Augmented reality system for teaching patient care

<u>Cross-Reference to Related Application</u>

0001This application claims the benefit of the filing date of, and priority to, <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US62546130"><text>U.S. patent application number 62/546,130, filed August 16, 2017</text></patcit>, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

<u>Technical Field</u>

0002This disclosure is related in general to systems for teaching patient care, and, more particularly, to an augmented reality system for teaching patient care.

<u>Background</u>

0003As medical science has progressed, it has become increasingly important to provide non-human interactive formats for teaching patient care. While it is desirable to train medical personnel in patient care protocols before allowing contact with real patients, textbooks and flash cards lack the important benefits to students that can be attained from hands-on practice. On the other hand, allowing inexperienced students to perform medical procedures on actual patients that would allow for the hands-on practice cannot be considered a viable alternative because of the inherent risk to the patient. Non-human interactive devices and systems can be used to teach the skills needed to successfully identify and treat various patient conditions without putting actual patients at risk.

0004For example, patient care education has often been taught using medical instruments to perform patient care activity on a physical simulator, such as a manikin. Such training devices and systems can be used by medical personnel and medical students to teach and assess competencies such as patient care, medical knowledge, practice based learning and improvement, systems based practice, professionalism, and communication. The training devices and systems can also be used by patients to learn the proper way to perform self-examinations. "In situ" simulation in healthcare is popular because it uses a real patient simulator in a real hospital environment. As a result, students are allowed to practice and make mistakes in the same area where they may later treat real life patients in a professional manner. However, one issue with this approach is that such facilities may be jammed with real patients and caregivers thus simulation time becomes limited.

0005The internal structure, functions, and processes of existing physical simulators are not visible by the user. In addition, at least some desirable external features are not present on the physical simulator or are poorly simulated by existing simulators. To address these issues, some physical simulators incorporate physically simulated fluids and physical disposables for a variety of treatment scenarios. However, physically simulated fluids have the potential of causing the physical simulator's electronics to short-circuit. Furthermore, physical disposables have a limited life-span, and are not amenable to anatomic variability on a large scale. Thus, while existing physical simulators have been adequate in many respects, they have not been adequate in all respects. Therefore, what is needed is an augmented reality system for use in conducting patient care training sessions that is even more realistic and/or includes additional simulated features.

<u>Brief Description of the Drawings</u>

0006<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> is a diagrammatic illustration of an augmented reality system according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> is a diagrammatic illustration of a user of the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> receiving optic feedback from a first virtual anatomic model, and receiving both optic and haptic feedback from a first physical anatomic model according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> is a diagrammatic illustration is a diagrammatic illustration of a user of the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> receiving optic feedback from a second virtual anatomic model, and receiving both optic and haptic feedback from a second physical anatomic model according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> is a flow diagram of a method of operating the system of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> is a diagrammatic illustration of an augmented reality system including at least the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref> is a graphical illustration of an augmented reality module adapted to be presented on the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and/or 5 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 6B</figref> is a graphical illustration of a live mode of the augmented reality module of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 6C</figref> is another graphical illustration of the live mode of the augmented reality module of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 6D</figref> is a graphical illustration of a watch mode of the augmented reality module of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 6E</figref> is another graphical illustration of the watch mode of the augmented reality module of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 6F</figref> is a graphical illustration of a tour mode of the augmented reality module of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 6G</figref> is a graphical illustration of a setup mode of the augmented reality module of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 6H</figref> is a graphical illustration of a scan box adapted to appear upon selection of a "wireless setup" button of the setup mode of <figref idref="f0009">Figure 6G</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 6I</figref> is a graphical illustration of a QR code adapted to be scanned by the using the scan box of <figref idref="f0010">Figure 6H</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figure 6J</figref> is a graphical illustration of customized code adapted to register a virtual anatomic model with a physical anatomic model of the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and/or 5 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figure 6K</figref> is a perspective view of the customized code of <figref idref="f0011">Figure 6J</figref> attached to the physical anatomic model of the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and/or 5 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 6L</figref> is a perspective view of a virtual anatomic model registered with a physical anatomic model of the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and/or 5 using the customized code of <figref idref="f0011">Figures 6J and 6K</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0013">Figure 6M</figref> is a graphical illustration of an example question presented in a watch mode of the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and/or 5 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0013">Figure 6N</figref> is a graphical illustration of an example message presented in a watch mode of the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and/or 5 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0014">Figure 7A</figref> is a graphical illustration of a control software of the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and/or 5, the control software including an augmented reality hub according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0015">Figure 7B</figref> is a graphical illustration of a portion of the augmented reality hub of <figref idref="f0014">Figure 7A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0016">Figure 7C</figref> is a graphical illustration of a live mode of the augmented reality hub of <figref idref="f0014">Figure 7A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0017">Figure 7D</figref> is a graphical illustration of a watch mode of the augmented reality hub of <figref idref="f0014">Figure 7A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0018">Figure 7E</figref> is a graphical illustration of a tour mode of the augmented reality hub of <figref idref="f0014">Figure 7A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0019">Figure 8</figref> is a graphical illustration of a linking software of the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and/or 5 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0020">Figure 9A</figref> is a flow diagram of a method of generating a real-time holographic animation of a birthing process using the augmented reality system of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and/or 5 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0021">Figure 9B</figref> is a graphical illustration of the birthing process of <figref idref="f0020">Figure 9A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0022">Figure 9C</figref> is a graphical illustration of a portion of the method of <figref idref="f0020">Figure 9A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0023">Figure 9D</figref> is a graphical illustration of another portion of the method of <figref idref="f0020">Figure 9A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0024">Figure 9E</figref> is a graphical illustration of yet another portion of the method of <figref idref="f0020">Figure 9A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0025">Figure 10A</figref> is a diagrammatic illustration of a method of overlaying the real-time holographic animation of the birthing process generated by the method of <figref idref="f0020">Figure 9A</figref> on a real-time video feed according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0026">Figure 10B</figref> is a graphical illustration of the method of <figref idref="f0025">Figure 10A</figref> according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0027">Figure 11</figref> is a diagrammatic illustration of a computing device for implementing one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.</li></ul>

<u>Detailed Description</u>

0007For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the present disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the disclosure is intended. Any alterations and further modifications to the described devices, instruments, methods, and any further application of the principles of the present disclosure are fully contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the disclosure relates. In particular, it is fully contemplated that the features, components, and/or steps described with respect to one embodiment may be combined with the features, components, and/or steps described with respect to other embodiments of the present disclosure. For the sake of brevity, however, the numerous iterations of these combinations will not be described separately. For simplicity, in some instances the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

0008One of the aims of healthcare simulation is to establish a teaching environment that closely mimics key clinical cases in a reproducible manner. The introduction of high fidelity tetherless simulators, such as those available from Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc., over the past few years has proven to be a significant advance in creating realistic teaching environments. The present disclosure is directed to an augmented reality ("AR") system for teaching patient care that expands the functionality of the simulators by increasing the realism of the look, feel, and functionality of the simulators that can be used to train medical personnel in a variety of clinical situations. The AR system disclosed herein offers a training platform on which team-building scenarios can be performed for the development of medical treatment skills and the advancement of patient safety.

0009In particular, the AR system disclosed herein may include, or be part of, a patient simulator to provide improved realism and functionality compared to previously available simulators. Some of the various features that facilitate the improved realism and functionality are described in detail below. The AR system of the present disclosure allows users to practice a range of different scenarios.

0010Thus, the AR system facilitates the training of a user across a broad range of simulated scenarios and corresponding assessment of the user's response to the different simulated scenarios. Accordingly, the user's medical treatment skills can be obtained and/or improved in a simulated environment without endangering a live patient.

0011Moreover, the AR system allows for multiple users to simultaneously work with the patient simulator during a particular birthing and/or neonatal scenario, thereby facilitating team training and assessment in a realistic, team-based environment. By allowing multiple users to simultaneously interact with the AR system, the system facilitates the real-time training and assessment of the cooperative efforts of a team in a wide variety of scenarios, such as, by way of non-limiting example, a fire in the hospital. In some embodiments, the AR system provides for pre-operative care simulation as well as post-operative care simulation, thereby allowing users to experience, address, and assess pre-operative and post-operative management, including pre-operative acquisition of the patient history and management of post-operative complications.

0012For example, in some embodiments, the AR system allows for the realistic reception and transport of the patient simulator through a hospital (e.g., from an emergency room to an operating room) during operation of a particular scenario. In addition, the AR system can be used to conduct patient safety drills in an actual hospital or other medical setting.

0013In some embodiments, the AR system includes features designed to enhance the educational experience. For example, in some embodiments, the system includes a processing module to simulate different medical and/or surgical scenarios during operation of the AR system. In some embodiments, the system includes a camera system that allows visualization of the procedure for real-time video and log capture for debriefing purposes. In some embodiments, the AR system is provided with a workbook of medical scenarios that are pre-programmed in an interactive software package, thereby providing a platform on which team-building scenarios can be performed for the development of medical treatment skills and general patient safety. Thus, the AR system disclosed herein provides a system that is readily expandable and updatable without large expense and that enables users to learn comprehensive medical and surgical skills through "hands-on" training, without sacrificing the experience gained by users in using standard surgical instruments in a simulated patient treatment situation.

0014The present disclosure introduces AR applications wherein a virtual world, static or dynamic, is superimposed onto a real physical simulator so that when the student(s) have AR headset devices, they will see both the real simulator and the virtual overlay in a manner which will improve the rate of learning. Going a step further, augmented reality can be viewed as a series of overlays. For example, a basic environment (which could be a hospital ER for example) is recorded on an AR headset device (such as Hololens^® from Microsoft^®). Avatars may then be placed into this base environment, including people such as nurses, doctors, and significant others who may move and speak during a particular scenario. Moreover, a physical or virtual simulator may be placed in this base environment. As a result, student(s) will feel as though they have also been placed within the base environment together with with the physical or virtual simulator, and may treat the physical or virtual simulator as appropriate. The student(s)' choice of activities and their results may then be recorded to memorialize clinical competency.

0015Referring initially to <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, an AR system for teaching patient care is generally referred to by the reference numeral 10. The AR system 10 includes a physical anatomic model 12, a computing device 14, a display unit 16, and a tracking system 18. The computing device 14, the display unit 16, and the tracking system 18 are connected to a network 20 (e.g., LAN or WAN). In addition, or instead, the computing device 14, the display unit 16, and the tracking system 18 may be interconnected via another wired or wireless link. As shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, a user 22 receives optic feedback from the physical anatomic model 12 through the display unit 16, as indicated by the arrow 24. In addition, the user 22 receives haptic feedback from the physical anatomic model 12 via direct physical contact, as indicated by the arrow 26. In some embodiments, the AR system 10 further includes an instrument 28 via which the user 22 physically interacts with the physical anatomic model 12, such as, for example, motion-tracked gloves, an IV needle, an endotracheal (ET) tube, an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) monitor, a blood pressure (BP) cuff, a pulse oximeter cuff, a temporary external pacer, an automatic external defibrillator (AED), a manual defibrillator, an ultrasound wand, a stethoscope, a thermometer, a fetal distress monitor, another diagnostic or surgical instrument, or any combination thereof.

