Method and apparatus for electrocoagulation of liquids
Abstract
An electrocoagulation treatment device for the treatment of a liquid flow, comprising: an envelope (12, 74, 132) that includes internal surfaces defining a reaction chamber, said envelope having an upper end and a lower end; an inlet (28, 82, 138) that communicates with said envelope at said lower end to allow the flow of liquid to said envelope; an outlet (37, 98, 138) that communicates with said envelope at said upper end to allow the flow of liquid out of said envelope; characterized in that a plurality of reaction plates (26, 90, 134) are provided in said envelope and which extend essentially vertically therein, said plurality of reaction plates being separated from each other to create spacing between adjacent reaction plates , said liquid flow occurring in an upward flow direction through said spacings between said plurality of reaction plates, said reaction plates having non-insulated surfaces for direct contact with said liquid flow and to be consumed over time due to electrocoagulation; at least two integral reaction plate tabs (27, 92, 136) with plates selected from said plurality of reaction plates; and a control unit (54, 94, 150) electrically connected to said at least two reaction plate tabs, said control unit providing a line voltage to said tabs in order to create an electric field for the treatment of electrocoagulation within said reaction chamber; wherein the reaction plate tabs extend in such a way that the electrical connections are located, in operation, beyond said liquid.

Term
Term ended
Projected expiry passed 26 February 2019, 7.6 years ago.
- Priority
- Filed
- Published
- Projected expiry
- Today
24 claims: 2 independent, 22 dependent
- 1ES 2 199 557 T3 REIVINDICACIONES 1. Un dispositivo de tratamiento de electrocoagulación para el tratamiento de un flujo de líquido, que comprende:una envoltura (12, 74, 132) que incluye superficies internas que definen una cámara de reacción, teniendo dicha envoltura un extremo superior y un extremo inferior;una entrada (28, 82, 138) que se comunica con dicha envoltura en dicho extremo inferior para permitir el flujo de líquido a dicha envoltura;una salida (37, 98, 138) que se comunica con dicha envoltura en dicho extremo superior para permitir el flujo de líquido hacia fuera de dicha envoltura;caracterizado porque hay previstas una pluralidad de placas (26, 90, 134) de reacción en dicha envoltura y que se extienden en esencia verticalmente en lamisma, estando dicha pluralidad de placas de reacción separadas unas de otras para crear espaciamientos entre placas de reacción adyacentes, produciéndose dicho flujo de líquido en una dirección de flujo ascendente a través de dichos espaciamientos entre dicha pluralidad de placas de reacción, teniendo dichas placas de reacción superficies no aisladas para contacto directo con dicho flujo de líquido y para ser consumidas con el tiempo debido a la electrocoagulación;porlo menos dos lengüetas (27,92,136)de placa de reacción enterizas con placas seleccionadas de dicha pluralidad de placas de reacción;y una unidad de control (54, 94, 150) conectada eléctricamente a dichas por lo menos dos lengüetas de placa de reacción, prorporcionando dicha unidad de control un voltaje de línea a dichas lengüetas con el fin de crear un campo eléctrico para el tratamiento de electrocoagulación dentro de dicha cámara de reacción;en el que las lengüetas de placa de reacción se extienden de tal manera que las conexiones eléctricas estén situadas, en funcionamiento, más allá de dicho líquido.
- 2Un dispositivo, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1, que incluye adicionalmente:una cubierta de espuma (40, 84) colocada sobre dicha pluralidad de placas de reacción, extendiéndose dichas por lo menos dos lengüetas de placa de reacción a través de dicha cubierta de espuma para conexión a dicha unidad de control por encima de dicha cubierta de espuma.
- 3Un dispositivo, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1, que incluye adicionalmente:una cubierta superior (42, 86) colocada sobre dicha envoltura para prevenir que se tenga acceso inadvertidamente a la conexión eléctrica entre dicha unidad de control y dichas por lo menos dos lengüetas.
- 4Un dispositivo, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1, en el cual:dicha envoltura incluye adicionalmente un extremo superior abierto, y dicho dispositivo de tratamiento incluye adicionalmente una cámara de recolección (22, 76) conectada a dicha envoltura para proporcionar almacenaje para el flujo de líquido a través de dicho extremo abierto.
- 5Un dispositivo, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1, que incluye adicionalmente:un desagüe (38) unido a dicha envoltura en dicho extremo inferior de la misma para permitir la remoción de sedimentos u otra materia en partículas que pueda acumularse dentro de la cámara de reacción durante el tratamiento del líquido.
- 6Un dispositivo, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 3, que incluye adicionalmente:un tubo (44, 142) de extracción de espuma que se comunica con dicha cubierta superior;y una fuente de vacío que se comunica con dicho tubo de extracción de espuma para remover la espuma que es producida durante el tratamiento.
- 7Un dispositivo, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1, que incluye adicionalmente:medios para espaciar (47/48, 126) dicha pluralidad de placas de reacción unas de otras cuando son fijadas dentro de dicha envoltura.
- 8Un aparato, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 7, en el cual:ES 2 199 557 T3 dichos medios de espaciamiento incluyen por lo menos un par de espaciadores (47/48) unidos a superficies internas opuestas de dicha envoltura.
- 9Un dispositivo, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 7, en el cual:dichos medios de espaciamiento incluyen una pluralidad de varillas (126) no conductoras que interconectan dicha pluralidad de placas de reacción.
- 10Un dispositivo como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1, que incluye, adicionalmente:un rebosadero (98) que comunica con dicha salida a lo largo del extremo superior de dicho depósito de reacción;un tanque (72) de líquido no tratado, que comunica con dicha entrada para proporcionar el flujo de líquido a dicho tanque de reacción;y un tanque (76) de líquido tratado que comunica con dicho rebosadero para recibir el flujo de líquido tratado procedente de dicho tanque de reacción.
- 11Un método para el tratamiento de electrocoagulación de un líquido que contiene impurezas por electrocoagulación, que comprende los pasos de:proporcionar una cámara de reacción;disponer una pluralidad de placas de reacción dentro de dicha cámara de reacción, estando las placas verticalmente dispuestas en la misma y espaciadas unas de otras para crear espaciamientos entre placas de reacción adyacentes;aplicar un voltaje de línea constante a placas seleccionadas de la pluralidad de placas de reacción para crear un campo eléctrico dentro de la cámara de reacción;caracterizado por los pasos de: hacer pasar una corriente de líquido verticalmente a través de la cámara de reacción por los espaciamientos entre las placas de reacción;ventilar los gases creados por la electrocoagulación hacia la parte superior de la cámara de reacción por flotación;y ajustar el voltaje y el amperaje entre las placas de reacción cambiando las conexiones eléctricas entre placas de reacción seleccionadas y el voltaje de línea constante;hacer al menos dos lengüetas de placa de sección enterizas con unas seleccionadas de dicha pluralidad de placas de sección;y extender las lengüetas de placa de reacción de tal manera que las conexiones eléctricas estén situadas, en funcionamiento más allá de dicho líquido.
- 12Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 11, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:aplicar un vacío a la cámara de reacción para remover la espuma que es creada en la electrocoagulación del líquido, o compuestos volatilizados desde la corriente de líquido.
- 13Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1 1, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:filtrar la corriente de líquido antes de dicho paso de hacer pasar dicha corriente.
- 14Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1 1, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:filtrar la corriente de líquido después de dicho paso de hacer pasar dicha corriente.
- 15Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1 1, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:bombear la corriente de líquido a través de la cámara de reacción.
- 16Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 11, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:aislar de la presión atmosférica la cámara de reacción para mantener una presión deseada dentro de la cámara.
- 17Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 1 1, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:ES 2 199 557 T3 introducir un aditivo en el líquido con el fin de intensificar la electrocoagulación.
- 18Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 11, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:remover las placas de reacción gastadas y reemplazar las placas de reacción gastadas con nuevas placas de reacción.
- 19Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 11, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:introducir un aditivo en la corriente de líquido mediante un venturi.
