Chemically amplified positive resist composition and resist pattern forming process

TECHNICAL FIELD

0001This invention relates to a chemically amplified positive resist composition and a resist pattern forming process using the same.

BACKGROUND ART

0002To meet the recent demand for higher integration density and operating speed of LSIs, the effort to reduce the pattern rule is in rapid progress. Acid-catalyzed chemically amplified resist compositions are most often used in forming resist patterns with a feature size of 0.2 µm or less. High-energy radiation such as UV, deep-UV or EB is used as the light source for exposure of these resist compositions. In particular, while EB lithography is utilized as the ultra-fine microfabrication technique, it is also indispensable in processing photomask blanks to form photomasks for use in semiconductor device fabrication.

0003Polymers comprising a major proportion of aromatic structure having an acidic side chain, for example, polyhydroxystyrene are useful in resist materials for the KrF excimer laser lithography. These polymers are not used in resist materials for the ArF excimer laser lithography because they exhibit strong absorption at a wavelength of around 200 nm. These polymers, however, are expected to form useful resist materials for the EB and EUV lithography for forming patterns of smaller size than the processing limit of ArF excimer laser because they offer high etching resistance.

0004Often used as the base polymer in positive resist compositions for EB and EUV lithography is a polymer having an acidic functional group on phenol side chain masked with an acid-decomposable protective group (acid labile group). Upon exposure to high-energy radiation, the acid-decomposable protective group is deprotected by the catalysis of an acid generated from a photoacid generator so that the polymer may turn soluble in alkaline developer.

0005Typical of the acid-decomposable protective group are tertiary alkyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, and acetal groups. The use of protective groups requiring a relatively low level of activation energy for deprotection such as acetal groups offers the advantage that a resist film having a high sensitivity is obtainable. However, if the diffusion of generated acid is not fully controlled, deprotection reaction can occur even in the unexposed region of the resist film, giving rise to problems like a lowering of line edge roughness (LER) and degradation of critical dimension uniformity (CDU) of pattern line width.

0006One of the important applications of chemically amplified resist material resides in processing of photomask blanks. Some photomask blanks have a surface material that can have an impact on the pattern profile of the overlying chemically amplified resist film, for example, a layer of a chromium compound, typically chromium oxide deposited on a photomask substrate. For high resolution and profile retention after etching, it is one important performance factor to maintain the profile of a resist film pattern rectangular independent of the type of substrate. In recent years, the multibeam mask writing (MBMW) process is used in the processing of mask blanks to achieve further miniaturization. The resist used in the MBMW process is a lowsensitivity resist (or high-dose region) which is advantageous in roughness while a spotlight is brought to the optimization of the resist composition in the high-dose region.

0007Attempts were made to ameliorate resist sensitivity and pattern profile in a controlled way by properly selecting and combining components used in resist compositions and adjusting processing conditions. One outstanding problem is the diffusion of acid. Since acid diffusion has a significant impact on the sensitivity and resolution of a chemically amplified resist composition, many studies are made on the acid diffusion problem.

0008Patent Documents 1 and 2 describe photoacid generators capable of generating bulky acids like benzenesulfonic acid upon exposure, for thereby controlling acid diffusion and reducing roughness. Since these acid generators are still insufficient to control acid diffusion, it is desired to have an acid generator with more controlled diffusion.

0009Patent Document 3 proposes to control acid diffusion in a resist composition by binding an acid generator capable of generating a sulfonic acid upon light exposure to a base polymer. This approach of controlling acid diffusion by binding repeat units capable of generating acid upon exposure to a base polymer is effective in forming a pattern with reduced LER. However, a problem arises with respect to the solubility in organic solvent of the base polymer having bound therein repeat units capable of generating acid upon exposure, depending on the structure and proportion of the repeat units.

0010Patent Document 4 describes a resist composition comprising a polymer comprising repeat units having an acetal group and a sulfonium salt capable of generating an acid having a high acid strength such as fluoroalkanesulfonic acid. The composition forms a pattern with noticeable LER. This is because the acid strength of fluoroalkanesulfonic acid is too high for the deprotection of the acetal group requiring a relatively low level of activation energy for deprotection. Even if acid diffusion is controlled, deprotection reaction can be promoted in the unexposed region by a minor amount of acid that has diffused thereto. The same problem arises with sulfonium salts capable of generating benzenesulfonic acids as described in Patent Documents 1 and 2. It is thus desired to have an acid generator capable of generating an acid having an appropriate strength to deprotect the acetal group.

0011While the aforementioned methodology of generating a bulky acid is effective for suppressing acid diffusion, the methodology of tailoring a quencher (also known as acid diffusion inhibitor) is also considered effective. The quencher is, in fact, essential for controlling acid diffusion and improving resist performance. Studies have been made on the quencher while amines and weak acid onium salts have been generally used. The weak acid onium salts are exemplified in several patent documents. For example, Patent Document 5 describes that the addition of triphenylsulfonium acetate ensures to form a satisfactory resist pattern without T-top profile, a difference in line width between isolated and grouped patterns, and standing waves. Patent Document 6 describes the addition of ammonium salts of sulfonic acids or carboxylic acids for achieving improvements in sensitivity, resolution and exposure margin. Also, Patent Document 7 describes that a resist composition for KrF or EB lithography comprising a PAG capable of generating a fluorinated carboxylic acid is improved in resolution and process latitudes such as exposure margin and depth of focus. These compositions are used in the KrF, EB and F₂ lithography processes.

0012Patent Document 8 describes a positive photosensitive composition for ArF lithography comprising a carboxylic acid onium salt. This system is based on the mechanism that a salt exchange occurs between a weak acid onium salt and a strong acid (sulfonic acid) generated by a PAG upon exposure, to form a weak acid and a strong acid onium salt. That is, the strong acid (sulfonic acid) having high acidity is replaced by a weak acid (carboxylic acid), thereby suppressing acid-catalyzed decomposition reaction of acid labile group and reducing or controlling the distance of acid diffusion. The onium salt apparently functions as a quencher.

0013Patent Document 9 describes to use a sulfonium salt of carboxylic acid containing a nitrogen-bearing heterocycle as a quencher. No precise study has been made on its application to resist compositions with a low sensitivity of at least 50 µC (or high-dose region).

0014When patterns are formed using resist compositions comprising carboxylic acid onium salts or fluorocarboxylic acid onium salts as mentioned above, the levels of LER and resolution thus achieved are insufficient for the requirement of the recent technology where miniaturization is more advanced. It is desirable to have a quencher capable of reducing LER and improving resolution, pattern fidelity and dose margin.

Citation List

0015<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Patent Document 1: <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="JP2009053518A"><text>JP-A 2009-053518</text></patcit></li><li>Patent Document 2: <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="JP2010100604A"><text>JP-A 2010-100604</text></patcit></li><li>Patent Document 3: <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="JP2011022564A"><text>JP-A 2011-022564</text></patcit></li><li>Patent Document 4: <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="JP5083528B"><text>JP 5083528</text></patcit></li><li>Patent Document 5: <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="JP3955384B"><text>JP 3955384</text></patcit> (<patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US6479210B"><text>USP 6479210</text></patcit>)</li><li>Patent Document 6: <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="JPH11327143A"><text>JP-A H11-327143</text></patcit></li><li>Patent Document 7: <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="JP4231622B"><text>JP 4231622</text></patcit> (<patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US6485883B"><text>USP 6485883</text></patcit>)</li><li>Patent Document 8: <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="JP4226803B"><text>JP 4226803</text></patcit> (<patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US6492091B"><text>USP 6492091</text></patcit>)</li><li>Patent Document 9: <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="JP6512049B"><text>JP 6512049</text></patcit> (<patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US2017075218A"><text>US 2017075218</text></patcit>)</li></ul>

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

0016An object of the invention is to provide a chemically amplified positive resist composition which exhibits a high resolution during pattern formation and forms a pattern with improved LER, fidelity and dose margin, and a resist pattern forming process using the resist composition.

0017The inventors have found that when an onium salt having a conjugated acid anion which is decomposed into carbon dioxide and an organic compound having no more than 12 carbon atoms is added to a resist composition as a quencher, the resist composition exhibits a high resolution during pattern formation and forms a pattern of satisfactory profile with improved LER, fidelity and dose margin.

