Measurement system

0001Embodiments of the present invention relate to a measuring system for a construction machine. Preferred embodiments relate to a measuring system with a carrier having one or more connectable sections. Further embodiments relate to a construction machine, in particular a road construction machine, such as a road paver or a road milling machine, with a corresponding measuring system. Another embodiment relates to a carrier with one or more sections that can be mechanically and electrically connected to one another. Generally, the application is in the field of measurement technology for construction machinery, in particular road construction machinery, such as road pavers.

0002<figref idref="f0040">Fig. 4</figref> shows a well-known road paver, such as the one used in the<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="EP0542297A1"><text>EP 0 542 297 A1</text></patcit> The road paver is designated as a whole by the reference numeral 1 and comprises a crawler chassis 2, with which the road paver 1 travels on the prepared subsurface 4. At the rear end of the road paver 1 in the direction of travel, a height-adjustable screed 10 is arranged, which is articulated on the road paver 1 by means of a towing arm 12 at a towing point 14 ZP. The height of the towing point 14 ZP is adjustable by means of the cylinder 14 (not shown). In front of the screed 10 is a supply 3 of asphalt material, which is kept essentially constant across the entire width of the screed 10 by corresponding, known control of the speed of a screw-type conveyor 4. The screed 10 floats on the asphalt of the road surface 16 to be finished. The thickness of the road surface to be paved before its final compaction by road rollers is adjusted by regulating the height of the trailing edge 10k of the screed 10. This height adjustment is achieved by changing the angle of attack of the screed 10 and is typically achieved by controlling actuating cylinders that engage the front ends of the towing arms 12. The road paver comprises three ultrasonic sensors 5a, 5b, 5c, which are attached to a bracket 5h. The bracket 5h is attached to the towing arm 12. The three ultrasonic sensors 5a, 5b, 5c are used to scan a reference surface, which can be formed, for example, by an already constructed or old road surface.

0003For construction machinery, especially road construction machinery, as in connection with<figref idref="f0040">Fig. 4</figref> As explained, the distance to the subsurface or to a reference, such as a taut cable or a curb or an already installed adjacent layer, is measured at one or more points. Ultrasonic sensors have become established on the market for this purpose. These are attached by means of booms, e.g. to a road paver's screed, a road paver's drawbar, and/or a road paver's chassis. In some applications, a so-called Sonic-Ski is used, which combines several parallel measuring heads into one distance sensor.

0004In another state-of-the-art solution (Big Sonic-Ski or Big Ski for short), a number of distance sensors, such as ultrasonic measuring heads or sensors based on a different measuring principle such as lasers, are attached to the towing arm via a common rod. The boom extends approximately along the length of the machine in the direction of travel, or even beyond, and is arranged so that a distance to the subsoil can be measured at two, three, or more measuring points along this boom or in the direction of travel. For example, one sensor can be aligned to the applied layer, while another sensor is aligned to the subsoil for the layer to be applied. Two or more sensor heads are provided, with one sensor head being arranged in front of the screed and one sensor head being arranged behind the screed.

0005This so-called Big Sonic Ski (or Big Ski) application has a number of advantages, such as the ability to suppress or average out systematic measurement errors, e.g., caused by stones in the ground. The disadvantage of this so-called Big Sonic Ski is that the assembly effort for the rods and the individual sensor heads is quite high. Given that such measurement systems are dismantled overnight to prevent possible theft, this assembly effort is not negligible in the daily workflow. Therefore, there is a need for an improved approach.

0006The object of the present invention is to create a concept that enables measurement at at least two positions relative to the ground, whereby overall an improved compromise between installation effort, measuring range (in the sense of a large distance between the individual measuring points) and reliability.

0007The problem is solved by independent patent claims.

0008One embodiment provides a measuring system or a measuring arrangement for a construction machine, such as a road paver or a milling machine. The measuring system comprises a support that can be connected to the construction machine (or a component, such as the screed or the towing arm of the construction machine), e.g., such that the support extends along a subsurface. For example, the support can extend laterally along a longitudinal axis of the construction machine. The carrier comprises at least a first section, wherein the first section has a plurality of sensor heads attached to or integrated into the first section for contactless measurement relative to a background or, in general, a reference. These are aligned parallel, e.g., have a scanning range extending parallel or substantially parallel. The first section has a second connecting element on a second end face, wherein the second connecting element can be connected to a first connecting element in such a way that both a mechanical and an electrical connection is formed. The first and/or second connecting element has a hook, so that the first connecting element and the second connecting element can be engaged by a rotational movement about a rotation axis to form the mechanical connection. The first connecting element (generally: one of the two connecting elements) has a plug, and the second connecting element (generally: the other of the two connecting elements) has a socket. The plug and socket together form the electrical connection; here, the plug and/or socket are designed to be tilted, and/or the plug and/or socket have at least a partially conical shape.

0009According to further embodiments, the measuring system comprises a second section of the carrier, wherein the second section also has a plurality of attached/integrated (parallel) sensor heads. The second section has the first connecting element on a first end face, so that the second connecting element of the first section can be connected to the first connecting element of the second section. According to embodiments, a second section can have a second connecting element on a second end face and/or the first section can have a first connecting element on a first end face. In this respect, these two sections can be configured identically, so that not only two sections but also a plurality of sections can be plugged together to form a carrier.

0010According to one embodiment, the plug and/or the socket extends substantially along a longitudinal direction of the first and/or second portion.

0011Embodiments of the present invention are based on the finding that by using plug connections that are adapted, e.g., with regard to their flexibility or geometry, to the movement of the first and second carriers when they are joined together, the mechanical and electrical connection can be formed both securely and efficiently. One variant here is to mount the plugs and/or the socket flexibly or freely suspended. For example, if one assumes that the connecting elements with the hooks perform a rotational movement, the joining direction of the plug and socket runs tangentially on a radius around the axis of rotation of the rotational movement with which the two connecting elements are brought into engagement. The flexible or rotatable mounting allows the alignment of the plug and/or socket to vary during the rotational movement, preventing the plug and socket from tilting or jamming due to the curved joining path. In other words, when the plug and socket are joined, they align themselves in such a way that joining can also occur along a rotational path. This alignment is achieved through the degrees of freedom of the plug and/or socket. The geometry of the plug and/or socket can be adapted accordingly, either additionally or alternatively, so that jamming does not occur when the plug and socket are joined along a circular joining direction. For example, it would be conceivable for the plug and/or socket to be conical or at least partially conical. This results in centering and sliding of the plug and/or socket. For example, the plug can be conical in the front area, creating a kind of chamfer. The conical shape, with or without the flexible bearing, can advantageously ensure that the plug and socket are electrically connected to each other when the mechanical connection is made along a rotational axis.

0012According to embodiments, it should be noted that the plug can, for example, have a conical tip or a tapered tip or even a chamfer. According to further embodiments, the conical shape can also be present only partially, meaning that it does not necessarily have to extend along the entire circumference of the, for example, round plug and/or over the entire length. According to one embodiment, the bushing has a conical opening, which means that it widens with its diameter towards the opening, for example.

0013According to embodiments, the plug and/or socket is rotatable about one or more rotational axes (e.g., a plug rotational axis or a socket rotational axis) to form the flexible mounting. According to one embodiment, the rotational axes can run parallel to the rotational axis around which the mechanical hooking occurs.

0014As already mentioned above, self-centering of the plug and/or socket can occur. This can be assisted, for example, by one or more magnets that guide the plug and/or socket during mating or align each other, thus establishing contact. The magnetic force has another advantage: it maintains contact even when exposed to vibrations or similar forces. In this respect, the magnets are designed to fix the plug and socket to each other.

0015Regarding the plug and/or socket, it should be noted that these include poles or magnetic poles, respectively, through which the electrical connection is established. The use of a plurality of poles can ensure that both an electrical connection and a data connection are possible. Of course, it is also conceivable that only an electrical connection in the sense of energy supply or only a data connection in the sense of data communication takes place.

0016According to embodiments, the first connecting element and/or the second connecting element comprises a mechanism for mechanically fixing the first and second connecting elements; for example, the first connecting element may comprise a lever mechanism and/or a lever mechanism with an eccentric in order to translationally fix the first connecting element to the second connecting element.

0017According to embodiments, the hook of the first and/or second connecting element or the hooks of the first and/or second connecting element have an engagement surface that is open substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the respective section. According to embodiments, the rotational movement is defined by an end stop, which requires contact between the first and second end faces.

0018According to further embodiments, the measuring system comprises a fastening element. This fastening element can be connected to the construction machine or a component of the construction machine and, for this purpose, has a first and/or a second connecting element. This can be done, for example, in such a way that the first section can be connected to the construction machine or the component of the construction machine.

0019According to embodiments, the first and/or second section can have sensor heads aligned perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first and second sections on one longitudinal side. In other words, the sensor heads are directed toward the substrate (in the installed state), i.e., the sensor heads are aligned toward the layer already applied or toward the substrate for the layer to be applied. As explained above, the sensor heads are mounted or integrated, with a large number of them (i.e., at least three) per section. The higher the number or density of sensors, the better the compensation for irregularities of a specific wavelength, e.g., 5 m.

0020According to further embodiments, the measuring system can have at least one first further sensor head per first and/or second section or per carrier, which is aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis and/or which is arranged on the first and/or second end face; and/or wherein the first further sensor head is designed to perform a reference measurement. Here, according to embodiments, the measuring system can have a second sensor head for each first and/or second section, which is arranged along the longitudinal axis of the respective first and/or second section or of the carrier and is located on the opposite end face to the first further sensor head. To determine the reference, according to further embodiments, the measuring system can have a reflector (e.g. parallel to the longitudinal axis) or an inclined reflector (e.g., inclined at 135° to the longitudinal axis). The reflector can also be integrated/formed in the holder of one and/or more sensor heads. According to further embodiments, it would also be conceivable for the measuring system to have at least one additional sensor head per first and/or second section or per carrier, which is aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis and/or which is arranged on the first and/or second end face; the additional sensor head is designed to determine a distance to an object that performs a relative movement with respect to the construction machine or a component of the construction machine.

0021Another embodiment relates to a carrier comprising a first section of the carrier. The first section has a second connecting element on a second end face, wherein the second connecting element can be connected to a first connecting element in such a way that a mechanical and electrical connection is formed.

0022The first and/or second connecting element has a hook, so that the first connecting element and the second connecting element can be brought into engagement by a rotational movement about a rotation axis to form the mechanical connection. The first connecting element has a plug and the second connecting element has a socket, wherein the plug and the socket together form the electrical connection. The plug and/or socket are designed to be tilted. Additionally or alternatively, the plug and/or socket have at least a partially conical shape.

0023A further embodiment relates to a construction machine, such as a road construction machine with a measuring system as explained above.