0016The display unit 16 is wearable by the user 22, and is thus also referred to herein as an AR headset device 16. In addition, or instead, the display unit 16 may be handheld or mounted in a stationary position. Accordingly, each embodiment described herein as including the AR headset device 16 is equally operable with another suitable display unit, such as a handheld display unit or a display unit mounted in a stationary position. In some embodiments, to permit the user 22's receipt of the optic feedback 24 from the physical anatomic model 12 via the AR headset device 16, the AR headset device 16 includes a transparent (or semi-transparent) lens (not shown). In some embodiments, to permit the user 22's receipt of the optic feedback 24 from the physical anatomic model 12 via the AR headset device 16, the AR headset device 16 includes a screen (not shown) and an integrated camera (not shown) that captures footage of the physical anatomic model 12 to display on the screen in real-time. In some embodiments, the AR headset device 16 includes, or is part of, at least a portion of the tracking system 18 and/or the computing device 14. Alternatively, the AR headset device 16 may include an onboard computing device separate from, but substantially similar to, the computing device 14 to run an AR application locally on the AR headset device 16, as will be described in further detail below.

0017The tracking system 18 tracks the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16 in three-dimensional space and relative to the physical anatomic model 12. In some embodiments, the tracking system 18 tracks the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16 with six degrees-of-freedom ("6-DoF"), including x, y, and z coordinates of the AR headset device 16, and pitch, yaw, and roll of the AR headset device 16. The tracking system 18 may be any suitable type of tracking system capable of tracking the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16 (e.g., tracking fiducial markers, using stereo images to track retro-reflective infrared markers, employing electromagnetic tracker(s), etc.). In some embodiments, at least a portion of the tracking system 18 includes, or is part of, the AR headset device 16 and/or the computing device 14. The tracking system 18 can include sensors embedded in the AR headset device 16, including without limitation gyroscope(s), accelerometer(s), GPS sensor(s), and/or combinations thereof. A holographic rendering of the physical world (e.g., a 3D mesh model of the physical world) can be utilized to coordinate the virtual positioning to the physical world. For example, a holographic computer and head-mounted display, such as the Hololens^® available from Microsoft^®, may be used to provide a holographic unit to render virtual objects in the physical world.

0018The computing device 14 is capable of receiving, via the network 20, signals from the tracking system 18 relating to the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16. Moreover, based on the signals received from the tracking system 18, the computing device 14 is capable of sending, via the network 20, appropriate signals to the AR headset device 16 to augment or otherwise enhance the user 22's view of the physical anatomic model 12, as will be discussed in further detail below. In some embodiments, the computing device 14 includes, or is part of, the AR headset device 16 and/or at least a portion of the tracking system 18.

0019Turning to <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>, the physical anatomic model 12 includes a manikin 30. The manikin 30 includes external physical features 32. The external physical features 32 of the manikin 30 may include, for example, physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural human's torso, legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof; such external physical features 32 of the manikin 30 provide both optic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 24aa in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>) and haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 26a in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>) to the user 22. More particularly, the optic feedback 24aa received by the user 22 emanates from the manikin 30 and passes through the AR headset device 16. In some embodiments, the manikin 30 also includes internal physical structures 34. The internal physical structures 34 of the manikin 30 may include physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human's torso, such as, for example, the spine, the ribs, the heart, the lungs, the liver, another internal characteristic of the natural human's torso, or any combination thereof. In addition, or instead, the internal physical structures 34 of the manikin 30 may include, for example, physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human's legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof. The internal physical structures 34 of the manikin 30 provide haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 26b in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>), and not optic feedback, to the user 22. The internal physical structures 34 can include female reproductive system, cardiovascular system associated with venous/arterial access, central nervous system associated with lumbar puncture, major organs and distinctive representations based on simulated scenario (e.g., healthy lungs vs. lungs affected with COPD, organs squashed during pregnancy, removing a gall stone endoscopically, etc.). The external physical structures 32 can include scars, skin anomalies, distinctive skin marks, skin discoloration, cyanosis, wounds, etc.

0020To augment or otherwise enhance the user 22's view of the physical anatomic model 12, a virtual anatomic model 36 is overlaid on the user 22's view of the physical anatomic model 12 via the AR headset device 16. More particularly, the virtual anatomic model 36 is displayed on the AR headset device 16 within the user 22's field of view so that the user 22 simultaneously views both the physical anatomic model 12 and the virtual anatomic model 36. The virtual anatomic model 36 is stored on, or accessible by, the computing device 14. In addition to the virtual anatomic model 36, a plurality of virtual anatomic models (not shown) may be stored on, or accessible by, the computing device 14 to simulate a wide variety of anatomies and pathologies encountered during the particular procedure being trained for. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model 12 and the virtual anatomic model 36, in combination, represent characteristics of the natural human. The virtual anatomic model 36 includes virtual anatomy 38.

0021The virtual anatomy 38 includes internal virtual structures 40. The internal virtual features 40 of the virtual anatomy 38 may include virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human's torso, such as, for example, the spine, the ribs, the heart, the lungs, the liver, another internal characteristic of the natural human's torso, or any combination thereof. In addition, or instead, the internal virtual features 40 of the virtual anatomy 38 may include, for example, virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human's legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof. The internal virtual features 40 of the virtual anatomy 38 provide optic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 24b in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>), and not haptic feedback, to the user 22. The internal virtual features 40 can include aspects of the female reproductive system, cardiovascular system associated with venous/arterial access, central nervous system associated with lumbar puncture, major organs and distinctive representations based on simulated scenario (e.g., healthy lungs vs. lungs affected with COPD, organs squashed during pregnancy, removing a gall stone endoscopically, etc.).

0022In some embodiments, the virtual anatomy 38 also includes external virtual features 42 that provide enhanced photorealism to the user 22's view of the manikin 30's external physical features 32. The external virtual features 42 of the virtual anatomy 38 may include, for example, virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural human's torso, legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof; such external virtual features 42 of the virtual anatomy 38 provide optic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 24ab in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>), and not haptic feedback, to the user 22. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomy 38 is co-registered (using the computing device 14) with the manikin 30 so that the internal virtual structures 40 and the external virtual features 42 of the virtual anatomy 38 have an accurate spatial relationship with the internal physical structures 34 and the external physical features 32, respectively, of the manikin 30. The external virtual features 42 can include aspects of scars, skin anomalies, distinctive skin marks, skin discoloration, cyanosis, wounds, etc.

0023The external physical features 32 of the manikin 30 and the external virtual features 42 of the virtual anatomy 38 are configurable to realistically simulate the external characteristics associated with the natural human by providing the user 22 with an appropriate combination of optic and haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrows 24aa, 24ab, and 26a, respectively, in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>). To this end, the external physical features 32 of the manikin 30 may simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural human while other external characteristics associated with the natural human are simulated by the external virtual features 42 of the virtual anatomy 38; in addition, or instead, one or more external characteristics associated with the natural human may be simulated by both the external physical features 32 of the manikin 30 and the external virtual features 42 of the virtual anatomy 38.

0024The internal physical structures 34 of the manikin 30 and the internal virtual structures 40 of the virtual anatomy 38 are configurable to realistically simulate the internal characteristics associated with the natural human by providing the user 22 with an appropriate combination of optic and haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrows 24b and 26b, respectively, in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>). To this end, the internal physical structures 34 of the manikin 30 may simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural human while other internal characteristics associated with the natural human are simulated by the internal virtual structures 40 of the virtual anatomy 38; in addition, or instead, one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human may be simulated by both the internal physical structures 34 of the manikin 30 and the internal virtual structures 40 of the virtual anatomy 38.

0025In operation, the virtual anatomic model 36 and the physical anatomic model 12 illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>, in combination, provide a training platform for simulating, <i>inter</i> alia, proper tracheostomy procedures (including insertion of a trachea tube), proper pneumothorax procedures, wound hemorrhaging (including proper application of packing pressure as well as, alternatively, proper implementation of an adequate tourniquet at a site suitable to stop the wound(s) from further blood loss), proper treatment of lesions or lacerations caused by battle, combat, explosion, trauma, other diagnostic, treatment, or surgical scenarios, including birthing and obstetrics procedures, or any combination thereof. During these simulations, the external physical features 32 of the manikin 30 are visible to the user 22, but the internal physical structures 34 of the manikin 30 are not visible to the user 22. The tracking system 18 tracks the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16 and the computing device 14 receives, via the network 20, signals from the tracking system 18 relating to the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16. The computing device 14 sends, via the network 20, appropriate signals to the AR headset device 16 to overlay the virtual anatomic model 36 (including the virtual anatomy 38) on the physical anatomic model 12. As a result, the AR headset device 16 accurately overlays the virtual anatomy 38 on the user 22's view of the manikin 30.

0026Turning to <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>, in an example embodiment, the physical anatomic model 12 is omitted and replaced with a physical anatomic model 44. The physical anatomic model 44 includes a maternal manikin 46. The maternal manikin 46 includes external physical features 48. The external physical features 48 of the maternal manikin 46 may include, for example, physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural mother's torso, legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof; such external physical features 48 of the maternal manikin 46 provide both optic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 24ca in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>) and haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 26c in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>) to the user 22. More particularly, the optic feedback 24ca received by the user 22 emanates from the maternal manikin 46 and passes through the AR headset device 16. In some embodiments, the maternal manikin 46 also includes internal physical structures 50. The internal physical structures 50 of the maternal manikin 46 may include physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother's torso, such as, for example, the spine, the ribs, the pubic bone, the uterus, the cervix, another internal characteristic of the natural mother's torso, or any combination thereof. In addition, or instead, the internal physical structures 50 of the maternal manikin 46 may include, for example, physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother's legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof. The internal physical structures 50 of the maternal manikin 46 provide haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 26d in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>), and not optic feedback, to the user 22. The internal physical structures 50 can include female reproductive system, cardiovascular system associated with venous/arterial access, central nervous system associated with lumbar puncture, major organs and distinctive representations based on simulated scenario (e.g., healthy lungs vs. lungs affected with COPD, organs squashed during pregnancy, removing a gall stone endoscopically, etc.). The external physical features 48 can include scars, skin anomalies, distinctive skin marks, skin discoloration, cyanosis, wounds, etc.

0027To augment or otherwise enhance the user 22's view of the physical anatomic model 44, a virtual anatomic model 52 is overlaid on the user 22's view of the physical anatomic model 44 using the AR headset device 16. More particularly, the virtual anatomic model 52 is displayed on the AR headset device 16 within the user 22's field of view so that the user 22 simultaneously views both the physical anatomic model 44 and the virtual anatomic model 52. The virtual anatomic model 52 is stored on, or accessible by, the computing device 14. In addition to the virtual anatomic model 52, a plurality of virtual anatomic models (not shown) may be stored on, or accessible by, the computing device 14 to simulate a wide variety of anatomies and pathologies encountered during the particular procedure being trained for. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model 44 and the virtual anatomic model 52, in combination, represent characteristics of, and interactions between, the natural mother and a natural fetus. The virtual anatomic model 52 includes virtual maternal anatomy 54 and virtual fetal anatomy 56.