0018Accordingly, the invention provides a chemically amplified positive resist composition and resist pattern forming process, as defined below. <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact"><li>1. A chemically amplified positive resist composition comprising (A) a quencher in the form of an onium salt having the formula (A1) and (B) a base polymer containing a polymer which is decomposed under the action of acid to increase its solubility in alkaline developer, the polymer comprising repeat units having the formula (B1), <chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0001.tif" /></chemistry><ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>wherein X is a single bond, -O- or -S-, <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group in which some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O- or -C(=O)-, R¹ and R² may bond together to form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached,</li><li>R³ is hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group when X is a single bond or -S-, and hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group other than an acid labile group, or an acid labile group when X is -O-, some or all of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbyl group may be substituted by halogen, some constituent -CH₂- in the hydrocarbyl group may be replaced by -O- or - C(=O)-, R¹ and R³ may bond together to form a ring with the atoms to which they are attached and intervenient atoms, with the proviso that the number of carbon atoms in R¹ to R³ is up to 10 when R³ is other than the acid labile group, and</li><li>Z⁺ is an onium cation, <chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0002.tif" /></chemistry></li></ul></li><li>wherein a1 is 0 or 1, a2 is an integer of 0 to 2, a3 is an integer satisfying 0 ≤ a3 ≤ 5+2(a2)-a4, a4 is an integer of 1 to 3, <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R¹¹ is halogen, an optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, or optionally halogenated C₂-C₈ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group, and</li><li>A¹ is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group in which some constituent - CH₂- may be replaced by -O-.</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>2. The positive resist composition of 1 wherein X is -O-.</li><li>3. The positive resist composition of 2 wherein R³ is an acid labile group.</li><li>4. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 3 wherein the acid labile group has the formula (AL-1) or (AL-2): <chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0003.tif" /></chemistry> wherein X^a is -O- or -S-, <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently a C₁-C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group in which some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O- or -S-, and when the hydrocarbyl group contains an aromatic ring, some or all of the hydrogen atoms in the aromatic ring may be substituted by halogen, cyano, nitro, optionally halogenated C₁-C₄ alkyl group or optionally halogenated C₁-C₄ alkoxy group, any two of R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ may bond together to form a ring, some constituent - CH₂- in the ring may be replaced by -O- or -S-,</li><li>R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group, R⁹ is a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbyl group, some constituent -CH₂- in the hydrocarbyl group may be replaced by -O- or - S-, R⁸ and R⁹ may bond together to form a C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group with the carbon atom and X^a to which they are attached, some constituent -CH₂- in the heterocyclic group may be replaced by -O- or -S-,</li><li>n1 and n2 are each independently 0 or 1,</li><li>* designates a point of attachment to the adjacent -O-.</li></ul></li><li>5. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 4 wherein Z⁺ is an onium cation having the formula (cation-1), (cation-2) or (cation-3): <chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0004.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R^c1 to R^c9 are each independently halogen or a C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom, R^c1 and R^c2 may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to whichthey are attached.</li><li>6. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 5 wherein the polymer further comprises repeat units having the formula (B2-1): <chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0005.tif" /></chemistry> wherein b1 is 0 or 1, b2 is an integer of 0 to 2, b3 is an integer satisfying 0 ≤ b3 ≤ 5+2(b2)-b4, b4 is an integer of 1 to 3, b5 is 0 or 1, <ul id="ul0006" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R¹² is halogen, an optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, or optionally halogenated C₂-C₈ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group,</li><li>A² is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group in which any constituent - CH₂- may be replaced by -O-,</li><li>X is an acid labile group when b4 is 1, and X is hydrogen or an acid labile group, at least one being an acid labile group, when b4 is 2 or 3.</li></ul></li><li>7. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 6 wherein the polymer further comprises repeat units having the formula (B2-2): <chemistry id="chem0006" num="0006"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0006.tif" /></chemistry> wherein c1 is an integer of 0 to 2, c2 is an integer of 0 to 2, c3 is an integer of 0 to 5, c4 is an integer of 0 to 2, <ul id="ul0007" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom, R¹³ and R¹⁴ may bond together to form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached,</li><li>R¹⁵ is each independently fluorine, C₁-C₅ fluorinated alkyl group or C₁-C₅ fluorinated alkoxy group,</li><li>R¹⁶ is each independently a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom,</li><li>A³ is a single bond, phenylene group, naphthylene group, or *-C(=O)-O-A³¹-, A³¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group which may contain hydroxy, ether bond, ester bond or lactone ring, or a phenylene or naphthylene group, and</li><li>* designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone.</li></ul></li><li>8. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 7 wherein the polymer further comprises repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formula (B3), repeat units having the formula (B4), and repeat units having the formula (B5): <chemistry id="chem0007" num="0007"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0007.tif" /></chemistry> wherein d and e are each independently an integer of 0 to 4, f1 is 0 or 1, f2 is an integer of 0 to 2, and f3 is an integer of 0 to 5, <ul id="ul0008" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R²¹ and R²² are each independently hydroxy, halogen, an optionally halogenated C₁-C₈ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally halogenated C₁-C₈ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, or optionally halogenated C₂-C₈ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group,</li><li>R²³ is a C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group, C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, C₂-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group, C₂-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl group, C₂-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylthiohydrocarbyl group, halogen, nitro group, cyano group, C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylsulfinyl group, or C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylsulfonyl group, and</li><li>A⁴ is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group in which any constituent - CH₂- may be replaced by -O-.</li></ul></li><li>9. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 8 wherein the polymer further comprises repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formulae (B6) to (B 13): <chemistry id="chem0008" num="0008"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0008.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0009" num="0009"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0009.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R^B is each independently hydrogen or methyl, <ul id="ul0009" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Y¹ is a single bond, a C₁-C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, naphthylene group or C₇-C₁₈ group obtained by combining the foregoing, *-O-Y¹¹-, *-C(=O)-O-Y¹¹-, or *-C(=O)-NH-Y¹¹-, Y¹¹ is a C₁-C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, naphthylene group or C₇-C₁₈ group obtained by combining the foregoing, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxy moiety,</li><li>Y² is a single bond or **-Y²¹-C(=O)-O-, Y²¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbylene group which may contain a heteroatom,</li><li>Y³ is a single bond, methylene, ethylene, phenylene, fluorinated phenylene, trifluoromethyl-substituted phenylene, *-O-Y³¹-, *-C(=O)-O-Y³¹-, or *-C(=O)-NH-Y³¹-, Y³¹ is a C₁-C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, fluorinated phenylene group, trifluoromethyl-substituted phenylene group, or C₇-C₂₀ group obtained by combining the foregoing, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxy moiety,</li><li>* designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone, ** designates a point of attachment to the oxygen atom in the formula,</li><li>Y⁴ is a single bond or C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbylene group which may contain a heteroatom,</li><li>g1 and g2 are each independently 0 or 1, g1 and g2 are 0 when Y⁴ is a single bond,</li><li>R³¹ to R⁴⁸ are each independently halogen or a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom, R³¹ and R³² may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached, R³³ and R³⁴, R³⁶ and R³⁷, or R³⁹ and R⁴⁰ may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached,</li><li>R^HF is hydrogen or trifluoromethyl, and</li><li>Xa^- is a non-nucleophilic counter ion.</li></ul></li><li>10. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 9 wherein repeat units having an aromatic ring structure account for at least 60 mol% of the overall repeat units of the polymer in the base polymer.</li><li>11. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 10, further comprising (C) a photoacid generator.</li><li>12. The positive resist composition of 11 wherein the photoacid generator has an anion having an acid strength (pKa) of -3.0 or larger.</li><li>13. The positive resist composition of 11 or 12 wherein the photoacid generator (C) and the quencher (A) are present in a weight ratio of less than 6/1.</li><li>14. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 13, further comprising (D) a fluorinated polymer comprising repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formula (D1), repeat units having the formula (D2), repeat units having the formula (D3) and repeat units having the formula (D4) and optionally repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formula (D5) and repeat units having the formula (D6): <chemistry id="chem0010" num="0010"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0010.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0011" num="0011"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0011.tif" /></chemistry> wherein x is an integer of 1 to 3, y is an integer satisfying 0 ≤ y ≤ 5+2z-x, z is 0 or 1, h is an integer of 1 to 3, <ul id="ul0010" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^C is each independently hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R^D is each independently hydrogen or methyl,</li><li>R¹⁰¹, R¹⁰², R¹⁰⁴ and R¹⁰⁵ are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group,</li><li>R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷ and R¹⁰⁸ are each independently hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbyl group, C₁-C₁₅ fluorinated hydrocarbyl group, or acid labile group, and when R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷ and R¹⁰⁸ each are a hydrocarbyl or fluorinated hydrocarbyl group, an ether bond or carbonyl moiety may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond,</li><li>R¹⁰⁹ is hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ straight or branched hydrocarbyl group in which a heteroatom-containing moiety may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond,</li><li>R¹¹⁰ is a C₁-C₅ straight or branched hydrocarbyl group in which a heteroatom-containing moiety may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond,</li><li>R¹¹¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group in which at least one hydrogen is substituted by fluorine, and in which some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by an ester bond or ether bond,</li><li>Z¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ (h+1)-valent hydrocarbon group or C₁-C₂₀ (h+1)-valent fluorinated hydrocarbon group,</li><li>Z² is a single bond, *-C(=O)-O- or *-C(=O)-NH-, * designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone,</li><li>Z³ is a single bond, -O-, *-C(=O)=O-Z³¹-Z³²- or *-C(=O)-NH-Z³¹-Z³²-, Z³¹ is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group, Z³² is a single bond, ester bond, ether bond, or sulfonamide bond, and * designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone.</li></ul></li><li>15. The positive resist composition of any one of 1 to , further comprising (E) an organic solvent.</li><li>16. A resist pattern forming process comprising the steps of: <ul id="ul0011" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>applying the chemically amplified positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 15 onto a substrate to form a resist film thereon,</li><li>exposing the resist film patternwise to high-energy radiation, and</li><li>developing the exposed resist film in an alkaline developer.</li></ul></li><li>17. The process of claim 16 wherein the high-energy radiation is EUV or EB.</li><li>18. The process of claim 16 wherein the substrate has the outermost surface of a material containing at least one element selected from chromium, silicon, tantalum, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, and tin.</li><li>19. The process of 16 or 17 wherein the substrate is a mask blank of transmission or reflection type.</li><li>20. A mask blank of transmission or reflection type which is coated with the chemically amplified positive resist composition of any one of 1 to 15.</li></ol>

ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION

0019The chemically amplified positive resist composition has the advantage that the onium salt having formula (A1) acts to effectively control the acid diffusion upon exposure for pattern formation. When the resist composition is applied to form a resist film which is processed to form a pattern, the resist composition exhibits a very high resolution and a pattern with reduced LER, good fidelity and improved dose margin is available. By virtue of repeat units having formula (B1), when a resist film is formed on a substrate, the film has tight adhesion to the substrate as well as high solubility in alkaline developer.

0020The resist pattern forming process using the resist composition is successful in forming a pattern with high resolution, reduced LER, good fidelity, and improved dose margin. The process is advantageously applicable to the miniaturization technology, especially EUV and EB lithography.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

0021As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. "Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstances may or may not occur, and that description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. The notation (Cn-Cm) means a group containing from n to m carbon atoms per group. In chemical formulae, the broken line (---) and asterisk (*) each denote a point of attachment or valence bond. The terms "group" and "moiety" are interchangeable.

0022The abbreviations and acronyms have the following meaning. <ul id="ul0012" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>PAG: photoacid generator</li><li>Mw: weight average molecular weight</li><li>Mn: number average molecular weight</li><li>Mw/Mn: molecular weight distribution or dispersity</li><li>GPC: gel permeation chromatography</li><li>PEB: post-exposure baking</li><li>LER: line edge roughness</li><li>CDU: critical dimension uniformity</li></ul>

0023It is understood that for some structures represented by chemical formulae, there can exist enantiomers and diastereomers because of the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms. In such a case, a single formula collectively represents all such isomers. The isomers may be used alone or in admixture.

Resist composition

0024One embodiment of the invention is a chemically amplified positive resist composition comprising (A) a quencher in the form of an onium salt having a conjugated acid anion which is decomposed under the action of acid and heat into carbon dioxide and an organic compound having no more than 12 carbon atoms and (B) a base polymer containing a specific polymer.

(A) Quencher

0025The quencher as component (A) is an onium salt having the formula (A1). <chemistry id="chem0012" num="0012"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0012.tif" /></chemistry>

0026In formula (A1), X is a single bond, -O- or -S-, preferably a single bond or -O-, most preferably -O-.

0027In formula (A1), R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group. In the hydrocarbyl group, some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O- or -C(=O)-. The hydrocarbyl group may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include C₁-C₁₀ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, and tert-butyl; C₃-C₁₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, norbornyl, and adamantyl; C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl groups such as vinyl, allyl, propenyl, butenyl and hexenyl; C₃-C₁₀ cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclohexenyl; C₆-C₁₀ aryl groups such as phenyl and naphthyl; C₇-C₁₀ aralkyl groups such as benzyl, 1-phenylethyl and 2-phenylethyl; and combinations thereof. In the hydrocarbyl group, some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by - O- or -C(=O)-.

0028Also, R¹ and R² may bond together to form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached. Rings of 3 to 10 carbon atoms are preferred, and saturated rings of 3 to 10 carbon atoms are more preferred. Preferred examples of the ring include cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, norbornane, and adamantane rings. In the ring, some constituent - CH₂- may be replaced by -O- or -C(=O)-.

0029Preferably, R¹ and R² each are hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyl group, or R¹ and R² bond together to form a C₃-C₈ saturated ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached. More preferably, R¹ and R² each are hydrogen or a C₁-C₄ saturated hydrocarbyl group, or R¹ and R² bond together to form a C₃-C₆ saturated ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached.

0030In formula (A1), R³ is hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group when X is a single bond or -S-, and hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group other than an acid labile group, or an acid labile group when X is -O-. The hydrocarbyl group may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include C₁-C₁₀ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, and tert-butyl; C₃-C₁₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, norbornyl, and adamantyl; C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl groups such as vinyl, allyl, propenyl, butenyl and hexenyl; C₃-C₁₀ cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclohexenyl; C₆-C₁₀ aryl groups such as phenyl and naphthyl; C₇-C₁₀ aralkyl groups such as benzyl, 1-phenylethyl and 2-phenylethyl; and combinations thereof. In the hydrocarbyl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted by halogen such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, and some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O- or -C(=O)-.

0031Also, R¹ and R³ may bond together to form a ring with the atoms to which they are attached and intervenient atoms. The ring is a cycloalkylketone when X is a single bond, a lactone ring when X is -O-, and a thiolactone ring when X is -S-. The ring is preferably a 3 to 8-membered ring, more preferably a 5 to 7-membered ring. In the ring, some or all of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted by halogen, and some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O- or -C(=O)-.

0032It is noted that the number of carbon atoms in R¹ to R³ is up to 10 when R³ is other than the acid labile group.

0033The acid labile group R³ preferably has the formula (AL-1) or (AL-2). <chemistry id="chem0013" num="0013"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0013.tif" /></chemistry>

0034In formula (AL-1), R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently a C₁-C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group. Some constituent -CH₂- in the hydrocarbyl group may be replaced by -O- or -S-. When the hydrocarbyl group contains an aromatic ring, some or all of the hydrogen atoms on the aromatic ring may be substituted by halogen, cyano, nitro, optionally halogenated C₁-C₄ alkyl moiety, or optionally halogenated C₁-C₄ alkoxy moiety. The subscript n1 is 0 or 1, and the asterisk (*) designates a point of attachment to the adjacent -O-.

0035The C₁-C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group represented by R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include C₁-C₁₂ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, and n-dodecyl; C₃-C₁₂ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclopentylbutyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cyclohexylbutyl, norbornyl, norbornylmethyl, adamantyl, adamantylmethyl, tricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,6]decyl, and tetracyclo[6.2.1.1^3,6.0^2.7]dodecyl; C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl groups such as vinyl, allyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl and hexenyl; C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl groups such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl; C₃-C₁₂ cyclic unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclopentenyl and cyclohexenyl; C₆-C₁₂ aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl and indanyl; C₇-C₁₂ aralkyl groups such as benzyl, 1-phenylethyl and 2-phenylethyl, and combinations thereof.

0036Any two of R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ may bond together to form a ring. Examples of the thus formed ring include cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, norbornane, adamantane, tricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,6]decane, and tetracyclo[6.2.1.1^3,6.0^2,7]dodecane rings. Some constituent -CH₂- in the ring may be replaced by -O- or -S-.

0037In formula (AL-2), X^a is -O- or -S-. R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group. The C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group represented by R⁷ and R⁸ may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof are as exemplified above for the C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group represented by R¹ and R².

0038In formula (AL-2), R⁹ is a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbyl group. Some constituent -CH₂- in the hydrocarbyl group may be replaced by -O- or -S-. The hydrocarbyl group may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl and icosyl; C₃-C₂₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, norbornyl, norbornylmethyl, adamantyl, adamantylmethyl, tricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,6]decyl, and tetracyclo[6.2.1.1^3,6.0^2,7]dodecyl; C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl groups such as vinyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl and hexenyl; C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl groups such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl; C₃-C₂₀ cyclic unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl and norbornenyl; C₆-C₂₀ aryl groups such as phenyl, methylphenyl, ethylphenyl, n-propylphenyl, isopropylphenyl, n-butylphenyl, isobutylphenyl, sec-butylphenyl, tertbutylphenyl, naphthyl, methylnaphthyl, ethylnaphthyl, n-propylnaphthyl, isopropylnaphthyl, n-butylnaphthyl, isobutylnaphthyl, sec-butylnaphthyl, and tert-butylnaphthyl; C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl groups such as benzyl and phenethyl, and combinations thereof. Also, R⁸ and R⁹ may bond together to form a C₃-C₂₀ heterocycle with the carbon atom and X^a to which they are attached. Some constituent -CH₂- in the heterocycle may be replaced by -O- or -S-. The subscript n2 is 0 or 1 and * designates a point of attachment to the adjacent -O-.