- 20Un método como se reivindica en la reivindicación 11, que comprende, además, los pasos de:recibir un voltaje de línea de CA constante;rectificar el voltaje de línea de CA a un voltaje de CC;unir conductores eléctricos que llevan el voltaje de CC rectificado a un primer grupo de placas de reacción;crear el campo eléctrico entre el primer grupo de placas, siendo el campo eléctrico de un primer voltaje y un primer amperaje;y unir nuevamente los conductores eléctricos que llevan el voltaje de CC rectificado a un segundo grupo de placas para crear el campo eléctrico dentro de la cámara de reacción, en donde el campo eléctrico es de un segundo voltaje y un segundo amperaje diferentes de dicho primer voltaje y dicho primer amperaje.
- 21Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 20, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:colocar una placa no conductora entre las placas de reacción para ajustar los voltajes y los amperajes del campo eléctrico.
- 22Un método, como se reivindica en la reivindicación 20, que incluye adicionalmente el paso de:ajustar el voltaje y el amperaje del campo eléctrico haciendo variar el área de las placas de reacción en contacto con el líquido dentro de la cámara de electrocoagulación.
- 23Un método como se reivindica en la reivindicación 11, que incluye además el paso de:mover la corriente de líquido a una cámara secundaria de separación de aguas abajo, cuyo cámara permite que las impurezas se separen de la corriente de líquido cayendo para ser recogidas y separadas de ella.
- 24Un método como se reivindica en la reivindicación 11, que incluye, además, el paso de:impedir que las impurezas se adhieran a las placas de reacción invirtiendo la polaridad de placas de reacción conectadas eléctricamente. NOTA INFORMATIVA: Conforme a la reserva del art. 167.2 del Convenio de Patentes Europeas (CPE) y a la Disposición Transitoria del RD 2424/1986, de 10 de octubre, relativo a la aplicación del Convenio de Patente Europea, las patentes europeas que designen a España y solicitadas antes del 7-10-1992, no producirán ningún efecto en España en la medida en que confieran protección a productos químicos y farmacéuticos como tales. Esta información no prejuzga que la patente esté o no incluida en la mencionada reserva.
Independent claims24
106 paragraphs in 8 sections, as filed
ES 2 199 557 T3
DESCRIPTION
Method and apparatus for electrocoagulation of liquids.
Technical field
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for treating a liquid and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for the electrocoagulation of liquids by electrolytic treatment to cause impurities in the liquid to be removed or can be separated.
Previous technique
The electrolytic treatment of liquids is known in the art to allow the removal of a wide range of contaminants, including metals, solids, pathogens, colloids, and other undesirable substances. Electrolytic treatment involves the use of an electric field that is applied to a liquid contained in a chamber in order to coagulate and thereby allow the removal of impurities found in the liquid. An example of a prior art device and method for electrolytic treatment is described in PCT Publication No. WO 9640591. In accordance with this invention, a waste stream is first passed through a biasing medium having an electrical potential that is different from ground potential, and then is passed through an electrocoagulation chamber that includes a plurality of of elongated electrodes or electrocoagulation blades that have different electrical potentials compared to each other. A plurality of holes are provided in the electrodes to cause turbulence in the waste stream which, in turn, increases the efficiency of the electrocoagulation. Although this device may be suitable for its intended purpose, a disadvantage of this device is that the tortuous flow path of the waste stream as it passes through the device requires that the electrocoagulation electrodes or blades have high mechanical strength to withstand the high pressure of water that must be used in order to keep the waste stream unobstructed. Because the blades of these devices have to be of significant size and mechanical strength, a limited number of them can be used in a specified volume, which reduces the effective area available for electrocoagulation treatment. Additionally, these coagulating blades require higher input line voltages in order to obtain the desired amperage between the blades in the electric field, because their area is limited by elevated pressure. Smaller plates can withstand higher pressures, but the ability to maintain a desired amperage is sacrificed because the available blade area within an electrocoagulation device is directly related to the amperage that can be maintained. Additionally, the tortuous path also causes problems due to trapped gases produced by the electrolytic reaction in the chamber, which further increases the pressure on the blades. Therefore, a high powered pump must be employed to overcome the natural tendency of the waste stream to get stuck within the chamber. This PCT publication encompasses the same subject matter as described in US Patent Nos. 5,611,907 to Herbst et al. and 5,423,962 to Herbst, and additionally includes material not found in these other patents.
Other examples of electrolytic treatment devices are described in US Patent No. 4,293,400 to Liggett and US Patent No. 4,872,959 to Herbst et al. These devices use electrodes in the form of metal tubes or pipes but require a great deal of effort when repairing or replacing the tubes. This amount of downtime is unacceptable for many commercial applications.
The U.S. Patent 5,043,050 to Herbst describes flat electrodes used within a coagulation chamber; however, in order to use the apparatus of this invention, the edges of the coagulation chamber must be hermetically sealed. After long periods of use, the seals are difficult to maintain.
US Patent No. 3,925,176 to Okert describes the use of a plurality of electrode plates for the electrolytic treatment of liquids. However, these plates are not intended to be removed as a whole or individually. Additionally, the device described in this reference cannot be powered in a series electrical connection, which is desirable in many circumstances.
Kemmerer US Patent No. 5,302,273 discloses an ionic reaction device that includes a tubular shell with multiple circular electrode plates for treating a fluid. Due to the tortuous path used in the reaction chamber of this device, high pressures are required to move liquid through the device, and the device appears susceptible to jamming and excessive gas build-up.
A disadvantage of all the above prior art references is that there is no means by which to transform the input line voltage to the voltage and amperage necessary to optimize the electrocoagulation treatment without having to use a separate transformer. In other words, the electrocoagulation chambers themselves do not have the ability to transform the input line voltage to a desired voltage and amperage within the electric field of the electrocoagulation device.
Another disadvantage of the prior art using a tortuous flow path is that electrodes or electrocoagulation blades require precision holes to be cut to allow gaskets to be screwed between the blades in order to withstand the pressure created by the tortuous path. . Additionally, the blades have to be laser cut with extreme precision in order to maintain the exact desired trajectory.
ES 2 199 557 T3
Deviation from a predetermined trajectory can result in jamming due to accumulation of coagulated solids that forms a bridge between misaligned blades. These manufacturing requirements greatly increase the cost of constructing an electrocoagulation device.
Another disadvantage of the prior art, which includes many of the above descriptions, is that the blades are not easily removable for replacement or cleaning. Particularly for those cameras that use a tortuous trajectory, a large number of screws and gaskets are required to keep them in alignment. Consequently, these pieces of equipment must be removed in order to replace the blades.
Each of the foregoing disadvantages are overcome by the apparatus and method of this invention. Additionally, the apparatus and method of this invention achieve other advantages that are discussed more fully below.
