components.

This can be achieved, for example, by making a support structure or a cooking support, in a suitable steel (for example AISI430) and to dimension it in such a way that it achieves the desired dimensions in the frit melting temperature and so that at this temperature, the metallic peripheral belt 5, 5A, 104 is stretched and said belt is placed in the desired location with respect to the glass plate 2 while keeping it in contact with the molten frit.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the massive glass-metal seal can advantageously be improved if at least the metal component embedded in the glass frit is oxidized before creating said massive glass-metal seal; said oxidation which is preferably suitable for producing an approximately uniform layer 4A, 5B of stable oxide, approximately regular in thickness and preferably also suitable for improving the resistance of the glass to metal bond by at least 10% when measured by a shear test.

Said pre-oxidation of the metal component is preferably carried out by heating in an oven at a temperature suitable for growing a uniform oxide layer on the surface of the metal component. Of course, other treatments may be provided, including, for example, heating in the oxygen-enriched atmosphere.

Massive glass-metal compression sealing can also be obtained in a less preferred way by first placing the peripheral belt 104 (Figure 5) on the surface of the glass plate 1 and subsequently, by adding the frit paste tape of glass 114 at the top of the surface of the glass plate 1 on one or both sides of the peripheral belt 104. Then, said glass frit tape melts and solidifies again to obtain the glass-metal seal. The latter technique is more complicated than the one described above, and the presence of a glass frit tape only on one side of the peripheral belt will make the glass-metal seal more fragile.

Both corresponding glass and metal seals 8 and 18 and compression can be reinforced by means of a suitable epoxy resin encapsulation on one or both sides of the peripheral belt. The epoxy resin for the vacuum side can be chosen to have a very low degassing and good stability at high temperature, in order to subsequently resist a cooking cycle (ie, an epoxy resin known under the trade name "Torr" can be used Seal by Varian ”).

The thickness of the peripheral belt 4, 104 should preferably be selected in the range between 0.1 and 1 mm to avoid cracking under atmospheric pressure, while reducing thermal conduction during welding, to avoid heating the glass seal -metal, which in turn can make that seal not remain vacuum tight.

It should be taken into account that according to the invention, the metal peripheral belt is continuous, that is, it is welded to form a continuous belt), Vacuum-tight and comprises at least one elastically deformable part that is at least elastically deformable to prevent the massive glass-metal seal from being damaged and still not being vacuum-tight when subjected to the procedure of evacuating the shell and panel heat treatments and potential reciprocal displacements of the glass plate and attached metal peripheral belt.

It should be borne in mind that the term "heat treatments" of the panel refers to both the glass-metal sealing process and other treatments such as a panel heat treatment performed at more than 200 ° C in order to make lower the internal pressure, while limiting the cleaning requirements for the panel by means of pyrolysis.

At least one elastically deformable part 10, 110 mentioned above of the peripheral belt 4, 5; 104 metal is preferably at least elastically deformable to allow a belt elongation of 0.1 to 0.3 mm with respect to an axis perpendicular to the glass plate.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the belt 4; 104 metal peripheral comprises an intermediate part provided between a first and a second part of the metal belt, said first part joining said first glass plate 1; 101 and comprising the bulk glass-metal seal 8, 108 vacuum-tight, joining said second part of the belt 4; 104 the peripheral frame 3 metallic, and comprising a metal-metal seal 6, 116 vacuum-tight; said at least one elastically deformable part being provided in said intermediate part.

According to a further aspect of the invention, said at least one elastically deformable part 10, 110 preferably comprises at least one non-rectilinear or at least partially curved part or at least one rib 10, 110. This rib 10, 110 has preferably a semicircular shape, it has a radius between 2 and 4 mm, which extends over the entire length of the peripheral belt.

When both plates 1 and 2 are made of glass, the peripheral belt is attached to them by means of a bulk-sealed glass-metal seal. If the first plate 1 is made of glass and the second plate 2 is made of metal; a vacuum-sealed metal-metal seal, obtained for example by conventional welding, brazing or conventional welding, can be provided directly to join the peripheral frame to the metal plate, or as described above the peripheral frame and the metal plate Bottom can be made in a single metal piece.