0039Examples of the acid labile group having formula (AL-1) are shown below, but not limited thereto. Herein, * designates a point of attachment to the adjacent -O-. <chemistry id="chem0014" num="0014"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0014.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0015" num="0015"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0015.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0016" num="0016"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0016.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0017" num="0017"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0017.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0018" num="0018"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0018.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0019" num="0019"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0019.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0020" num="0020"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0020.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0021" num="0021"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0021.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0022" num="0022"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0022.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0023" num="0023"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0023.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0024" num="0024"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0024.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0025" num="0025"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0025.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0026" num="0026"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0026.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0027" num="0027"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0027.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0028" num="0028"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0028.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0029" num="0029"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0029.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0030" num="0030"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0030.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0031" num="0031"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0031.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0032" num="0032"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0032.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0033" num="0033"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0033.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0034" num="0034"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0034.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0035" num="0035"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0035.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0036" num="0036"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0036.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0037" num="0037"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0037.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0038" num="0038"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0038.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0039" num="0039"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0039.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0040" num="0040"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0040.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0041" num="0041"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0041.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0042" num="0042"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0042.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0043" num="0043"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0043.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0044" num="0044"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0044.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0045" num="0045"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0045.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0046" num="0046"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0046.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0047" num="0047"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0047.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0048" num="0048"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0048.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0049" num="0049"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0049.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0050" num="0050"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0050.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0051" num="0051"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0051.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0052" num="0052"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0052.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0053" num="0053"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0053.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0054" num="0054"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0054.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0055" num="0055"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0055.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0056" num="0056"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0056.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0057" num="0057"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0057.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0058" num="0058"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0058.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0059" num="0059"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0059.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0060" num="0060"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0060.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0061" num="0061"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0061.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0062" num="0062"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0062.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0063" num="0063"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0063.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0064" num="0064"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0064.tif" /></chemistry>

0040Examples of the acid labile group having formula (AL-2) are shown below, but not limited thereto. Herein, * designates a point of attachment to the adjacent -O-. <chemistry id="chem0065" num="0065"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0065.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0066" num="0066"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0066.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0067" num="0067"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0067.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0068" num="0068"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0068.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0069" num="0069"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0069.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0070" num="0070"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0070.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0071" num="0071"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0071.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0072" num="0072"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0072.tif" /></chemistry>

0041When X is a single bond or -S-, R³ is preferably hydrogen, a C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C_1-4 halogenated alkyl group, or C₃-C₆ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl group, and more preferably hydrogen, a C₁-C₃ alkyl group, C₁-C₃ halogenated alkyl group, or C₃-C₆ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl group. When X is -O-, R³ is preferably hydrogen, a C₁-C₄ alkyl group other than an acid labile group, a C₁-C₄ halogenated alkyl group other than an acid labile group, or an acid labile group having formula (AL-1) or (AL-2), and more preferably hydrogen, a C₁-C₃ hydrocarbyl group other than an acid labile group, a C₁-C₃ halogenated alkyl group other than an acid labile group, or an acid labile group having formula (AL-1) or (AL-2).

0042Preferred examples of the anion in the onium salt having formula (A1) are shown below, but not limited thereto. <chemistry id="chem0073" num="0073"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0073.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0074" num="0074"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0074.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0075" num="0075"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0075.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0076" num="0076"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0076.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0077" num="0077"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0077.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0078" num="0078"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0078.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0079" num="0079"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0079.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0080" num="0080"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0080.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0081" num="0081"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0081.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0082" num="0082"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0082.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0083" num="0083"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0083.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0084" num="0084"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0084.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0085" num="0085"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0085.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0086" num="0086"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0086.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0087" num="0087"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0087.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0088" num="0088"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0088.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0089" num="0089"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0089.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0090" num="0090"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0090.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0091" num="0091"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0091.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0092" num="0092"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0092.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0093" num="0093"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0093.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0094" num="0094"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0094.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0095" num="0095"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0095.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0096" num="0096"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0096.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0097" num="0097"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0097.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0098" num="0098"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0098.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0099" num="0099"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0099.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0100" num="0100"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0100.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0101" num="0101"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0101.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0102" num="0102"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0102.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0103" num="0103"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0103.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0104" num="0104"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0104.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0105" num="0105"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0105.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0106" num="0106"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0106.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0107" num="0107"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0107.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0108" num="0108"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0108.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0109" num="0109"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0109.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0110" num="0110"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0110.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0111" num="0111"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0111.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0112" num="0112"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0112.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0113" num="0113"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0113.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0114" num="0114"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0114.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0115" num="0115"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0115.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0116" num="0116"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0116.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0117" num="0117"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0117.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0118" num="0118"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0118.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0119" num="0119"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0119.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0120" num="0120"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0120.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0121" num="0121"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0121.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0122" num="0122"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0122.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0123" num="0123"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0123.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0124" num="0124"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0124.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0125" num="0125"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0125.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0126" num="0126"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0126.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0127" num="0127"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0127.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0128" num="0128"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0128.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0129" num="0129"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0129.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0130" num="0130"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0130.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0131" num="0131"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0131.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0132" num="0132"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0132.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0133" num="0133"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0133.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0134" num="0134"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0134.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0135" num="0135"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0135.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0136" num="0136"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0136.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0137" num="0137"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0137.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0138" num="0138"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0138.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0139" num="0139"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0139.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0140" num="0140"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0140.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0141" num="0141"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0141.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0142" num="0142"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0142.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0143" num="0143"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0143.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0144" num="0144"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0144.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0145" num="0145"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0145.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0146" num="0146"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0146.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0147" num="0147"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0147.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0148" num="0148"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0148.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0149" num="0149"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0149.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0150" num="0150"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0150.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0151" num="0151"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0151.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0152" num="0152"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0152.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0153" num="0153"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0153.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0154" num="0154"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0154.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0155" num="0155"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0155.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0156" num="0156"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0156.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0157" num="0157"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0157.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0158" num="0158"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0158.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0159" num="0159"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0159.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0160" num="0160"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0160.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0161" num="0161"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0161.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0162" num="0162"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0162.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0163" num="0163"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0163.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0164" num="0164"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0164.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0165" num="0165"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0165.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0166" num="0166"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0166.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0167" num="0167"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0167.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0168" num="0168"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0168.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0169" num="0169"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0169.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0170" num="0170"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0170.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0171" num="0171"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0171.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0172" num="0172"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0172.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0173" num="0173"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0173.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0174" num="0174"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0174.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0175" num="0175"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0175.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0176" num="0176"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0176.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0177" num="0177"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0177.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0178" num="0178"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0178.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0179" num="0179"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0179.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0180" num="0180"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0180.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0181" num="0181"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0181.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0182" num="0182"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0182.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0183" num="0183"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0183.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0184" num="0184"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0184.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0185" num="0185"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0185.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0186" num="0186"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0186.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0187" num="0187"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0187.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0188" num="0188"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0188.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0189" num="0189"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0189.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0190" num="0190"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0190.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0191" num="0191"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0191.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0192" num="0192"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0192.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0193" num="0193"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0193.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0194" num="0194"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0194.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0195" num="0195"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0195.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0196" num="0196"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0196.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0197" num="0197"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0197.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0198" num="0198"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0198.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0199" num="0199"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0199.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0200" num="0200"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0200.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0201" num="0201"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0201.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0202" num="0202"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0202.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0203" num="0203"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0203.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0204" num="0204"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0204.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0205" num="0205"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0205.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0206" num="0206"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0206.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0207" num="0207"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0207.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0208" num="0208"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0208.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0209" num="0209"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0209.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0210" num="0210"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0210.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0211" num="0211"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0211.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0212" num="0212"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0212.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0213" num="0213"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0213.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0214" num="0214"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0214.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0215" num="0215"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0215.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0216" num="0216"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0216.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0217" num="0217"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0217.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0218" num="0218"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0218.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0219" num="0219"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0219.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0220" num="0220"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0220.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0221" num="0221"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0221.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0222" num="0222"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0222.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0223" num="0223"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0223.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0224" num="0224"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0224.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0225" num="0225"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0225.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0226" num="0226"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0226.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0227" num="0227"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0227.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0228" num="0228"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0228.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0229" num="0229"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0229.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0230" num="0230"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0230.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0231" num="0231"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0231.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0232" num="0232"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0232.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0233" num="0233"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0233.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0234" num="0234"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0234.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0235" num="0235"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0235.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0236" num="0236"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0236.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0237" num="0237"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0237.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0238" num="0238"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0238.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0239" num="0239"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0239.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0240" num="0240"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0240.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0241" num="0241"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0241.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0242" num="0242"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0242.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0243" num="0243"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0243.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0244" num="0244"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0244.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0245" num="0245"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0245.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0246" num="0246"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0246.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0247" num="0247"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0247.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0248" num="0248"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0248.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0249" num="0249"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0249.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0250" num="0250"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0250.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0251" num="0251"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0251.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0252" num="0252"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0252.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0253" num="0253"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0253.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0254" num="0254"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0254.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0255" num="0255"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0255.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0256" num="0256"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0256.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0257" num="0257"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0257.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0258" num="0258"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0258.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0259" num="0259"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0259.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0260" num="0260"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0260.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0261" num="0261"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0261.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0262" num="0262"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0262.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0263" num="0263"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0263.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0264" num="0264"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0264.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0265" num="0265"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0265.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0266" num="0266"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0266.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0267" num="0267"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0267.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0268" num="0268"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0268.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0269" num="0269"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0269.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0270" num="0270"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0270.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0271" num="0271"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0271.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0272" num="0272"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0272.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0273" num="0273"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0273.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0274" num="0274"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0274.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0275" num="0275"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0275.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0276" num="0276"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0276.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0277" num="0277"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0277.tif" /></chemistry>

0043In formula (1), Z⁺ is an onium cation, preferably a sulfonium cation having the formula (cation-1), an iodonium cation having the formula (cation-2) or an ammonium cation having the formula (cation-3). <chemistry id="chem0278" num="0278"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0278.tif" /></chemistry>

0044In formulae (cation-1) to (cation-3), R^c1 to R^c9 are each independently halogen or a C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom. Suitable halogen atoms include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The hydrocarbyl group may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include C₁-C₃₀ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl; C₃-C₃₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, norbornyl, and adamantyl; C₂-C₃₀ alkenyl groups such as vinyl, allyl, propenyl, butenyl, and hexenyl; C₃-C₃₀ cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclohexenyl; C₆-C₃₀ aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl and thienyl; C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl groups such as benzyl, 1-phenylethyl and 2-phenylethyl, and combinations thereof. Inter alia, aryl groups are preferred. In the hydrocarbyl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or halogen and some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, so that the group may contain a hydroxy, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, carbonyl, ether bond, ester bond, sulfonic ester bond, carbonate bond, lactone ring, sultone ring, carboxylic anhydride (-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-), or haloalkyl moiety.

0045Also, R^c1 and R^c2 may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. Examples of the sulfonium cation having formula (cation-1) wherein R¹¹ and R¹² form a ring are shown below. <chemistry id="chem0279" num="0279"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0279.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0280" num="0280"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0280.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0281" num="0281"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0281.tif" /></chemistry>

0046Herein the broken line designates a point of attachment to R^c3.

0047Examples of the sulfonium cation having formula (cation-1) are shown below, but not limited thereto. <chemistry id="chem0282" num="0282"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0282.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0283" num="0283"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0283.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0284" num="0284"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0284.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0285" num="0285"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0285.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0286" num="0286"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0286.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0287" num="0287"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0287.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0288" num="0288"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0288.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0289" num="0289"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0289.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0290" num="0290"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0290.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0291" num="0291"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0291.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0292" num="0292"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0292.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0293" num="0293"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0293.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0294" num="0294"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0294.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0295" num="0295"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0295.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0296" num="0296"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0296.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0297" num="0297"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0297.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0298" num="0298"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0298.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0299" num="0299"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0299.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0300" num="0300"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0300.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0301" num="0301"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0301.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0302" num="0302"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0302.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0303" num="0303"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0303.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0304" num="0304"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0304.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0305" num="0305"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0305.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0306" num="0306"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0306.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0307" num="0307"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0307.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0308" num="0308"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0308.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0309" num="0309"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0309.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0310" num="0310"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0310.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0311" num="0311"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0311.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0312" num="0312"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0312.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0313" num="0313"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0313.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0314" num="0314"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0314.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0315" num="0315"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0315.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0316" num="0316"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0316.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0317" num="0317"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0317.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0318" num="0318"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0318.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0319" num="0319"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0319.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0320" num="0320"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0320.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0321" num="0321"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0321.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0322" num="0322"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0322.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0323" num="0323"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0323.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0324" num="0324"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0324.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0325" num="0325"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0325.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0326" num="0326"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0326.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0327" num="0327"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0327.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0328" num="0328"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0328.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0329" num="0329"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0329.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0330" num="0330"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0330.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0331" num="0331"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0331.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0332" num="0332"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0332.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0333" num="0333"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0333.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0334" num="0334"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0334.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0335" num="0335"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0335.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0336" num="0336"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0336.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0337" num="0337"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0337.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0338" num="0338"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0338.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0339" num="0339"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0339.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0340" num="0340"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0340.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0341" num="0341"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0341.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0342" num="0342"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0342.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0343" num="0343"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0343.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0344" num="0344"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0344.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0345" num="0345"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0345.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0346" num="0346"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0346.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0347" num="0347"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0347.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0348" num="0348"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0348.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0349" num="0349"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0349.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0350" num="0350"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0350.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0351" num="0351"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0351.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0352" num="0352"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0352.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0353" num="0353"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0353.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0354" num="0354"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0354.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0355" num="0355"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0355.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0356" num="0356"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0356.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0357" num="0357"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0357.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0358" num="0358"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0358.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0359" num="0359"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0359.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0360" num="0360"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0360.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0361" num="0361"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0361.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0362" num="0362"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0362.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0363" num="0363"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0363.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0364" num="0364"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0364.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0365" num="0365"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0365.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0366" num="0366"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0366.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0367" num="0367"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0367.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0368" num="0368"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0368.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0369" num="0369"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0369.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0370" num="0370"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0370.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0371" num="0371"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0371.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0372" num="0372"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0372.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0373" num="0373"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0373.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0374" num="0374"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0374.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0375" num="0375"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0375.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0376" num="0376"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0376.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0377" num="0377"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0377.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0378" num="0378"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0378.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0379" num="0379"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0379.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0380" num="0380"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0380.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0381" num="0381"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0381.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0382" num="0382"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0382.tif" /></chemistry>

0048Examples of the iodonium cation having formula (cation-2) are shown below, but not limited thereto. <chemistry id="chem0383" num="0383"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0383.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0384" num="0384"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0384.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0385" num="0385"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0385.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0386" num="0386"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0386.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0387" num="0387"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0387.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0388" num="0388"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0388.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0389" num="0389"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0389.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0390" num="0390"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0390.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0391" num="0391"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0391.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0392" num="0392"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0392.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0393" num="0393"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0393.tif" /></chemistry>

0049Examples of the ammonium cation having formula (cation-3) are shown below, but not limited thereto. <chemistry id="chem0394" num="0394"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0394.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0395" num="0395"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0395.tif" /></chemistry>

0050Specific structures of the inventive onium salt include arbitrary combinations of the anion with the cation, both as exemplified above.