Description of the invention
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for electrocoagulating liquids. In its simplest form, the device or apparatus includes an envelope defining a reaction chamber, and a plurality of spaced reaction plates / blades that are oriented in a vertical position within the reaction chamber. An inlet is provided to allow a desired flow of liquid to the reaction chamber and to the gaps or spaces between the blades. An outlet is provided at a higher height relative to and downstream of the inlet to allow liquid to flow from the chamber after the liquid has been treated in the chamber. Selected blades are connected to electrical conductors carrying an input line voltage. An electric field is created in the chamber between the electrically connected blades. The electrical conductors may be attached to selected blades in order to provide the reaction chamber with the desired voltage and amperage to optimize electrocoagulation of the particular liquid. The ability to vary the voltage and amperage within the electric field of the chamber can be achieved without the use of a separate transformer. The flow of the liquid stream is in an upward direction through the reaction chamber in the gaps between the plates / blades. Consequently, the outlet is located at a higher level above the inlet. A pump can be positioned upstream of the inlet in order to provide an additional head to the flow of liquid passing through the apparatus. A series of pre-filters or other preconditioning means can be placed in line with the pump and also upstream of the inlet in order to remove solids or other materials that may otherwise clog the reaction chamber. A control unit rectifies the input AC line voltage to a DC voltage. Electrical conductors interconnect the blades to the DC voltage available from the control unit. In addition to rectifying the input line voltage, the control unit can incorporate various other functions to help control the apparatus, such as a means to control pump speed and a volt and ammeter to monitor conditions within the chamber. . However, the control unit does not need a transformer, as the electrical connections made with the blades allow the desired voltage and amperage at the blades to be adjusted, as discussed further below. Additionally, the control unit may be in the form of a programmable logic controller that could not only monitor the status condition inputs, but also produce outputs to control the electrocoagulation process. For example, the voltage polarity of the electrical conductors extending from the control unit can be reversed based on a timing sequence controlled by the controller. As a further example, the control unit can measure the flow rate of the liquid stream and adjust it accordingly by manipulating the speed of the pump, or by adjusting the flow rate through a valve upstream of the inlet. After the liquid stream has been electrolytically treated, the liquid stream can be passed through a development chamber and / or through a secondary separation treatment in order to remove most of the contaminants that they still remain in the liquid stream. The intention of the electrocoagulation device of this invention is to remove most of the contaminants in a secondary separation treatment. Although some contaminants will leave the liquid stream towards the bottom of the reaction chamber, it is desirable to treat the liquid within the reaction chamber and then, by the force of the liquid stream, move the contaminants to a treatment point. downstream secondary separation. If most of the contaminants were allowed to settle from the liquid stream within the reaction chamber, then the reaction chamber would have to be cleaned and serviced more frequently. He tries ment secondary separation can be accomplished with various devices placed down stream of the reaction chamber. For example, secondary separation can be accomplished with clarifiers, filters, centrifugal separators, or centrifuges. Each of these devices can be used within the secondary separation as mentioned herein, or any one or a combination of these devices can be used depending on the type of liquid stream treated.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for electrocoagulation by electrolytic treatment of a stream of liquid. The method may include the steps of passing the liquid stream through a prefilter and pump, and then through the reaction chamber in an upward flow direction. The method further contemplates the steps of passing the liquid stream through an outlet of the reaction chamber and then through a secondary development and / or separation chamber. Additives can be introduced to the liquid stream in order to target electrocoagulation of a specific contaminant.
Electrocoagulation chambers in all embodiments have the ability to transform the energy of the
ES 2 199 557 T3 input line voltage rectified to the voltage and amperage in the electric field within the reaction chamber to optimize electrocoagulation treatment. These transforming electrocoagulation chambers therefore allow the same power supply provided to the electrocoagulation chamber to be used over a wide range of input line voltage. Consequently, a separate transformer is not required, which provides a great saving in the cost of incorporation of an electrocoagulation device. Also, the ability to transform input line voltage or power grid voltage allows the invention to be used in many countries that have different standard power grid or line voltages.
According to another aspect of the invention, the chamber can be operated under vacuum. By operating under vacuum, the gas created by the electrocoagulation process will be removed from the chamber more quickly. Additionally, the use of a vacuum on the chamber will reduce the amount of air dissolved within the liquid stream. There are circumstances in which entrained air prevents the electrocoagulation process, depending on the type of liquid treated and the contaminants to be removed. Additionally, subjecting the liquid stream to a vacuum also allows the beneficial gases to be dissolved more efficiently in the liquid stream before or after coagulation. For example, if the amount of dissolved oxygen in the liquid stream needs to be increased, the liquid stream can be passed through a vacuum to remove the dissolved air and then oxygen or ozone can be added back to the liquid stream. liquid through a venturi. As another example, carbon dioxide could be added to lower the pH of the liquid stream or ammonia can be used in the same way to increase the pH of the liquid stream. Although a vacuum can be used, the apparatus can be operated at atmospheric pressure.
Another benefit of operating the chamber under vacuum is the removal of volatilized gases and compounds that would normally remain in the liquid stream under conditions of higher ambient pressure.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a vacuum can be applied to the apparatus of this invention by means of a vacuum hood that is placed over the reaction chamber or, alternatively, the entire reaction chamber can be placed within a sealed container or pressure vessel communicating with a vacuum source. If a pressure vessel is used, not only can a vacuum be applied, but the chamber can be kept in a pressurized state. A pressurized reaction chamber would be advantageous in situations where the apparatus is placed in line with a municipal water source that is already under pressure. Consequently, a pump or other external pressure means would not be required to move the liquid stream through the device.
In another aspect of the invention, the amperage and voltage within the chamber can be adjusted by placing a non-conductive blade or shield between electrically connected blades. Such a non-conductive blade or shield can be made from plastic or PVC and can be removed or added to the chamber in the same way as conductive blades. The voltage and amperage within the electric field can also be modified by adjusting the area of an electrically connected blade in contact with the liquid stream. This is accomplished simply by raising or lowering an electrically connected blade in the liquid stream. Thus, the amount of blade area exposed is directly related to the amperage it will transfer in the electric field and through the liquid stream.
In another aspect of the invention, the turbulence of the liquid stream can be increased by providing a hydrocyclone or diaphragm-type pump upstream of the reaction chamber. Turbulence increases the efficiency of the electrolytic process. Turbulence can also be increased by injecting air into the liquid stream upstream of the reaction chamber inlet.
According to a first preferred embodiment, the device of this invention can be configured for use in the home. Alternatively, the size of the first embodiment can be scaled up in a second embodiment for application in more industrial type uses that require larger amounts of treated liquid. In a third preferred embodiment, the apparatus of this invention can be modified on a much smaller scale for portable use. In a fourth preferred embodiment, the apparatus of this invention can be incorporated into a pressure vessel that is capable of pressurizing or depressurizing the environment in which the electrolytic treatment takes place. The third embodiment differs from the other embodiments in that no flow occurs through the device. Instead, a static amount of liquid is treated and then removed for consumption.
For each of the embodiments of this invention, the electrocoagulation chambers do not use a tortuous flow path. Elimination of a tortuous flow path of the liquid stream allows thinner blades to be used because the pressure within the chamber is lower. Using thinner blades allows a greater number of blades to be used within a chamber. Increasing the number of blades within the chamber increases the area of the blades in contact with the liquid stream, which improves the electrolytic treatment of the liquid stream. In other words, the chemical reactions that take place inside the chamber occur on the surfaces of the blades; therefore, increasing the number of blades within a set volume ensures that a more intense electrolytic treatment takes place. Also, because there is no tortuous flow path, the gases that are produced in the electrolytic process will not create pockets of air that could otherwise form the blades and the chamber, and increase the pressure required to pump a tube. constant liquid stream through the chamber. The simple flow path between the blades from the bottom to the top of the chamber allows gases created by the electrolytic process to rise as bubbles, as a result of their natural buoyancy, and can then freely escape to the atmosphere or be entrained out for one
ES 2 199 557 T3 vacuum source. Also, the bubbles move in the direction of liquid flow, which further prevents clogging and reduces the amount of pressure needed to move the liquid through the device.
Because the total area of the blades within the chamber is increased, the electrocoagulation unit can be operated with minimal power consumption. In general, electrocoagulation treatment depends on the amperage of the electric field that is in contact with the liquid stream. If the voltage is kept within the electric field at a threshold level greater than 2 volts, the electrolytic reaction will take place in which metal ions from the blades are added to the liquid stream causing the blades to burn out with the blades. weather. Usually, the voltage within the electric field is only of concern if it cannot be kept above the 2 volt level. The total area of the blades within the chambers of each of the embodiments is increased enough to maintain the minimum threshold of 2 volts while also maintaining the amperage necessary for effective treatment. In other words, the apparatus of this invention can be operated at lower voltages than in the prior art, which results in reduced power consumption. There is a direct relationship between the voltage that can be maintained in the electric field for a given amperage based on the available area. An increased area allows a specified amperage to be held at a lower voltage. For example, if 1 amp was required to effect liquid treatment, and if the larger areas of the blades of this invention allow 1 amp to be maintained at 2 volts, then the energy used is only 2 watts. If a prior art blade that has a smaller area, say ten times, requires a voltage of 20 volts to maintain 1 amp, then the power consumption would increase to 20 watts. As discussed above, the available area in the device of this invention is much larger than in many prior art blades. Typically, prior art blades require precision manufacturing and are therefore expensive to make. Additionally, these prior art blades had to be kept to a minimum size in order to withstand the pressure within the reaction chamber. Overcoming this size limitation cannot be solved simply by making the blades thicker, as this in turn would decrease the available blade area within the reaction chamber. Making the prior art blades larger or wider without increasing the thickness would require less pressure in the reaction chamber, which could result in massive plugs or a complete stoppage of flow. Consequently, the size of such prior art blades had to be kept to a minimum.