The vacuum shell of the solar panel according to the invention also also comprises a pumping port 19, typically made from a copper tube, connected to a vacuum pump (not shown). After evacuation of the vacuum shell, the pumping port 19 can be sealed by throttling, a typical procedure used in refrigeration circuits.

An outlet port must be present, typically consisting of a stainless steel tube 20 or bellows, which leads to the heat absorber tube 13 outside the vacuum shell 30, through the peripheral frame 3, while minimizing the transfer of heat to it.

An extractor pump of known type may also be present within the vacuum shell in order to continuously pump any residual gas with the notable exception of the nobles.

The invention also relates to a process for the production of a vacuum solar thermal panel comprising a vacuum shell that defines a sealed volume, capable of withstanding atmospheric pressure, when evacuated, and having at least a first plate 1, 2, 101 made of glass, a metal peripheral belt 4, 5, 104 and a vacuum-sealed massive glass-metal seal between the glass plate 1, 2, 101 and the metal peripheral belt 4, 5, 104.

According to the present invention, the glass material 14, 114 is disposed near the edge 16, 116 of the peripheral belt 4, 104. Said glass material may be part of said first plate 1 or of some glass material 104 of added frit. Said glass material 14, 114 is heated above its melting temperature and subsequently cooled below said temperature to cause the glass material to adhere to the peripheral belt and join the glass plate 1, embedding it Time the edge of the peripheral belt. This can be obtained in two ways: the glass material, placed near the edge of the peripheral belt, cast and subsequently solidified again, can come from the glass plate or from a fried glass tape or paste, which, when the peripheral belt with its edge on the surface of the glass plate 101, is placed on both sides of the peripheral belt 104.

When the glass forming the massive glass-metal seal comes from the glass plate 1 (corresponding glass-metal seal), the procedure can be described by the following steps:

<dl><dt>-</dt><dd> the glass plate 1 is heated to a temperature close to, but not exceeding, its softening temperature; </dd></dl>

<dl><dt>-</dt><dd> the peripheral belt 4 is heated to a temperature above the softening temperature of the glass plate 1; </dd></dl>

<dl><dt>-</dt><dd> an edge 16 of the peripheral belt 4 is pressed against the surface of the glass plate 1 in order to achieve localized fusion and to insert the edge into the glass plate 1, so that the edge 16 of the peripheral belt 4 is embedded by the glass 14 of the glass plate 1; </dd></dl>

<dl><dt>-</dt><dd> the peripheral belt 4 is retracted from the glass plate 1, to form a meniscus on both sides of the edge 16 of the peripheral belt 4; </dd></dl>

<dl><dt>-</dt><dd> the glass plate 1 and the peripheral belt 4 are cooled to below the softening temperature of the glass plate, which provides a vacuum-tight glass-metal seal between the glass plate 1 and the metal peripheral belt 4 . </dd></dl>

When the glass that forms the massive glass-metal seal comes from a glass frit paste tape (glass-compression metal seal), the procedure can be described by the following steps:

a glass frit paste comprising glass frit material is provided, said glass frit paste being obtained by mixing a powder of glass frit material, a solvent and a binder;

the glass frit paste is placed on top of the surface of the glass plate 101, to form a continuous tape;

Then, two ways of carrying out the procedure are possible:

<dl><dt>-</dt><dd> the tape is dried, then the glass plate 101 with the dried tape is placed in an inverted manner on the peripheral belt 104 touching the edge 116 of the peripheral belt 104, which is held in place by a suitable support structure </dd></dl>

<dl><dt>-</dt><dd> the edge 116 of the peripheral belt 104 is inserted into the ribbon of the glass frit paste which also comes into contact with the surface of the glass plate 101; </dd></dl>

<dl><dt>- </dt><dd>the glass frit paste is heated and melted to form a molten glass frit meniscus between the side of the peripheral belt 104 and the surface of the glass plate 101; </dd></dl>

<dl><dt>- </dt><dd>the glass frit is cooled and solidified, thereby providing a vacuum-sealed massive glass-metal seal between the glass plate 101 and the metal peripheral belt 104. </dd></dl>

The process intended to produce a corresponding glass-metal seal is preferred when the thermal pretension of the glass plate is required, since it can be applied during the pretension treatment with virtually no cost, while the procedure for producing a glass seal -compression metal should be used when no thermal claim is anticipated from the glass plate (i.e. in the case of laminated glass), since it requires a much lower temperature.