0028The virtual maternal anatomy 54 includes internal virtual structures 58. The internal virtual structures 58 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54 may include virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother's torso, such as, for example, the spine, the ribs, the pubic bone, the uterus, the cervix, another internal characteristic of the natural mother's torso, or any combination thereof. In addition, or instead, the internal virtual structures 58 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54 may include, for example, virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother's legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof. The internal virtual structures 58 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54 provide optic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 24d in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>), and not haptic feedback, to the user 22. The internal virtual structures 58 can include aspects of the female reproductive system, cardiovascular system associated with venous/arterial access, central nervous system associated with lumbar puncture, major organs and distinctive representations based on simulated scenario (e.g., healthy lungs vs. lungs affected with COPD, organs squashed during pregnancy, removing a gall stone endoscopically, etc.).

0029In some embodiments, the virtual maternal anatomy 54 also includes external virtual features 60 that provide enhanced photorealism to the user 22's view of the maternal manikin 46's external physical features 48. The external virtual features 60 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54 may include, for example, virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural mother's torso, legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof; such external virtual features 60 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54 provide optic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 24cb in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>), and not haptic feedback, to the user 22. The external virtual structures 60 can include scars, skin anomalies, distinctive skin marks, skin discoloration, cyanosis, wounds, etc.

0030The external physical features 48 of the maternal manikin 46 and the external virtual features 60 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54 are configurable to realistically simulate the external characteristics associated with the natural mother by providing the user 22 with an appropriate combination of optic and haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrows 24ca, 24cb, and 26c, respectively, in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>). To this end, the external physical features 48 of the maternal manikin 46 may simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural mother while other external characteristics associated with the natural mother are simulated by the external virtual features 60 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54; in addition, or instead, one or more external characteristics associated with the natural mother may be simulated by both the external physical features 48 of the maternal manikin 46 and the external virtual features 60 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54.

0031The internal physical structures 50 of the maternal manikin 46 and the internal virtual structures 58 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54 are configurable to realistically simulate the internal characteristics associated with the natural mother by providing the user 22 with an appropriate combination of optic and haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrows 24d and 26d, respectively, in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>). To this end, the internal physical structures 50 of the maternal manikin 46 may simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural mother while other internal characteristics associated with the natural mother are simulated by the internal virtual structures 58 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54; in addition, or instead, one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother may be simulated by both the internal physical structures 50 of the maternal manikin 46 and the internal virtual structures 58 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54.

0032The virtual fetal anatomy 56 includes external virtual features 62. The external virtual features 62 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 may include, for example, virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural fetus' torso, legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof. In addition, the external virtual features 62 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 may include, for example, virtual representations of the natural fetus' amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord, or any combination thereof. The external virtual features 62 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 provide optic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 24e in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>), and not haptic feedback, to the user 22. In some embodiments, the virtual fetal anatomy 56 also includes internal virtual structures 64 to enhance training for, e.g., intrauterine fetal procedure(s). The internal virtual structures 64 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 may include, for example, virtual representations of internal characteristics associated with the natural fetus' torso, legs, arm, head, or any combination thereof; such internal virtual structures 64 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 provide optic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 24f in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>), and not haptic feedback, to the user 22.

0033The AR system 10's physical anatomic model 44 further includes a fetal manikin 66 contained within the maternal manikin 46. The fetal manikin 66 includes external physical features 68. The external physical features 68 of the fetal manikin 66 may include, for example, physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural fetus' torso, legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof. In addition, the external physical features 68 of the fetal manikin 66 may include, for example, physical representations of the natural fetus' amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord, or any combination thereof. As a result of the fetal manikin 66's containment within the maternal manikin 46, the external physical features 68 of the fetal manikin 66 provide haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 26e in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>), and not optic feedback, to the user 22. In some embodiments, the fetal manikin 66 also includes internal physical structures 70 to enhance training for, e.g., intrauterine fetal procedure(s). The internal physical structures 70 of the fetal manikin 66 may include, for example, physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural fetus' torso, legs, arms, head, or any combination thereof; such internal physical structures 70 of the fetal manikin 66 provide haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrow 26f in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>), and not optic feedback, to the user 22.

0034The external physical features 68 of the fetal manikin 66 and the external virtual features 62 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 are configurable to realistically simulate the external characteristics associated with the natural fetus by providing the user 22 with an appropriate combination of optic and haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrows 24e and 26e, respectively, in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>). To this end, the external physical features 68 of the fetal manikin 66 may simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural fetus while other external characteristics associated with the natural fetus are simulated by the external virtual features 62 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56; in addition, or instead, one or more external characteristics associated with the natural fetus may be simulated by both the external physical features 68 of the fetal manikin 66 and the external virtual features 62 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56.

0035The internal physical structures 70 of the fetal manikin 66 and the internal virtual structures 64 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 are configurable to realistically simulate the internal characteristics associated with the natural fetus by providing the user 22 with an appropriate combination of optic and haptic feedback (as indicated by the arrows 24f and 26f, respectively, in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>). To this end, the internal physical structures 70 of the fetal manikin 66 may simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural fetus while other internal characteristics associated with the natural fetus are simulated by the internal virtual structures 64 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56; in addition, or instead, one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural fetus may be simulated by both the internal physical structures 70 of the fetal manikin 66 and the internal virtual structures 64 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56.

0036In some embodiments, in addition to tracking the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16, the tracking system 18 is capable of tracking the position and orientation of the fetal manikin 66 in three-dimensional space and relative to the maternal manikin 46. In some embodiments, the tracking system 18 tracks the position and orientation of the fetal manikin 66 with six degrees-of-freedom ("6-DoF"), including x, y, and z coordinates of the fetal manikin 66, and pitch, yaw, and roll of the fetal manikin 66. The tracking system 18 may be any suitable type of tracking system capable of tracking the position and orientation of the fetal manikin 66 (e.g., tracking fiducial markers, using stereo images to track retro-reflective infrared markers, employing electromagnetic tracker(s), etc.). In some embodiments, at least a portion of the tracking system 18 includes, or is part of, the fetal manikin 66. Accordingly, in addition to receiving, via the network 20, signals from the tracking system 18 relating to the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16, the computing device 14 is capable of receiving, via the network 20, signals from the tracking system 18 relating to the position and orientation of the fetal manikin 66. In some instances, the tracking system tracks the position and orientation of the fetal manikin 66 relative to the maternal manikin 46 using one or more trackable markers (e.g., physical, infrared, RFID, electromagnetic, etc.) placed on (or in) the fetal manikin and computer vision (e.g., using a suitable camera or other tracking mechanism for the type or marker(s)). In some instances, the tracking system tracks the position and orientation of the fetal manikin 66 relative to the maternal manikin 46 using feedback from the maternal manikin 46 regarding a position of a birthing mechanism of the maternal manikin 46 that defines the position and orientation of the fetal manikin.

0037In some embodiments, the virtual maternal anatomy 54 is co-registered (using the computing device 14) with the maternal manikin 46 so that the internal virtual structures 58 and the external virtual features 60 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54 have an accurate spatial relationship with the internal physical structures 50 and the external physical features 48, respectively, of the maternal manikin 46. Similarly, in some embodiments, the virtual fetal anatomy 56 is co-registered (using the computing device 14) with the maternal manikin so that the external virtual features 62 and the internal virtual structures 64 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 have an accurate spatial relationship with the maternal manikin 46. In addition, or instead, in some embodiments, the virtual fetal anatomy 56 is co-registered (using the computing device 14) with the fetal manikin 66 so that the external virtual features 62 and the internal virtual structures 64 of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 have an accurate spatial relationship with the external physical features 68 and the internal physical structures 70, respectively, of the fetal manikin 66. In some instances, the co-registration is accomplished by saving a spatial mapping of the physical environment and assigning anchors to the real world. Further, in some instances, user defined placement of the virtual anatomy on the physical manikin can be used, alone or with the spatial mapping, to facilitate the co-registration.

0038In operation, the virtual anatomic model 52 and the physical anatomic model 44 illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>, in combination, provide a training platform for simulating, <i>inter</i> alia, routine gestational palpation of the natural fetus, Leopold's Maneuvers to determine the position of the natural fetus inside the natural mother's uterus, an external cephalic version to turn the natural fetus from a breech position or side-lying (transverse) position into a head-down (vertex) position before labor begins, one or more intrauterine fetal procedure(s), true-to-life shoulder dystocia, breech, and C-section deliveries, other diagnostic, treatment, or surgical scenarios, including birthing and obstetrics procedures, or any combination thereof. During these simulations, the external physical features 48 of the maternal manikin 46 are visible to the user 22, but the fetal manikin 66 and the internal physical structures 50 of the maternal manikin 46 are not visible to the user 22. The tracking system 18 tracks the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16 and the computing device 14 receives, via the network 20, signals from the tracking system 18 relating to the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16. In addition, the tracking system 18 tracks the position and orientation of the fetal manikin 66 relative to the maternal manikin 46, and the computing device 14 receives, via the network 20, signals from the tracking system 18 relating to the position and orientation of the fetal manikin 66. The computing device 14 sends, via the network 20, appropriate signals to the AR headset device 16 to overlay the virtual anatomic model 52 (including the virtual maternal anatomy 54 and the virtual fetal anatomy 56) on the physical anatomic model 44. More particularly, because the virtual maternal anatomy 54 is co-registered (using the computing device 14) with the maternal manikin 46, and the virtual fetal anatomy 56 is co-registered (using the computing device 14) with the fetal manikin 66, any change in the position and orientation of the fetal manikin 66 relative to the maternal manikin 46 is reflected in the AR headset device 16's overlaying of the virtual anatomic model 52 on the physical anatomic model 44 via the AR headset device 16. As a result, the virtual maternal anatomy 54 and the virtual fetal anatomy 56 are accurately overlaid on the user 22's view of the maternal manikin 46 via the AR headset device 16.