0024Embodiments of the present invention are explained with reference to the following figures.<dl id="dl0001"><dt>Fig. 1a</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a section with sensor heads for a measuring arrangement according to examples;</dd><dt>Fig. 1b</dt><dd>a schematic representation to illustrate the cascading of several carriers in a measuring arrangement according to further examples;</dd><dt>Fig. 1c - 1e</dt><dd>a schematic representation of the application of the measuring arrangement to a road paver according to further examples;</dd><dt>Fig. 1f</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a section in detail according to examples;</dd><dt>Fig. 1g</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a sensor head for integration according to examples;</dd><dt>Fig. 1h - 1j</dt><dd>schematic representations of connection options between sections or connectors and a section;</dd><dt>Fig. 1w - 1z</dt><dd>schematic representations of a preferred connection option based on a hook according to embodiments;</dd><dt>Fig. 1k - 1n</dt><dd>a schematic representation of distances between sensor heads in a section;</dd><dt>Fig. 1o and 1p</dt><dd>schematic representations of wavinesses occurring in applied layers to illustrate different numbers of sensors;</dd><dt>Fig. 1q to 1v</dt><dd>schematic representations of arrangements for reference measurement;</dd><dt>Fig. 2a</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a layer thickness measuring system using a regression line according to an example;</dd><dt>Fig. 2b</dt><dd>a schematic representation of three-dimensional space to explain the determination of a regression line for a large number of distance points;</dd><dt>Fig. 2c to 2e</dt><dd>a schematic diagram illustrating a layer thickness measuring system based on the determination of regression lines;</dd><dt>Fig. 3a</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a typical control loop for leveling the screed;</dd><dt>Fig. 3b</dt><dd>a schematic representation of the control system in the Bohle-Zugarm system;</dd><dt>Fig. 3c</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a control loop structure for screed leveling according to an example;</dd><dt>Fig. 3d</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a control loop structure for screed leveling according to extended examples;</dd><dt>Fig. 3e</dt><dd>a schematic representation of the illustration of the disturbance variables acting on the Bohle-tension arm system to explain examples;</dd><dt>Fig. 3f</dt><dd>a schematic representation of an installation situation track to track;</dd><dt>Fig. 3g</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a rope scanning system with two sensors;</dd><dt>Fig. 3h</dt><dd>a rope scanning system with plank sensor and Big Sonic ski for tow point control;</dd><dt>Fig. 3i</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a 3D system setup with total station and Big Sonic ski;</dd><dt>Fig. 3j</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a leveling system with a total station and two prisms;</dd><dt>Fig. 3k</dt><dd>a schematic representation of a laser leveling system; and</dd><dt>Fig. 4</dt><dd>a well-known road paver.</dd></dl>

0025Embodiments of the present invention are explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Similar elements and structures are provided with the same reference numerals so that the descriptions are applicable and interchangeable.

Initial aspect

0026A sensor arrangement 100 is explained below with reference to an initial aspect. In its simplest embodiment, this comprises a carrier 110, which includes at least one section 111. At least two sensors 121, 122 are integrated (generally attached) into this section 111. These sensors are arranged spaced apart from one another. Furthermore, the carrier 110 comprises a second connecting element 132, which can be connected to a first connecting element (not shown). The connecting element 132 as well as the first connecting element (not shown) are designed to form, firstly, a mechanical connection and, secondly, an electrical connection. An electrical connection is understood to mean, for example, a contact connection, a contactless connection, such as an inductive connection. The carrier 110 and thus also the section 111 can, for example, have a square shape (cf. carrier section 111 of<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 1f</figref>). As can be seen in particular from<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 1f</figref> As can be seen, the integrated sensor elements 121, 122 ff. are integrated into the carrier and are all aligned in the same direction.

0027Assuming the installation situation of the support 110 parallel to the ground and further assuming that the sensor arrangement 100 is to be used to measure a distance to the ground, all sensor heads 121, 122 et seq. are oriented toward the ground. In other words, this means that they have a scanning range that extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the support 110 or section 111.

0028By integrating sensors 121 and 122, where "integration" means that they can be fully embedded in the pipe of section 111 or simply connected to it, the installation effort is significantly reduced, since only section 111 is installed at the construction site and no longer the individual sensor heads. In other words, sensor heads 121 and 122 can be transported together with section 111. The section 111 of the carrier can be connected via the interface 132 either to a receiving device on the construction machine or to another section, as for example in<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 1b</figref> is shown.

0029<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 1b</figref> shows a carrier 110' with a section 111 and a section 112. Each section comprises embedded sensor heads 121 and 122. The connection between the two sections 111 and 112 is made via the connecting elements 131 and 132, which are compatible with each other and are each arranged on the end face. For the sake of completeness, it should be noted that, according to optional examples, each section 111 and 112 may also have further connecting elements 131 and 132 on the respective opposite end face.

0030Referring to<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1a</figref> and<figref idref="f0002">1b</figref> It should be noted that the carrier 110 may, for example, consist of a section 111 or of a plurality of sections 111 and 112. The following are described with reference to<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 1c</figref> and<figref idref="f0004">1d</figref> different installation situations are explained.

0031<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 1c</figref> shows section 111, which here includes connecting element 131. Connecting element 131 is connected to a connector 135, which has connecting element 132. Connector 135 is coupled to the machine. In this example, to screed 10. In this example, connector 135 extends in an S-shape below the footboard 10t of screed 10, longitudinally rearward in the direction of travel. Sensor heads 121 and 122 are shown as examples. As can be seen, these are oriented in such a way that the substrate 16' or here the applied material layer 16' is scanned.

0032For example, the section 111 can be one or two meters long, or generally in the range of 50 to 300 cm. In order to scan a longer area overall, according to further examples, a cascading of the carrier 110 by connecting two sections 111 and 112 is possible.<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 1d</figref> shown.

0033<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 1d</figref> shows a section 111 that is connected in alignment with a section 112. The two sections 111 and 112 together form the support 110 of the sensor assembly. The sensor assembly 110 is connected to the screed 10 via a connector 135', so that the sensor assembly 110 extends rearward from the screed approximately in the direction of travel. By combining two sections 111 and 112, a longer area can be scanned, optimizing handling, particularly during assembly and disassembly. This is achieved by separating sections 111 and 112 from each other and allowing them to be stored individually. When constructing such a long sensor arrangement 110, only section 111 needs to be connected to element 135 and section 112 to section 111. As already explained in connection with<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1a</figref> and<figref idref="f0002">1b</figref> As explained, the connecting elements 131 and 132 are designed in such a way that, in addition to the mechanical connection, an electrical connection is also formed. Therefore, no additional wiring is required to contact section 112, which significantly reduces the assembly effort.

0034<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 1d</figref> shows another exemplary installation situation on the tension arm 12. A further holder 135' is arranged on the tension arm 12, which holder has both a first connecting element 131 and a second connecting element 132. The sensor arrangement 110' again comprises two sections 111 and 112, with both section 111 being connected to the connector 135' via its connecting element 132, and section 112 being connected to its connecting element 131. In other words, the element 135', which is firmly connected to the machine or to the pulling arm 12 of the machine, is located between the two sections 111 and 112 of the support. Both sections are, as in the sensor arrangement 110 of<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 1d</figref> oriented in the same way, so that the substrate or the applied layer is scanned.

0035This example has shown that not only cascading, as in arrangement 110, is possible by connecting in series, but also by connecting them together to a common connector 135'. Through this cascading, it is of course also possible for the measuring system to have a third section, which is arranged in series, for example. Furthermore, this example has shown that different mounting positions, e.g. on the screed 10 itself or on the towing arm 12. It is important that the element 135' is permanently connected to the screed 10 or the towing arm 12. Screw connections, welded connections, or other connections are suitable for this purpose. For example, this element 135' can remain directly connected to the machine, while the technology-bearing sensor elements/sections 111 and 112 are dismantled at night. The element 135' of the sensor arrangement 110' is in<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 1e</figref> shown.<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 1e</figref> shows the element 135', in which the section 111 is connected on the first side and the section 112 on the second side. In this example, the connecting element 135 is shaped as a kind of sleeve, which corresponds in cross-sectional shape to the cross-section of the profiles 111 and 112 (here rectangular, alternatively other e.g. round cross-section), wherein the dimensions, in particular the internal dimensions of the sleeve of the element 135' are formed such that the elements 111 and 112 can be inserted. The elements 111 and 112 can be fixed by means of the screws 135s' shown here. The electrical connection is not shown.

0036According to examples, the element 135' is or can be rotated relative to the tension arm 12 in order to align the sensor arrangement 110 or 110' parallel to the ground. It should be noted at this point that this is not absolutely necessary, since the principle of using a regression line, which will be explained in connection with aspect 2, also allows for computational corrections.

0037According to examples, the sections 111 and 112 extend substantially in alignment in both the sensor arrangement 110 and the sensor arrangement 110', so that all sensors 121 and 122 have a substantially parallel scanning lobe.

0038Referring to<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 1f</figref> A section 111 with its sensor arrangement is explained. The section 111 can have a plurality of sensor heads 121 and 122, such as six sensor heads here. These are marked with the reference numerals 121 to 126. For example, the arrangement can be equidistant, although another arrangement is also useful, as described below with reference to<figref idref="f0012">Fig. 1m</figref> The number may also vary accordingly (see explanations in connection with<figref idref="f0011">Fig. 1k and 1l</figref>).

0039The sensor heads 121 to 126 are embedded on one side of the rectangular profile, as shown in<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 1f</figref> and in<figref idref="f0007">Fig. 1g</figref> is shown.<figref idref="f0007">Fig. 1g</figref> represents an exemplary profile measuring 60 x 80 mm, with a sensor head 126 embedded on the narrower side 60. This can be clicked in or screwed in, for example. According to the examples, the sensor head 126 is approximately flush, i.e., +/- 3 mm, +/- 10 mm, or +/- 20 mm, with the surface of the profile.

0040According to the examples, the sensor head is an ultrasonic sensor, although other sensor technologies, such as laser or capacitive sensors, can also be used. Different measurement principles can also be used for the different sensor heads for each section 111 or each sensor arrangement 110.

0041<figref idref="f0008">Fig. 1h</figref> shows the two sections 111 and 112, which are connected to each other by a connector 138. Sections 111 and 112 are simple profiles that are inserted into the connector 138 and connected by means of the eccentric 138e on each side. The profiles have connecting elements 131 and 132 on the corresponding end faces, where the connection to the connector 138 is made. The connector 138 has the corresponding counterparts to form not only the mechanical but also the electrical connection. In this example, the electrical connector can be realized, for example, by a plug integrated into the connector 138, which is closed in the longitudinal direction of the sections 111 and 112.

0042Another example of a slide-in connector is in<figref idref="f0009">Fig. 1i</figref> shown. Here, a modified connecting element 138' with the eccentric 138e is shown, into which the section 111 is inserted. The connecting element 138' can, for example, belong to the further section of the carrier or be firmly connected to the machine.

0043According to another example, it would also be conceivable that instead of the eccentric 138e a screw connection with a knurled screw, as in<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 1e</figref> shown. What they have in common is that profile 111 or 112 is inserted and secured by another means, such as an eccentric or a screw. A type of quick-release fastener, as is common on bicycles, or a bayonet lock would also be possible. It should be noted at this point that section 111 can, for example, be designed with a closure cap 111v on one end face.

0044<figref idref="f0010">Fig. 1j</figref> represents another connection concept. In this example, the section 112 has a type of hook 131h' as ​​the connecting element 131', so that the hook can be connected to an engagement section of the connecting element 132'. The engagement section of the element 132' is provided with the reference symbol 132e'. These two elements establish a mechanical connection by performing a rotary movement of section 112 relative to the other element to which section 112 is to be connected. In this rotary connection, the electrical connection can also be implemented, e.g., by contact at the end faces. The end face limits the rotary movement.

0045Element 112, in turn, has a cap on the opposite end face. The cap is designated with the reference numeral 112v.

Main aspect

0046Based on the connection concept from<figref idref="f0010">Fig. 1j</figref> An embodiment will now be described with reference to the<figref idref="f0021">Fig. 1w</figref>, <figref idref="f0022">1x</figref>, <figref idref="f0023">1ya</figref>), <figref idref="f0024">1yb</figref>) and<figref idref="f0025">1z</figref> explained.