The apparatus of this invention is capable of treating many types of liquids including, without limitation, water, oil, and antifreeze.
The advantages set forth above, along with others, will become apparent from a review of the description that follows in conjunction with the corresponding figures.
Brief description of the drawings
Figure 1 is a perspective view of an electrocoagulation device of this invention, with a portion of the side wall cut away, according to a first embodiment;
Figure 2 is a fragmentary perspective view, similar to Figure 1, but further illustrating the interior of the reaction chamber, and a removable top cover;
Figure 3 is a top plan view of Figure 1 with all reaction plates removed except for one plate, for clarity purposes;
Figure 4 is a block diagram of the apparatus of this invention illustrating the main components according to a generic embodiment;
Figure 5 is a greatly reduced-scale perspective view of a second embodiment of the invention that can be used for high-volume production in industrial settings;
Figure 6 is an exploded perspective view of a third embodiment that does not fall within the invention, in the form of a portable or travel unit;
Figure 7 is a perspective view of reaction plates or blades that can be removed and replaced as a single unit;
Figure 8 is a highly enlarged fragmentary plan view of a pair of reaction plates that are secured within corresponding spacers within the reaction chamber;
Figure 9 is a fragmentary perspective view of a fourth embodiment of the invention utilizing a sealed enclosure or pressure vessel to maintain a desired pressure or vacuum within the reaction chamber;
Figure 10 is a fragmentary perspective view of a generic reaction chamber and an example of how selected reaction plates can be connected to an input rectified line voltage to produce a desired voltage and amperage within the electric field. of the reaction chamber; and Figure 11 is another fragmentary perspective view of a generic reaction chamber with reaction plates.
ES 2 199 557 T3 which are connected to the input line voltage in a different configuration in order to provide a different voltage and amperage within the electric field of the reaction chamber.
Detailed description of the invention
Figure 1 illustrates an electrocoagulation device 10 in accordance with the first embodiment of the invention. This particular embodiment is representative of the type of device that can be used for home water treatment. Device 10 includes a reaction chamber 12 defined by side walls 14. A debris collection base 16 is connected to the chamber shell 12 by the upper flange 18 of the reaction chamber 12 and by a corresponding mateable lower flange 20 of the base 16. A collection chamber or development chamber 22 is arranged above reaction chamber 12. As shown, collection chamber 22 is wider and deeper than reaction chamber 12, but is lower. The collection chamber 22 is defined by a plurality of side walls 24 and a bottom wall 36, as shown in Figure 3, which is directly attached to the side walls 14. A plurality of reaction plates or blades 26 are disposed within. of the reaction chamber 12. As shown, the reaction plates 26 extend vertically into the reaction chamber and are positioned side by side so that there are small gaps between opposite faces of each of the plates. Selected reaction plates 26 may have integral plate tabs 27 that extend above side walls 24. Although Figure 1 shows each of the reaction plates 26 with a corresponding plate tab, it will be understood that only selected reaction plates with corresponding plate tabs 27 are needed, as further described below. An inlet tube 28 allows the liquid stream to enter the device 10 near the bottom thereof. An outlet tube or pipe 32 is provided in the upper portion of the device 10. As shown in Figure 3, the outlet tube 32 is secured to the outlet opening 34 which is formed in the bottom wall 36. Consequently, the flow of liquid through the device is upward through the gaps. between plates 26, on top edge 37 of side walls 14 and into collection chamber 22. The liquid stream then exits through outlet tube 32. As the electrolytic process occurs, it may be necessary to remove some solids or silt that precipitate out of the liquid stream and are not carried by the liquid stream out of the reaction chamber. Accordingly, the base 16 includes a drain 38 to remove these materials as well as to provide a means for draining the liquid in order to clean or service the reaction chamber. The liquid stream entering the device through the inlet tube 28 can be evenly distributed between the reaction plates 26 by a plurality of openings 29 that are disposed along the portion of the tube 28 within the reaction chamber.
As shown in Figure 2, an optional top cover 42 can be provided to prevent direct access to the reaction chamber. Depending on the amperage within the reaction chamber, the top cover acts as a safety device to prevent anyone from inadvertently coming into contact with the reaction plates or the liquid stream. Additionally, a foam cover 40 in the form of a flat piece of Styrofoam<sup>®</sup> or other suitable material may first be placed over the apertured reaction plates to allow the plate tabs 27 to protrude therethrough. The top cover 42 may also have a continuous opening or a plurality of slots 46 in order to allow the reaction tabs to protrude therethrough. A foam removal tube 44 is also provided to allow foam to be removed from the device during operation.
As best seen in Figures 2, 3 and 8, a set of upper spacers 47 and a set of lower spacers 48 are provided as guides for the proper location of reaction plates 26. Figure 3 illustrates all blades / plates 26 removed except for one plate, in order to better visualize the interior of the reaction chamber. As seen in Figure 8, the spacers 47 and 48 are simply slotted guides that allow the ends 49 of the reaction plates to be attached thereto. The spacers are made from a non-conductive material. The slotted guides ensure that a G spacing is maintained between the plates. As shown in Figure 8, the plates are substantially parallel to each other.
In the present invention, the liquid pressure that is experienced by the reaction plates 26 is minimal compared to most prior art devices. Since the device can be vented to the atmosphere, the gases that are produced in the electrolytic process do not add pressure to the liquid pressure produced by the liquid stream. Such gases form as bubbles and rise within the liquid by floating. The bubbles create foam that can be easily removed. Therefore, the mechanical strength of the blades is not a significant consideration and purer metals can be used in the blades, which may not have high strength characteristics compared to alloys. Additionally, since the reaction plates operate in a lower pressure environment, their service life is prolonged as the plates will not prematurely rupture due to excessive pressure. As previously discovered, as the blades can also be made thinner, a greater number of plates can be used within a given volume. Consequently, the number of gaps between the blades is increased which, in turn, increases the area of exposure of the liquid stream to the electrolytic treatment.
In order to remove the reaction plates 26, they can simply be lifted up and out of the reaction chamber along with the spacers 47 and 48. The spacers 47 and 48 provide a simple means by which the plates can be attached. and replaced without excessive additional equipment that could otherwise make replacement of the plates more difficult.
ES 2 199 557 T3
In order to further facilitate the evacuation of air bubbles that are created during the electrolytic process, the reaction chamber can be equipped with a device that emits a radio or sonic frequency. This device (not shown) could simply be attached to the side walls 14 and in communication with the interior of the reaction chamber.
As shown, a generic apparatus of this invention is provided in Figure 4 in block diagram format to illustrate the main components, and also to better illustrate the method of the invention. The untreated liquid 51 can be pumped by the pump 53 to the inlet 28, or the untreated liquid can be added directly to the reaction chamber 12 if it is already under pressure, as is the case with municipal water. Untreated liquid 51 can also be passed through a prefilter 52 to remove solids. The liquid stream enters reaction chamber 12 and undergoes electrolytic treatment. A control unit 54 provides a rectified line voltage to the reaction plates via electrical conductors 56. Electrical conductors 56 are attached to selected plate tabs 27. The liquid stream exits outlet 32 and can be passed through a developing chamber 60. A recirculation line 58 can be used to reintroduce a desired portion of the liquid stream for further treatment. In the case of the first embodiment of Figures 1-3, the development chamber 60 is shaped like the collection chamber 22 which allows the foam produced by the rising gases to be removed. In other embodiments, the development chamber 60 provides an additional opportunity for the liquid stream to be treated with additives or other chemicals to condition the liquid for end use. A secondary separation means 62 may be placed downstream of developing chamber 60 in order to separate and filter out contaminants or coagulated materials prior to use of the treated liquid stream.