0051The onium salt having formula (A1) may be synthesized, for example, according to the following scheme. Although reference is now made to the synthesis of onium salt (A1') wherein X is oxygen, the synthesis method is not limited thereto. <chemistry id="chem0396" num="0396"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0396.tif" /></chemistry>

0052Herein, R¹ to R³ and Z⁺ are as defined above, Et stands for ethyl, M⁺ is a metal cation, and X^- is an anion.

0053First, a starting alcohol (SM-A) is esterified by reacting it with an acid chloride (SM-B). The starting alcohol (SM-A) is dissolved in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or acetonitrile, to which the acid chloride (SM-B) is added dropwise in the presence of a base such as pyridine or 2,6-lutidine. The reaction may be promoted by heating if necessary. While it is desirable in view of yield to monitor the reaction by gas chromatography (GC) or silica gel thin layer chromatography (TLC) until the reaction is complete, the reaction time is typically about 2 to 24 hours. The intermediate (In-A) may be collected from the reaction mixture by standard aqueous work-up. If necessary, the intermediate is purified by a standard technique such as distillation, chromatography or recrystallization.

0054Next, the intermediate (In-A) is subjected to alkaline hydrolysis using a metal hydroxide: M-OH, to synthesize an intermediate (In-B). The intermediate (In-A) is dissolved in a solvent such as THF or acetonitrile, to which an aqueous solution of metal hydroxide: M-OH is added dropwise for alkaline hydrolysis. Examples of the metal hydroxide used herein include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide. The reaction may be promoted by heating if necessary. While it is desirable in view of yield to monitor the reaction by silica gel TLC until the reaction is complete, the reaction time is typically about 2 to 24 hours. The intermediate (In-B) may be collected from the reaction mixture by standard aqueous work-up. If necessary, the intermediate is purified by a standard technique such as chromatography or recrystallization.

0055The final step is a salt exchange between the intermediate (In-B) and an onium salt: Z⁺X^- to synthesize an onium salt (A1'). Preferably X^- is a hydrogencarbonate ion, chloride ion or bromide ion because the exchange reaction runs quantitatively.

0056In the above-illustrated scheme, the third step of ion exchange may be readily carried out by any well-known procedure, for example, with reference to <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="JP2007145797A"><text>JP-A 2007-145797</text></patcit>.

0057It is noted that the preparation method according to the above scheme is merely exemplary and the method of preparing the inventive onium salt is not limited thereto.

0058Another exemplary method of synthesizing the onium salt having formula (A1) is an ion exchange between a carboxylic acid having the anion in formula (A1) and an onium salt of a weaker acid than the carboxylic acid. Typical of the weaker acid than the carboxylic acid is carbonic acid. An alternative route of synthesis is an ion exchange between a sodium salt of a carboxylic acid having the anion in formula (A1) and a sulfonium chloride.

0059The onium salt having formula (A1) functions as a quite effective quencher when applied to chemically amplified positive resist compositions.

0060The onium salt of the structure defined herein functions as a quencher through the mechanism that it effectively traps the strong acid generated by the acid generator and converts to a 1,3-dicarboxylic acid monoester or 1,3-keto carboxylic acid structure. In the onium salt of formula (A1) wherein R³ forms an acid labile group with the adjacent oxygen atom, the acid labile group is eliminated as a result of reaction with a strong acid whereby the resist film is improved in sensitivity, and a 1,3-dicarboxylic acid (e.g., malonic acid) structure forms. The 1,3-dicarboxylic acid monoester, 1,3-keto carboxylic acid and 1,3-dicarboxylic acid undergo thermal decarbonation reaction during the subsequent step of PEB whereby they are decomposed into carbon dioxide and a corresponding acetic acid derivative or ketone derivative, which volatilize off the resist film. In the subsequent development step in alkaline developer, the carboxylic acid having a high affinity to the alkaline developer has been eliminated. This prevents the resist film from being swollen. The problem of resist pattern collapse which has been unsolved during formation of small-size patterns is overcome. Accordingly, the onium salt of formula (A1) is best suited for application in chemically amplified positive resist compositions.

0061In the resist composition, the quencher (A) in the form of the onium salt having formula (A1) is preferably used in an amount of 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 15 parts by weight per 80 parts by weight of the base polymer (B) described below. An amount of the onium salt having formula (A1) in the range ensures a satisfactory quenching function, eliminating the risk of lowering sensitivity or leaving foreign particles due to shortage of solubility. The onium salt having formula (A1) may be used alone or in admixture of two or more.

(B) Base polymer

0062The resist composition also comprises (B) a base polymer. The base polymer contains a polymer which is decomposed under the action of acid to increase its solubility in alkaline developer, the polymer comprising repeat units having the formula (B1), which are also referred to as repeat units B1. <chemistry id="chem0397" num="0397"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0397.tif" /></chemistry>

0063In formula (B1), a1 is 0 or 1. The subscript a2 is an integer of 0 to 2. The structure represents a benzene skeleton when a2=0, a naphthalene skeleton when a2=1, and an anthracene skeleton when a2=2. The subscript a3 is an integer satisfying 0 ≤ a3 ≤ 5+2(a2)-a4, and a4 is an integer of 1 to 3. In case of a2=0, preferably a3 is an integer of 0 to 3, and a4 is an integer of 1 to 3. In case of a2=1 or 2, preferably a3 is an integer of 0 to 4, and a4 is an integer of 1 to 3.

0064In formula (B1), R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl.

0065In formula (B1), R¹¹ is halogen, an optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, or optionally halogenated C₂-C₈ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group. The saturated hydrocarbyl group and saturated hydrocarbyl moiety in the saturated hydrocarbyloxy group and saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof include alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and structural isomers thereof, cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, and combinations thereof. A carbon count within the upper limit ensures good solubility in alkaline developer. A plurality of R¹¹ may be identical or different when a3 is 2 or more.

0066In formula (B1), A¹ is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group in which some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O-. The saturated hydrocarbylene group may be straight, branched or cyclic and examples thereof include C₁-C₁₀ alkanediyl groups such as methylene, ethane-1,2-diyl, propane-1,3-diyl, butane-1,4-diyl, pentane-1,5-diyl, hexane-1,6-diyl, and structural isomers thereof; C₃-C₁₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbylene groups such as cyclopropanediyl, cyclobutanediyl, cyclopentanediyl, and cyclohexanediyl; and combinations thereof. For the saturated hydrocarbylene group containing an ether bond, in case of a1=1 in formula (B1), the ether bond may be incorporated at any position excluding the position between the α-carbon and β-carbon relative to the ester oxygen. In case of a1=0, the atom that bonds with the main chain becomes an ethereal oxygen, and a second ether bond may be incorporated at any position excluding the position between the α-carbon and β-carbon relative to that ethereal oxygen. Saturated hydrocarbylene groups having no more than 10 carbon atoms are desirable because of a sufficient solubility in alkaline developer.

0067Preferred examples of the repeat units B1 wherein a1=0 and A¹ is a single bond (meaning that the aromatic ring is directly bonded to the main chain of the polymer), that is, repeat units free of a linker: -C(=O)-O-A¹- include units derived from 3-hydroxystyrene, 4-hydroxystyrene, 5-hydroxy-2-vinylnaphthalene, and 6-hydroxy-2-vinylnaphthalene. Repeat units having the formula (B1-1) are especially preferred. <chemistry id="chem0398" num="0398"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0398.tif" /></chemistry> Herein R^A and a4 are as defined above.

0068Preferred examples of the repeat units B1 wherein a1=1, that is, having a linker: - C(=O)-O-A¹- are shown below, but not limited thereto. Herein R^A is as defined above. <chemistry id="chem0399" num="0399"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0399.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0400" num="0400"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0400.tif" /></chemistry>

0069The content of repeat units B1 is preferably 10 to 95 mol%, more preferably 40 to 90 mol% of the overall repeat units of the polymer. When the polymer further contains repeat units having formula (B3) and/or repeat units having formula (B4), which provide the polymer with higher etch resistance, the repeat units having a phenolic hydroxy group as a substituent, the total content of repeat units B1 and repeat units B3 and/or B4 is preferably in the range. The repeat units B1 may be used alone or in admixture of two or more.

0070In a preferred embodiment, the polymer further contains repeat units B2 having an acidic functional group protected with an acid labile group (i.e., repeat units protected with an acid labile group and adapted to turn alkali soluble under the action of acid). In this embodiment wherein the acid labile group (or protective group) in the repeat unit undergoes deprotection reaction under the action of acid, the polymer turns more soluble in alkaline developer.

0071Typical of the repeat unit B2 is a unit having the formula (B2-1), also referred to as repeat unit B2-1. <chemistry id="chem0401" num="0401"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0401.tif" /></chemistry>

0072In formula (B2-1), b1 is 0 or 1. The subscript b2 is an integer of 0 to 2. The structure represents a benzene skeleton when b2=0, a naphthalene skeleton when b2=1, and an anthracene skeleton when b2=2. The subscript b3 is an integer meeting 0 ≤ b3 ≤ 5+2(b2)-b4. The subscript b4 is an integer of 1 to 3, and b5 is 0 or 1. When b2=0, preferably b3 is an integer of 0 to 3 and b4 is an integer of 1 to 3. When b2=1 or 2, preferably b3 is an integer of 0 to 4 and b4 is an integer of 1 to 3.

0073In formula (B2-1), R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl.

0074In formula (B2-1), R¹² is halogen, an optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, or optionally halogenated C₂-C₈ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group. The saturated hydrocarbyl group and saturated hydrocarbyl moiety in the saturated hydrocarbyloxy group and saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof include alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and structural isomers thereof, cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, and combinations thereof. A carbon count within the upper limit ensures good solubility in alkaline developer. A plurality of R¹² may be identical or different when b3 is 2 or more.

0075In formula (B2-1), A² is a single bond or a C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group in which some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O-. The saturated hydrocarbylene group may be straight, branched or cyclic and examples thereof include C₁-C₁₀ alkanediyl groups such as methylene, ethane-1,2-diyl, propane-1,3-diyl, butane-1,4-diyl, pentane-1,5-diyl, hexane-1,6-diyl, and structural isomers thereof; C₃-C₁₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbylene groups such as cyclopropanediyl, cyclobutanediyl, cyclopentanediyl, and cyclohexanediyl; and combinations thereof. For the saturated hydrocarbylene group containing an ether bond, in case of b1=1 in formula (B2-1), the ether bond may be incorporated at any position excluding the position between the α-carbon and β-carbon relative to the ester oxygen. In case of b1=0, the atom that bonds with the main chain becomes an ethereal oxygen, and a second ether bond may be incorporated at any position excluding the position between the α-carbon and β-carbon relative to that ethereal oxygen. Saturated hydrocarbylene groups having no more than 10 carbon atoms are desirable because of a sufficient solubility in alkaline developer.

0076In formula (B2-1), X is an acid labile group when b4=1, and hydrogen or an acid labile group, at least one X being an acid labile group, when b4=2 or 3. That is, repeat units B2-1 have phenolic hydroxy groups bonded to an aromatic ring, at least one of which is protected with an acid labile group, or repeat units B2-1 have a carboxy group bonded to an aromatic ring, which is protected with an acid labile group. The acid labile group used herein is not particularly limited as long as it is commonly used in a number of well-known chemically amplified resist compositions and eliminated under the action of acid to release an acidic group. Examples of the acid labile group are as exemplified above for the acid labile group represented by R¹ in formula (A1). Another acid labile group which can be used herein is a phenolic hydroxy group whose hydrogen is substituted by -CH₂COO-(tertiary saturated hydrocarbyl group). The tertiary saturated hydrocarbyl group may be the same as the foregoing tertiary saturated hydrocarbyl group used for the protection of a phenolic hydroxy group.