0047<figref idref="f0021">Fig. 1w</figref> and<figref idref="f0022">1x</figref> represent a carrier 110 with two sections 111 and 112. The two sections are connectable to each other via connecting elements. These are provided with the reference numerals 131 and 132. The first connecting element 131 has a hook 131h, which engages in an engagement section 132h, e.g., a projection 132e. This engagement is in<figref idref="f0021">Fig. 1w</figref> Each of these engagement areas 131 and 132 has a front surface on the front side, which serves as a kind of stop, so that after hooking in the elements 111 and 112 are connected to each other, as in<figref idref="f0022">Fig. 1x</figref> is shown. Here, the end faces of the connecting elements 131 and 132 rest on one another, forming a stop for the joining movement V about the rotation axis 132r. If, for example, the hook 131h of the sensor bar 112 is first hooked into the holder 132e, the sensor bar 112 can then be fastened/joined by a downward movement or rotational movement V.

0048Because the element 131h is hooked into the engagement section 132e, a transverse force can be transmitted, at least along one degree of freedom. The element 112 and its weight force 112g are supported by the engagement section 132e. Likewise, a torque resulting from the weight force 112g is supported by the engagement section 132e in combination with the end stop. As a result, sections 111 and 112 extend in alignment/lengthwise and together form the carrier 110. In order to supply the sensor heads 121 and 122 of the respective sections 111 and 112 with electrical energy or to transmit data therefrom, each connecting element 131 and 132 has matching electrical connecting elements. These are designed here as a type of plug-socket pair. The plug is designated by reference numeral 132s, and the socket by reference numeral 132b. Plug 132s can be arranged either on the hook side 131h or on the engagement section side 132e. Similarly, the socket is provided either on the engagement section side 132e or on the hook side 131h. For example, both the plug and the socket are provided on the respective end faces of the connecting elements 131 and 132 and are oriented such that they open in the longitudinal direction or substantially in the longitudinal direction. This means that the plug 132s protrudes from the end face in the longitudinal direction, while the socket 132b protrudes from the end face in the longitudinal direction into the element 111. Geometrically, these are arranged in such a way that during the joining movement V around the rotation axis 132r, the two extension directions of plug and socket 132s and 132b are aligned with each other or flush, so that a good joining of the two elements 132s and 132b is possible.

0049Since the direction of movement of the plug 132s when hooking the element 112 around the rotation axis 132r runs along a circular path (or generally when joining the elements 111 and 112 the elements 132s and 132b are joined along a circular path), it is important that a tilting of the plug 132s relative to the socket 132b is prevented when establishing the electrical connection. The reason for this is that, due to the rotating movement, an electrical connection via known standard plug/socket systems is not possible, as these usually only work well if the plug and socket point exactly straight towards each other when they are put together (i.e. the plug and socket must be aligned with each other). The plug and socket dimensions of standard components are usually cylindrical and only fit together if they are aligned or plugged together exactly. If these are mechanically (slightly) twisted relative to each other, mechanical coupling of the plug and socket becomes difficult. Thus, a secure electrical connection with standard components would not always be possible. Therefore, there is a need for an improved approach.

0050The improved approach is achieved through one or more of the following concepts:<ul id="ul0001" list-style="dash"><li>Introducing flexibility into the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b;</li><li>Using a conical geometry for the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b.</li></ul>

0051As in<figref idref="f0023">Fig. 1ya</figref>) and<figref idref="f0024">1yb</figref>), the plug socket 132B*, e.g. can be used as socket 132b (cf.<figref idref="f0021">Fig. 1w</figref>), flexible, in this case rotatable around the rotation axis P. The counterpart 132s* from<figref idref="f0025">Fig. 1z</figref> (e.g. usable as plug 132s (cf.<figref idref="f0021">Fig. 1w</figref>) can, but does not necessarily have to, be flexible. Because part of the connector, in this case the 132B* socket, is flexibly mounted or freely suspended, it can tilt during assembly (see<figref idref="f0024">Fig. 1yb</figref>)), so that an electrical connection is established even with a translational movement path of the connector socket 132B* and the connector housing 132S*. For example, the element 132b_2 can rotate by approximately 5 to 10° due to the flexible bearing, as shown by the different longitudinal axes A and A'. For example, if one deviates from the movement path V around the rotation axis 132r (cf.<figref idref="f0021">Fig. 1w</figref>) of the counterpart 132s*, at the beginning of the joining process, starting from the tilt, the plug housing 132S* can be aligned with the plug socket 132B*, whereby during the joining process along the movement path V the plug socket 132B* changes in its tilt, so that, for example, at the end of the joining process the plug 132B* in the initial situation consists of<figref idref="f0023">Fig. 1ya</figref>) is located.

0052According to embodiments, the tilting of an element 132b_2 of the plug socket 132B* takes place around the point P, specifically relative to a fixedly mountable element 132b_1.

0053According to further embodiments, as already explained above, the connector socket 132B*, or in particular the element 132b_2 or 132b_2m, can have a tapered shape. Specifically, the jacket 132b_2m tapers toward the front end, i.e., toward the end face 132b_2s. The connector socket 132B* thus has a conical shape.

0054According to embodiments, the connector housing 132s_1 can also be made of<figref idref="f0025">Fig. 1z</figref> have a conical shape 132s_1m inside to accommodate the socket 132b*. The combination of the conical shape and the flexible mounting of the plug socket 132B* allows the plug 132s and the socket 132b* to mechanically align during the rotation of the sensor bar 111, creating a secure electrical connection when plugged in. This is referred to as a self-centering plug connection. The plug 132S* and the socket 132B* contain contacts 132s_1k for power and/or data transmission. The reference numerals 132b_ak (see<figref idref="f0023">Fig. 1ya</figref>)) and 132s_ak (cf.<figref idref="f0025">Fig. 1z</figref>) each denotes a connection, the reference symbol 132s_1b denotes a housing fastening.

0055An example of a flexible and conical connector is the connector from Rosenberger (https://www.rosenberger.com/de/produkt/ropd/).

0056According to exemplary embodiments, a magnet (not shown) can be provided inside the connector. This keeps the connector closed when plugged in, without the need for a mechanical locking mechanism, e.g., a bayonet lock. This ensures a secure mechanical and thus also electrical connection, for example, in the event of vibrations or other external forces (such as shocks, impacts, etc.). If the sensor bar 112 is released/unhooked from the sensor bar 111, the plug connection will be released automatically.

0057According to embodiments, it is also possible to secure the hooked sensor bar 112 by means of a mechanical lock on the sensor bar 111 (for example, by means of a bracket). According to further embodiments, mechanical coding of the plug 132s* and socket 132b* is not absolutely necessary, since the sensor bar 112 can only be attached in one direction.

0058It should also be noted at this point that other connection options are also conceivable. For example, the respective connecting element could also have guides extending orthogonally to the longitudinal direction, forming a type of dovetail joint.

0059What all of these connections have in common is that one section can be connected to a fastening element or several sections can be connected to each other, creating an electrical connection in addition to the mechanical connection. The angular orientation of the longitudinal section is also fixed by the connector.

0060An alternative variant is explained below. According to an alternative embodiment, the electrical connection can also be wireless. Wireless data and/or power transmission can be seen as an alternative to the plug/socket system. Here, for example, instead of the plug and the socket, a power transmitter, e.g., is used. an induction loop is provided on the side of the intervention area 131 and on the side of the intervention area 132.

0061This means that, according to embodiments, the connecting elements 131 and 132 can have contactless energy transmission elements via which both an energy supply to the sensor heads and a data transmission between the sensor heads and a computer unit takes place.

0062According to embodiments, the energy transmission element may comprise an induction loop or induction coil or be configured to inductively transmit electrical energy. According to embodiments, the energy transmission element may further be configured to exchange data with the energy receiving device of the sensor along with the electrical energy.

0063Embodiments provide a receiving device comprising a plurality of mechanical pickups, each with a plurality of energy transmission elements for a plurality of supports 110/sections 111 and 112. A cabling system can be provided, via which the energy transmission element is supplied with electrical energy from the construction machine. According to embodiments, the energy receiving element is configured to receive at least 5 W or 10 W of electrical energy and to provide at least 5 W or 10 W of electrical energy to a sensor element or an electrical circuit. For this purpose, the energy receiving element has, for example, an induction loop or induction coil or is configured to inductively receive electrical energy. The energy receiving element can further be configured to exchange data. Further embodiments relate to a mounting device for a construction machine. The mounting device comprises a mechanical receiver for receiving a display and a power transmission element configured to wirelessly or contactlessly transmit electrical energy to a power receiving element of the display to supply power to the display.

0064As already explained above, each section may comprise a plurality of sensor elements 121 ff.<figref idref="f0011">Fig. 1k</figref> It is assumed that section 100 has a length of 2 m (200 cm) and that the sensor heads 121-126 (here, six sensor heads) are evenly distributed. This results in a distance of 33 cm between the sensor heads, with 33/2 cm being provided from the front side to the first sensor head 121 or to the last sensor head 126.<figref idref="f0011">Fig. 1l</figref> shows a section 100 with a length of 2 m (200 cm), with five sensor heads 121-125. The spacing is again equidistant, resulting in a distance of 40 cm between the sensor heads and 20 cm from the front to the first or last sensor head 121/125.

0065As in<figref idref="f0013">Fig. 1o</figref> and<figref idref="f0014">1p</figref> As shown, the number of sensor heads has a significant influence on the possible control.<figref idref="f0013">Fig. 1o</figref> shows a comparison between a classic Big Sonic Ski (Big Ski for short) with a 12 m extension using three, four, and five sensors. As can be seen, the Big Sonic Ski with three sensors has problems in the 6 m range, the Big Sonic Ski with four sensors has problems in the 4 m range, and the Big Sonic Ski with five sensors has problems in the 3 m range. The Big Sonic Ski with three sensors also has the same problems. By increasing the sensor density, these high-frequency problems (compared to vibrations) can be reduced in the range of 20 m and beyond. The improvement by using the<figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012 f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016 f0017 f0018 f0019 f0020 f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024 f0025">Fig. 1</figref> described (and according to the invention) sensor arrangement is shown in<figref idref="f0014">Fig. 1p</figref> This example assumes an 8 m long beam with three to six sensors. As the number of sensors increases, the control gaps become more frequent, but this is less critical given the lower probability of high-frequency interference.

0066In summary, it can be stated that increasing the sensor density in the longitudinal direction offers a quality advantage. Overall, it is assumed that preferred examples have a sensor array with a length of at least 4 m, i.e., comprising two sections. Even better quality can be achieved with 6 m or 8 m long sensor arrays.

0067To improve high-frequency gaps or, in general, gaps resulting from harmonic oscillations, a non-equidistant sensor pattern can be used per section, as shown in further examples. Examples are shown for a distance of five sensor heads 121-125 in<figref idref="f0012">Fig. 1m</figref> Here, the distance between the front face and the first sensor 121 increases from 20 cm. The distances are, for example, 32, 40, 46, and 58, as well as 4 cm.

0068<figref idref="f0012">Fig. 1n</figref> shows another illustration, where equidistant sensors with a spacing of 44 cm are used again, but the distance between the front end and the first sensor 121 is selected such that an equidistance is maintained across two sections. Here, the section between the front end and the first sensor is selected such that half the distance between the further sensor, or in particular, sensors 121 and 122, is present.

0069The following are based on<figref idref="f0015 f0016 f0017 f0018 f0019 f0020">Fig. 1q-v</figref> Possible implementation examples of reference sensors are explained. Ultrasonic sensors are often subject to drift, e.g., due to ambient temperatures, and a reference measurement is required for this purpose. A reference measurement is carried out, for example, by measuring a known distance with an ultrasonic sensor and, based on the measurement signal, typically a time period between transmission and reception of the response signal, using this reference signal as a calibration value.<figref idref="f0015">Fig. 1q</figref> shows a section 111 with sensor heads 121 ff. One or each sensor head has a bracket 171 arranged at a defined distance in front of the sensor 121. This bracket 171 is located at least partially within the entire measuring field and can be folded in or rigid, as shown in examples. The bracket 171 reflects the measurement signal, as shown here by the dashed line.