0039Turning back to <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>, with continuing reference to <figref idref="f0002">Figures 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>, in some embodiments, the user 22 physically interacts with the physical anatomic model 12 or the physical anatomic model 44 using the instrument 28. In some embodiments, in addition to tracking the position and orientation of the AR headset device 16, the tracking system 18 is capable of tracking the position and orientation of the instrument 28 in three-dimensional space. In some embodiments, the tracking system 18 tracks the position and orientation of the instrument 28 with six degrees-of-freedom ("6-DoF"), including x, y, and z coordinates of the instrument 28, and pitch, yaw, and roll of the instrument 28. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the tracking system 18 includes, or is part of, the instrument 28. The computing device 14 is capable of receiving, via the network 20, signals from the tracking system 18 relating to the position and orientation of the instrument 28. As a result, the tracking system 18 may be used to determine whether the instrument 28 is impinging on the virtual anatomic model 36 or the virtual anatomic model 52. More particularly, based on the position and orientation of the instrument 28, deformable portions of the virtual anatomic model 36 or the virtual anatomic model 52 are made to appropriately reflect, via the AR headset device 16, the distortion caused by the impinging instrument 28. For example, a blood vessel may become less circular and flatter when pressure is applied to it via the instrument 28. In some instances, the tracking system tracks the position and orientation of the instrument 28 using one or more trackable markers (e.g., physical, infrared, RFID, electromagnetic, etc.) placed on (or in) the instrument and computer vision (e.g., using a suitable camera or other tracking mechanism for the type or marker(s)) of the instrument 28.

0040Referring to <figref idref="f0002">Figures 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>, to further augment or otherwise enhance the training experience, ancillary virtual graphics 72 are presented in the user 22's field of view via the AR headset device 16. The ancillary virtual graphics 72 include, but are not limited to, medical data 74, instructional steps 76, expert demonstrations 78, didactic content 80, and exigent circumstances 82. The medical data 74, the instructional steps 76, the expert demonstrations 78, the didactic content 80, and the exigent circumstances 82 provide optic feedback (as indicated by the arrows 24g-k, respectively, in <figref idref="f0002">Figures 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>), and not haptic feedback, to the user 22. The medical data 74 may include, but is not limited to, temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, other critical medical data, or any combination thereof. The instructional steps 76 may include, but are not limited to, steps for completing the particular procedure being trained. Thus, in the embodiment of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and <figref idref="f0002">2</figref>, the instructional steps 76 may include steps for completing, for example, routine gestational palpation of the natural fetus, Leopold's Maneuvers to determine the position of the natural fetus inside the natural mother's uterus, an external cephalic version to turn the natural fetus from a breech position or side-lying (transverse) position into a head-down (vertex) position before labor begins, one or more intrauterine fetal procedure(s), true-to-life shoulder dystocia, breech, and C-section deliveries, other diagnostic, treatment, or surgical scenarios, or any combination thereof. In addition, or instead, in the embodiment of <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>, the instructional steps may include steps 76 for completing, for example, a proper tracheostomy procedure (including insertion of a trachea tube), a proper pneumothorax procedure, wound hemorrhaging (including proper application of packing pressure as well as, alternatively, proper implementation of an adequate tourniquet at a site suitable to stop the wound(s) from further blood loss), proper treatment of lesions or lacerations caused by battle, combat, explosion, or trauma, other diagnostic, treatment, or surgical scenarios, or any combination thereof. The expert demonstrations 78 supplement the instructional steps 76 and may be overlaid on the physical anatomic model 44 via the AR headset device 16 to demonstrate the correct way to complete one or more of the instructional steps 76. The didactic content 80 provides educational materials such as, for example, medical research, scientific data, etc., to further enrich the training experience. Finally, the exigent circumstances 82 are overlaid on, or peripheral to, the user 22's view of the physical anatomic model 44 via the AR headset device 16. The exigent circumstances 82 may include, but are not limited to, physical trauma (e.g., hemorrhaging), delivery room conditions, operating room conditions, fire, battlefield conditions, one or more other exigencies related to the procedure being trained for, or any combination thereof. In addition to self-guided teaching data, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation feedback from the physical manikin (e.g., compression rate and depth), the AR headset device 16 can show medical data 74 (e.g., vital signs and/or other measured medical data) in real time.

0041While example functionalities of the physical anatomic models 12 and 44 are described above, no limitation is intended thereby. Rather, it is understood that the concepts of the present disclosure are applicable to a wide range of medical simulation functionalities and features. Accordingly, in some instances, the physical anatomic models 12 and 44 each include one or more features as described in the context of the simulators disclosed in: <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US62451557"><text>U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/451,557, filed January 27, 2017</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US213932"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/213,932</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US9437117B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 9,437,117, issued September 6, 2016</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US213962"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/213,962</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US9501953B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 9,501,953, issued November 22, 2016</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US355982"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/355,982</text></patcit>, published as <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US20170069233A1"><text>U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2017/0069233 A1 on March 9, 2017</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US223020"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/223,020</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US8419438B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,419,438, issued Apr. 16, 2013</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US031116"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/031,116</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US8517740B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,517,740, issued Aug. 27, 2013</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US031087"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/031,087</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US8678831B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,678,831, issued Mar. 25, 2014</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US031102"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/031,102</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US8608483B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,608,483, issued Dec. 17, 2013</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US856903"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/856,903</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="US8152532B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,532, issued Apr. 10, 2012</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="US708682"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/708,682</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="US8740624B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,740,624, issued Jun. 3, 2014</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="US708659"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/708,659</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="US8500452B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,500,452, issued Aug. 6, 2013</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="US952606"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/952,606</text></patcit>, now <patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="US8696362B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,696,362, issued Apr. 15, 2014</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="US952669"><text>U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/952,669</text></patcit>, published as <patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="US20090148822A1"><text>U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2009/0148822 A1 on Jun. 11, 2009</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="US8016598B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,016,598</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0028" dnum="US7976313B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 7,976,313</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0029" dnum="US7976312B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 7,976,312</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0030" dnum="US7866983B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 7,866,983</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0031" dnum="US7114954B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 7,114,954</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0032" dnum="US7192284B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 7,192,284</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0033" dnum="US7811090B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 7,811,090</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0034" dnum="US6758676B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 6,758,676</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0035" dnum="US6503087B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,087</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0036" dnum="US6527558B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,558</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0037" dnum="US6443735B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 6,443,735</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0038" dnum="US6193519B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,519</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0039" dnum="US5853292A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,292</text></patcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0040" dnum="US5472345A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,345</text></patcit>, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0042Further, in some instances, the physical anatomic models 12 and 44 each include one or more features as provided in medical simulators provided by Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. based out of Miami, Fla., including but not limited to the following models: S1000 Hal@, S1020 Hal@, S1030 Hal@, S3000 Hal@, S2000 Susie@, S221 Clinical Chloe^®, S222 Clinical Chloe^®, S222.100 Super Chloe^®, S303 Code Blue^®, S304 Code Blue^®, S100 Susie^®, S100 Simon^®, S200 Susie^®, S200 Simon^®, S201 Susie^®, S201 Simon^®, S203 Susie^®, S204 Simon^®, S205 Simple Simon^®, S206 Simple Susie^®, S3004 Pediatric Hal^®, S3005 Pediatric Hal^®, S3009 Premie Hal^®, S3010 Newborn Hal^®, S110 Mike^®, S110 Michelle^®, S150 Mike^®, S150 Michelle^®, S107 Multipurpose Patient Care and CPR Infant Simulator, S117 Multipurpose Patient Care and CPR Pediatric Simulator, S157 Multipurpose Patient Care and CPR Pediatric Simulator, S575 Noelle^®, S565 Noelle^®, S560 Noelle^®, S555 Noelle^®, S550 Noelle^®, S550.100 Noelle^®, S2200 Victoria^®, S2220 Super Tory^®, and/or other patient simulators.

0043In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model 36 or 52 overlays features on the physical anatomic model 12 or 44 that are not ordinarily visible to the user (e.g., life-like animations of internal organs, internal lesions, etc.). In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model 36 or 52 is synchronized with a physical response from the physical anatomic model 12 or 44 (e.g., changes to the fetal heart rate via the computing device 14 causing movement of the virtual fetal anatomy 56, suprapubic pressure maneuvers applied to the physical anatomic model 12 or 44 will cause deflections to the virtual fetal anatomy 56, etc.). In some embodiments, the AR system 10 further comprises a speaker (not shown) operable to add spatial sound to increase the realism of the simulated procedure (e.g., heart rate beep, speech from virtual anatomic model 36 or 52, etc.) or to add audible cues to the ancillary virtual graphics 72. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model 36 or 52 augments the external appearance of the physical anatomic model 12 or 44 using virtual elements (e.g., skin lesions, scars, wrinkles, etc.). In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model 36 or 52 adds features that are absent from the physical anatomic model 12 or 44 (e.g., limbs, head, arms, torso). As a result, some or all of the physical anatomic model 12 or 44 is represented holographically by the virtual anatomic model 36 or 52. In some embodiments, the ancillary virtual graphics 72 are added to the optic feedback 24 (i.e., via the optic feedback 24g-k) without occluding the user 22's field of view. In some embodiments, the AR headset device 16 includes one or more camera's to capture and record the user 22's gaze and position so that such information can be shared with the computing device 14 via the network 20 to debrief the user 22 after completion of a training exercise. In some embodiments, the AR system 10 is capable of displaying, via the virtual anatomic model 36 or 52 on the AR headset device 16, an internal organ slice along 3 orthogonal planes.

0044Referring to <figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref>, with continuing reference to <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003">Figures 1-3</figref>, a method is generally referred to by the reference numeral 84. The method 84 includes viewing a first optic feedback (e.g., the optic feedback 24aa or 24ca) that emanates from a physical anatomic model (e.g., the physical anatomic model 12 or 44) and passes through the AR headset device 16 at a step 86; tracking, using the tracking system 18, a position and an orientation of the AR headset device 16 at a step 88; receiving, using the computing device 14, a first signal from the tracking system 18 relating to the position and the orientation of the AR headset device 16 at a step 90; sending, using the computing device 14, a second signal to the AR headset device 16 to cause the AR headset device 16 to overlay a second optic feedback (e.g., the optic feedback 24ab and 24b, or the optic feedback 24cb and 24d-f) on the first optic feedback at a step 92, the second signal being based on the first signal; and viewing the second optic feedback at a step 94, wherein the second optic feedback emanates from the AR headset device 16 and includes a virtual anatomic model (e.g., the virtual anatomic model 36 or 52). In some embodiments, the second optic feedback further includes the ancillary virtual graphics 72 (e.g., the optic feedback 24g-k), the ancillary virtual graphics 72 including one or more of: the medical data 74, the instructional steps 76, the expert demonstrations 78, the didactic content 80, and the exigent circumstances 82.

0045In some embodiments of the method 84, the method 84 is accomplished using the physical anatomic model 12 and the virtual anatomic model 36. In such embodiments, the method 84 further includes co-registering, using the computing device 14, the virtual anatomy 38 with the manikin 30 to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween, and the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual anatomy 38 with the manikin 30.

0046In other embodiments of the method 84, the method 84 is accomplished using the physical anatomic model 44 and the virtual anatomic model 52. In such embodiments, the method 84 further includes co-registering, using the computing device 14, the virtual fetal anatomy 56 and/or the virtual maternal anatomy 54 with the maternal manikin 46 to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween, and the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 and/or the virtual maternal anatomy 54 with the maternal manikin 46. In addition, or instead, the method 84 further includes tracking, using the tracking system 18, a position and an orientation of the fetal manikin 66 relative to the maternal manikin 46; co-registering, using the computing device 14, the virtual fetal anatomy 56 with the fetal manikin 66 to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and receiving, using the computing device 14, a third signal from the tracking system 18 relating to the position and the orientation of the fetal manikin 66 relative to the maternal manikin 46. In such embodiment(s), the second signal is further based on the third signal and the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy 56 with the fetal manikin 66.