0077Another example of repeat unit B2 is a repeat unit having the following formula (B2-2), referred to as repeat unit B2-2. The repeat unit B2-2 which enables to increase the dissolution rate in the exposed region is a useful choice of the acid labile group-containing unit which affords satisfactory performance against line width variations during develop loading. <chemistry id="chem0402" num="0402"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0402.tif" /></chemistry>

0078In formula (B2-2), c1 is an integer of 0 to 2, c2 is an integer of 0 to 2, c3 is an integer of 0 to 5, and c4 is an integer of 0 to 2.

0079In formula (B2-2), R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl.

0080In formula (B2-2), R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom. R¹³ and R¹⁴ may bond together to form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached.

0081In formula (B2-2), R¹⁵ is each independently fluorine, C₁-C₅ fluorinated alkyl group or C₁-C₅ fluorinated alkoxy group.

0082In formula (B2-2), R¹⁶ is each independently a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom.

0083In formula (B2-2), A³ is a single bond, phenylene group, naphthylene group, or *-C(=O)-O-A³¹-. A³¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group which may contain hydroxy, ether bond, ester bond or lactone ring, or a phenylene or naphthylene group, and * is a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone.

0084Preferred examples of the repeat unit B2-2 are shown below, but not limited thereto. Herein R^A is as defined above. <chemistry id="chem0403" num="0403"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0403.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0404" num="0404"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0404.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0405" num="0405"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0405.tif" /></chemistry>

0085The content of repeat units B2 is preferably 5 to 50 mol% based on the overall repeat units of the polymer. Each of repeat units B2 may be of one type or a mixture of two or more types.

0086In a preferred embodiment, the polymer further comprises repeat units of at least one type selected from units having the formulae (B3), (B4) and (B5). These repeat units are simply referred to as repeat units B3, B4 and B5, respectively. <chemistry id="chem0406" num="0406"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0406.tif" /></chemistry>

0087In formulae (B3) and (B4), d and e are each independently an integer of 0 to 4.

0088In formulae (B3) and (B4), R²¹ and R²² are each independently hydroxy, halogen, an optionally halogenated C₁-C₈ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally halogenated C₁-C₈ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, or optionally halogenated C₂-C₈ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group. The saturated hydrocarbyl group, saturated hydrocarbyloxy group and saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group may be straight, branched or cyclic. When d is 2 or more, a plurality of groups R²¹ may be identical or different. When e is 2 or more, a plurality of groups R²² may be identical or different.

0089In formula (B5), f1 is 0 or 1. The subscript f2 is an integer of 0 to 2, and the corresponding structure represents a benzene skeleton when f2=0, a naphthalene skeleton when f2=1, and an anthracene skeleton when f2=2. The subscript f3 is an integer of 0 to 5. In case of f2=0, preferably f3 is an integer of 0 to 3. In case of f2=1 or 2, preferably f3 is an integer of 0 to 4.

0090In formula (B5), R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl.

0091In formula (B5), R²³ is a C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group, C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, C₂-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group, C₂-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl group, C₂-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylthiohydrocarbyl group, halogen atom, nitro group, cyano group, C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylsulfinyl group, or C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylsulfonyl group. The saturated hydrocarbyl group, saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group, saturated hydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl group, saturated hydrocarbylthiohydrocarbyl group, saturated hydrocarbylsulfinyl group and saturated hydrocarbylsulfonyl group may be straight, branched or cyclic. When f3 is 2 or more, a plurality of groups R²³ may be identical or different.

0092R²³ is preferably selected from halogen atoms such as chlorine, bromine and iodine; saturated hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and structural isomers thereof; and saturated hydrocarbyloxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and structural isomers of their hydrocarbon moiety. Inter alia, methoxy and ethoxy are most useful.

0093The saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group may be readily introduced into a polymer even after polymerization, by a chemical modification method and is advantageously utilized for fine adjustment of the solubility of the polymer in alkaline developer. Examples of the saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group include methylcarbonyloxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, propylcarbonyloxy, butylcarbonyloxy, pentylcarbonyloxy, hexylcarbonyloxy, cyclopentylcarbonyloxy, cyclohexylcarbonyloxy, benzoyloxy, and structural isomers of their hydrocarbon moiety. As long as the carbon count is equal to or less than 20, an appropriate effect of controlling or adjusting (typically reducing) the solubility of the polymer in alkaline developer is obtainable, and the generation of scum or development defects may be suppressed.

0094Of the foregoing preferred substituent groups, such substituent groups as chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl and methoxy are useful because the corresponding monomers may be readily prepared.

0095In formula (B5), A⁴ is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group in which some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O-. The saturated hydrocarbylene group may be straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include C₁-C₁₀ alkanediyl groups such as methylene, ethane-1,2-diyl, propane-1,3-diyl, butane-1,4-diyl, pentane-1,5-diyl, hexane-1,6-diyl, and structural isomers thereof; C₃-C₁₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbylene groups such as cyclopropanediyl, cyclobutanediyl, cyclopentanediyl, and cyclohexanediyl; and combinations thereof. For the saturated hydrocarbylene group containing an ether bond, in case of f1=1 in formula (B5), the ether bond may be incorporated at any position excluding the position between the α- and β-carbons relative to the ester oxygen. In case of f1=0, the atom bonding to the backbone becomes an ether oxygen atom, and a second ether bond may be incorporated at any position excluding the position between the α- and β-carbons relative to the ether oxygen. Saturated hydrocarbylene groups having no more than 10 carbon atoms are desirable because of a sufficient solubility in alkaline developer.

0096Preferred examples of the repeat units B5 wherein f1 is 0 and A⁴ is a single bond (meaning that the aromatic ring is directly bonded to the main chain of the polymer), that is, repeat units free of the linker: -C(=O)-O-A⁴- include units derived from styrene, 4-chlorostyrene, 4-bromostyrene, 4-methylstyrene, 4-methoxystyrene, 4-acetoxystyrene, 2-hydroxypropylstyrene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, and 3-vinylnaphthalene.

0097Preferred examples of the repeat units B5 wherein f1 is 1, that is, having the linker: - C(=O)-O-A⁴- are shown below, but not limited thereto. R^A is as defined above. <chemistry id="chem0407" num="0407"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0407.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0408" num="0408"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0408.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0409" num="0409"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0409.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0410" num="0410"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0410.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0411" num="0411"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0411.tif" /></chemistry>

0098When repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units B3 to B5 are incorporated, better performance is obtained because not only the aromatic ring possesses etch resistance, but the cyclic structure incorporated into the main chain also exerts the effect of improving etch resistance and resistance to EB irradiation during pattern inspection step.

0099The content of repeat units B3 to B5 is preferably at least 5 mol% based on the overall repeat units of the polymer for obtaining the effect of improving etch resistance. Also, the content of repeat units B3 to B5 is preferably up to 35 mol%, more preferably up to 30 mol% based on the overall repeat units of the polymer. When the relevant units are free of functional groups or have a functional group other than hydroxy, their content of up to 35 mol% is preferred because the risk of forming development defects is eliminated. Each of the repeat units B3 to B5 may be of one type or a combination of plural types.

0100It is preferred that the polymer comprise repeat units B1, repeat units B2, and repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units B3 to B5, because both etch resistance and high resolution are achievable. The total content of these repeat units is preferably at least 60 mol%, more preferably at least 70 mol%, even more preferably at least 80 mol% based on the overall repeat units of the polymer.

0101In another preferred embodiment, the polymer further comprises repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formula (B6), repeat units having the formula (B7), repeat units having the formula (B8), repeat units having the formula (B9), repeat units having the formula (B10), repeat units having the formula (B11), repeat units having the formula (B12), and repeat units having the formula (B13), shown below. Notably these repeat units are also referred to as repeat units B6 to B13. The repeat units B6 to B13 are effective for suppressing acid diffusion and forming patterns with improved resolution and reduced LER. <chemistry id="chem0412" num="0412"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0412.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0413" num="0413"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0413.tif" /></chemistry>

0102In formulae (B6) to (B13), R^B is each independently hydrogen or methyl. Y¹ is a single bond, a C₁-C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, naphthylene group, or C₇-C₁₈ group obtained by combining the foregoing, *-O-Y¹¹-, *-C(=O)-O-Y¹¹-, or *-C(=O)-NH-Y¹¹-, wherein Y¹¹ is a C₁-C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, naphthylene group, or C₇-C₁₈ group obtained by combining the foregoing, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxy moiety. Y² is a single bond or **-Z²¹-C(=O)-O-, wherein Y²¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbylene group which may contain a heteroatom. Y³ is a single bond, methylene, ethylene, phenylene, fluorinated phenylene, trifluoromethyl-substituted phenylene group, *-O-Y³¹-, *-C(=O)-O-Y³¹-, or *-C(=O)-NH-Y³¹-, wherein Y³¹ is a C₁-C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, fluorinated phenylene group, trifluoromethyl-substituted phenylene group, or C₇-C₂₀ group obtained by combining the foregoing, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxy moiety. The asterisk (*) is a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone and the double asterisk (**) is a point of attachment to the oxygen atom in the formula. Y⁴ is a single bond or a C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbylene group which may contain a heteroatom. The subscripts g1 and g2 are each independently 0 or 1. When Y⁴ is a single bond, g1 and g2 are 0.

0103In formulae (B6) and (B10), Xa^- is a non-nucleophilic counter ion, examples of which include those described in <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="JP2010113209A"><text>JP-A 2010-113209</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="JP2007145797A"><text>JP-A 2007-145797</text></patcit>.

0104In formulae (B7) and (B11) wherein Y² is -Y²¹-C(=O)-O-, Y²¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbylene group which may contain a heteroatom, examples of which are shown below, but not limited thereto. <chemistry id="chem0414" num="0414"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0414.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0415" num="0415"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0415.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0416" num="0416"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0416.tif" /></chemistry>

0105In formulae (B7) and (B11), R^HF is hydrogen or trifluoromethyl. Examples of the repeat units B7 and B11 wherein R^HF is hydrogen include those described in <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="JP2010116550A"><text>JP-A 2010-116550</text></patcit>. Examples of the repeat units B7 and B11 wherein R^HF is trifluoromethyl include those described in <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="JP2010077404A"><text>JP-A 2010-077404</text></patcit>. Examples of the repeat units B8 and B12 include those described in <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="JP2012246265A"><text>JP-A 2012-246265</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="JP2012246426A"><text>JP-A 2012-246426</text></patcit>.

0106Preferred examples of the anion in the monomers from which repeat units B9 and B 13 are derived are shown below, but not limited thereto. <chemistry id="chem0417" num="0417"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0417.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0418" num="0418"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0418.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0419" num="0419"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0419.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0420" num="0420"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0420.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0421" num="0421"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0421.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0422" num="0422"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0422.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0423" num="0423"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0423.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0424" num="0424"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0424.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0425" num="0425"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0425.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0426" num="0426"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0426.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0427" num="0427"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0427.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0428" num="0428"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0428.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0429" num="0429"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0429.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0430" num="0430"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0430.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0431" num="0431"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0431.tif" /></chemistry>

0107In formulae (B6) to (B13), R³¹ to R⁴⁸ are each independently halogen or a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom. The hydrocarbyl group may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic. Examples of the halogen and hydrocarbyl group are as exemplified above for the halogen and hydrocarbyl groups represented by R^c1 to R^c9 in formulae (cation-1) to (cation-3). In the hydrocarbyl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or halogen, and some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, so that the group may contain a hydroxy moiety, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano moiety, nitro moiety, carbonyl moiety, ether bond, ester bond, sulfonic ester bond, carbonate bond, lactone ring, sultone ring, carboxylic anhydride (-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-) or haloalkyl moiety.

0108A pair of R³¹ and R³² may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. Also, R³³ and R³⁴, R³⁶ and R³⁷, or R³⁹ and R⁴⁰ may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. Examples of the ring are as exemplified for the ring that R^c1 and R^c2 in formula (cation-1), taken together, form with the sulfur atom to which they are attached.

0109Examples of the sulfonium cation in repeat units B7 to B9 are as exemplified for the sulfonium cation having formula (cation-1). Examples of the iodonium cation in repeat units B11 to B13 are as exemplified for the iodonium cation having formula (cation-2).

0110The repeat units B6 to B13 are capable of generating an acid upon receipt of high-energy radiation. The binding of these units into a polymer enables appropriate control of acid diffusion and formation of a pattern with reduced LER and improved CDU. Since the acidgenerating unit is bound to a polymer, the phenomenon that acid volatilizes from the exposed region and re-deposits on the unexposed region during bake in vacuum is suppressed. This is effective for improving LER and CDU and for suppressing unwanted deprotection reaction in the unexposed region for thereby reducing pattern defects.

0111When the polymer contains repeat units B6 to B13, their content is preferably 0.5 to 30 mol% based on the overall repeat units of the polymer. Each of repeat units B6 to B13 may be of one type or a combination of plural types.