0070Another variant is in<figref idref="f0016">Fig. 1r</figref> shown. Here, a bracket is also provided for a sensor, here the sensor 125. The bracket has a reflector 172. According to examples, the bracket is inserted into the holder 131', here a hook holder (cf.<figref idref="f0010">Fig. 1j</figref>). The reflector 172 is located at a defined distance from the sensor 126 and can thus be used for reference measurement.

0071<figref idref="f0017">Fig. 1s</figref> shows a further variant, wherein a further reflector 173 is provided in a laterally arranged bracket, which extends approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the section 111. This reflector 173 is again arranged at a distance from the sensors 126, but serves not only as a reference for the nearest sensor 126, but also for the sensors 125, ... 121 arranged next to it. According to examples, the reflector 173 can be arranged at an angle, e.g. B. 45° with respect to the measuring direction of the individual sensor heads 121 to 126. According to further examples, the reflector surface 173 can be curved in order to serve as a reflector for all channels 121 to 126. As shown here, the bracket connecting the reflector 173 to the section 111 can either be attached directly to the section 111 or can be integrated into the connecting element, as for example in connection with<figref idref="f0016">Fig. 1r</figref> is shown.

0072<figref idref="f0018">Fig. 1t</figref> is essentially comparable to the example from<figref idref="f0017">Fig. 1s</figref>, where the reflector 174 has an active mirror which aligns itself depending on which channel (sensor head) is to be calibrated.

0073Referring to the examples from<figref idref="f0017">Fig. 1s</figref> and<figref idref="f0018">1t</figref> It should be noted that, for example, the sensor heads 121 to 126 can be calibrated one after the other in order not to interfere with each other.

0074According to further examples, it would also be conceivable that the active reflector 174 is designed as an active transmitting unit, which then directs an ultrasonic signal to the receivers 121 to 126.

0075In the example from<figref idref="f0019">Fig. 1u</figref> It is assumed that an ultrasonic sensor 176 is used for the reference measurement by means of a bracket 175, which is arranged below the sensor heads 121 to 126. Below here means between the support/section 111 and the road surface. The ultrasonic sensor 176 is arranged parallel to the support/section 111 and can, for example, be arranged by means of an additional reflector 177 on the other end face or between the end faces, for example in the middle (cf. dashed element 177').

0076According to another variant, which is<figref idref="f0020">Fig. 1v</figref> As shown, the active transmitter 176, which is arranged on the bracket 175, can cooperate with an active receiver 178, which is arranged on a bracket 175 on the other end.

0077What all examples have in common is that the reference measurement is taken in the area of ​​ultrasonic sensors 121 to 126. This has the advantage that the same ambient conditions, e.g., ambient temperature and infrared radiation, prevail here.

0078All possibilities of reference measurement by means of reflectors arranged on the end faces, by means of active transmitters or receivers arranged on the end faces, or by means of transmitters or receivers arranged on the end faces, which form, for example, a parallel signal, can be implemented in such a way that the connecting elements, which are, for example, welded to the profile or generally arranged on the profile, have these reflectors or transmitters integrated. In this context,<figref idref="f0008">Fig. 1h</figref> which has a reflector comparable to the reflector 172 from<figref idref="f0016">Fig. 1r</figref> integrated into the profile connector. In this respect, the element for performing the reference measurement is not part of section 111 or 112, but of connector 138. Another variant, which, for example,<figref idref="f0020">Fig. 1v</figref> The measuring principle shown with active transmitter 176 and active receiver 178 is shown in<figref idref="f0009">Fig. 1i</figref> Here, an active transmitter 176 is integrated into the element 138', while the receiver 178 is integrated into the closure cap 111v. In this example, it would of course also be conceivable to use a reflector 177 instead of the receiver 178. A similar variant is shown in<figref idref="f0010">Fig. 1j</figref> shown. Here, the transmitter 176 is integrated into the element 131', while the receiver or reflector 177 and 178 is integrated into the closure cap 112v. Of course, it would also be conceivable that 176 with 177/178 in the examples from<figref idref="f0009">Fig. 1i</figref> and<figref idref="f0010">1 year</figref> has been exchanged.

0079In all examples, it is advantageous that measurements from the sensor heads are carried out essentially simultaneously (synchronous measurement within a time window, e.g., within a time window of 3s, 1s, 0.5s, 0.1s, or less). This means that it is advantageous that all sensor heads arranged in the measuring system perform measurements essentially simultaneously. This is because simultaneous measurement essentially creates a snapshot of, for example, the background or surface. The reference profile (the layer already applied or the substrate for the layer to be applied) and the reference measurement(s) are created under the same conditions (e.g., environmental conditions such as ambient temperature). Thus, a correct reference profile or correct profile of the substrate is recorded by all sensor heads in all sections and all supports of the measuring system. A substantially simultaneous measurement is also advantageous with regard to a high measuring rate (sampling rate), as is required today for leveling in road construction (e.g. height leveling of the screed).

0080Referring to<figref idref="f0007">Fig. 1g</figref> Another feature is explained.<figref idref="f0007">Fig. 1g</figref> An LED 181 is also displayed on one end face. This can indicate, for example, by color coding or flashing, whether the electrical connections between the sections or from the section to the machine are correct. Furthermore, information such as necessary readjustments can also be displayed. Furthermore, it would also be conceivable that the LED, if it is, for example, on the ending end face at<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 1d</figref> the measuring arrangement 110, provides a signal regarding the distance to a vehicle traveling behind it, such as a roller. For this purpose, according to examples, a further distance sensor can be aligned in the other direction on the front side, similar to the distance sensor for reference measurement 176, which then measures the distance to a following vehicle.

0081According to further examples, instead of the LED, a complex display such as an LCD display can be provided to display, for example, text and/or symbols.

Comparison aspect 2

0082The following describes a measuring system 200 that uses a regression line to determine the position.

0083As in the example from<figref idref="f0026">Fig. 2a</figref> The measuring system 200 comprises a support 210, which is arranged, for example, on a component, such as the screed 10 of the construction machine. As shown here, the component 10 is tilted, for example, by the angle α. The support extends, for example, from the component 10 backwards or forwards (not shown). The support 10 is also firmly connected to the component and thus changes its angular orientation in space according to the angle α.

0084Three sensor heads 221, 222, and 223 are provided on the support 210. Although it is not important for the calculation at this point, it should be noted that the sensor head 221 is positioned closer to the board edge 10k, which represents a pivot point 10 of the board, than the sensor head 223. The sensor head 222 is located in the middle or in between. For example, the distance to the perpendicular base point on the screed edge 10k can be designated by A, while the distance from the perpendicular base point of the screed edge 10k to the sensor 223 is designated by B. In general, it should be noted that the screed 10 can have another pivot point, e.g., in front of the screed rear edge 10k (particularly when it rests on hot asphalt), as an alternative to the pivot point around the screed rear edge 10k. In this case, for example, the distances to the pivot point are taken into account accordingly.

0085The sensors 221, 222 and 223 are arranged substantially parallel and measure a distance from the carrier 110 to the substrate, here the applied layer 16'.

0086Based on angle α, distance H1 is greater than distance H3. The sensor values ​​can be recorded, for example, in a two-dimensional space, in this case height versus distance. Based on the sensor values, it can be seen that the regression line RG also runs according to angle α. The regression line RG, when located in two-dimensional space, can be determined in such a way that angle α can be calculated. By determining the angle α, the position of component 10 relative to the ground is also known.

0087At this point it should be noted that the position α does not necessarily have to be an absolute position, but can in particular be a relative position to the ground.

0088With regard to the distances A and B, it should be noted that, when two sensor values ​​are used, these do not play a role; it is much more important that the relative positions of sensors 221, 222, and 223 are known. The same, of course, applies to more than two sensors in order to determine the height values ​​in two-dimensional space.

0089If, for example, the plank height changes, the values ​​H1 and H3 also change, although, assuming a parallel displacement, the angle α remains constant. Therefore, if slight fluctuations in the values ​​occur, for example due to vibrations, these values ​​can be plotted in the common space and a regression line RG determined. This represents an average. The use of more than three sensors also leads to averaging if all sensors are arranged exactly on the carrier 210.

0090Referring to<figref idref="f0027">Fig. 2b</figref> The determination of the regression line RG for a point cloud is explained. This example assumes that more than two sensors are planned. For example, the sensor array from Aspect 1 can be used. The deviations, as shown here using the elevation points H1 to Hn, can be caused, for example, by unevenness in the ground. Essentially, however, the height values ​​increase from a to n, so this can be plotted here in the regression line RG. The regression line RG is plotted, for example, in such a way that the distance between the regression line RG, represented here by small arrows, and the measurement points is minimized overall.

0091Here, too, the regression line is angled relative to the distance axis, e.g., by the angle α. This position can be determined and provides an indication of the angle of the component.

0092For example, if you remove the carrier from<figref idref="f0026">Fig. 2a</figref> With sensors 221, 222, and 223 attached to the screed and arranged longitudinally, the roll angle of the screed around its longitudinal axis can be determined. If, in addition to the longitudinal component, a transverse component is also present, a combination of the roll angle and the transverse inclination angle is determined. Knowing the transverse component to the longitudinal component, these two angles can be separated. The transverse component can, for example, be determined using the support from<figref idref="f0026">Fig. 2a</figref> with the sensors 221, 222 and 223 when it is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the screed (ie transverse to the direction of travel of the machine).

0093According to the examples, the support runs without an angular offset relative to the component. An offset can also be taken into account. To determine the offset, for example, a calibration can be performed at the beginning or a comparison can be made with an optional angle sensor, such as an inclination sensor.

0094According to examples, instead of attaching the beam to the plank, the plank could also be attached to the tension arm, for example. An example of such a fastening is explained in aspect 1, since here a beam comprising a plurality of sections is attached. This beam has a plurality of integrated sensors, which then generates an averaging regression line according to the embodiment of<figref idref="f0027">Fig. 2b</figref> corresponds.

0095The following refers to<figref idref="f0028">Fig. 2c</figref> a layer thickness determination using the regression line is explained.

0096<figref idref="f0028">Fig. 2c</figref> shows the use of the sensors 221 and 223 by means of the carrier 210 and the use of another carrier 215 which houses the sensors 225 and 227. The sensor array 210 is as in<figref idref="f0026">Fig. 2a</figref> arranged behind the screed, while the sensor array 215 is arranged in front of the screed. A reversed arrangement would, of course, also be conceivable. It is assumed that both extend in the longitudinal direction.

0097The resulting sensor values ​​H1, H3, H4 and H6 are in two-dimensional space in<figref idref="f0028">Fig. 2d</figref> This results in two regression lines RG1 and RG2. If both regression lines RG1 and RG2 are tilted around the pivot point of the plank, namely the rear edge 10k of the plank, the regression lines are mapped to the corresponding RG1' and RG2', as shown in<figref idref="f0028">Fig. 2e</figref> The center distance in<figref idref="f0028">Fig. 2e</figref> runs parallel to the background or to the reference against which the measurement is made. The tilted regression lines RG1' and RG2' are no longer as in<figref idref="f0028">Fig. 2d</figref> They are not aligned with each other, but have an offset V. This offset V results from the fact that the array 210, associated with the regression line RG1, measures the layer 16' to be applied, while the sensor array 215 measures the substrate 17. This offset is therefore dependent on the layer thickness of the layer 16' to be applied. Conversely, this means that the layer thickness can be determined, i.e., calculated, using this approach.

0098According to examples, the distances A, B, C and D between the respective sensor 221, 223, 225 and 227 to the plumb line base point on the plank edge 10k are used during the rotation to perform the rotation.

0099In the above examples, it should be noted that an ultrasound measurement measures the perpendicular to the ground, not the vertical line from the support to the ground. In other words, the variant shown represents a measurement using a laser or similar device.