0047In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref>, an AR system is generally referred to by the reference numeral 95 and includes at least the components of the system 10. More particularly, the AR system 95 includes the computing device 14, the physical anatomic model 12 and/or 44, and a plurality of AR headset devices 16₁, 16₂, 16₃, and 16i. The computing device 14 is connected to the network 20 and includes unified simulator control software 96 such as, for example Gaumard's UNI^® software, to monitor and control the physiology of the physical anatomic model 12 and/or 44, to monitor and control the AR headset devices 16_1-i (and thus users' actions), and to support data-rich debriefing before, during, or after completion of a particular training scenario. The AR headset devices 16_1-i are connected to the network 20 and include onboard tracking systems 18₁, 18₂, 18₃, and 18_i, respectively, adapted to track the positions and orientations of the AR headset devices 16_1-i in three-dimensional space and relative to the physical anatomic model 12 and/or 44. Additionally, the AR headset devices 16_1-i each include an onboard computing device 14' separate from, but substantially similar to, the computing device 14. The computing device 14' of each AR headset device 16_1-i runs an AR application 98 to facilitate a user's control of the various features and scenarios available to the AR headset devices 16_1-i. In several embodiments, the AR system 95 also includes a computing device 14" connected to the network 20 and adapted to run AR link software 99, as will be described in further detail below.

0048In some embodiments, the unified simulator control software 96 may come preconfigured on a tablet PC and include a library of modifiable, prebuilt scenarios to save time and development resources. In some embodiments, the unified simulator control software 96 allows an instructor to control a variety of vital signs of the manikin to demonstrate a variety of patient presentations realistically. In some embodiments, the unified simulator control software 96 allows an instructor to create scenarios tailored to specific learning objectives and offer participants a wide range of standardized, repeatable learning events.

0049In some embodiments, the computing device 14 may be, include, or be part of a variety of computing devices; thus, as used herein the reference numeral 14 (without the suffixes (') or (")) may refer to one, or a combination, of the computing devices 14' and 14" described herein. In some embodiments, the AR headset device 16 may be, include, or be part of a variety of AR headset devices; thus, as used herein the reference numeral 16 (without the suffixes 1, 2, 3, or i) may refer to one, or a combination, of the AR headset devices 16_1-i described herein. In some embodiments, the tracking system 18 may be, include, or be part of a variety of tracking systems; thus, as used herein the reference numeral 18 (without the suffixes 1, 2, 3, or i) may refer to one, or a combination, of the tracking systems 18₁, 18₂, 18₃, and 18_i described herein.

0050In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref>, the AR application 98 on each AR headset device 16_1-i includes a hub menu (not shown) presented to the user prior to the initiation of a particular scenario. The hub menu may be presented to the user on the screen of the AR headset device 16_{1, 2, 3, or i} or on another display unit (e.g., a computer monitor, a television, etc.). The hub menu may include selectable icons for various AR simulations, depending on the particular type of training session desired, including, among others, an obstetric AR module 100 (shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref>), a trauma AR module (not shown), and a pediatric AR module (not shown). A graphical illustration of the obstetric AR module 100 is shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref> and includes selectable icons for a live mode 102, a watch mode 104, a tour mode 106, and a setup mode 108. The obstetric AR module 100, for example, is designed to improve the student learning process by using overlays of obstetric anatomy (e.g., the virtual maternal anatomy 54 and/or the virtual fetal anatomy 56), and animations to better visualize the mechanics of childbirth and various birthing complications, as will be described in further detail below. Such 3D animations have been proven to be better teaching aids than words and pictures in a book.

0051In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">Figures 6B</figref>, the live mode 102 projects a holographic overlay of a 3D fetus and obstetric anatomy (e.g., the virtual maternal anatomy 54 and/or the virtual fetal anatomy 56) on top of a physical simulator or manikin (e.g., the physical anatomic model 44). The live mode 102 further includes a heads-up menu 110 having a variety of buttons selectable by the user such as, for example, a "hide menu" button 112, a "return" button 114, a "hide/show skin" button 116, a "adjust view" button 118, and a "code placement" button 120. In the embodiment shown in <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6B</figref>, the "hide/show skin" button 116 is toggled to the hide position such that the fetus and obstetric anatomy (e.g., the virtual fetal anatomy 56 and the internal virtual structures 58 if the virtual maternal anatomy 54) are not visible. The "code placement" button 120 is operable to register the holographic animations to the physical manikin (e.g., the physical anatomic model 44) in a manner that will be described in further detail below. The 3D animations may be updated periodically in accordance with the current state of the simulated labor scenario. Specifically, data may be communicated in real time between the AR headset devices 16_1-i and the unified simulator control software 96 to update fetal rotations, fetal positions, and vital signs of both the mother and child to augment what is seen by the user in order to improve the educational experience, as will be described in further detail below. Because this transfer of data gives the users the current status of their simulated patient, warnings and directives may also be delivered to the users (and/or other participants) in the form of visual or audible cues. For example, as shown in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 6C</figref>, the live mode 102 may include an emergency panel 122 capable of delivering a warning in the event that a simulated patient's heart rate should rise above a normal range (e.g., "heart rate is currently above normal parameters" "caution and assessment is advised").

0052In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 6D</figref>, the watch mode 104 allows the user to play through animations of various childbirth scenarios and birthing complications along with teaching tips and maneuvers to facilitate childbirth in the event of a complication. An example selection menu 124 for the various birthing scenarios is illustrated in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 6C</figref>. Examples of such childbirth scenarios include, but are not limited to, normal delivery 126, shoulder dystocia 128, breech delivery 130, nuchal chord delivery 132, and postpartum hemorrhage 134. After a particular birthing scenario is selected from the selection menu 124 (e.g., when the user selects the type of birth he/she would like to view), the user is presented with a hologram of the manikin together with a birthing menu to control the scenario. An example birthing menu 136 for the normal delivery 126 is illustrated in <figref idref="f0008">Figure 6E</figref>. In the embodiment shown in <figref idref="f0008">Figure 6E</figref>, the birthing menu 136 includes a timeline 137 via which the user may select which stage of the normal delivery 126 to view, including a "begin descent" stage 140, an "initial rotation" stage 142, an "external rotation" stage 144, an "entering birth canal" stage 146, and a "delivery" stage 148. The birthing menu 136 also includes buttons for controlling the simulation such as, for example a "hide menu" button 150, a "return" button 152, a "pause/play" button 154, a "restart" button 156, and an "adjust view" button 158. The visualization of obstetric anatomy using life-size 3D holograms in the watch mode 104 helps to reinforce student learning.

0053In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0009">Figure 6F</figref>, the tour mode 106 provides a tour of the various simulator features overlaid on a standing hologram 160 of the manikin (e.g., the maternal manikin 46). Using an "adjust view" button 162, the user can gaze at various parts of the hologram 160 to receive an overview of features pertaining to a particular part or parts of the hologram 160. The tour mode 106 may also include various buttons and panels corresponding to the particular part of the hologram 160 at which the user is gazing. For example, <figref idref="f0009">Figure 6F</figref> illustrates a scenario in which the user has selected the head of the standing hologram 160 of the manikin together with a "neurological" button 164. In response to the user's selection of the "neurological" button 164, the tour mode 106 displays an information panel 166 pertaining to neurological response features of the manikin (e.g., the maternal manikin 46). The tour mode 106 may further include various other buttons and panels including, but not limited to, a skin tone panel 168 having buttons to select various skin tones to display on the standing hologram 160 of the manikin. The framework of the tour mode 106 is applicable to a wide variety of manikins (including, for example, the manikin 30, the maternal manikin 46, the fetal manikin 66, and/or another manikin) and provides a teaching tool for students and observers to familiarize themselves with the various features of a particular manikin before, during, or after an interaction with the manikin.

0054In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0009 f0010">Figures 6G-6I</figref>, the setup mode 108 focuses on connectivity between the unified simulator control software 96 and the AR headset devices 16_1-i. An example connectivity menu 170 including a "wireless setup" button 172 and a "Bluetooth setup" button 174 is illustrated in <figref idref="f0009">Figure 6G</figref>. The user's selection of the "wireless setup" button 172 from the connectivity menu 170 presents the user with a scan box 176, such as that illustrated in <figref idref="f0010">Figure 6H</figref>, except that, rather than being blank, the scan box 176 is filled with the user's field of view (i.e., the field of view seen by the AR headset device 16_{1, 2, 3, or i}). The scan box 176 can then be lined up by the user with a QR code 178 produced by the unified simulator control software 96 to establish a connection between the unified simulator control software 96 and the AR headset device 16_{1, 2, 3, or i}, as shown in <figref idref="f0010">Figure 6I</figref>. The QR code 178 generated by the unified simulator control software 96 contains all of the network settings required to establish such a connection (via, e.g., the network 20).

0055In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0011 f0012">Figures 6J-6L</figref>, the obstetric AR module 100 utilizes object recognition software such as, for example, Vuforia^™ object recognition software, to read and recognize a customized code 180 in order to place and orient holograms (e.g., the virtual anatomic model 36 and/or 52) in the real world (e.g., relative to the physical anatomic model 12 and/or 44). For example, this feature may be used in the live mode 102 to overlay a hologram over the physical manikin, and in the watch mode 104 to automatically place the hologram on a real-world surface (e.g., an examination surface). An example of the customized code 180 is illustrated in <figref idref="f0011">Figure 6J</figref>. Moreover, an example of the placement of the customized code 180 on the manikin (e.g., the maternal manikin 46) is illustrated in <figref idref="f0011">Figure 6K</figref>. Specifically, the customized code 180 is placed in a particular location and orientation on the manikin so that, when the customized code 180 is scanned by the AR headset device 16₁, _{2, 3, or i}, it will accurately register the hologram (e.g., the virtual anatomic model 36 and/or 52) with the manikin (e.g., the physical anatomic model 12 and/or 44), as shown in <figref idref="f0012">Figure 6L</figref>. More particularly, <figref idref="f0012">Figure 6L</figref> illustrates an embodiment in which the virtual anatomic model 52 (including the virtual maternal anatomy 54 and the virtual fetal anatomy 56) is registered to the physical anatomic model 44 (including the maternal manikin 46 and the fetal manikin 66) using the customized code 180. In some embodiments, registration of the hologram with the manikin using the customized code 180 centers the hologram in relation to the manikin. The use of the customized code 180 to register the hologram with the manikin means that the user is not required to manually align the hologram with the manikin every time the obstetric AR module 100 is used (or the requirement for manual alignment is at least reduced).