0112The base polymer (B) may be a mixture of a polymer comprising repeat units B1 and repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units B6 to B13, and a polymer comprising repeat units B 1, but free of repeat units B6 to B13. In the mixture, the content of the polymer free of repeat units B6 to B13 is preferably 2 to 5,000 parts by weight, more preferably 10 to 1,000 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polymer containing repeat units B6 to B13.

0113The polymer may further comprise (meth)acrylate units protected with an acid labile group or (meth)acrylate units having an adhesive group such as lactone structure or hydroxy group other than phenolic hydroxy as commonly used in the art. These repeat units are effective for fine adjustment of properties of a resist film, but not essential.

0114Examples of the (meth)acrylate unit having an adhesive group include repeat units having the following formulae (B14) to (B16), which are also referred to as repeat units B14 to B16. While these units do not exhibit acidity, they may be used as auxiliary units for providing adhesion to substrates or adjusting solubility. <chemistry id="chem0432" num="0432"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0432.tif" /></chemistry>

0115In formulae (B14) to (B16), R^A is each independently hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl. R⁵¹ is -O- or methylene. R⁵² is hydrogen or hydroxy. R⁵³ is a C₁-C₄ saturated hydrocarbyl group, and k is an integer of 0 to 3.

0116When repeat units B14 to B16 are included, their content is preferably 0 to 30 mol%, more preferably 0 to 20 mol% based on the overall repeat units of the polymer. Each of repeat units B14 to B16 may be of one type or a combination of plural types.

0117The polymer may be synthesized by combining suitable monomers optionally protected with a protective group, copolymerizing them in the standard way, and effecting deprotection reaction if necessary. The copolymerization reaction is preferably radical or anionic polymerization though not limited thereto. For the polymerization reaction, reference may be made to <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="JP2004115630A"><text>JP-A 2004-115630</text></patcit>, for example.

0118The polymer should preferably have a Mw of 1,000 to 50,000, and more preferably 2,000 to 20,000. A Mw of at least 1,000 eliminates the risk that pattern features are rounded at their top, inviting degradations of resolution, LER and CDU. A Mw of up to 50,000 eliminates the risk that LER and CDU are degraded when a pattern with a line width of up to 100 nm is formed. As used herein, Mw is measured by GPC versus polystyrene standards using tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent.

0119The polymer preferably has a narrow molecular weight distribution or dispersity (Mw/Mn) of 1.0 to 2.0, more preferably 1.0 to 1.8. A polymer with such a narrow dispersity eliminates the risk that foreign particles are left on the pattern after development and the pattern profile is aggravated.

(C) Photoacid generator

0120The chemically amplified positive resist composition may further comprise a photoacid generator (PAG). The PAG used herein may be any compound capable of generating an acid upon exposure to high-energy radiation. Suitable PAGs include sulfonium salts, iodonium salts, sulfonyldiazomethane, N-sulfonyloxyimide, and oxime-O-sulfonate acid generators.

0121Suitable PAGs include nonafluorobutane sulfonate, partially fluorinated sulfonates described in <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="JP2012189977A"><text>JP-A 2012-189977</text></patcit>, paragraphs [0247]-[0251], partially fluorinated sulfonates described in <patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="JP2013101271A"><text>JP-A 2013-101271</text></patcit>, paragraphs [0261]-[0265], and those described in <patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="JP2008111103A"><text>JP-A 2008-111103</text></patcit>, paragraphs [0122]-[0142] and <patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="JP2010215608A"><text>JP-A 2010-215608</text></patcit>, paragraphs [0080]-[0081]. Among others, arylsulfonate and alkanesulfonate type PAGs are preferred because they generate acids having an appropriate strength to deprotect the acid labile group in repeat unit B2.

0122In order to obtain the effect of improving LER and CDU when the PAG is combined with the quencher (A), the PAG generates an acid having a pKa value of preferably -3.0 or larger, more preferably -3.0 to 2.0, even more preferably -2.0 to 1.5.

0123The preferred PAGs are salt compounds having a sulfonium anion of the structure shown below. <chemistry id="chem0433" num="0433"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0433.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0434" num="0434"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0434.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0435" num="0435"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0435.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0436" num="0436"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0436.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0437" num="0437"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0437.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0438" num="0438"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0438.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0439" num="0439"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0439.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0440" num="0440"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0440.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0441" num="0441"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0441.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0442" num="0442"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0442.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0443" num="0443"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0443.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0444" num="0444"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0444.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0445" num="0445"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0445.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0446" num="0446"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0446.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0447" num="0447"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0447.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0448" num="0448"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0448.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0449" num="0449"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0449.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0450" num="0450"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0450.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0451" num="0451"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0451.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0452" num="0452"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0452.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0453" num="0453"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0453.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0454" num="0454"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0454.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0455" num="0455"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0455.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0456" num="0456"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0456.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0457" num="0457"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0457.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0458" num="0458"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0458.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0459" num="0459"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0459.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0460" num="0460"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0460.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0461" num="0461"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0461.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0462" num="0462"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0462.tif" /></chemistry>

0124Preferred examples of the cation that pairs with the anion include examples of the sulfonium cation having formula (cation-1) and examples of the iodonium cation having formula (cation-2).

0125When the resist composition contains the PAG (C), the amount of the PAG (C) used is preferably 1 to 30 parts, more preferably 2 to 20 parts by weight per 80 parts by weight of the base polymer (B). The PAG (C) may be omitted when the base polymer contains repeat units B6 to B13, that is, in case of polymer-bound acid generator. The PAG may be used alone or in admixture.

0126When the chemically amplified positive resist composition contains both the quencher (A) and the PAG (C), the weight ratio (C)/(A) of the PAG to the quencher is preferably less than 6/1, more preferably less than 511, even more preferably less than 4/1. As long as the weight ratio of the PAG to the quencher is in the range, the resist composition is able to fully suppress acid diffusion, leading to improved resolution and dimensional uniformity.

(D) Fluorinated polymer

0127The chemically amplified positive resist composition may further comprise a fluorinated polymer for the purposes of enhancing contrast, preventing chemical flare of acid upon exposure to high-energy radiation, preventing mixing of acid from an anti-charging film in the step of coating an anti-charging film-forming material on a resist film, and suppressing unexpected unnecessary pattern degradation. The fluorinated polymer contains repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formula (D1), repeat units having the formula (D2), repeat units having the formula (D3), and repeat units having the formula (D4), and may contain repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formula (D5) and repeat units having the formula (D6). It is noted that repeat units having formulae (D1), (D2), (D3), (D4), (D5), and (D6) are also referred to as repeat units D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, and D6, respectively, hereinafter. Since the fluorinated polymer also has a surface active function, it can prevent insoluble residues from re-depositing onto the substrate during the development step and is thus effective for preventing development defects. <chemistry id="chem0463" num="0463"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0463.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0464" num="0464"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0464.tif" /></chemistry>

0128In formulae (D1) to (D6), x is an integer of 1 to 3, y is an integer satisfying: 0 ≤ y ≤ 5+2z-x, z is 0 or 1, and h is an integer of 1 to 3. R^C is each independently hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl. R^D is each independently hydrogen or methyl. R¹⁰¹, R¹⁰², R¹⁰⁴ and R¹⁰⁵ are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group. R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷ and R¹⁰⁸ are each independently hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbyl group or fluorinated hydrocarbyl group, or an acid labile group, with the proviso that an ether bond or carbonyl moiety may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond in the hydrocarbyl groups or fluorinated hydrocarbyl groups represented by R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷ and R¹⁰⁸. R¹⁰⁹ is hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ straight or branched hydrocarbyl group in which a heteroatom-containing moiety may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond. R¹¹⁰ is a C₁-C₅ straight or branched hydrocarbyl group in which a heteroatom-containing moiety may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond. R¹¹¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group in which at least one hydrogen is substituted by fluorine and some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by an ester bond or ether bond. Z¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ (h+1)-valent hydrocarbon group or C₁-C₂₀ (h+1)-valent fluorinated hydrocarbon group. Z² is a single bond, *-C(=O)-O- or *-C(=O)-NH- wherein * designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone. Z³ is a single bond, -O-, *-C(=O)-O-Z³¹-Z³²- or *-C(=O)-NH-Z³¹-Z³²-, wherein Z³¹ is a single bond or a C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group, Z³² is a single bond, ester bond, ether bond or sulfonamide bond, and * designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone.

0129In formulae (D1) and (D2), the C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group represented by R¹⁰¹, R¹⁰², R¹⁰⁴ and R¹⁰⁵ may be straight, branched or cyclic and examples thereof include C₁-C₁₀ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl, and C₃-C₁₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, and norbornyl. Inter alia, C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyl groups are preferred.

0130In formulae (D1) to (D4), the C₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbyl group represented by R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷ and R¹⁰⁸ may be straight, branched or cyclic and examples thereof include C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl and C₂-C₁₅ alkynyl groups, with the alkyl groups being preferred. Suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl and n-pentadecyl. The fluorinated hydrocarbyl groups correspond to the foregoing hydrocarbyl groups in which some or all carbon-bonded hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atoms.

0131In formula (D4), examples of the C₁-C₂₀ (h+1)-valent hydrocarbon group Z¹ include the foregoing C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groups and C₃-C₂₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl groups, with h number of hydrogen atoms being eliminated. Examples of the C₁-C₂₀ (h+1)-valent fluorinated hydrocarbon group Z¹ include the foregoing (h+1)-valent hydrocarbon groups in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by fluorine.

0132Examples of the repeat units D1 to D4 are given below, but not limited thereto. Herein R^C is as defined above. <chemistry id="chem0465" num="0465"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0465.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0466" num="0466"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0466.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0467" num="0467"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0467.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0468" num="0468"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0468.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0469" num="0469"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0469.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0470" num="0470"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0470.tif" /></chemistry>

0133In formula (D5), examples of the C₁-C₅ hydrocarbyl groups R¹⁰⁹ and R¹¹⁰ include alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, with the alkyl groups being preferred. Suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and n-pentyl. In these groups, a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond.

0134In formula (D5), -OR¹⁰⁹ is preferably a hydrophilic group. In this case, R¹⁰⁹ is preferably hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ alkyl group in which oxygen intervenes in a carbon-carbon bond.

0135In formula (D5), Z² is preferably *-C(=O)-O- or *-C(=O)-NH-. Also preferably R^D is methyl. The inclusion of carbonyl in Z² enhances the ability to trap the acid originating from the anti-charging film. A polymer wherein R^D is methyl is a robust polymer having a high glass transition temperature (Tg) which is effective for suppressing acid diffusion. As a result, the resist film is improved in stability with time, and neither resolution nor pattern profile is degraded.

0136Examples of the repeat unit D5 are given below, but not limited thereto. Herein R^D is as defined above. <chemistry id="chem0471" num="0471"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0471.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0472" num="0472"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0472.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0473" num="0473"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0473.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0474" num="0474"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0474.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0475" num="0475"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0475.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0476" num="0476"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0476.tif" /></chemistry>

0137In formula (D6), the C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group Z³ may be straight, branched or cyclic and examples thereof include methanediyl, ethane-1,1-diyl, ethane-1,2-diyl, propane-1,1-diyl, propane-1,2-diyl, propane-1,3-diyl, propane-2,2-diyl, butane-1,1-diyl, butane-1,2-diyl, butane-1,3-diyl, butane-2,3-diyl, butane-1,4-diyl, and 1,1-dimethylethane-1,2-diyl.

0138The C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group having at least one hydrogen substituted by fluorine, represented by R¹¹¹, may be straight, branched or cyclic and examples thereof include C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groups and C₃-C₂₀ cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl groups in which at least one hydrogen is substituted by fluorine.

0139Examples of the repeat unit D6 are given below, but not limited thereto. Herein R^D is as defined above. <chemistry id="chem0477" num="0477"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0477.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0478" num="0478"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0478.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0479" num="0479"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0479.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0480" num="0480"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0480.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0481" num="0481"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0481.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0482" num="0482"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0482.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0483" num="0483"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0483.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0484" num="0484"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0484.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0485" num="0485"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0485.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0486" num="0486"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0486.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0487" num="0487"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0487.tif" /></chemistry>

0140The content of repeat units D1 to D4 is preferably 15 to 95 mol%, more preferably 20 to 85 mol% based on the overall repeat units of the fluorinated polymer. The content of repeat unit D5 and/or D6 is preferably 5 to 85 mol%, more preferably 15 to 80 mol% based on the overall repeat units of the fluorinated polymer. Each of repeat units D1 to D6 may be used alone or in admixture.

0141The fluorinated polymer may comprise additional repeat units as well as the repeat units D1 to D6. Suitable additional repeat units include those described in <patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="US9091918B"><text>USP 9,091,918</text></patcit> (<patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="JP2014177407A"><text>JP-A 2014-177407</text></patcit>, paragraphs [0046]-[0078]). When the fluorinated polymer comprises additional repeat units, their content is preferably up to 50 mol% based on the overall repeat units.

0142The fluorinated polymer may be synthesized by combining suitable monomers optionally protected with a protective group, copolymerizing them in the standard way, and effecting deprotection reaction if necessary. The copolymerization reaction is preferably radical or anionic polymerization though not limited thereto. For the polymerization reaction, reference may be made to <patcit id="pcit0028" dnum="JP2004115630A"><text>JP-A 2004-115630</text></patcit>.