0100For all measuring systems explained above, a comparable (same) mounting height was assumed, although it should be noted that this can also vary and is then subsequently corrected mathematically.

Comparison aspect 3

0101<figref idref="f0029">Fig. 3a</figref> shows a conventional control loop 300 (flatness control loop) used for leveling the screed 10, which is pulled by the towing arm 12. The towing arm 12 is fixedly connected to the screed 10, or at least during operation. The screed is towed by a tractor (not shown), for which purpose the towing arm 12 is connected to the tractor via the towing point. The towing point is typically adjustable in height, as illustrated here by arrow 14. This height adjustment is controlled by the flatness control circuit 300.

0102For the sake of completeness, it should be noted that the screed smooths the asphalt or the material for the layer 16' to be applied, which is provided by the auger 18 in front of the screed (see material 16).

0103The flatness control loop 300 includes a flatness controller 310, which controls the traction point cylinder (see reference numeral 14) based on a target-actual comparison 320. The result is a changed height, which is detected by the height sensor 330. The height sensor signal from the height sensor 330 is then fed to the target-actual comparison 320. A filter 335 can also be provided optionally. This filter is designed either as a low-pass filter, a low-pass filter with a low/high cutoff frequency, a band-pass filter, or a high-pass filter, depending on how the transmission behavior is to be corrected. Other frequency filters, such as Chebyshev filters or similar, are also conceivable in this context.

0104The traction point cylinder and the screed itself influence the transmission behavior. The transmission behavior of the traction point cylinder is determined using an IT₁-control loop (see block 342). The transmission behavior of the screed can be described as follows: in the sensor position represented by a P-behavior (see 344). The screed itself can be controlled by a PT₂-member (cf. 346).

0105At this point, it should be noted that, while the direct altitude control with control loop 300 takes into account the transfer behavior of 342 and 344, 346 is not, as this is very slow. Therefore, the behavior of 346 must be adjusted over time. The transfer behavior of 344 is taken into account because a change in the altitude position at the traction point 14 ZP (see Reference numeral 14) also leads to a change in the height position at the scanning point in the area of ​​the screw 18.

0106Previous leveling systems for pavers attempt to compensate for all disturbances via a single control loop. However, this poses the problem that two dominant and significantly different time constants exist in the "screed - drawbar" control loop, which require separate and distinct responses in order to optimally compensate for the influencing disturbances. While the screed itself has a very sluggish behavior and thus has a comparatively high time constant in the range of several seconds, the pulling point, which is usually controlled by a hydraulic cylinder, has a very small time constant in the range of milliseconds.

0107As already indicated above, the transmission behavior of the Bohle-Zugarm system can be described as a kind of series connection of transmission elements:<ul id="ul0002" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Tension point cylinder with an IT1 behavior</li><li>Height sensor position represented by a P-behavior</li><li>The plank itself described by a PT2 element</li></ul>

0108<figref idref="f0030">Fig. 3b</figref> illustrates the thus interpreted transmission behavior of the controlled system from the trailing edge of the screed to the cylinder.<figref idref="f0030">Fig. 3b</figref> again shows the screed 10, which is pulled or adjusted in height via the pulling arm 12 at the pulling point 14 ZP by means of the pulling point cylinder 14.

0109The<figref idref="f0030">Fig. 3b</figref> It should also be clarified that the usual sampling point relative to the reference does not reflect the behavior of the entire control system 342-346, even from a control engineering perspective. This also makes it clear that the current control systems do not directly control the height of the screed's trailing edge 10k. As a result, due to the disturbances acting over a certain period of time, a slight tilting occurs above the scanning point between the trailing edge 10k and the pulling point 14 ZP, thus resulting in a change in height at the trailing edge 10k of the plank.

0110Based on this common control loop structure used in practice for the height leveling of the screed 10, the improved and optimized extension of the screed leveling is explained below.

0111The basic idea behind optimizing the height leveling of screed 10 is the targeted monitoring of the paver screed, and in particular the trailing edge, using an additional control loop or the implementation of a control loop overlay to the existing height leveling. The control loop for normal height leveling functions as a subordinate control loop. This new control loop structure can be applied to all leveling tasks and will be discussed in detail below.

0112This control loop structure is in<figref idref="f0031">Fig. 3c</figref> The control loop 350 shown here comprises two individual control loops 360 and 370. The control loop 360 is referred to as the first control loop or superimposed control loop. The control loop 370 is referred to as the second control loop. The control loop 370 is comparable to the control loop 300 as it is in relation to<figref idref="f0029">Fig. 3a</figref> explained, whereby the sensor 330 is positioned differently (see reference numeral 331). The sensor 331 is in the area of ​​the pulling point 14 ZP and no longer in the area of ​​the screw 18 (see arrangement<figref idref="f0030">Fig. 3b</figref>) is provided. Otherwise, the control circuit 370 corresponds to the control circuit 300, i.e. it includes the comparison 320, the evenness controller 310 and the optional filter 335. A significant difference, starting from the positioning of the height sensor, is that in the control circuit 370 the transmission behavior of the screed 344 no longer has to be taken into account, but only the transmission behavior of the traction point cylinder (cf. reference numeral 342). The behavior of the plank, described by PT₂ (see reference numeral 346) is taken into account with the control circuit 360.

0113The control circuit 360 also includes a height sensor 362 and an optional filter 364. The sensor 362 is arranged in the area of ​​the screed 10 or, for example, in the area of ​​the rear edge of the screed 10. The behavior of the point 10k in response to a height change at the traction point 14 ZP (see reference numeral 14) is relatively slow. This becomes quite clear when considering the arrangement of screed 10, tension arm 12, and tension point 14 ZP, as the elevation cylinder 14 shifts the tension point 14 ZP around the pivot point 10k, so that a change in elevation only occurs gradually. This behavior is simulated using the Model Predictive Control 365. The input variable for the MPC 365 is the result of a target-actual comparison (see reference numeral 367), with the same signal from sensor 362 being used as the actual signal. The result of the MPC is a target signal, which serves as the input for the comparison 320. Now that the structure has been explained, the functionality will be discussed.

0114Based on this fact, the control circuit 370, which is located in<figref idref="f0029">Fig. 3a</figref> shown, is extended by a control loop 360 superimposed on it, which is<figref idref="f0032">Fig. 3d</figref> This measure changes the structure of control loop 350 such that the disturbances acting on tension point 14 ZP and screed 10 can be compensated separately. The superimposed control loop compensates for the disturbances acting on screed 10, and the subordinate control loop 360 compensates for the disturbances that change the height of the tension point. The control system 350 structured in this way can be optimized separately, which leads to an overall improved control behavior.

0115A further optimization of the control loop structure results from shifting the sampling point of the height sensor for the subordinate flatness control loop 370 towards the pulling point 14 ZP.

0116Starting from this complex example, a simplified variant will now be presented with reference to<figref idref="f0032">Fig. 3d</figref> received.

0117<figref idref="f0032">Fig. 3d</figref> shows a control loop 350 composed of two control loops 370 and 360. Each control loop includes at least one sensor, which in the case of control loop 360 is the height sensor 362, while in the case of control loop 370 it is the pull point sensor 331.

0118As the name suggests and as explained above, the sensors are arranged in the area of ​​the pulling point (see sensor 331) and on the screed (see sensor 361).

0119Each control loop also includes a corresponding processor, which outputs the control signal for the traction point cylinder based on the actual value from sensors 331 and 362 and a setpoint. The processors are labeled 379 and 369, respectively. According to examples, the processors 369 and 379 can also be combined into one processor, which then receives the actual signals from the two sensors 331 and 362 and first processes them separately in order to then output the common control signal.

0120The separate consideration of the disturbance variables acting on the controlled system 346 Bohle-Zugarm is also of crucial importance for the design of the control loops 350. In<figref idref="f0033">Fig. 3e</figref> the different disturbance variables in the Bohle-tension arm system are shown.

0121While the disturbances at the pulling point are compensated by the subordinate control loop 370 (evenness control loop), the disturbances of the screed 10 are compensated by the superimposed control loop 360. Due to the different transfer functions (see also<figref idref="f0030">Fig. 3b</figref>) of the partial control system Zugpunkt (IT1) and the partial control system Bohle (PT2), the controllers used for this purpose are also structured and optimized differently.

0122For the lower-level control loop 370, control deviations will be corrected extremely quickly, while the controller for the higher-level control loop 360 corrects control deviations more slowly and takes into account the knowledge of the influencing disturbances. An example of disturbances that influence the floating behavior of screed 10 is the effect of material temperature changes. If a temperature change in the material is already known before a temperature-dependent effect on the screed height occurs, the controller can prevent or reduce a screed height deviation based on a model. The model of the screed 10, which describes the dependence of a height change due to changes in material temperature, must be known. This would also typically be an example of an MPC controller for the 360-degree superimposed control loop.

0123Different application cases of the control loop structure 350 are explained below.

0124Starting from the control loop structure 350 in<figref idref="f0032">Fig. 3d</figref> The following examples will examine the different application scenarios. The basic structure of the control loop remains the same for all applications. Only the sensor design for the trailing edge of the screed or the traction point can change. The different installation situations can be described as follows:<ul id="ul0003" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Track to track</li><li>Feeling at the curb</li><li>Rope scanning</li><li>Scanning along a line (tunnel construction)</li><li>Installation without reference (Big Sonic-Ski)</li><li>3D installation with total station</li><li>3D installation with GNSS</li><li>Transverse slope plank</li><li>Scanning with laser</li></ul>

0125Of course, a different scanning configuration can also be selected for the opposite side, allowing a wide variety of installation situations to be represented with the optimized control loop 350. In addition, further optimizations can be realized with the help of the new control loop structure 350. These include:<ul id="ul0004" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Starting up after paver stop</li><li>Daily approach (new approach)</li><li>Integration Model Predictive Control</li></ul>

0126In the following, some application cases for the new control loop structure 350 are described as examples.

0127If the height is measured from an existing or previously laid asphalt track (track to track installation), the following sensors can be used for the trailing edge of the screed:<ul id="ul0005" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Sonic Ski</li><li>Single-head sonic with and without reference signal</li><li>Laser scanner</li><li>Mechanical encoders</li></ul>

0128The single-head sonic sensor without a reference is suitable because the measurement distance to the existing asphalt surface at the trailing edge of the screed can be minimized. This significantly reduces the measurement error compared to larger distances. Minimizing the measurement distance is possible because the measurement distance to the ground is always approximately the same. In this application, the sensors focus as closely as possible on the ground.

0129The following sensors are preferably used for the traction point:<ul id="ul0006" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Sonic Ski</li><li>Laser scanner</li><li>Big Sonic Ski (short: Big Ski)</li></ul>

0130The<figref idref="f0034">Fig. 3f</figref> shows the mounting area and thus also the possible and useful scanning positions to realize the control loop structure.

0131<figref idref="f0034">Fig. 3f</figref> shows the road paver from above with the screed 10, the applied layer 16' or existing layer 16*, the auger 18 and the tractor 11. The screed is connected to the traction point 14 ZP via the traction arm 12.

0132According to a first variant, a so-called Big Sonic Ski (short: Big Ski, see aspect 1) 100 can be connected to the towing arm 14 or the screed 10 (not shown). For example, the Big Sonic Ski has the sensor 361 located in the area of ​​the screed's trailing edge 10k. The sensor 331 can also be arranged on the Big Sonic Ski 100 at the height of the towing point.

0133According to a further embodiment, the scanning of the trailing edge of the screed for the screed control loop and the scanning for the traction point control loop can also be carried out on the side of an existing asphalt track 16*.