Figure 5 illustrates a second preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the invention. This embodiment operates on the same principles as the first embodiment, but simply illustrates an alternative arrangement that is more suitable for situations in which high volumes of treated liquids are required in industrial environments. As shown, the electrocoagulation device 70 of this embodiment includes a tank 72 of raw or untreated liquid that receives a supply of liquid through the inlet 73. A reaction tank 74 and a tank 76 of treated liquid are arranged side by side with the tank 72 of untreated liquid. A pump 80 forces the untreated liquid through the pump lines 82 to the reaction tank 74. A foam cover 84 and a safety top cover 86 are positioned over the reaction tank 74 as shown. A safety switch 88 may be incorporated within the upper flange 89 of the reaction tank 74 in order to warn a user if the top cover is removed. Safety switch 88 can be any industrial contact or limit switch that is connected to control unit 94. As shown, control unit 94 is mounted to reaction tank 74 for easy access. Reaction plates 90 are positioned within reaction tank 74 and, as in the first embodiment, extend vertically through the reaction tank and are positioned in spaced relationship. There are an increased number of plates in this embodiment compared to the first embodiment. Consequently, this embodiment will require a higher input line voltage, such as 440 volts, than is readily available in most industrial environments. The first embodiment would normally operate with an input line voltage of 110 volts, which is the most common input line voltage for residential areas. Spacers similar to those used in the first embodiment (spacers 47/48) can also be incorporated into this embodiment to fix the plates. A plurality of reaction plate tabs or extensions 92 extend above foam cover 84. Electrical conductors 96 extend from control unit 94 and are attached to reaction plate tabs or extensions 92. As with the first embodiment, selected reaction plates 90 may be provided with reaction plate extensions 92 in order to create the desired amperage and voltage within the electric field of the reaction tank. A weir or overflow 98 allows the liquid stream to exit the reaction tank 74. The foam cover allows the reaction plate extensions 92 to pass through, but forces the foam and the liquid stream to flow out of the chamber, onto the overflow 98. The top cover 86 will cover all the electrical connections for safety purposes. The electrical conductors 96 can be connected to the respective reaction plate extensions by any known means, such as clamps or connection terminals that are used in industrial batteries. The open area between the foam cover 84 and the overflow 98 allows the foam to be evacuated or otherwise removed as desired. The treated liquid that accumulates within the treated liquid tank 76 can be stored or removed as necessary.
In a third embodiment not comprised within the invention, a portable electrocoagulation device 100 is provided as shown in Figure 6. This portable device 100 can be used in those circumstances in which potable water is not available and a small amount is needed. amount of water for drinking, cooking or other similar purposes. This embodiment differs from previous embodiments in that there is no flow of liquid through the device, but treatment of a static and predetermined amount of liquid is effected. Device 100 includes a reaction chamber 102 that houses a plurality of reaction plates 104 that extend vertically through the reaction chamber and are spaced apart from one another. Selected reaction plates 104 may include tabs 106. Spacers / dividers 107 are provided to maintain the reaction plates in their spaced relationship. Terminals 108 are attached to tabs 106 for easy electrical connection. An accessory wrap 100 is mounted in the reaction chamber. Accessory housing 110 may include a voltage source, such as battery 112. Electrical conductors 113 interconnect battery 112 and terminals 108 of tabs 106. The accessory wrap 110 can also be used to store additional electrical cables or conductors 114 that could be used to interconnect a power source to device 100, such as from a vehicle battery. An upper cover 116 having a sealing means 118 around the lower edge of the
ES 2 199 557 T3 itself is used to cover device 100. After the liquid has been treated, the liquid can be drawn through spout 120. A filter 122 is provided to filter off any solids or contaminants. As shown, filter 122 can simply be attached to the inside surface of top cover 116. The top cover 116 can be made from a flexible material, and the sealing means 118 can be in the form of a Tupperware-type seal.<sup>®</sup> to prevent liquid leakage.
In operation of portable electrocoagulation device 100, the top cover is removed, liquid is simply added to reaction chamber 102, and voltage is fed to reaction plates 104 by battery 112, or other power source interconnected by leads 114. The electrolytic process is allowed to occur for a predetermined period of time based on the type of liquid being treated and the target contaminants to be removed. The treated liquid is then accessed by opening the spout 120. It is contemplated that this particular embodiment would be capable of treating at least 255.15 grams. of water per load. This embodiment preferably contains six reaction plates or blades that are removable. Filter 122 may be a 1624 micron filter that is also removable for cleaning. This portable electrocoagulation unit has effectively treated water from an outside stream to produce pathogen-free water. In a laboratory test, total coliforms, E. coli, and enterococci were all reduced to acceptable levels (less than 10 most probable number (nmp)) where such pathogens were originally found at 12,000, 120, and 83 nmp, respectively. In addition to the pathogens discussed above, electrocoagulation and filtration are also known in the art to be effective in removing metal ions, suspended solids, pesticides, herbicides, and colloidal particles.
As shown in Figure 7, when it is necessary to remove and replace the reaction blades / plates in any of the embodiments, individual blades or the entire set of blades used within the device can be removed. If the entire set of blades is to be removed, a plurality of non-conductive rods 126 can be used to interconnect the reaction plates. The non-conductive rods 126 could be sized to fit within the specific reaction chamber used. These rods would serve not only to stabilize the plates within the reaction chamber, but also to keep the reaction plates separated from each other by the desired distance G. For illustrative purposes, the spacing G between the respective reaction plates 26 has been increased in order to better illustrate how the reaction plates can be attached to each other through the rods 126. The use of non-conductive rods 126 would eliminate the need for 47/48 spacers. As also shown in Figure 7, the orientation of the reaction plates can be configured such that the plate tabs 27 are positioned to allow easy connection of the electrical conductors. Placing the tabs in an alternating arrangement helps prevent conductors from crossing or entangling.
Still another embodiment of the apparatus of this invention is shown in Figure 9. In this embodiment, the electrocoagulation device 130 may be maintained in a pressurized or depressurized environment by a reaction chamber envelope 132 that is completely isolated from the environment. The reaction chamber envelope 132 can be any known type of pressure vessel that is capable of withstanding pressure and vacuum. This particular embodiment is advantageous for use in those situations in which the liquid stream is in a pressurized state, such as a municipal water supply. The use of reaction chamber envelope 132 would therefore eliminate the need for a pump or other means to force the liquid stream through device 130. The principle of operation for this particular embodiment is the same as that of the first and second embodiments, wherein a stream of liquid passes through the device. A plurality of reaction plates 134 extend vertically through the reaction chamber, and are in spaced relationship. A selected number of reaction plate tabs or extensions 136 extend upwardly beyond those reaction plates 134 without tabs. An inlet 138 communicates with the lower portion of the reaction chamber envelope 132. A foam dome or chamber 140 is disposed above the reaction chamber shell 132 in sealed relationship therewith. A foam extraction pipe 142 communicates with the upper end of the foam dome 140. A liquid stream outlet 144 is attached to the foam dome 140 above the reaction chamber 132 and below the foam extraction line 142. As the liquid stream exits the reaction chamber through from the outlet 144, it can then be passed through a venturi 146 in order to add a desired gas to the liquid stream, such as oxygen. A venturi feed line 148 allows the desired gas to enter the venturi 146. Accordingly, the downstream side of venturi 146 in line 149 contains a mixture of treated liquid stream and gas added from feed line 148. The addition of oxygen or other gases can aid in the treatment of the liquid stream. In addition to a particular gas, chemicals or other agents may be added to the liquid stream at this point to further treat the liquid. A control unit 150 provides rectified line voltage to the reaction plates via electrical conductors 152. Electrical conductors 152 connect with sealed connections 154 that are electrically coupled to their corresponding reaction plate tabs 136. Although only one pair of reaction plate tabs 136 is illustrated it should be understood that the amperage and voltage within the reaction chamber can be altered as in previous embodiments, providing additional sealed connections 154 in conjunction with reaction plate tabs 136. corresponding selected reaction. These sealed connections 154 contact conductors 152 external to reaction chamber envelope 132. The electrocoagulation device of Figure 9 can be followed downstream by a developing chamber and a triphasic centrifugal separator (not shown) or a backwash filter (not shown). This type of treatment is ideal for a home, hot bath or any application where liquid treatment is needed in a pressurized system. Contaminants can be removed from the liquid stream and the cleaned liquid can flow as needed without interruption.