0143The fluorinated polymer should preferably have a Mw of 2,000 to 50,000, and more preferably 3,000 to 20,000. A fluorinated polymer with a Mw of less than 2,000 may help acid diffusion, degrading resolution and detracting from age stability. A polymer with too high Mw may have a reduced solubility in solvent, with a risk of leaving coating defects. The fluorinated polymer preferably has a dispersity (Mw/Mn) of 1.0 to 2.2, more preferably 1.0 to 1.7.

0144In the resist composition, the fluorinated polymer (D) is preferably used in an amount of 0.01 to 30 parts by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, even more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight per 80 parts by weight of the base polymer (B). The fluorinated polymer may be used alone or in admixture.

(E) Organic solvent

0145The chemically amplified positive resist composition may further comprise an organic solvent as component (E). The organic solvent used herein is not particularly limited as long as the components are soluble therein. Examples of the organic solvent are described in <patcit id="pcit0029" dnum="JP2008111103A"><text>JP-A 2008-111103</text></patcit>, paragraphs [0144] to [0145] (<patcit id="pcit0030" dnum="US7537880B"><text>USP 7,537,880</text></patcit>). Specifically, exemplary solvents include ketones such as cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, methyl-2-n-pentyl ketone and 2-heptanone; alcohols such as 3-methoxybutanol, 3-methyl-3-methoxybutanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-ethoxy-2-propanol, and diacetone alcohol; ethers such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether; esters such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethyl lactate (EL), ethyl pyruvate, butyl acetate, methyl 3-methoxypropionate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, t-butyl acetate, t-butyl propionate, and propylene glycol mono-t-butyl ether acetate; and lactones such as γ-butyrolactone (GBL), and mixtures thereof. Where an acid labile group of acetal form is used, a high boiling alcohol solvent such as diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol or 1,3-butanediol may be added to accelerate deprotection reaction of acetal.

0146Of the above organic solvents, it is recommended to use 1-ethoxy-2-propanol, PGMEA, PGME, cyclohexanone, EL, GBL, and mixtures thereof.

0147In the positive resist composition, the organic solvent (E) is preferably used in an amount of 200 to 10,000 parts, more preferably 400 to 5,000 parts by weight per 80 parts by weight of the base polymer (B). The organic solvent may be used alone or in admixture.

(F) Basic compound

0148In the positive resist composition, (F) a basic compound may be added as the quencher other than component (A) for the purpose of correcting a pattern profile or the like. The basic compound is effective for controlling acid diffusion. Even when the resist film is applied to a substrate having an outermost surface layer made of a material containing chromium, tantalum or silicon, the basic compound is effective for minimizing the influence of the acid generated in the resist film on the substrate.

0149Numerous basic compounds are known useful including primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic amines, mixed amines, aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, nitrogen-containing compounds with carboxy group, nitrogen-containing compounds with sulfonyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds with hydroxy group, nitrogen-containing compounds with hydroxyphenyl group, alcoholic nitrogen-containing compounds, amide derivatives, imide derivatives, carbamate derivatives, and ammonium salts. Examples are described in Patent Document 9, for example, and any such compounds are useful. Of the foregoing basic compounds, preferred are tris[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]amine, tris[2-(methoxymethoxy)ethyl]amine-N-oxide, dibutylaminobenzoic acid, morpholine derivatives and imidazole derivatives.

0150In the positive resist composition, the basic compound (F) is preferably added in an amount of 0 to 10 parts, and more preferably 0 to 5 parts by weight per 80 parts by weight of the base polymer (B). The basic compounds may be used alone or in admixture.

(G) Surfactant

0151The positive resist composition may contain any conventional surfactants for facilitating to coat the composition to the substrate. A number of surfactants are known in the art as described in <patcit id="pcit0031" dnum="JP2004115630A"><text>JP-A 2004-115630</text></patcit>, and any suitable one may be chosen therefrom. The amount of the surfactant (F) added is preferably 0 to 5 parts by weight per 80 parts by weight of the base polymer (B). The surfactant may be used alone or in admixture.

Process

0152Another embodiment of the invention is a resist pattern forming process comprising the steps of applying the chemically amplified positive resist composition defined above onto a substrate to form a resist film thereon, exposing the resist film patternwise to high-energy radiation, and developing the exposed resist film in an alkaline developer to form a resist pattern.

0153The substrate used herein may be selected from, for example, substrates for IC fabrication, e.g., Si, SiO, SiO₂, SiN, SiON, TiN, WSi, BPSG, SOG, and organic antireflective coating, and substrates for mask circuit fabrication, e.g., Cr, CrO, CrON, MoSi₂, Si, SiO, SiO₂, SiON, SiONC, CoTa, NiTa, TaBN, and SnO₂.

0154First the resist composition is applied onto a substrate by a suitable coating technique such as spin coating. The coating is prebaked on a hotplate preferably at a temperature of 60 to 150°C for 1 to 20 minutes, more preferably at 80 to 140°C for 1 to 10 minutes to form a resist film of 0.03 to 2 µm thick.

0155Then the resist film is exposed patternwise to high-energy radiation such as UV, deep-UV, excimer laser (KrF, ArF), EUV, x-ray, γ-ray, synchrotron radiation or EB. The resist composition of the invention is especially effective in the EUV or EB lithography.

0156On use of UV, deep-UV, EUV, excimer laser, x-ray, γ-ray or synchrotron radiation as the high-energy radiation, the resist film is exposed through a mask having a desired pattern, preferably in a dose of 1 to 500 mJ/cm², more preferably 10 to 400 mJ/cm². On use of EB, a pattern may be written directly in a dose of preferably 1 to 500 µC/cm², more preferably 10 to 400 µC/cm².

0157The exposure may be performed by conventional lithography whereas the immersion lithography of holding a liquid, typically water between the mask and the resist film may be employed if desired. In the immersion lithography, a protective film which is insoluble in water may be used.

0158The resist film is then baked (PEB) on a hotplate preferably at 60 to 150°C for 1 to 20 minutes, more preferably at 80 to 140°C for 1 to 10 minutes.

0159Thereafter, the resist film is developed with a developer in the form of an aqueous base solution, for example, 0.1 to 5 wt%, preferably 2 to 3 wt% aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) preferably for 0.1 to 3 minutes, more preferably 0.5 to 2 minutes by conventional techniques such as dip, puddle and spray techniques. In this way, a desired resist pattern is formed on the substrate.

0160From the positive resist composition, a pattern with a high resolution and reduced LER can be formed. The resist composition is effectively applicable to a substrate, specifically a substrate having a surface layer of material to which a resist film is less adherent and which is likely to invite pattern stripping or pattern collapse, and particularly a substrate having sputter deposited on its outermost surface metallic chromium or a chromium compound containing at least one light element selected from oxygen, nitrogen and carbon or a substrate having an outermost surface layer of SiO, SiO_x, or a tantalum compound, molybdenum compound, cobalt compound, nickel compound, tungsten compound or tin compound. The substrate to which the positive resist composition is applied is most typically a photomask blank which may be either of transmission or reflection type.

0161The mask blank of transmission type is typically a photomask blank having a light-shielding film of chromium-based material. It may be either a photomask blank for binary masks or a photomask blank for phase shift masks. In the case of the binary mask-forming photomask blank, the light-shielding film may include an antireflection layer of chromium-based material and a light-shielding layer. In one example, the antireflection layer on the surface layer side is entirely composed of a chromium-based material. In an alternative example, only a surface side portion of the antireflection layer on the surface layer side is composed of a chromium-based material and the remaining portion is composed of a silicon compound-based material which may contain a transition metal. In the case of the phase shift mask-forming photomask blank, it may include a phase shift film and a chromium-based light-shielding film thereon.

0162Photomask blanks having an outermost layer of chromium base material are well known as described in <patcit id="pcit0032" dnum="JP2008026500A"><text>JP-A 2008-026500</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0033" dnum="JP2007302873A"><text>JP-A 2007-302873</text></patcit> and the references cited therein. Although the detail description is omitted herein, the following layer construction may be employed when a light-shielding film including an antireflective layer and a light-shielding layer is composed of chromium base materials.

0163In the example where a light-shielding film including an antireflective layer and a light-shielding layer is composed of chromium base materials, layers may be stacked in the order of an antireflective layer and a light-shielding layer from the outer surface side, or layers may be stacked in the order of an antireflective layer, a light-shielding layer, and an antireflective layer from the outer surface side. Each of the antireflective layer and the light-shielding layer may be composed of multiple sub-layers. When the sub-layers have different compositions, the composition may be graded discontinuously or continuously from sub-layer to sub-layer. The chromium base material used herein may be metallic chromium or a material consisting of metallic chromium and a light element such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon. Examples used herein include metallic chromium, chromium oxide, chromium nitride, chromium carbide, chromium oxynitride, chromium oxycarbide, chromium nitride carbide, and chromium oxide nitride carbide.

0164The mask blank of reflection type includes a substrate, a multilayer reflective film formed on one major surface (front surface) of the substrate, for example, a multilayer reflective film of reflecting exposure radiation such as EUV radiation, and an absorber film formed on the multilayer reflective film, for example, an absorber film of absorbing exposure radiation such as EUV radiation to reduce reflectivity. From the reflection type mask blank (reflection type mask blank for EUV lithography), a reflection type mask (reflection type mask for EUV lithography) having an absorber pattern (patterned absorber film) formed by patterning the absorber film is produced. The EUV radiation used in the EUV lithography has a wavelength of 13 to 14 nm, typically about 13.5 nm.

0165The multilayer reflective film is preferably formed contiguous to one major surface of a substrate. An underlay film may be disposed between the substrate and the multilayer reflective film as long as the benefits of the invention are not lost. The absorber film may be formed contiguous to the multilayer reflective film while a protective film (protective film for the multilayer reflective film) may be disposed between the multilayer reflective film and the absorber film, preferably contiguous to the multilayer reflective film, more preferably contiguous to the multilayer reflective film and the absorber film. The protective film is used for protecting the multilayer reflective film in a cleaning, tailoring or otherwise processing step. Also preferably, the protective film has an additional function of protecting the multilayer reflective film or preventing the multilayer reflective film from oxidation during the step of patterning the absorber film by etching. Besides, an electroconductive film, which is used for electrostatic chucking of the reflection type mask to an exposure tool, may be disposed below the other major surface (back side surface) which is opposed to the one major surface of the substrate, preferably contiguous to the other major surface. It is provided herein that a substrate has one major surface which is a front or upper side surface and another major surface which is a back or lower side surface. The terms "front and back" sides or "upper and lower" sides are used for the sake of convenience. One or another major surface may be either of the two major surfaces (film-bearing surfaces) of a substrate, and in this sense, front and back or upper and lower are exchangeable. Specifically, the multilayer reflective film may be formed by any of the methods of <patcit id="pcit0034" dnum="JP2021139970A"><text>JP-A 2021-139970</text></patcit> and the references cited therein.

0166Even on a substrate (typically mask blank) whose outermost surface is made of a material tending to affect resist pattern profile such as a chromium or silicon-containing material, the resist pattern forming process is successful in forming patterns having a high resolution, reduced LER, fidelity and improved dose margin because the resist composition is effective for controlling acid diffusion at the substrate interface.

EXAMPLES

0167Examples of the invention are given below by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. The abbreviation "pbw" is parts by weight. For copolymers, the compositional ratio is a molar ratio and Mw is determined by GPC versus polystyrene standards using THF or DMF solvent.

[1] Preparation of chemically amplified positive resist compositions

Examples 1-1 to 1-40 and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-8

0168Chemically amplified positive resist compositions (R-1 to R-40, CR-1 to CR-8) were prepared by dissolving selected components in an organic solvent in accordance with the formulation shown in Tables 1 to 3, and filtering the solution through a UPE filter and/or nylon filter with a pore size of 10 nm, 5 nm, 3 nm or 1 nm. The organic solvent was a mixture of 900 pbw of PGMEA, 1,800 pbw of EL, and 1,800 pbw of PGME. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0488.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0489.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0490.tif" /></tables>

0169In Tables 1 to 3, quenchers Q-1 to Q-8, comparative quenchers cQ-1 to cQ-3, polymers A-1 to A-14, polymers P-1 to P-5, acid generators PAG-A to PAG-D, and fluorinated polymers FP-1 to FP-5 are identified below. <chemistry id="chem0488" num="0488"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0491.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0489" num="0489"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0492.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0490" num="0490"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0493.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0491" num="0491"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0494.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0492" num="0492"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0495.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0493" num="0493"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0496.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0494" num="0494"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0497.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0495" num="0495"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0498.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0496" num="0496"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0499.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0497" num="0497"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0500.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0498" num="0498"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0501.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0499" num="0499"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0502.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0500" num="0500"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0503.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0501" num="0501"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0504.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0502" num="0502"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0505.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0503" num="0503"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0506.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0504" num="0504"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0507.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0505" num="0505"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0508.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0506" num="0506"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0509.tif" /></chemistry>

[2] EB lithography test

Examples 2-1 to 2-40 and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-8

0170Using a coater/developer system ACT-M (Tokyo Electron Ltd.), each of the positive resist compositions (R-1 to R-40 and CR-1 to CR-8) was spin coated onto a mask blank of 152 mm squares having the outermost surface in the form of a silicon oxide film, which had been vapor primed with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and prebaked on a hotplate at 110°C for 600 seconds to form a resist film of 80 nm thick. The thickness of the resist film was measured by an optical film thickness measurement system Nanospec (Nanometrics Inc.). Measurement was made at 81 points in the plane of the blank substrate excluding a peripheral band extending 10 mm inward from the blank periphery, and an average film thickness and a film thickness range were computed therefrom.