In both cases (corresponding glass-metal or compression seal) the glass-metal seal can be further reinforced by suitable epoxy on one or both sides of the peripheral belt as described above.

An advantage of the present invention is that it provides a solar thermal panel provided with a vacuum-tight envelope having a glass-metal seal that is very simple to perform and even very reliable.

The peripheral belt can be deformed by the presence of ribs. This also reduces the stresses induced in the glass-metal sealing by the difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the shell during the evacuation of the same and by the differential thermal expansion of the panel components during the panel heat treatments and in particular a cooking cycle at a temperature higher than 200 ° C.

An additional advantage is that the envelope does not use toxic or hazardous materials.

Finally, it should be noted that many of the inventions described in a vacuum solar panel can be incorporated independently of each other. This refers in particular to the following inventions:

a1) a solar thermal vacuum panel comprising a glass-metal seal made according to claim 1 and preferably comprising one or more of the features described in the attached claims 2-6,

a2) a process for producing a solar thermal vacuum panel according to claim 21, and preferably comprising one or more of claims 22-25,

b) a solar thermal vacuum panel comprising the characteristics of the pre-characterizing part of claim 1, characterized in that the metal peripheral belt is a continuous and vacuum-tight belt, and comprises at least one elastically deformable part that is at least elastically deformable to prevent the massive glass-metal seal from being damaged and no longer being vacuum-tight when subjected to the sheath evacuation procedure and heat treatments of the panel and potential reciprocal displacements of the glass plate and the attached metal peripheral belt. It should be noted that this belt preferably comprises one or more of the features described in the attached claims 10-13.

c1) a solar thermal vacuum panel comprising on the inner side of its glass plates (1, 2), an infrared mirror coating and / or on the outer side of the glass plate an anti-glare coating, and / or in the inner side of a bottom metal plate an infrared mirror coating. It should be noted that these coatings also preferably comprise the features described in the characterizing part of the appended claims 14-16.

c2) a procedure to increase the efficiency of a solar thermal vacuum panel characterized by applying anti-reflective and / or infrared mirror coatings and the outer and / or inner surfaces, respectively of the glass and / or on the inner side of a plate (1 , 2, 1A, 2A) lower metal. Also, it should be noted that this process also preferably comprises the steps described in the characterizing part of the attached claims 26-28.

d) a single-sided solar thermal vacuum panel according to the pre-characterizing part of claim 1 and further comprising a metal frame made from a part comprising both the peripheral frame 3 and a lower panel metal plate,

e) a support structure or cooking equipment for a solar vacuum panel according to the pre-characterizing part of claim 1, preferably made from a suitable steel (for example, AISI430) and sized in such a way as to achieve the desired dimensions at the frit melting temperature and because at this temperature it stretches the metal peripheral belt and places said belt in the desired location with respect to the glass plate, while keeping it in contact with the fused frit,

f) a vacuum solar panel having a vacuum-sealed glass-metal seal, made using a glass-based frit in which at least the metal component incorporated in the frit is oxidized before creating said glass seal- massive metal; The oxidation is preferably suitable to produce an approximately uniform and stable oxide layer, approximately regular in thickness and preferably also to improve the bond strength of the glass to the metal by at least 10% when measured by a resistance test.

Said pre-oxidation of the metal component is preferably carried out by heating in an oven at a temperature suitable for growing a uniform oxide layer on the surface of the metal component (for NiFe 48 alloy typically 10 'at 560 ° C). In addition, it should be borne in mind that other treatments may be provided, including heating in the oxygen-enriched atmosphere.