0134Here, a Sonic Ski 331* is provided via a side plate 10s for scanning at the level of the traction point 14 ZP. A screed trailing edge sensor 361* is also provided on the side plate. As shown, the Sonic Ski 331* is slightly offset with its scanning area outside the subgrade to scan the existing asphalt track 16*.

0135The purpose of arranging sensor 331* on the side of the existing asphalt track 16* is to use the existing asphalt track as a reference. Sensor 331* thus senses the distance to the existing asphalt track 16*. The purpose of sensing the existing asphalt track 16* with the traction point control loop is to directly compensate for disturbances (e.g., material under the tractor's crawler track) that affect the traction point. In contrast, the sensor 361* is preferably directed towards the existing asphalt layer 16* and monitors the height profile of the screed in relation to the existing asphalt track 16*, whereby deviations from the set target value of the superimposed control loop 360 are compensated.

0136Referring to<figref idref="f0035">Fig. 3g</figref> A rope scan will now be explained.<figref idref="f0035">Fig. 3g</figref> shows a road paver with a tractor 11, a screed 10, and a screed trailing edge 10k. The screed 10 is connected to the paver 11 via a towing arm 12. The Big Sonic-Ski 100 with three sensors is provided on one of the towing arms 12. The sensors are marked with the reference numeral 110 for example. Depending on the application, they can be evenly distributed along the Big Sonic Ski 100 or arranged in the area of ​​the traction point 14 ZP or in the area of ​​the screed's rear edge 10k. Alternatively or in addition to a Big Sonic Ski, a sensor system can also be provided via the side plates 10s of the screed 10. For example, a screed sensor 361* and a traction point sensor 331* can be provided. Both are directed at a rope 16s in order to scan the rope 16s.

0137The cable scanning at the trailing edge 10k of the plank can be carried out contactlessly with an ultrasonic sensor (Sonic-Ski) or with a mechanical rotary encoder, as is usual in practice with the scanning methods currently used.

0138The sensors 331*, 361* are guided over the reference cable 16s with a corresponding sensor mount 10k. The control deviation measured relative to the reference cable 16s at the trailing edge 10k of the plank also provides information about the installed evenness over the path.

0139For the area around the 14th ZP pull point, there are several ways to obtain altitude information for the control loop. Two options are presented below.

0140A second height sensor (Sonic-Ski) can be guided over the rope using an additional sensor mount. Alternatively, a Big Sonic-Ski system (Big Ski for short) can serve as a tension arm sensor. See<figref idref="f0036">Fig. 3h</figref>.

0141<figref idref="f0036">Fig. 3h</figref> shows the comparable structure as<figref idref="f0035">Fig. 3g</figref> of the road paver 11 with the screed 10. Sensor 361* is used as the screed sensor on the left side. The Big Sonic-Ski 100R is used as the towing point sensor on the left side. As previously explained, this is permanently connected to the towing arm 12 and has a plurality of sensors 110.

0142With regard to the Big Sonic Ski 100, it should be noted that, as already explained in connection with aspect 1, one or more sensors are preferably arranged, e.g., evenly distributed, in front of and behind the screed 10. For further details, please refer to the embodiment of aspect 1.

0143Referring to<figref idref="f0037">Fig. 3i</figref> 3D leveling with a total station is now explained.<figref idref="f0037">Fig. 3i</figref> shows the screed 10 with the screed trailing edge 10k and the pulling arm 12, which is connected to the pulling cylinder 14 at the pulling point 14 ZP. Furthermore, a Big Sonic Ski 100, which is connected to the pulling arm 12, is also provided. The Big Sonic Ski 100 comprises three distance sensors 110, which, in this example, together determine the distance at the pulling point 14 ZP. The screed trailing edge 10k is monitored using a total station 50 and a reflector 52 attached to the screed. This sensor consisting of elements 50+52 is called a 3D sensor.

0144Determining the height at the rear edge of the screed with a 3D sensor 50+52 has the advantage of also allowing the absolute elevation of the asphalt pavement to be monitored. 3D leveling with a total station 50 consists of a prism 52, which is mounted on the paver 11 or the screed 10 so that it is visible to the total station 50. The total station 50 then determines the 3D position of the prism in space and transmits this information wirelessly to the 3D control system on the paver.

0145A major disadvantage of 3D control is that the installed elevation level must be checked repeatedly. In practice, this task is performed by a surveyor who uses an additional total station 50 to check the installed elevation and, if necessary, make manual adjustments. This is necessary because the mounting location of the prism (a 3D point in space, precisely determined by the total station via the reflection of a laser beam) is not at the trailing edge of the screed, but rather, as is usually the case with other height sensors, on the drawbar at the height of the screed auger. This results in a change in the elevation at the trailing edge of the screed over time, which the surveyor must then correct.

0146If we now consider the improved control loop structure 350, there are also optimization possibilities for the 3D control with total station.

0147The control of the built-in height measurement could be avoided by placing the height sensor (prism) on the trailing edge of the screed (10k). The sensor then functions as a height sensor for the screed and is thus used as a source of height information in the higher-level control loop 360. At the towing point, for example, a Big Sonic Ski system (Big Ski for short) is then located, which provides the height value for the lower-level control loop 370.

0148A further advantage arises if you want to level both sides of the plank 10 using a total station 50 in conjunction with a prism 52 (cf.<figref idref="f0037">Fig. 3i</figref>). Without the extended and optimized 350 control loop structure, two 50 total stations are required for leveling (one total station for each side). This is necessary because in this configuration, the sampling rate of the 3D height measurement must be high to compensate for all influencing disturbances. With the extended and optimized control loop structure 350, the sampling rate can be reduced to such an extent that one total station is sufficient for both sides, which then continuously and successively determines the left prism 52l and the right prism 52r in the position at the rear edge of the pile 10k.

0149Referring to<figref idref="f0039">Fig. 3k</figref> is now used instead of the left Big Sonic-Ski 100 L, which is<figref idref="f0038">Fig. 3j</figref> served as a traction point control, the traction point sensor is also implemented as a laser sensor. A laser transmitter 54 provides a height reference, which can be received via the receivers 56z at the traction point 14 ZP and 56b on the screed 10.

0150In principle, the new 350 control loop structure can also be applied when using a laser plane as a height reference. A laser receiver is mounted on both the towing arm and the trailing edge of the screed, acting as a height sensor in both cases. In this configuration, the projected laser plane precisely represents the desired position of the road with a corresponding height offset.

0151<figref idref="f0039">Fig. 3k</figref> shows the basic leveling setup with a laser height reference on the left. In this example, the right side is leveled with a Big Sonic Ski System 100. Depending on the installation situation, other measuring elements such as inclination sensors or Sonic Skis can also be used to level the screed.

0152Referring to<figref idref="f0032">Fig. 3d</figref> It should be noted that the Model Predictive Control extends the control loop structure as follows.

0153A further improvement to the control system is that the controller for the higher-level control loop, whose associated sensor is mounted near the trailing edge of the screed, also takes the current process state into account. In principle, each state is assigned a control value, which is partly responsible for calculating the controller output. Furthermore, the process state is predetermined using a process model.

0154The process model is the foundation of Model Predictive Control, where the model comprehensively captures the process dynamics and can thus calculate predictions of the future process state. The process model is necessary to calculate the predicted output variables in a future instance. The various MPC strategies can use numerous models to demonstrate the relationship between the output variables and the measurable input variables.

Comparative forms / comparative examples

0155Below, comparative forms are explained that can be used in connection with the above aspects, or that also encompass the above aspects, or that can be used as an alternative to the above aspects. Furthermore, comparative examples are explained that contain details on the comparative forms and exemplary embodiments.

0156Comparative variants are based on the fact that the use of attached/integrated sensor heads in a carrier divided into one or more sections can significantly reduce assembly effort. Because the connecting elements form a simultaneous mechanical and electrical connection, no cabling is necessary. According to comparative examples, the connection between the section and the construction machine can also be established via a corresponding connecting element. For example, the first section can be connected to the construction machine (which has a corresponding second section as a counterpart) via its first connecting element. Here, too, an electrical connection can be formed in addition to the mechanical one. As shown in the comparison examples, the measuring system can be extended by adding additional sections with attached/integrated sensor heads to simultaneously scan a large area. When setting up a measuring system with two sections per carrier, only two connections (one to the machine and one between the two sections) need to be established, eliminating the need to mount and wire the individual sensor heads. This represents a significant time saving compared to the conventional approach. Since the measuring heads are all aligned with each other, no further adjustment is required, which ensures overall measurement quality.

0157There are different approaches to mechanical connection. Three comparison variants are explained below, although others are also possible.

0158According to a first variant, a type of hook connection can be used. According to comparative examples, the first and/or the second connecting element can have a hook, so that the first connecting element and the second connecting element can be engaged by a rotational movement. According to further comparative examples, the hook of the first or second connecting element, or the hooks of the first and second connecting elements, can have an engagement surface that is open substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the respective section. In this case, the rotational movement is defined by an end stop, which requires contact between the first and second end faces or end surfaces. According to further comparative examples, the first and/or the second connecting element may comprise an electrical coupler extending substantially along the longitudinal direction of the respective section.

0159According to a comparison variant, a shearing movement of the two sections or of one section relative to another connecting element can also form the connection. In this comparison variant, the first and/or the second connecting element can comprise a profile extending substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the respective section and having an end stop, so that the two connecting elements can be connected by a translational movement substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the respective section. According to comparative examples, the first connecting element has a lever mechanism, e.g. with an eccentric for translationally fixing the first connecting element to the second connecting element. According to a comparative example, the first and/or second connecting element can each have an electrical coupler that extends substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the respective section.

0160According to a further comparison variant, a translational movement of the two sections relative to each other would also be conceivable to form the connection. Therefore, according to comparative examples, the first connecting element can have a sleeve that extends substantially in the longitudinal direction of the respective section, and the two connecting elements can be connected by inserting the second connecting element into the sleeve. According to comparative examples, the first and/or the second connecting element may have a respective electrical coupler extending substantially longitudinally to the longitudinal direction of the respective section.

0161The measuring principles of the sensor heads can vary, meaning that the sensor heads can be designed, for example, as ultrasonic sensors, laser sensors, radar sensors, or the like. According to a preferred variant, the sensor heads are spaced apart from each other, e.g., 10 cm, 20 cm, 33 cm, 40 cm, or generally in the range of 5 cm to 50 cm or 2 cm to 100 cm. The spacing can be adjusted accordingly depending on the measuring principle of the sensor heads. The spacing can, for example, be selected so that the distribution is uniform across the respective section or across the substrate. Furthermore, the distance from sensor/sensor head to sensor/sensor head can change, for example, increase. This is advantageous for compensating for unevenness in the layer to be applied at specific frequencies/wavelengths.

0162According to comparative examples, measurements of the sensor heads are performed essentially simultaneously, e.g., within a time window of 3 s, 1 s, 0.5 s, 0.1 s, or less. Distance measurements to the substrate (reference, to the layer already applied or to the substrate for the layer to be applied) and/or to the object, and/or as reference measurement(s), are performed essentially simultaneously (synchronous measurement within a time window, as specified above). D. This means that all sensor heads arranged in the measuring system can perform measurements essentially simultaneously. This is advantageous with regard to the measurement accuracy of the measuring system, since simultaneous measurements essentially create a snapshot of, for example, the subsurface or reference profile and the reference measurement(s) under the same conditions (e.g., environmental conditions). In contrast to an asynchronous measurement (one that is not simultaneous, for example one that is carried out one after the other), changes in distances or external conditions, for example caused by mechanical vibrations (oscillations) of the machine or tool or machine parts or caused by temperature fluctuations, are not relevant for a measurement that is carried out essentially simultaneously, since at the moment of the (simultaneous) measurements, for example, the background or surface is no longer changing. The reference profile is recorded by the measuring system at the same distance, and the reference measurement(s) are also performed under the same conditions. Thus, a correct reference profile or correct profile of the subsurface is recorded by all sensor heads in all sections and all supports of the measuring system. Furthermore, simultaneous measurement is advantageous with regard to a high measuring rate (sampling rate), as is required today for leveling in road construction (e.g. height leveling of the screed).