0171The resist film was exposed to EB using an EB writer system EBM-5000Plus (NuFlare Technology Inc., accelerating voltage 50 kV), then baked (PEB) at 120°C for 600 seconds, and developed in a 2.38 wt% TMAH aqueous solution, thereby yielding a positive pattern.

0172The resist pattern was evaluated as follows. The patterned mask blank was observed under a top-down scanning electron microscope (TDSEM). The optimum dose (Eop) was defined as the exposure dose (µC/cm²) which provided a 1:1 resolution at the top and bottom of a 200-nm 1:1 line-and-space (LS) pattern. The resolution (or maximum resolution) was defined as the minimum line width of a LS pattern that could be resolved at the optimum dose. The 200-nm LS pattern printed by exposure at the optimum dose (Eop) was observed under SEM. For each of the edges of 32 lines of the LS pattern, edge detection was carried out at 80 points, from which a 3-fold value (3σ) of the standard deviation (σ) or variation was determined and reported as LER (nm). A change of CD per µC relative to the exposure dose providing 1:1 resolution was determined from the dose curve. The results are shown in Tables 4 to 6. <tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0510.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0005" num="0005"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0511.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0006" num="0006"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0512.tif" /></tables>

0173All the chemically amplified positive resist compositions (R-1 to R-40) within the scope of the invention show satisfactory resolution and acceptable values of LER and dose margin because the onium salt having formula (A1) exerts an acid diffusion-suppressing effect, as compared with the comparative resist compositions (CR-1 to CR-8).

0174Using the chemically amplified positive resist composition within the scope of the invention, a resist pattern having a very high resolution, reduced LER and improved dose margin can be formed. The resist pattern forming process using the positive resist composition is useful in photolithography for the fabrication of semiconductor devices and the processing of photomask blanks of transmission or reflection type.

0175The invention can be illustrated by the following items: <ol id="ol0002"><li>1. A chemically amplified positive resist composition comprising (A) a quencher in the form of an onium salt having the formula (A1) and (B) a base polymer containing a polymer which is decomposed under the action of acid to increase its solubility in alkaline developer, the polymer comprising repeat units having the formula (B1), <chemistry id="chem0507" num="0507"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0513.tif" /></chemistry><ul id="ul0013" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>wherein X is a single bond, -O- or -S-, <ul id="ul0014" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group in which some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O- or -C(=O)-, R¹ and R² may bond together to form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached,</li><li>R³ is hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group when X is a single bond or -S-, and hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group other than an acid labile group, or an acid labile group when X is -O-, some or all of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbyl group may be substituted by halogen, some constituent -CH₂- in the hydrocarbyl group may be replaced by -O- or - C(=O)-, R¹ and R³ may bond together to form a ring with the atoms to which they are attached and intervenient atoms, with the proviso that the number of carbon atoms in R¹ to R³ is up to 10 when R³ is other than the acid labile group, and</li><li>Z⁺ is an onium cation, <chemistry id="chem0508" num="0508"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0514.tif" /></chemistry></li></ul></li><li>wherein a1 is 0 or 1, a2 is an integer of 0 to 2, a3 is an integer satisfying 0 ≤ a3 ≤ 5+2(a2)-a4, a4 is an integer of 1 to 3, <ul id="ul0015" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R¹¹ is halogen, an optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, or optionally halogenated C₂-C₈ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group, and</li><li>A¹ is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group in which some constituent - CH₂- may be replaced by -O-.</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>2. The positive resist composition of item 1 wherein X is -O-.</li><li>3. The positive resist composition of item 1 or 2 wherein R³ is an acid labile group.</li><li>4. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 3 wherein the acid labile group has the formula (AL-1) or (AL-2): <chemistry id="chem0509" num="0509"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0515.tif" /></chemistry> wherein X^a is -O- or -S-, <ul id="ul0016" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently a C₁-C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group in which some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by -O- or -S-, and when the hydrocarbyl group contains an aromatic ring, some or all of the hydrogen atoms in the aromatic ring may be substituted by halogen, cyano, nitro, optionally halogenated C₁-C₄ alkyl group or optionally halogenated C₁-C₄ alkoxy group, any two of R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ may bond together to form a ring, some constituent - CH₂- in the ring may be replaced by -O- or -S-,</li><li>R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group, R⁹ is a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbyl group, some constituent -CH₂- in the hydrocarbyl group may be replaced by -O- or - S-, R⁸ and R⁹ may bond together to form a C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group with the carbon atom and X^a to which they are attached, some constituent -CH₂- in the heterocyclic group may be replaced by -O- or -S-,</li><li>n1 and n2 are each independently 0 or 1,</li><li>* designates a point of attachment to the adjacent -O-.</li></ul></li><li>5. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 4 wherein Z⁺ is an onium cation having the formula (cation-1), (cation-2) or (cation-3): <chemistry id="chem0510" num="0510"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0516.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R^c1 to R^c9 are each independently halogen or a C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom, R^c1 and R^c2 may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached.</li><li>6. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 5 wherein the polymer further comprises repeat units having the formula (B2-1): <chemistry id="chem0511" num="0511"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0517.tif" /></chemistry> wherein b1 is 0 or 1, b2 is an integer of 0 to 2, b3 is an integer satisfying 0 ≤ b3 ≤ 5+2(b2)-b4, b4 is an integer of 1 to 3, b5 is 0 or 1, <ul id="ul0017" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R¹² is halogen, an optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally halogenated C₁-C₆ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, or optionally halogenated C₂-C₈ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group,</li><li>A² is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group in which any constituent - CH₂- may be replaced by -O-,</li><li>X is an acid labile group when b4 is 1, and X is hydrogen or an acid labile group, at least one being an acid labile group, when b4 is 2 or 3.</li></ul></li><li>7. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 6 wherein the polymer further comprises repeat units having the formula (B2-2): <chemistry id="chem0512" num="0512"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0518.tif" /></chemistry> wherein c1 is an integer of 0 to 2, c2 is an integer of 0 to 2, c3 is an integer of 0 to 5, c4 is an integer of 0 to 2, <ul id="ul0018" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom, R¹³ and R¹⁴ may bond together to form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached,</li><li>R¹⁵ is each independently fluorine, C₁-C₅ fluorinated alkyl group or C₁-C₅ fluorinated alkoxy group,</li><li>R¹⁶ is each independently a C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom,</li><li>A³ is a single bond, phenylene group, naphthylene group, or *-C(=O)-O-A³¹-, A³¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group which may contain hydroxy, ether bond, ester bond or lactone ring, or a phenylene or naphthylene group, and</li><li>* designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone.</li></ul></li><li>8. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 7 wherein the polymer further comprises repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formula (B3), repeat units having the formula (B4), and repeat units having the formula (B5): <chemistry id="chem0513" num="0513"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0519.tif" /></chemistry> wherein d and e are each independently an integer of 0 to 4, f1 is 0 or 1, f2 is an integer of 0 to 2, and f3 is an integer of 0 to 5, <ul id="ul0019" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^A is hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R²¹ and R²² are each independently hydroxy, halogen, an optionally halogenated C₁-C₈ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally halogenated C₁-C₈ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, or optionally halogenated C₂-C₈ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group,</li><li>R²³ is a C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group, C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, C₂-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group, C₂-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl group, C₂-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylthiohydrocarbyl group, halogen, nitro group, cyano group, C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylsulfinyl group, or C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbylsulfonyl group, and</li><li>A⁴ is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group in which any constituent - CH₂- may be replaced by -O-.</li></ul></li><li>9. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 8 wherein the polymer further comprises repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formulae (B6) to (B 13): <chemistry id="chem0514" num="0514"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0520.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0515" num="0515"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0521.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R^B is each independently hydrogen or methyl, <ul id="ul0020" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Y¹ is a single bond, a C₁-C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, naphthylene group or C₇-C₁₈ group obtained by combining the foregoing, *-O-Y¹¹-, *-C(=O)-O-Y¹¹-, or *-C(=O)-NH-Y¹¹-, Y¹¹ is a C₁-C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, naphthylene group or C₇-C₁₈ group obtained by combining the foregoing, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxy moiety,</li><li>Y² is a single bond or **-Y²¹-C(=O)-O-, Y²¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbylene group which may contain a heteroatom,</li><li>Y³ is a single bond, methylene, ethylene, phenylene, fluorinated phenylene, trifluoromethyl-substituted phenylene, *-O-Y³¹-, *-C(=O)-O-Y³¹-, or *-C(=O)-NH-Y³¹-, Y³¹ is a C₁-C₆ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, fluorinated phenylene group, trifluoromethyl-substituted phenylene group, or C₇-C₂₀ group obtained by combining the foregoing, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxy moiety,</li><li>* designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone, ** designates a point of attachment to the oxygen atom in the formula,</li><li>Y⁴ is a single bond or C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbylene group which may contain a heteroatom,</li><li>g1 and g2 are each independently 0 or 1, g1 and g2 are 0 when Y⁴ is a single bond,</li><li>R³¹ to R⁴⁸ are each independently halogen or a C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbyl group which may contain a heteroatom, R³¹ and R³² may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached, R³³ and R³⁴, R³⁶ and R³⁷, or R³⁹ and R⁴⁰ may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached,</li><li>R¹¹¹ is hydrogen or trifluoromethyl, and</li><li>Xa^- is a non-nucleophilic counter ion.</li></ul></li><li>10. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 9 wherein repeat units having an aromatic ring structure account for at least 60 mol% of the overall repeat units of the polymer in the base polymer.</li><li>11. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 10, further comprising (C) a photoacid generator.</li><li>12. The positive resist composition of item 11 wherein the photoacid generator has an anion having an acid strength (pKa) of -3.0 or larger.</li><li>13. The positive resist composition of item 11 or 12 wherein the photoacid generator (C) and the quencher (A) are present in a weight ratio of less than 6/1.</li><li>14. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 13, further comprising (D) a fluorinated polymer comprising repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formula (D1), repeat units having the formula (D2), repeat units having the formula (D3) and repeat units having the formula (D4) and optionally repeat units of at least one type selected from repeat units having the formula (D5) and repeat units having the formula (D6): <chemistry id="chem0516" num="0516"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0522.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0517" num="0517"><img file="EP4443239A2_D0523.tif" /></chemistry> wherein x is an integer of 1 to 3, y is an integer satisfying 0 ≤ y ≤ 5+2z-x, z is 0 or 1, h is an integer of 1 to 3, <ul id="ul0021" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R^C is each independently hydrogen, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl,</li><li>R^D is each independently hydrogen or methyl,</li><li>R¹⁰¹, R¹⁰², R¹⁰⁴ and R¹⁰⁵ are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group,</li><li>R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷ and R¹⁰⁸ are each independently hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbyl group, C₁-C₁₅ fluorinated hydrocarbyl group, or acid labile group, and when R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷ and R¹⁰⁸ each are a hydrocarbyl or fluorinated hydrocarbyl group, an ether bond or carbonyl moiety may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond,</li><li>R¹⁰⁹ is hydrogen or a C₁-C₅ straight or branched hydrocarbyl group in which a heteroatom-containing moiety may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond,</li><li>R¹¹⁰ is a C₁-C₅ straight or branched hydrocarbyl group in which a heteroatom-containing moiety may intervene in a carbon-carbon bond,</li><li>R¹¹¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ saturated hydrocarbyl group in which at least one hydrogen is substituted by fluorine, and in which some constituent -CH₂- may be replaced by an ester bond or ether bond,</li><li>Z¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ (h+1)-valent hydrocarbon group or C₁-C₂₀ (h+1)-valent fluorinated hydrocarbon group,</li><li>Z² is a single bond, *-C(=O)-O- or *-C(=O)-NH-, * designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone,</li><li>Z³ is a single bond, -O-, *-C(=O)=O-Z³¹-Z³²- or *-C(=O)-NH-Z³¹-Z³²-, Z³¹ is a single bond or C₁-C₁₀ saturated hydrocarbylene group, Z³² is a single bond, ester bond, ether bond, or sulfonamide bond, and * designates a point of attachment to the carbon atom in the backbone.</li></ul></li><li>15. The positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 14, further comprising (E) an organic solvent.</li><li>16. A resist pattern forming process comprising the steps of: <ul id="ul0022" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>applying the chemically amplified positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 15 onto a substrate to form a resist film thereon,</li><li>exposing the resist film patternwise to high-energy radiation, and</li><li>developing the exposed resist film in an alkaline developer.</li></ul></li><li>17. The process of item 16 wherein the high-energy radiation is EUV or EB.</li><li>18. The process of item 16 wherein the substrate has the outermost surface of a material containing at least one element selected from chromium, silicon, tantalum, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, and tin.</li><li>19. The process of item 16 or 17 wherein the substrate is a mask blank of transmission or reflection type.</li><li>20. A mask blank of transmission or reflection type which is coated with the chemically amplified positive resist composition of any one of items 1 to 15.</li></ol>