0056In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0013">Figures 6M and 6N</figref>, the unified simulator control software 96 has the ability to send questions and messages to the AR headset devices 16_1-i as a group or to one specific AR headset device 16_{1, 2, 3, or i}. Specifically, an instructor may send questions to a group of students, or may discretely send questions to an individual student to evaluate his/her understanding of a particular training scenario. For example, <figref idref="f0013">Figure 6M</figref> shows an example question 182 being asked via the AR headset devices 16₁, _{2, 3, and/or i} (i.e., "what is the patient's blood pressure") during the normal delivery 126 in watch mode 104. For another example, <figref idref="f0013">Figure 6N</figref> shows an example message 184 being delivered to the AR headset devices 16₁, _{2, 3, and/or i} (i.e., "please double check the FHR, it might help you with your next diagnostic step") during the normal delivery 126 in watch mode 104.

0057In an embodiment as illustrated in <figref idref="f0014 f0015 f0016 f0017 f0018">Figures 7A-7E</figref>, the unified simulator control software 96 includes an AR hub 186 configured to control at least some of the features in the AR application 98, which application runs the AR headset devices 16_1-i. As shown in <figref idref="f0014">Figure 7A</figref>, the AR hub 186 provides feedback regarding the connectivity and current status of each AR headset device 16_1-i connected to the unified simulator control software 96. Moreover, the AR hub 186 allows an instructor to take full control of any connected AR headset device 16_{1, 2, 3, or i} by selecting a "lock mode" button 188 (shown in the upper right corner of <figref idref="f0014">Figure 7A</figref>). As a result, each AR headset device 16_1-i is operable in two different modalities (i.e., instructor controlled and participant controlled). An example of feedback relating to the AR headset devices 16_{1, 2, 3, and/or i} is shown in <figref idref="f0015">Figure 7B</figref> and includes connectivity information 189a as well as icon feedback 189b of the current mode in which each of the AR headset devices 16_1-i is operating (e.g., live mode 102, watch mode 104, tour mode 106, or setup mode 108). As shown in <figref idref="f0014">Figure 7A</figref>, similarly to the obstetric AR module 100 accessible via the AR application 98, the AR hub 186 includes a live mode 190, a watch mode 192, and a tour mode 194. In the live mode 190 of the AR hub 186, as shown in <figref idref="f0016">Figure 7C</figref>, the instructor may select a particular scenario and run it live on both the manikin (e.g., the physical anatomic model 12 and/or 44) and all of the connected AR headset devices 16_1-i. In the watch mode 192 of the AR hub 186, as shown in <figref idref="f0017">Figure 7D</figref>, the instructor may select a video clip from the unified simulator control software 96 and have all connected AR headset devices 16_1-i simultaneously watch an instructional video. Finally, in the tour mode 194 of the AR hub 186, as shown in <figref idref="f0018">Figure 7E</figref>, the instructor may provide a general overview of the manikin to all connected AR headset devices 16_1-i by selecting different regions of the standing hologram 160 of the manikin (e.g., the maternal manikin 46) and activating the selected regions on all connected AR headset devices 16_1-i.

0058In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0019">Figure 8</figref> with continuing reference to <figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref>, the computing device 14" may include the AR link software 99 to allow participants that do not have one of the AR headset devices 16_1-i to still view the 3D animations of, for example, the live mode 190 during a particular scenario. An example of a graphical output 196 of the AR link software 99 is shown in <figref idref="f0019">Figure 8</figref>. In some embodiments, the AR link software 99 is a standalone desktop application including features similar to those of the AR application 98 (which runs the AR headset devices 16_1-i). In some embodiments, the AR link software 99 establishes connectivity with the unified simulator control software 96 on the computing device 14 via Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ("TC/PIP") over the network 20. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the AR link software 99 runs on the computing device 14.

0059In an exemplary embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0020 f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">Figures 9A-9E</figref>, the obstetric AR module 100 is configured to create real-time visualization of the fetus and inner obstetric anatomy (e.g., the virtual fetal anatomy 56 and the internal virtual structures 58 of the virtual maternal anatomy 54) in lock step with the progress of a selected birthing scenario. For example, the fetus position and rotation may be animated together with the rest of the obstetric anatomy to complement a real-time birthing simulation using the manikin (e.g., the physical anatomic model 44) and the unified simulator control software 96. Specifically, obstetric animations are rendered in real-time on the AR headset devices 16_1-i using a game engine 198 (e.g., Unity^® 3D software) of the present disclosure. An example of the game engine 198 is shown diagrammatically in <figref idref="f0020">Figure 9A</figref>, which illustrates the animation and rendering process utilized by the obstetric AR module 100.

0060To ensure that animations are realistic, anatomically accurate, and renderable in real-time, the animations are first created offline using a professional animation software (e.g., Autodesk^® Maya^® 3D software, Blender^™ 3D software, another 3D software, or the like), as indicated by the reference numeral 200. Specifically, the offline animations are created using 3D animation software depicting the fetus in the correct pose (e.g., legs bent in fetal position, legs extended, etc.) corresponding to the position of the fetus during a particular stage of labor. Example orientations of the fetus during the birthing process are illustrated in <figref idref="f0021">Figure 9B</figref>, together with the rest of the obstetric anatomy. In particular, as shown in <figref idref="f0021">Figure 9B</figref>, the fetus undergoes both translation and rotation as the manikin (e.g., the maternal manikin 46) progressed through labor. The animations created offline are then imported into the game engine 198, as indicated by the arrow 202.

0061The game engine 198 then modifies the imported animations to match the position and rotation of the fetus during the birthing scenario. Specifically, the modifications made to the imported animations by the game engine 198 are based on real-time feedback from the birthing simulator (e.g., the physical anatomic model 44 and/or the unified simulator control software 96), as indicated by the arrow 204 in <figref idref="f0020">Figure 9A</figref>, to impart the correct rotation to the pre-animated fetus pose. <figref idref="f0022">Figure 9C</figref> depicts this two-step animation process. In particular, parts (A), (B), and (C) of <figref idref="f0022">Figure 9C</figref> illustrate the first step of using the animation software to pre-animate the fetus with only translation and no rotation animation. Parts (D), (E), and (F) of <figref idref="f0022">Figure 9C</figref> illustrate the second step of creating the desired rotation in real-time by rotating the pre-animated models using the game engine 198. In some embodiments, this two-step animation process results in high visual fidelity, anatomical accuracy, and high frame rates (which are required for real-time rendering of AR images). The game engine 198 then outputs a real-time animation of the fetus and the obstetric anatomy based on the pre-animated fetus poses 200 and the real-time feedback 204 from the birthing simulator, as indicated diagrammatically in <figref idref="f0020">Figure 9A</figref> by the reference numeral 206. In some embodiments, the real-time animation of the fetus and the obstetric anatomy is then displayed on the AR headset device 16.

0062Because the angular rotation of the fetus can vary from 0 to 360 degrees, to ensure high visual fidelity, in some embodiments, fetus poses are created for four different angular positions (in the offline 3D animation software 200) as a function of labor progression. The various fetus poses for all other angular orientations are created on demand by the game engine 198 in real-time to match the feedback 204 from the birthing simulator. An example of this process is illustrated diagrammatically in <figref idref="f0023">Figure 9D</figref>.

0063To ensure the placenta and umbilical cord remain attached to the fetus during rotation, the placenta is modeled with rotational and non-rotational parts. The rotational part allows the tip of the umbilical cord to stay attached to the fetus while the fetus is animated to rotate in the birth canal. An example of this process is illustrated diagrammatically in <figref idref="f0024">Figure 9E</figref>. Specifically, part (A) of <figref idref="f0024">Figure 9E</figref> shows an initial position of the fetus with the non-rotational part of the placenta being connected to the wall of the amniotic sac and the rotational part of the placenta (e.g., the umbilical cord) being connected to the fetus. In contrast, part (B) of <figref idref="f0024">Figure 9E</figref> shows a rotated position of the fetus in which the tip of the umbilical cord remains attached to the fetus.

0064In an embodiment, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0025 f0026">Figures 10A-10B</figref>, a real-time video 208 of a simulation exercise may be overlaid with holographic AR animations 210 and/or other computer generated graphics. The AR animations 210 (shown in <figref idref="f0026">Figure 10B</figref>) and graphics are rendered in real-time inside a real-time game engine 212 from a position and perspective that matches with the real-time video 208, as shown in <figref idref="f0026">Figure 10B</figref>. Specifically, the real-time video 208 of the simulation exercises is fed into the real-time game engine 212 together with real-time camera pose data (i.e., position and orientation), as indicated by the arrow 214 in <figref idref="f0025">Figure 10A</figref>. Additionally, the AR animations and graphics generated by the game engine 198 (or a similar game engine) are fed into the real-time game engine 212, as indicated by the arrow 216 in <figref idref="f0025">Figure 10A</figref>. The real-time game engine 212 then creates a composite video of the real-time video 208 of the simulation exercise together with the AR animations and graphics, as indicated by the arrow 218 in <figref idref="f0025">Figure 10A</figref>. Finally, the real-time game engine 212 sends the composite video to a video recording module 220. Examples of the real-time video 208 of the simulation exercise, the AR animations 210 and graphics, and the composite video 218 created by the real-time game engine 212 are illustrated in <figref idref="f0026">Figure 10B</figref>. Specifically, as shown in <figref idref="f0026">Figure 10B</figref>, the real-time game engine 212 can be used to overlay the virtual anatomic model 52 on the physical anatomic model 44. The real-time game engine 212 is equally suited to overlay the virtual anatomic model 36 on the physical anatomic model 12.

0065In some embodiments, a plurality of instructions, or computer program(s), are stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium, the instructions or computer program(s) being accessible to, and executable by, one or more processors. In some embodiments, the one or more processors execute the plurality of instructions (or computer program(s)) to operate in whole or in part the above-described illustrative embodiments. In some embodiments, the one or more processors are part of the computing device 14 (or another computing device of the present disclosure), one or more other computing devices, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer readable medium is part of the computing device 14, one or more other computing devices, or any combination thereof.

0066Referring to <figref idref="f0027">Figure 11</figref> with continuing reference to <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004">Figures 1-4</figref>, an embodiment of the computing device 14, 14', and/or 14" for implementing one or more embodiments of one or more of the above-described networks, elements, methods and/or steps, and/or any combination thereof, is depicted. The computing device 14, 14', and/or 14" includes a microprocessor 14a, an input device 14b, a storage device 14c, a video controller 14d, a system memory 14e, a display 14f, and a communication device 14g all interconnected by one or more buses 14h. In some embodiments, the storage device 14c may include a floppy drive, hard drive, CD-ROM, optical drive, any other form of storage device and/or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the storage device 14c may include, and/or be capable of receiving, a floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or any other form of computer-readable medium that may contain executable instructions. In some embodiments, the communication device 14g may include a modem, network card, or any other device to enable the computing device to communicate with other computing devices. In some embodiments, any computing device represents a plurality of interconnected (whether by intranet or Internet) computer systems, including without limitation, personal computers, mainframes, PDAs, smartphones and cell phones.