ES 2 199 557 T3
A vacuum source (not shown) can be connected to foam tubing 142 to help remove foam that accumulates within foam dome 140. The foam created by the electrolytic process will collapse, thus reducing its volume during extraction through pipe 142. The application of such a vacuum can also be used to aid in the removal of contaminants from the liquid, before, during or after electrocoagulation, or to allow greater saturation of beneficial gases in the liquid. For example, the liquid stream within the reaction chamber could be saturated with a particular gas, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide, which would be provided by another inlet formed in the reaction chamber (not shown), or the gas could be added directly to the existing entry. Using a vacuum to create a lower pressure environment would allow such gases to more completely saturate the liquid stream as it passes through the coagulation chamber. The foam dome 140 can also serve as a distillation tower, allowing the separation of various components of the liquid stream.
In each of the embodiments, the shape of the blades is not critical. Although preferred embodiments illustrate blades with rectangular profiles, it should be understood that they can be modified to fit the particular shape and size of the reaction chamber being used. The lower ends or portions of the blades may be tapered relative to the upper ends or upper portions. Tapering the blades in this way makes the blades easier to remove and replace within a reaction chamber. Also, although the blades of this invention are illustrated substantially flat, it will be understood that the apparatus and method of this invention does not require that the blades have a particular configuration. The major concern regarding the profile of the blades is that the blades allow the liquid stream to move through the reaction chamber primarily in an upward fashion so that gases produced in electrolytic reactions can be removed from the stream. of liquid. Therefore, it is not the intention to provide horizontal or cross flow through the reaction chamber through the use of holes or openings in the plate, as is the case with many prior art devices. However, it will be understood that openings or holes may be a feature of the blades of this invention that will not create horizontal or cross flow. For example, the plates could be made from a screen-like material where there are a number of openings or holes along the blade. Again, however, the purpose of these holes or openings is not to induce horizontal flow, but rather to provide flexibility in the type of material to be used as the blades. It is even contemplated within the scope of this invention that a heap of metallic material could be placed within the chamber and which would allow the desired electrolytic reactions to take place without inducing undesirable horizontal flow.
In preferred embodiments, the blade spacing can be as close as 3.175mm. The closer the blades are, the greater the area available for electrocoagulation to occur within a given volume. However, the closer the blades are positioned, the more difficult it will be to force liquid through the gaps between the blades, and the more likely it is that plugging will occur between the blades by bridging of solid or suspended particles. The thickness of the blades is also a practical consideration; the thinner the blades, the greater the area available for electrocoagulation treatment within a given volume. If the blades are too thin, then their increased flexibility makes them more difficult to install. Also, if the liquid being treated requires the addition of metal ions from the blades, then the thicker blades are capable of sacrificing metal ions for a longer period of time before dissolving. When the blades dissolve, they resemble a window mesh with ragged holes. The electrocoagulation process continues as long as there is a surface for the reaction to occur. With each of the embodiments of this invention, a suitable blade thickness is 3.175mm. The blades can be made of aluminum, iron, stainless steel, carbon or any conductive material. The choice of blade material is based on the liquid to be electrocoagulated, the contaminants to be removed from the liquid stream, the material to be left within the liquid stream, and the material to be precipitated out as sediment.
In place of the insulated spacers 47/48 and 107, non-conductive strips of material or washers can be placed between the blades. This alternative type of spacers can be held in place by non-conductive screws or other non-conductive equipment. The gaps or spaces created between the blades do not necessarily have to be exactly parallel or uniform. The electrocoagulation process is flexible, and as long as an area is provided for contact with the liquid stream, then the electrocoagulation process can occur. As a practical matter, however, it is desirable to avoid choke points or relatively narrow gaps to prevent undesirable bridging of solid particles.
In the first, second, and fourth embodiments, the electrically connected blades rise beyond the liquid and foam discharge line, and pass through the foam cover and top cover to prevent the foam or liquid from reaching the tabs. plate. In the third embodiment, the top cover is removed during treatment, but the plate tabs are still held above the liquid line to keep them dry. It is necessary to keep the tabs dry so that corrosion does not occur.
In each of the embodiments, the electrocoagulation device of this invention may also allow a portion of the liquid stream to deviate from the electric field between the blades without sacrificing the ability of the device to effectively treat the liquid stream. The liquid that does not pass through the electric field will still carry electrons due to contact with the liquid that has passed through the electric field. For example, since the device of this invention does not require precisely cut blades and the blades are intended to be
ES 2 199 557 T3 removable from spacers 47 and 48, a small portion of the liquid stream could bypass the electric field by traveling through small gaps between the ends 49 of the blades and the spacers. Therefore, effective treatment of the total volume of the liquid stream is still being achieved as mixing occurs naturally throughout the reaction chamber. Depending on the type of contaminants to be removed, some treatment devices may only require the exposure of a small portion of the total liquid within the electric field, and then the treated and untreated liquids are mixed to effect an adequate treatment for the overall total volume. of liquid. Accordingly, as shown in Figure 4, the developing chamber that is downstream of the reaction chamber can be used for purposes of further mixing the treated and untreated portions of the liquid stream that are not mixed during flow. through the reaction chamber.
As briefly explained above, the electrocoagulation chambers used in the various preferred embodiments of this invention have the ability to transform input rectified line voltage or power grid voltage to optimize electrocoagulation treatment. Traditionally, prior art coagulation devices use a separate transformer to take the input line voltage, rectify, and then transform the line voltage to a voltage or group of voltages at which the reaction chamber can efficiently operate. . In the present invention, energy is obtained directly from the input line voltage or power grid, is rectified through a common diode or rectifier within the control unit, and is then directly transferred to the electrocoagulation chamber. Transformers of the type necessary to transform input line voltage into usable voltages within a reaction chamber are extremely expensive and therefore add considerable cost to the overall cost of manufacturing an electrocoagulation device. Also, such transformers are extremely heavy, which makes transportation and installation more difficult. When a traditional transformer is used to reduce the input line voltage to an acceptable level for use in an electrocoagulation device, the amperage necessary to treat the liquid stream must be transferred from the transformer to the chamber at a lower voltage. Because electrical wires are rated, or sized, based on amperage specifically, and voltage generally, the size and cost of a wire capable of safely conducting low voltage and high amperage is much greater than that of a wire used to conduct high voltage and low amperage. This is why power companies conduct electricity through a power grid from a point of generation at high voltages and low amperes, and then transform the power to low voltages and high amperes near the point of use (i.e. home or factory location). Therefore, size and cost advantages can be obtained by conducting electricity at higher voltage and lower amperage.