0163According to another comparative example, the first and/or second section has a display, such as an LED or LED indicator. The display or LED indicator is configured to indicate a connection status between the first and second or each further section or to indicate information, e.g., regarding a deviation, of the measuring system or a control and/or regulation system connected to the measuring system. An LCD display or similar can also be used as a display on which, for example, text and/or symbols are shown.

0164According to further examples, the measurement system may include a GNSS sensor, an inclination sensor, an infrared sensor, a temperature sensor, an attitude sensor (inertial measurement unit), or another sensor. Also, according to examples, each section may include lighting.

0165According to a further comparative example, the measuring system has a first connecting element on a (first) end face, wherein the first connecting element is connected to a second connecting element, which is fastened to the machine, for example, and on the second end face to which a further measuring system, e.g. a distance measuring system, is attached.

0166According to further comparative examples, a calculation unit is designed to use the first measured value and the second measured value to determine a regression line together with a gradient of the regression line relative to the ground or the reference and, based on the gradient, to determine an angle which describes the gradient of the regression line and the position of the component of the construction machine relative to the ground or the reference.

0167Further details are explained below. Components of construction machinery, such as a screed, are monitored for their position. For example, there are angle or inclination sensors that determine the rotation of the screed around its longitudinal axis, i.e., the tilt of the screed relative to the ground. Since the screed or components of construction machinery in general are subject to significant disturbances, such as Vibrations have an effect, mechanisms are needed to compensate for these disruptive influences.

0168In the state of the art, for example, the inclination is determined using different measuring principles in order to combine the advantages of different measuring principles in terms of "immunity to interference", accuracy, etc.

0169Comparative examples provide a measuring system for a construction machine, wherein the measuring system has a support that can be connected to a component of the construction machine. In the basic embodiment, the measuring system comprises at least a first, second, and third sensor head and a calculation unit. The first, second, and third sensor heads are connected to the support. Preferably, a parallel alignment can again be carried out; the system can also be used according to comparative examples according to aspect 1. In general, the sensor heads are designed to measure a first distance from the first sensor head to the background or a reference in order to obtain a first measured value, or to measure a second distance from the second sensor head to a background or a reference in order to obtain a second measured value. to measure a third distance from the third sensor head to a background or a reference in order to obtain a third measured value. The calculation unit is designed to calculate a regression line based on the first, second and third measured values, together with a slope of the regression line relative to the background or the reference and, based on the gradient, to determine an angle that describes the gradient of the regression line and thus the position of the component of the construction machine relative to the ground or the reference.

0170According to comparative examples, the component can comprise a tension arm or a plank or a plank that is connected via the tension arm in a fixed, rigid and/or at least rigid manner during the working process, ie in particular with a fixedly defined relationship or at least a fixedly defined relationship during the working process.

0171Comparative examples of the present invention are based on the finding that a regression line, and in particular the position of the regression line in space, can be determined using three measured values. Assuming that the sensors (which are spaced apart from one another, for example) are arranged on a carrier that is arranged in a known or fixed position relative to the component, If the sensor is attached, a regression line can be determined from the three measured values, which lies at a fixed angle to the component. For example, the regression line can be arranged parallel to the position of the component.

0172Starting from an initial state in which the position of the component is known, a conclusion about a change in the position of the component can be drawn by observing the change in the position of the regression line. Knowing the position of the regression line or the position of the sensor heads relative to the component (e.g. By using the distance along the beam and offset, it is also possible to determine the position (relative to the reference or the background) of the regression line and thus also of the component. Since the regression line is generally not too dependent on individual measurements, a very precise and robust measurement is possible.

0173By using more than two sensor values, or in particular, by using more than two measurement points in a series of consecutive measurements, the results of the regression line (calculation) are particularly stable and robust. Furthermore, due to the rigid coupling via the carrier, the values ​​change evenly, so that the position can advantageously be detected even despite disturbances (objects on the ground or vibrations). By determining the position of the regression line, the position, such as the inclination of a component, can be detected in a robust manner.

0174According to the comparative example, the support can be positioned behind the screed, e.g., permanently connected to the screed. The support is then directed toward the layer just applied and, using the layer as a reference, allows the position of the screed to be determined. For example, it would be conceivable for the beam to extend along the longitudinal axis to determine the rotation of the screed around its longitudinal axis (Note: The longitudinal axis of the screed, for a road paver as described above, extends transversely to its direction of travel). If the beam is arranged transversely to the longitudinal direction or at an angle (e.g., 45°), a profile and/or a lateral inclination (in addition to the profile) can be determined.

0175According to another comparative example, the measuring system can also be considered using an additional support with additional (three) sensors. This can, for example, be located behind the screed. In this approach, two regression lines are determined, with a lateral offset of the first regression line relative to the second regression line corresponding to a layer thickness. This layer thickness measurement system is robust against rotations of the screed because, assuming, for example, that the two beams are aligned or parallel to each other, the regression lines also run parallel. The parallel offset corresponds to the layer thickness, regardless of the solid angle of the regression lines.

0176In this respect, another comparative example provides a layer thickness measuring system. The layer thickness measuring system for a construction machine comprises a support and another support that can be connected to a screed of the construction machine in such a way that the support extends in front of the screed and the other support extends behind the screed. This further comprises first, second and third sensor heads connected to the carrier and configured to measure a first distance from the first sensor head to a background or a reference to obtain a first measured value and to measure a second distance from the second sensor head to a background or a reference to obtain a second measured value; and measure a third distance from the third sensor head to a background or a reference to obtain a third measured value. Furthermore, further first, second and third sensor heads are provided, which are connected to a further carrier and are designed to measure a further first, second and third distance from the further first, second and third sensor head to the background/reference in order to obtain a further first, second and third measured value; A calculation unit is configured to determine a regression line based on the first, second, and third measured values, and to determine a further regression line based on the further first, second, and third measured values. The calculation unit is configured to determine a layer thickness based on the position of the regression line relative to the further regression line.

0177According to comparative examples, the layer thickness measuring system can be designed such that the relative positions of the carrier and the additional carrier are known, and thus the regression line and the additional regression line can be aligned so that they run parallel. As already mentioned, the offset of the regression lines relative to each other represents or corresponds to the layer thickness or, more generally, allows for a conclusion.

0178According to another variant, the measuring system can also be attached to another component, such as the chassis itself, in order to determine a position there. According to another comparative example, the measuring system can comprise four sensor heads, which are arranged, for example, on a common carrier. According to comparative examples, the calculation unit can be configured to define a regression line starting from a point cloud in order to determine the first, second, third, and fourth measured values. The regression line is arranged in space such that the distances to the points of the point cloud are, for example, minimal.

0179Since a relative inclination to a reference or to the ground is always determined by means of the regression line, the measuring system can be extended by an inclination sensor, wherein the calculation unit is then designed, for example, to determine an absolute inclination of the component of the construction machine based on the absolute inclination determined by the inclination sensor, together with the angle determined via the regression line.

0180Starting from a driving condition (e.g., speed &lt; 2 km/h), several measured values ​​are determined consecutively for each sensor head. To determine the regression line, a temporal averaging is performed for each measurement point or a temporal averaging of the regression parameters after repeated determination of these parameters is performed. According to further comparative examples, the averaging can also be performed locally or in a different way.

0181The first and second sensor heads, or in comparative examples involving multiple sensor heads, are typically spaced apart. According to a comparative example, the calculation unit can be configured to take the distance between the sensor heads into account. This is particularly important for determining the slope of the regression line. Furthermore, the calculation unit can be configured to generate a distance-related/position-related measurement from a time-related measurement using a speed signal, which can be generated from a distance signal or position signal, e.g., a GNSS signal. This allows for reaction to stationary disturbances.

0182Another comparative example is a construction machine, such as in particular a road construction machine with a measuring system or a layer thickness measuring system.

0183Another comparative example provides a method for determining a position of a component of a construction machine using a measuring system with a carrier that can be connected to a component of the construction machine. The method comprises the following steps: determining, based on the first measured value, the second measured value and the third measured value, a regression line together with a slope of the regression line relative to the ground; and determining, based on the slope, an angle which describes the slope of the regression line and the position of the component of the construction machine relative to the ground.

0184If further sensor heads are used on a further carrier, the method may also comprise the following steps: determining a further regression line together with a gradient of the further regression line relative to the background based on the further first, second and third measured values; Determining an angle that describes the slope of the further regression line and the position of the component of the construction machine relative to the subsoil, based on the slope; and determining a layer thickness based on the regression line and the further regression line.

0185Another method relates to the determination of a layer thickness. This method comprises three steps: determining a regression line based on the first, second, and third measured values; and determining another regression line based on another first, second, and third measured values; and determining a layer thickness based on the position of the regression line relative to the other regression line.

0186The method can also be computer-implemented according to comparative examples. Therefore, a further comparative example relates to a computer program for carrying out the method according to one of the previous comparative examples.

0187The main task of the road paver is to ensure continuous evenness during the paving process. However, due to a variety of different disturbances, this can be so influenced that the desired evenness is at least compromised.

0188A key disadvantage of screed height leveling is that the measurement of the screed height information is not performed near the trailing edge of the screed, but rather in the area of ​​the screed auger. This ultimately represents a compromise solution that ensures a necessary dynamic reaction at the traction point as soon as a control deviation in height occurs, despite the screed's very sluggish behavior. The height leveling system adjusts the screed's traction point in such a way that the height deviation from the reference at the height sensing position (in the area of ​​the screed auger) is corrected as quickly as possible. At this position, the height is thus precisely maintained at the reference level. However, the reference height at the trailing edge of the screed can change beyond this point (height sensor in the area of ​​the screed auger), resulting in a different height at the trailing edge of the screed over time compared to the desired height target. Thus, the height of the trailing edge of the screed changes relative to the reference, which in turn represents a deviation from the desired height that is not compensated for by the leveling system.

0189A measuring system for a leveling system is, for example, in the<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US5356238A"><text>US 5,356,238</text></patcit> shown.

0190Practical experience also shows that today's standard leveling systems repeatedly result in undesirable height deviations of the screed. Therefore, there is a need for an improved approach.

0191Comparative examples provide a control system for a road machine with a screed that is configured to adjust a traction point of the screed. The control system comprises a first and a second control loop. The first control loop varies the traction point depending on a first sensor value, while the second control loop varies the traction point depending on a second sensor value. The first sensor value represents a distance (from the sensor) to a subsurface or a reference in the area of ​​the screed, while the second sensor value represents a distance (from the sensor) to the ground or a reference in the area of ​​the pulling point.

0192According to comparative examples, the first control loop takes a first setpoint into account during the variation, while the second control loop takes a second setpoint into account during the variation.

0193Comparative examples of the present invention are based on the finding that splitting the control system into two control loops takes into account the situation where different disturbances affect the leveling. The control loop that controls in the area of ​​the traction point, for example, compensates for disturbances that directly affect the chassis.

0194For example, this control loop can be designed with less lag than the other control loop to counteract the disturbance accordingly. The control loop that determines its measured values ​​in the area of ​​the screed essentially compensates for the disturbances affecting the screed. These disturbances interact not only between the chassis and the traction point, as in the so-called second control loop, but also via the screed, including the asphalt mechanism, so that a slower control loop can be used here. While splitting the two control loops increases the complexity of the control system, it also allows for more individualized and significantly better control of disturbances.