0067The computing device can send a network message using proprietary protocol instructions to render 3D models and/or medical data. The link between the computing device and the display unit and the synchronization between the programmed state of physical manikin and the rendering data/3D model on the display unit of the present invention facilitate enhanced learning experiences for users. In this regard, multiple display units can be used simultaneously by multiple users to show the same 3D models/data from different points of view of the same manikin(s) to facilitate uniform teaching and learning, including team training aspects.

0068In some embodiments, one or more of the components of the above-described illustrative embodiments include at least the computing device 14, 14', and/or 14" and/or components thereof, and/or one or more computing devices that are substantially similar to the computing device 14, 14', and/or 14" and/or components thereof. In some embodiments, one or more of the above-described components of the computing device 14, 14', and/or 14" include respective pluralities of same components.

0069In some embodiments, a computer system typically includes at least hardware capable of executing machine readable instructions, as well as the software for executing acts (typically machine-readable instructions) that produce a desired result. In some embodiments, a computer system may include hybrids of hardware and software, as well as computer sub-systems.

0070In some embodiments, hardware generally includes at least processor-capable platforms, such as client-machines (also known as personal computers or servers), and hand-held processing devices (such as smart phones, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), or personal computing devices (PCDs), for example). In some embodiments, hardware may include any physical device that is capable of storing machine-readable instructions, such as memory or other data storage devices. In some embodiments, other forms of hardware include hardware sub-systems, including transfer devices such as modems, modem cards, ports, and port cards, for example.

0071In some embodiments, software includes any machine code stored in any memory medium, such as RAM or ROM, and machine code stored on other devices (such as floppy disks, flash memory, or a CD ROM, for example). In some embodiments, software may include source or object code. In some embodiments, software encompasses any set of instructions capable of being executed on a computing device such as, for example, on a client machine or server.

0072In some embodiments, combinations of software and hardware could also be used for providing enhanced functionality and performance for certain embodiments of the present disclosure. In an illustrative embodiment, software functions may be directly manufactured into a silicon chip. Accordingly, it should be understood that combinations of hardware and software are also included within the definition of a computer system and are thus envisioned by the present disclosure as possible equivalent structures and equivalent methods.

0073In some embodiments, computer readable mediums include, for example, passive data storage, such as a random access memory (RAM) as well as semi-permanent data storage such as a compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM). One or more illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure may be embodied in the RAM of a computer to transform a standard computer into a new specific computing machine. In some embodiments, data structures are defined organizations of data that may enable an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an illustrative embodiment, a data structure may provide an organization of data, or an organization of executable code.

0074In some embodiments, any networks and/or one or more portions thereof, may be designed to work on any specific architecture. In an illustrative embodiment, one or more portions of any networks may be executed on a single computer, local area networks, client-server networks, wide area networks, internets, hand-held and other portable and wireless devices and networks.

0075In some embodiments, a database may be any standard or proprietary database software. In some embodiments, the database may have fields, records, data, and other database elements that may be associated through database specific software. In some embodiments, data may be mapped. In some embodiments, mapping is the process of associating one data entry with another data entry. In an illustrative embodiment, the data contained in the location of a character file can be mapped to a field in a second table. In some embodiments, the physical location of the database is not limiting, and the database may be distributed. In an illustrative embodiment, the database may exist remotely from the server, and run on a separate platform. In an illustrative embodiment, the database may be accessible across the Internet. In some embodiments, more than one database may be implemented.

0076In some embodiments, a plurality of instructions stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium may be executed by one or more processors to cause the one or more processors to carry out or implement in whole or in part the above-described operation of each of the above-described illustrative embodiments of the AR system 10, the method 84, and/or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, such a processor may include the microprocessor 14a, and such a non-transitory computer readable medium may include the storage device 14c, the system memory 14e, or a combination thereof. Moreover, the computer readable medium may be distributed among one or more components of the AR system 10, including, but not limited to, the physical anatomic model 12 or 44, the AR headset device 16, the tracking system 18, the instrument 28, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, such a processor may execute the plurality of instructions in connection with a virtual computer system. In some embodiments, such a plurality of instructions may communicate directly with the one or more processors, and/or may interact with one or more operating systems, middleware, firmware, other applications, and/or any combination thereof, to cause the one or more processors to execute the instructions.

0077In a first aspect, the present disclosure introduces an augmented reality system, including a physical anatomic model; a display unit via which a user is adapted to receive a first optic feedback and a second optic feedback, the first optic feedback emanating from the physical anatomic model and passing through the display unit, and the second optic feedback emanating from the display unit and including a virtual anatomic model; a tracking system adapted to track a position and an orientation of the display unit; and a computing device adapted to: receive a first signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the display unit, and send a second signal to the display unit to cause the display unit to overlay the second optic feedback on the first optic feedback, the second signal being based on the first signal. In some embodiments, the second optic feedback further includes ancillary virtual graphics, the ancillary virtual graphics including one or more of: medical data, instructional steps, expert demonstrations, didactic content, and exigent circumstances. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model includes a manikin, the manikin including external physical features, and the external physical features including physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural human; and the virtual anatomic model includes virtual anatomy, the virtual anatomy including internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures including virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human. In some embodiments, the computing device is further adapted to co-register the virtual anatomy with the manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual anatomy with the manikin. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomy further includes external virtual features, the external virtual features including virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural human; and the external virtual features of the virtual anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural human, and the external physical features of the manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural human. In some embodiments, the manikin further includes internal physical structures, the internal physical structures including physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human; and the internal physical structures of the manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural human, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural human. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model includes a maternal manikin, the maternal manikin including first external physical features, and the first external physical features including physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural mother; and the virtual anatomic model includes virtual fetal anatomy, the virtual fetal anatomy including first external virtual features, and the first external virtual features including virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural fetus. In some embodiments, the computing device is further adapted to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model further includes a fetal manikin contained within the maternal manikin, the fetal manikin including second external physical features, and the second external physical features including physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural fetus; and the second external physical features of the fetal manikin simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural fetus, and the first external virtual features of the virtual fetal anatomy simulate other characteristics associated with the natural fetus. In some embodiments, the tracking system is further adapted to track a position and an orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin; the computing device is further adapted to: co-register the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and receive a third signal relating to the position and the orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin from the tracking system; and the second signal is further based on the third signal and the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model further includes virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy including internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures including virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother. In some embodiments, the computing device is further adapted to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin. In some embodiments, the maternal manikin further includes internal physical structures, the internal physical structures including physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother; and the internal physical structures of the maternal manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural mother. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model further includes virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy including second external virtual features, and the second external virtual features including virtual representations of one or more external characteristics of the natural mother; and the second external virtual features of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the first external physical features of the maternal manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural mother.

0078In a second aspect, the present disclosure introduces a method, including viewing a first optic feedback that emanates from a physical anatomic model and passes through a display unit; tracking, using a tracking system, a position and an orientation of the display unit; receiving, using a computing device, a first signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the display unit; sending, using the computing device, a second signal to the display unit to cause the display unit to overlay a second optic feedback on the first optic feedback, the second signal being based on the first signal; and viewing the second optic feedback, wherein the second optic feedback emanates from the display unit and includes a virtual anatomic model. In some embodiments, the second optic feedback further includes ancillary virtual graphics, the ancillary virtual graphics including one or more of: medical data, instructional steps, expert demonstrations, didactic content, and exigent circumstances. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model includes a manikin, the manikin including external physical features, and the external physical features including physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural human; and the virtual anatomic model includes virtual anatomy, the virtual anatomy including internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures including virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human. In some embodiments, the method further includes co-registering, using the computing device, the virtual anatomy with the manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; wherein the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual anatomy with the manikin. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomy further includes external virtual features, the external virtual features including virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural human; and the external virtual features of the virtual anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural human, and the external physical features of the manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural human. In some embodiments, the manikin further includes internal physical structures, the internal physical structures including physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human; and the internal physical structures of the manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural human, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural human. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model includes a maternal manikin, the maternal manikin including first external physical features, and the first external physical features including physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural mother; and the virtual anatomic model includes virtual fetal anatomy, the virtual fetal anatomy including first external virtual features, and the first external virtual features including virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural fetus. In some embodiments, the method further includes co-registering, using the computing device, the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; wherein the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model further includes a fetal manikin contained within the maternal manikin, the fetal manikin including second external physical features, and the second external physical features including physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural fetus; and the second external physical features of the fetal manikin simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural fetus, and the first external virtual features of the virtual fetal anatomy simulate other characteristics associated with the natural fetus. In some embodiments, the method further includes tracking, using the tracking system, a position and an orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin; co-registering, using the computing device, the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and receiving, using the computing device, a third signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin; wherein the second signal is further based on the third signal and the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model further includes virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy including internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures including virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother. In some embodiments, the method further includes co-registering, using the computing device, the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; wherein the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin. In some embodiments, the maternal manikin further includes internal physical structures, the internal physical structures including physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother; and the internal physical structures of the maternal manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural mother. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model further includes virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy including second external virtual features, and the second external virtual features including virtual representations of one or more external characteristics of the natural mother; and the second external virtual features of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the first external physical features of the maternal manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural mother.

0079In a third aspect, the present disclosure introduces an apparatus, including a non-transitory computer readable medium; and a plurality of instructions stored on the non-transitory computer readable medium and executable by one or more processors, the plurality of instructions including: instructions that cause the one or more processors to track, using a tracking system, a position and an orientation of a display unit; instructions that cause the one or more processors to receive a first signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the display unit; and instructions that cause the one or more processors to send a second signal to the display unit to cause the display unit to overlay a first optic feedback on a second optic feedback, the second signal being based on the first signal; wherein the second optic feedback emanates from a physical anatomic model and passes through a display unit, and the first optic feedback emanates from the display unit and includes a virtual anatomic model. In some embodiments, the first optic feedback further includes ancillary virtual graphics, the ancillary virtual graphics including one or more of: medical data, instructional steps, expert demonstrations, didactic content, and exigent circumstances. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model includes a manikin, the manikin including external physical features, and the external physical features including physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural human; and the virtual anatomic model includes virtual anatomy, the virtual anatomy including internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures including virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human. In some embodiments, the plurality of instructions further include instructions that cause the one or more processors to co-register the virtual anatomy with the manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual anatomy with the manikin. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomy further includes external virtual features, the external virtual features including virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural human; and the external virtual features of the virtual anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural human, and the external physical features of the manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural human. In some embodiments, the manikin further includes internal physical structures, the internal physical structures including physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human; and the internal physical structures of the manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural human, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural human. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model includes a maternal manikin, the maternal manikin including first external physical features, and the first external physical features including physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural mother; and the virtual anatomic model includes virtual fetal anatomy, the virtual fetal anatomy including first external virtual features, and the first external virtual features including virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural fetus. In some embodiments, the plurality of instructions further include instructions that cause the one or more processors to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin. In some embodiments, the physical anatomic model further includes a fetal manikin contained within the maternal manikin, the fetal manikin including second external physical features, and the second external physical features including physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural fetus; and the second external physical features of the fetal manikin simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural fetus, and the first external virtual features of the virtual fetal anatomy simulate other characteristics associated with the natural fetus. In some embodiments, the plurality of instructions further include: instructions that cause the one or more processors to track, using the tracking system, a position and an orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin; instructions that cause the one or more processors to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and instructions that cause the one or more processors to receive a third signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin; and the second signal is further based on the third signal and the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model further includes virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy including internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures including virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother. In some embodiments, the plurality of instructions further include instructions that cause the one or more processors to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin. In some embodiments, the maternal manikin further includes internal physical structures, the internal physical structures including physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother; and the internal physical structures of the maternal manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural mother. In some embodiments, the virtual anatomic model further includes virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy including second external virtual features, and the second external virtual features including virtual representations of one or more external characteristics of the natural mother; and the second external virtual features of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the first external physical features of the maternal manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural mother.