The potential between the input power or line voltage and the blades within the reaction chamber for each of the embodiments can generally be transformed as follows:
1. The voltage delivered to the chamber with power connections to the first and last blades (nos. 1 and 219, as further described below) results in the transformation of the input line voltage as follows: The voltage inside the chamber will be the input line voltage divided by the number of the spacings between the blades. The amperage drawn in the chamber will be the amperage that comes from the input line voltage.
two. The voltage delivered to the chamber with power connections to each blade, alternating between positive and negative conductors (Table 2 below) results in the transformation of the input line voltage as follows: The voltage inside the chamber will be the line voltage input and amperage will be the total amperage coming from the input line voltage divided by the number of blade spacings.
3. The amperage drawn from the input line voltage can be controlled by adjusting the area of the electrically connected blades. There is a linear relationship between area and amperage drawn; for example, the amperage will double if the area of electrically connected blades in contact with the liquid is doubled.
Four. The amperage and voltage created within the chamber can be controlled by connecting the input line voltage to the blades in any combination as described above in nos. 1, 2 and 3. As shown in Table 1, this allows a wide range of amperage and voltage control between the blades.
A set of practical examples will now be described in terms of how the electrocoagulation device of this invention can transform the input line voltage into the necessary amperage and voltage within the electric field. Referring to Figures 10 and 11, and Table 1 below, a reaction chamber 160 includes a plurality of reaction plates or blades. A control unit 162 provides the input rectified line voltage via positive conductor 164 and negative conductor 166. There are a total of 219 blades within the chamber, made of 3.175mm aluminum strip, and 3.175mm spaced . The blades in this example could be approximately 152.4mm wide and 1219.2mm long. Assuming the input line voltage is 440 volts AC traditional three-phase, a diode or rectifier within control unit 162 rectifies the line voltage from 440 volts AC to 560 volts DC (according to standard formulas for rectifiers). where the rectified DC voltage is equal to the AC voltage multiplied by the square root of 2 and minus 10% loss in the rectifier). Conductors 164 and 166 are attached to respective reaction plate tabs above the liquid line so that connections are made in a dry location. According to Ohm's law, according to which the voltage is equal to the amperage multiplied by the resistance, and assuming that the resistance is equal to the distance between the blades with voltage connections, the following table can be generated:
ES 2 199 557 T3
TABLE 1
Transformation by joining conductors to selected blades
<td>Example No.</td><td>Blade with bonded positive conductor</td><td>Blade with attached negative conductor</td><td>Amperage between blades</td><td>Voltage between blades</td><td>Input line amperage</td>
<td> 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 219</td><td> 10</td><td> 2,6 (560/218)</td><td> 10</td>
<td> 2</td><td>1 and 219</td><td> 110</td><td> 20</td><td> 5,1 (560/109)</td><td> 40</td>
<td> 3</td><td>1 and 146</td><td>73 and 219</td><td> 30</td><td> 7,7 (560/72)</td><td> 90</td>
<td> 4</td><td>1, 110 and 219</td><td>55 and 164</td><td> 40</td><td> 10,4 (560/54)</td><td> 160</td>
<td> 5</td><td>1, 87 and 174</td><td>44, 131 and 219</td><td> 50</td><td> 13,0 (560/43)</td><td> 250</td>
<td> 6</td><td>1.73, 145 and 219</td><td>36, 109 and 182</td><td> 60</td><td> 16,0 (560/35)</td><td> 360</td>
<td> 7</td><td>1, 62, 125 and 187</td><td>31.93, 156 and 219</td><td> 70</td><td> 18,7 (560/30)</td><td> 490</td>
<td> 8</td><td>1, 55, 109, 164 and 219,</td><td>27, 82, 136 and 191</td><td> 80</td><td> 21,5 (560/26)</td><td> 640</td>
Figure 10 illustrates the electrical connections between the control unit and the reaction chamber according to example 3 of Table 1. As shown, the positive lead 164 is attached to the blades 168 and 172, which correspond to the blade numbers 1 and 145, respectively. Negative conductor 166 is attached to blades 170 and 174, which correspond to blade numbers 73 and 219. With this connection configuration, the amperage between each of the blades is 30 amps. The voltage between each of the blades is 7.7 volts (rectified DC voltage of 560 volts divided by the number of spacings between pairs of blades that have power applied to them, which in this case is 72). In other words, energy is applied to blades number 1, 73, 145, and 219, which effectively divides the chamber into three larger areas designated by reference numerals 178, 180, and 182. Therefore, 219 divided by 3 Spaced areas equals 72 spacings between pairs of electrically connected blades, and 560 divided by 72 equals 7.7. As also shown in Table 1, the electrocoagulation chamber will draw 90 amps from the input line voltage source.
Figure 11 illustrates the connections corresponding to example 2 of Table 1. As shown, positive conductor 164 is attached to plates 168 and 174 corresponding to plates number 1 and 219, respectively. Negative lead 166 is attached to blade 176, corresponding to blade number 110. Therefore, the amperage between each of the blades is 20 amps, the voltage between the blades is 5.1 volts (560 divided by 109). In other words, the voltage between the blades is the supplied DC voltage divided by the number of spacings between pairs of electrically connected blades. As shown in Figure 11, the placement of the electrical conductors at blade numbers 1, 110 and 219 effectively divides the chamber into two larger areas shown as areas 184 and 186. Also in this example, the electrocoagulation chamber will draw 40 amps from the input line voltage source. Table 1 shows eight different types of connections that can be used to obtain different voltages and amperage within the reaction chamber. It is evident that other voltages and amperages can be created within the reaction chamber by developing other connection configurations.
Table 2 below illustrates the method by which prior art devices are configured to provide an input line voltage source to a reaction chamber. As shown, an electrical connection must be made with each of the blades within the chamber. A separate transformer is then used to provide different input line voltages to the chamber. As shown, creating 2.6 volts between each of the blades requires the chamber to draw high levels of amperage from the input line voltage source. This increased amperage draw requires much larger conductors to be used to transfer power to the blades compared to the apparatus of this invention. Additionally, such a prior art device is more complex and expensive to manufacture due to the large size and number of electrical connections required.
ES 2 199 557 T3
TABLE 2 Prior art
Transformation joining conductors to each blade
<td>Example No.</td><td>Blade with bonded positive conductor</td><td>Blade with attached negative conductor</td><td>Amperage between blades</td><td>Voltage between blades</td><td>Input line amperage</td>
<td> 1</td><td>Odd number</td><td>Even number</td><td> 10</td><td> 2,6</td><td> 2.180</td>
<td> 2</td><td>Odd number</td><td>Even number</td><td> 20</td><td> 5,1</td><td> 4.360</td>
<td> 3</td><td>Odd number</td><td>Even number</td><td> 30</td><td> 7,7</td><td> 6.540</td>
<td> 4</td><td>Odd number</td><td>Even number</td><td> 40</td><td> 10,4</td><td> 8.720</td>
<td> 5</td><td>Odd number</td><td>Even number</td><td> 50</td><td> 13,0</td><td> 10.900</td>
<td> 6</td><td>Odd number</td><td>Even number</td><td> 60</td><td> 16,0</td><td> 13.080</td>
<td> 7</td><td>Odd number</td><td>Even number</td><td> 70</td><td> 18,7</td><td> 15.260</td>
<td> 8</td><td>Odd number</td><td>Even number</td><td> 80</td><td> 21,5</td><td> 17.440</td>
It is also contemplated that the device of this invention may be used within hazardous areas. The electrical connections between the control unit and the reaction chamber could be insulated in order to meet standards for explosion proof devices. For example, the electrical connections on the blades could be insulated to include an insulated liner placed over the electrically connected blades to a level just below the liquid line within the reaction chamber.
With the electrocoagulation device of this invention, the power supplied to the control unit is adjusted by the input line voltage, and the amperage is controlled within the electrocoagulation chamber. The amperage within the electrically connected reaction chamber can be controlled by (1) adjusting the area of the electrically connected reaction plates or blades in contact with the liquid stream; (2) adjusting the distance between the electrically connected blades; (3) the addition of non-conductive insulating blades; and (4) adjusting the conductivity of the liquid by adding chemicals that enhance or degrade the liquid's ability to transfer electrons. The amperage can also be controlled by providing a switch between the input line voltage and the reaction chamber that cyclically turns the power “on” and “off”.