0195According to comparative examples, the first control loop is designed to be slower than the second control loop. For example, according to comparative examples, each control loop can include a filter (first control loop first filter and/or second control loop second filter). According to comparative examples, the first control loop is designed for low-frequency control and, for example, has a low-pass filter with a low cutoff frequency. The second control loop can, for example, be designed for high-frequency or higher-frequency control and include a low-pass filter with an increased cutoff frequency.

0196In the first control loop, a model is used to model the screed's transmission behavior, as shown in the comparative examples. This model can take into account the speed or distance traveled by the construction machine, as shown in the comparative examples. According to further comparative examples, the model can consider the screed's rotation around its longitudinal axis, the screed's weight, and/or the tamper or vibration frequency of the screed. According to further comparative examples, the model can consider the viscosity and/or temperature of the layer or road surface to be applied. Furthermore, factors such as the angle of repose or the height of the material in front of the screed can also be taken into account. Therefore, according to the comparative examples, the first control loop uses the model that has a speed, screed rotation around the longitudinal axis, viscosity, and/or temperature as input variables.

0197The first control loop and the second control loop are designed according to further comparative examples to take into account the transmission behavior of the traction point adjustment and/or the transmission behavior of the screed. According to comparative examples, the transmission behavior of the traction point adjustment can be described by an IT behavior (integral behavior with time component). The transmission behavior of the screed can be approximately described by a PT, for example.₂-Behavior (proportional behavior with time component and a 2nd order delay) can be described.

0198Regarding the sensors, it should be noted that, according to comparative examples, these can be designed as ultrasonic sensors, laser sensors, radar sensors, or more generally as distance sensors, which, in the simplest case, measure the distance to the substrate or the applied layer. Of course, it would also be conceivable to measure relative to a reference (e.g., a rope, edge or curb, or line). It would also be conceivable to use a total station as a sensor or laser receiver in combination with a central transmitter (3D control).

0199Another comparison example relates to a screed control system with a control as explained above and an actuator for adjusting the towing point.

0200According to comparative examples, the screed control system has a first sensor in the area of ​​the screed and a second sensor in the area of ​​the pulling point or is connected to it.

0201Another comparison example relates to a construction machine, in particular a road construction machine with a corresponding control or screed control.

0202Another comparative example provides a method for controlling a road construction machine with a screed. The method comprises the following steps: adjusting a traction point of the screed using a first and second control loop, varying the traction point in the first control loop as a function of a first sensor value; and varying the traction point in the second control loop as a function of a second sensor value. The first sensor value represents a distance to the ground or a reference. The second sensor value represents a distance to the ground or the reference.

0203According to further comparative examples, the method can be computer-implemented.

0204Before comparative examples of the present invention are explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings, it should be noted that all of the above-mentioned aspects can be used in combination according to a preferred variant.

0205For example, the aforementioned measuring system can serve as a sensor array for the control system. This measuring system can also serve as a sensor array for the measuring methodology (see above). The measuring methodology can advantageously be combined with the control system, since the same points on the ground are typically scanned. Of course, according to another preferred comparative example, all three aspects can be combined. All three aspects pursue a common goal, namely to improve the leveling and/or control of a road construction machine (in particular a road paver or a road milling machine).

0206The following describes additional embodiments and aspects of the invention that may be used individually or in combination with any of the features, functionalities, and details described herein.

0207According to a first aspect, a measuring system 100 for a construction machine 1, wherein the measuring system 100 comprises a carrier 110 which can be connected to the construction machine 1, has the following features: a first section 111 of the carrier 110; and wherein the first section 111 has one or more sensor heads 121-126 attached to or integrated with the first section 111 for contactless measurement relative to a background or a reference, wherein the first section 111 has a second connecting element 132 on a second end face, wherein the second connecting element 132 is connectable to a first connecting element 131 such that a mechanical and electrical connection is formed; wherein the first and/or the second connecting element 132 has a hook 131h, so that the first connecting element 131 and the second connecting element 132 can be engaged by a rotational movement about a rotation axis 132r in order to form the mechanical connection; wherein the first connecting element 131 has a plug 132s and wherein the second connecting element 132 has a socket 132b, wherein the plug 132s and the socket 132b together form the electrical connection; and wherein the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b are configured to be tilted, and/or wherein the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b at least partially have a conical shape 132b_2m.

0208According to a second aspect with reference to the first aspect, the measuring system 100 comprises the second section 112, wherein the second section 112 comprises one or more sensor heads 121-126 attached to or integrated with the second section 112, wherein the second section 112 has a first connecting element 131 on a first end face.

0209According to a third aspect, with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the plug 132s has a conical tip 132b_2m and/or a tapered tip 132b_2m and/or a chamfer; and/or the socket 132b has a conical opening or has a diameter that widens towards the opening.

0210According to a fourth aspect, with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b are rotatable about one or more further axes of rotation; or the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b are rotatable about one or more further axes of rotation, wherein the further axes of rotation run parallel to the axis of rotation 132r.

0211According to a fifth aspect with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b has one or more magnets which are designed to fix and/or mutually align and/or contact the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b by a magnetic force.

0212According to a sixth aspect with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b are configured by their geometry and/or magnets to center each other.

0213According to a seventh aspect, with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b comprise one or more electrical poles; and/or wherein the electrical connection is configured to transmit electrical energy and/or data.

0214According to an eighth aspect with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the first connecting element 131 and/or the second connecting element 132 has a mechanism for mechanically fixing the first and second connecting elements 131, 132; or wherein the first connecting element 131 has a lever mechanism 138e and/or a lever mechanism 138e with an eccentric in order to fix the first connecting element 131 to the second connecting element in a translational manner.

0215According to a ninth aspect with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b extend substantially along a longitudinal direction of the first and/or second portion.

0216According to a tenth aspect, with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the hook 131h of the first and/or second connecting element 131, 132 or the hooks 131h of the first and/or second connecting element 131, 132 have an engagement surface 132e` which is open substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the respective section; and/or wherein the rotational movement is defined by an end stop which requires contact between the first and second end faces.

0217According to an eleventh aspect with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, a second section on a second end face has a second connecting element and/or the first section on a first end face has a first connecting element, and/or wherein the measuring system has a fastening element which is connectable to the construction machine 1 and a component of the construction machine 1 and which has a first and/or a second connecting element 131, 132; and/or wherein the measuring system comprises a fastening element which can be connected to the construction machine 1 or a component of the construction machine 1 and which has a first and/or a second connecting element 131, 132, so that the first section can be connected to the construction machine 1 or the component of the construction machine 1.

0218According to a twelfth aspect, with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the first and/or second section 111, 112 has sensor heads 121-126 aligned perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first and/or second section 111, 112 on a longitudinal side; or wherein the first and/or second section 111, 112 has sensor heads 121-126 on a longitudinal side that are directed towards the background or the reference.

0219According to a thirteenth aspect with reference to at least one of the previous aspects, the measuring system 100 has at least one first further sensor head per first and/or second section 111, 112 or per carrier 110, which is aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis and/or which is arranged on the first and/or second end face; and/or wherein the first further sensor head is designed to carry out a reference measurement, and/or wherein the measuring system 100 has a second sensor head for each first and/or second section 111, 112, which is arranged along the longitudinal axis of the respective first and/or second section 111, 112 or of the carrier 110 and is located on the opposite end face to the first further sensor head; and/or wherein the measuring system has a reflector or an inclined reflector on the first and/or second end face.

0220A fourteenth aspect relates to a construction machine 1, in particular a road construction machine 1, such as a road paver or a road milling machine, with a measuring system 100 according to one of the previous aspects.

0221A fifteenth aspect relates to a carrier 110 having the following features: a first portion 111 of the carrier 110; wherein the first portion 111 has a second connecting element 132 on a second end face, wherein the second connecting element 132 is connectable to a first connecting element 131 such that a mechanical and electrical connection is formed; wherein the first and/or the second connecting element 132 has a hook 131h, so that the first connecting element 131 and the second connecting element 132 can be engaged by a rotational movement about a rotation axis 132r in order to form the mechanical connection; wherein the first connecting element 131 has a plug 132s and wherein the second connecting element 132 has a socket 132b, wherein the plug 132s and the socket 132b together form the electrical connection; and wherein the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b are configured to be tilted, and/or wherein the plug 132s and/or the socket 132b at least partially have a conical shape 132b_2m.

0222Although some aspects have been described in connection with a device, it is understood that these aspects also represent a description of the corresponding method, so that a block or a component of a device can also be understood as a corresponding method step or as a feature of a method step. Similarly, aspects described in connection with or as a method step also represent a description of a corresponding block or detail or feature of a corresponding device. Some or all of the method steps may be performed by (or using) a hardware device, such as a microprocessor, a programmable computer, or an electronic circuit. In some examples, some or more of the key process steps can be performed by such an apparatus.

0223Depending on specific implementation requirements, examples of the invention may be implemented in hardware or in software. The implementation may be carried out using a digital storage medium, such as a floppy disk, a DVD, a Blu-ray Disc, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM, an EEPROM or a FLASH memory, a hard disk or other magnetic or optical storage device, on which electronically readable control signals are stored that can interact or interact with a programmable computer system in such a way that that the respective procedure is carried out. Therefore, the digital storage medium can be computer-readable.

0224Some examples according to the invention thus comprise a data carrier having electronically readable control signals capable of interacting with a programmable computer system in such a way that one of the methods described herein is carried out.

0225In general, examples of the present invention may be implemented as a computer program product having program code, the program code being operable to perform one of the methods when the computer program product is run on a computer.

0226The program code can, for example, also be stored on a machine-readable medium.

0227Other examples include the computer program for performing any of the methods described herein, wherein the computer program is stored on a machine-readable medium.

0228In other words, an example of the method according to the invention is thus a computer program which has a program code for carrying out one of the methods described herein when the computer program runs on a computer.

0229A further example of the methods according to the invention is thus a data carrier (or a digital storage medium or a computer-readable medium) on which the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein is recorded. The data carrier, the digital storage medium, or the computer-readable medium is typically tangible and/or non-perishable or non-transitory.

0230A further example of the method according to the invention is thus a data stream or a sequence of signals that represents the computer program for carrying out one of the methods described herein. The data stream or the sequence of signals can, for example, be configured to be transferred via a data communication connection, for example via the Internet.

0231Another example includes a processing device, such as a computer or a programmable logic device, configured or adapted to perform one of the methods described herein.

0232Another example includes a computer having the computer program installed for performing any of the methods described herein.

0233Another example according to the invention includes a device or system configured to transmit a computer program for performing at least one of the methods described herein to a receiver. The transmission may, for example, be electronic or optical. The receiver may, for example, be a computer, a mobile device, a storage device, or a similar device. The device or system may, for example, comprise a file server for transmitting the computer program to the recipient.

0234In some examples, a programmable logic device (e.g., a field-programmable gate array, an FPGA) may be used to perform some or all of the functionality of the methods described herein. In some examples, a field-programmable gate array may interact with a microprocessor to perform any of the methods described herein. Generally, in some examples, the methods are performed by any hardware device. This may be general-purpose hardware such as a computer processor (CPU) or method-specific hardware such as an ASIC.

0235The devices described herein may be implemented, for example, using a hardware apparatus, or using a computer, or using a combination of a hardware apparatus and a computer.

0236The devices described herein, or any components of the devices described herein, may be implemented at least partially in hardware and/or in software (computer program).

0237The methods described herein may be implemented, for example, using a hardware apparatus, or using a computer, or using a combination of a hardware apparatus and a computer.

0238The methods described herein, or any components of the methods described herein, may be implemented at least in part by hardware and/or by software.

0239The examples described above are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. It is understood that modifications and variations of the arrangements and details described herein will be apparent to others skilled in the art. Therefore, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the following claims and not by the specific details presented in the description and illustration of the examples herein.