As a further description of (1) above, the amperage withdrawn can be controlled within the reaction chamber by adjusting the liquid contact length of the electrically connected blades. Using Table 1, Example 1, a 152.4 mm wide, 1219.2 mm long blade draws 10 amps with a specific liquid.
The reaction chamber amperage could be reduced by shortening the No. 1 blade or the No. 219 blade. The amperage would be reduced to 7.5 amps if the length of the No. 1 blade were reduced to 914.4 mm. The amperage would be reduced to 5 amps if the length of blade # 1 were reduced to 609.6mm Therefore, there is a linear relationship between the drawn amperage and the liquid contact length of the electrically connected blades. The amperage drawn can be controlled in the same way by placing a non-conductive blade between electrically connected blades. There is no particular requirement in terms of the placement of such a non-conductive blade; only that it is placed between designated electrically connected blades. The non-conductive blade will reduce the conductivity between the plurality of blades in the reaction chamber in the same proportion as if an electrically connected blade were removed from contact with the liquid. For example, the amperage drawn in the example above would be reduced to 7.5 amps if a 304.8mm long non-conductive blade were placed in contact with the liquid in the reaction chamber between blades nos. 1 and 219. The drawn amperage would be reduced to 5 amps if a 609.7mm long non-conductive blade were placed between nos. 1 and 219, and the drawn ampere would be reduced to 2.5 amps if a 914.4 mm non-conductive blade were placed between nos. 1 and 219. The lengths of the electrically connected or non-conductive blades can be adjusted in the liquid manually or mechanically. For example, the inner surface of the coagulation chamber shell could be provided with a plurality of vertically adjustable flanges that could be selectively positioned at different levels within the reaction chamber and aligned with a particular electrically connected blade. The blade could be attached to these vertically adjustable flanges to effectively increase or decrease the area of the electrically connected blade in contact with the liquid.
In the first, second, and fourth embodiments, the flow of the liquid stream through the chamber could be increased or decreased to further control the amperage within the reaction chamber. Generally, the increased flow of liquid through the chamber will result in a decrease in amperage because the ions
The metal from the blades will be removed more quickly, thereby decreasing the conductivity of the liquid. As described above, the control unit can be equipped with an ammeter to monitor the amperage within the chamber. The control unit can then control an increase or decrease in the flow rate of the liquid stream through the device by controlling a variable speed valve or pump upstream of the inlet.
In each of the embodiments, the blades may over time be coated with a non-conductive coating or inlay. The coating can be removed from the blades by reversing the polarity of the DC power to the electrically connected blades. Accordingly, this invention contemplates changing the polarity of the DC voltage. provided to the blades by the control unit according to a timed sequence or based on increased amperage indicating lower conductivity due to scale formation.
In order to obtain the variable voltages and amps from Table 1, only nine blades are required to have blade tabs. Since the blades are easily removable, the blades or plates that have tabs can be moved to desired locations within the reaction chamber. The foam cover that slides over the top of the blades through slots cut in the deck will expand allowing the blade to pass through. When a blade is removed, the foam cover will expand to form a seal while in the groove.
For the first, second and fourth embodiments, although a top cover is recommended for safety purposes, the devices will operate without a top cover as long as the electrical conductor connections occur above the liquid line, thus eliminating corrosion problems. typical associated with wet electrode connections.
In accordance with the method of this invention, the treatment of a stream of liquid can be accomplished by exposing a stream of liquid to an electric field. The flow of the liquid is upward, which allows gases that occur in electrolytic reactions to rise to the surface of the liquid line and escape to the atmosphere. Most of the coagulated particles are taken to secondary separation and any remaining particles fall by gravity to the lower portion or base of the chamber for subsequent removal. The amperage and voltage of the electric field within the electrocoagulation chamber can be varied by connecting the electric conductors to selected plates. Before entering the chamber, the liquid stream can be filtered, or appropriate chemicals can be added to intensify the reactions within the chamber. If necessary, a pump can be used to force the liquid up through the reaction chamber. Alternatively, the electrolytic reaction can take place in a sealed enclosure, such as a pressure vessel, which can eliminate the need for a pump if the liquid stream is already under pressure. The use of a pressure vessel also allows the electrolytic reaction to take place in a vacuum environment in which a source of vacuum is applied to the chamber. After the liquid stream is exposed to the electric field and electrolytic reactions take place, the liquid stream can be further treated in a developing chamber and can undergo secondary separation. The turbulence of the liquid stream can be increased before entering the chamber in order to intensify the electrolytic reactions. Also, if necessary, a recirculation line can be provided to recirculate the treated liquid stream in order to provide additional treatment.
From the foregoing, the advantages of the apparatus and method of this invention should be apparent. The electrocoagulation chamber has the ability to transform input line or grid voltage into the voltage and amperage necessary to optimize electrocoagulation treatment. Since the chamber is of a simplified construction, the liquid stream does not pass through a tortuous path which therefore removes much of the liquid pressure. As the liquid stream travels upward through the chamber, gas generated in electrolytic reactions can form as bubbles and rise to the top of the liquid level for easy removal. Additionally, the bubbling action of the gases in the same direction as the liquid flow prevents the accumulation of gas within the chamber, which further reduces the pressure induced on the blades. The blades of the apparatus are easily removed through the use of spacers that simply align the blades with respect to each other in a vertical and juxtaposed fashion. If desired, the chamber can be placed in a sealed enclosure such as a common pressure vessel, which eliminates the need for a pump if the supplied liquid stream is already under pressure. The apparatus of the invention can be configured in a portable or travel unit that makes it feasible to be used in austere conditions. Alternatively, the apparatus of this invention can be made on a much larger scale, which makes it feasible for use in an industrial environment where larger volumes of treated liquid are required. The blades can be removed individually, or they can be removed as an entire set, which increases the versatility of the device.
This invention has been described in detail with reference to particular embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that various other modifications can be made within the scope of this invention.
Contents8
5 sheets
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3 Sheet 4 Sheet 5
36 members in 16 offices
Priority claims2
| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19980076298P | United States of America | – | |
| 7629898 | United States of America | P |
Members36
| Document | Office | Kind | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2316446A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| WO9943617A1 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A1 | |
| AU2794299A | Australia | A | |
| ZA992479B | South Africa | B | |
| US6139710A | United States of America | A | |
| EP1058674A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| KR20010034545A | Republic of Korea | A | |
| CN1293643A | China | A | |
| AU738707B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| BR9908229A | Brazil | A | |
| JP2002504433A | Japan | A | |
| CA2316446C | Canada | C | |
| US2002088710A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| AU738707C | Australia | C | |
| US6488835B1 | United States of America | B1 | |
| NZ506918A | New Zealand | A | |
| EP1058674B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| DE69907878D1 | Germany | D1 | |
| CA2368860A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| AU2029802A | Australia | A | |
| KR100395731B1 | Republic of Korea | B1 | |
| CN1133594C | China | C | |
| ES2199557T3This record | Spain | T3 | |
| TW581743B | Taiwan Province of China | B | |
| DE69907878T2 | Germany | T2 | |
| IL137892A | Israel | A | |
| US2005274606A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| AU784188B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| MY123321A | Malaysia | A | |
| US7211185B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US2009173638A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| CA2368860C | Canada | C | |
| US7758742B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US2010252447A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US8048279B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US8133382B2 | United States of America | B2 |
Numbers
- Publication
- 2199557
- Application
- 99908535
Titles2
- Spanish
- METODO Y APARATO PARA LA ELECTROCOAGULACION DE LIQUIDOS.
- English
- METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE ELECTROCOAGULATION OF LIQUIDS.
Classification
- CPC, 2
- C02F1/463
- C02F1/52
- IPC, 6
- B01D19 02
- B01J19 08
- B03C5 00
- C02F1 46
- C02F1 463
- C02F1 52