0080It is understood that variations may be made in the foregoing without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

0081In several illustrative embodiments, the elements and teachings of the various illustrative embodiments may be combined in whole or in part in some or all of the illustrative embodiments. In addition, one or more of the elements and teachings of the various illustrative embodiments may be omitted, at least in part, and/or combined, at least in part, with one or more of the other elements and teachings of the various illustrative embodiments.

0082In several illustrative embodiments, while different steps, processes, and procedures are described as appearing as distinct acts, one or more of the steps, one or more of the processes, and/or one or more of the procedures may also be performed in different orders, simultaneously and/or sequentially. In several illustrative embodiments, the steps, processes and/or procedures may be merged into one or more steps, processes and/or procedures.

0083In several illustrative embodiments, one or more of the operational steps in each embodiment may be omitted. Moreover, in some instances, some features of the present disclosure may be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. Moreover, one or more of the above-described embodiments and/or variations may be combined in whole or in part with any one or more of the other above-described embodiments and/or variations.

0084In the foregoing description of certain embodiments, specific terminology has been resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes other technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar technical purpose. Terms such as "left" and right", "front" and "rear", "above" and "below" and the like are used as words of convenience to provide reference points and are not to be construed as limiting terms.

0085In this specification, the word "comprising" is to be understood in its "open" sense, that is, in the sense of "including", and thus not limited to its "closed" sense, that is the sense of "consisting only of". A corresponding meaning is to be attributed to the corresponding words "comprise", "comprised" and "comprises" where they appear.

0086Although several illustrative embodiments have been described in detail above, the embodiments described are illustrative only and are not limiting, and those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many other modifications, changes and/or substitutions are possible in the illustrative embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the present disclosure. Accordingly, all such modifications, changes, and/or substitutions are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the following claims. In the claims, any means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures. Moreover, it is the express intention of the applicant not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6 for any limitations of any of the claims herein, except for those in which the claim expressly uses the word "means" together with an associated function.

0087One or more aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure are set out in the following clauses. <ol id="ol0001"><li>1. An augmented reality system, comprising: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a physical anatomic model;</li><li>a display unit via which a user is adapted to receive a first optic feedback and a second optic feedback, the first optic feedback emanating from the physical anatomic model and passing through the display unit, and the second optic feedback emanating from the display unit and comprising a virtual anatomic model;</li><li>a tracking system adapted to track a position and an orientation of the display unit; and</li><li>a computing device adapted to: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive a first signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the display unit, and</li><li>send a second signal to the display unit to cause the display unit to overlay the second optic feedback on the first optic feedback, the second signal being based on the first signal.</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>2. The augmented reality system of clause 1, wherein the second optic feedback further comprises ancillary virtual graphics, the ancillary virtual graphics comprising one or more of: medical data, instructional steps, expert demonstrations, didactic content, and exigent circumstances.</li><li>3. The augmented reality system of clause 1, wherein: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the physical anatomic model comprises a manikin, the manikin comprising external physical features, and the external physical features comprising physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural human; and</li><li>the virtual anatomic model comprises virtual anatomy, the virtual anatomy comprising internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures comprising virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human.</li></ul></li><li>4. The augmented reality system of clause 3, wherein: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the computing device is further adapted to co-register the virtual anatomy with the manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and</li><li>the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual anatomy with the manikin.</li></ul></li><li>5. The augmented reality system of clause 3, wherein: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the virtual anatomy further comprises external virtual features, the external virtual features comprising virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural human; and</li><li>the external virtual features of the virtual anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural human, and the external physical features of the manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural human.</li></ul></li><li>6. The augmented reality system of clause 3, wherein: <ul id="ul0007" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the manikin further comprises internal physical structures, the internal physical structures comprising physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human; and</li><li>the internal physical structures of the manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural human, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural human.</li></ul></li><li>7. The augmented reality system of clause 1, wherein: <ul id="ul0008" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the physical anatomic model comprises a maternal manikin, the maternal manikin comprising first external physical features, and the first external physical features comprising physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural mother; and</li><li>the virtual anatomic model comprises virtual fetal anatomy, the virtual fetal anatomy comprising first external virtual features, and the first external virtual features comprising virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural fetus.</li></ul></li><li>8. The augmented reality system of clause 7, wherein: <ul id="ul0009" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the computing device is further adapted to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and</li><li>the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin.</li></ul></li><li>9. The augmented reality system of clause 7, wherein: <ul id="ul0010" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the physical anatomic model further comprises a fetal manikin contained within the maternal manikin, the fetal manikin comprising second external physical features, and the second external physical features comprising physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural fetus; and</li><li>the second external physical features of the fetal manikin simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural fetus, and the first external virtual features of the virtual fetal anatomy simulate other characteristics associated with the natural fetus.</li></ul></li><li>10. The augmented reality system of clause 9, wherein: <ul id="ul0011" list-style="none"><li>the tracking system is further adapted to track a position and an orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin;</li><li>the computing device is further adapted to: <ul id="ul0012" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>co-register the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and</li><li>receive a third signal relating to the position and the orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin from the tracking system;</li></ul> and</li><li>the second signal is further based on the third signal and the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin.</li></ul></li><li>11. The augmented reality system of clause 7, wherein the virtual anatomic model further comprises virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy comprising internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures comprising virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother.</li><li>12. The augmented reality system of clause 11, wherein: <ul id="ul0013" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the computing device is further adapted to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and</li><li>the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin.</li></ul></li><li>13. The augmented reality system of clause 11, wherein: <ul id="ul0014" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the maternal manikin further comprises internal physical structures, the internal physical structures comprising physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother; and</li><li>the internal physical structures of the maternal manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural mother.</li></ul></li><li>14. The augmented reality system of clause 11, wherein: <ul id="ul0015" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the virtual anatomic model further comprises virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy comprising second external virtual features, and the second external virtual features comprising virtual representations of one or more external characteristics of the natural mother; and</li><li>the second external virtual features of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the first external physical features of the maternal manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural mother.</li></ul></li><li>15. A method, comprising: <ul id="ul0016" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>viewing a first optic feedback that emanates from a physical anatomic model and passes through a display unit;</li><li>tracking, using a tracking system, a position and an orientation of the display unit;</li><li>receiving, using a computing device, a first signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the display unit;</li><li>sending, using the computing device, a second signal to the display unit to cause the display unit to overlay a second optic feedback on the first optic feedback, the second signal being based on the first signal; and viewing the second optic feedback,</li><li>wherein the second optic feedback emanates from the display unit and comprises a virtual anatomic model.</li></ul></li><li>16. The method of clause 15, wherein the second optic feedback further comprises ancillary virtual graphics, the ancillary virtual graphics comprising one or more of: medical data, instructional steps, expert demonstrations, didactic content, and exigent circumstances.</li><li>17. The method of clause 15, wherein: <ul id="ul0017" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the physical anatomic model comprises a manikin, the manikin comprising external physical features, and the external physical features comprising physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural human; and</li><li>the virtual anatomic model comprises virtual anatomy, the virtual anatomy comprising internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures comprising virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human.</li></ul></li><li>18. The method of clause 17, further comprising: <ul id="ul0018" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>co-registering, using the computing device, the virtual anatomy with the manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween;</li><li>wherein the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual anatomy with the manikin.</li></ul></li><li>19. The method of clause 17, wherein: <ul id="ul0019" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the virtual anatomy further comprises external virtual features, the external virtual features comprising virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural human; and</li><li>the external virtual features of the virtual anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural human, and the external physical features of the manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural human.</li></ul></li><li>20. The method of clause 17, wherein: <ul id="ul0020" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the manikin further comprises internal physical structures, the internal physical structures comprising physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human; and</li><li>the internal physical structures of the manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural human, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural human.</li></ul></li><li>21. The method of clause 15, wherein: <ul id="ul0021" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the physical anatomic model comprises a maternal manikin, the maternal manikin comprising first external physical features, and the first external physical features comprising physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural mother; and</li><li>the virtual anatomic model comprises virtual fetal anatomy, the virtual fetal anatomy comprising first external virtual features, and the first external virtual features comprising virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural fetus.</li></ul></li><li>22. The method of clause 21, further comprising: <ul id="ul0022" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>co-registering, using the computing device, the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween;</li><li>wherein the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin.</li></ul></li><li>23. The method of clause 21, wherein: <ul id="ul0023" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the physical anatomic model further comprises a fetal manikin contained within the maternal manikin, the fetal manikin comprising second external physical features, and the second external physical features comprising physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural fetus; and</li><li>the second external physical features of the fetal manikin simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural fetus, and the first external virtual features of the virtual fetal anatomy simulate other characteristics associated with the natural fetus.</li></ul></li><li>24. The method of clause 23, further comprising: <ul id="ul0024" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>tracking, using the tracking system, a position and an orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin;</li><li>co-registering, using the computing device, the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and receiving, using the computing device, a third signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin;</li><li>wherein the second signal is further based on the third signal and the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin.</li></ul></li><li>25. The method of clause 21, wherein the virtual anatomic model further comprises virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy comprising internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures comprising virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother.</li><li>26. The method of clause 25, further comprising: <ul id="ul0025" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>co-registering, using the computing device, the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween;</li><li>wherein the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin.</li></ul></li><li>27. The method of clause 25, wherein: <ul id="ul0026" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the maternal manikin further comprises internal physical structures, the internal physical structures comprising physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother; and</li><li>the internal physical structures of the maternal manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural mother.</li></ul></li><li>28. The method of clause 25, wherein: <ul id="ul0027" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the virtual anatomic model further comprises virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy comprising second external virtual features, and the second external virtual features comprising virtual representations of one or more external characteristics of the natural mother; and</li><li>the second external virtual features of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the first external physical features of the maternal manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural mother.</li></ul></li><li>29. An apparatus, comprising: <ul id="ul0028" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a non-transitory computer readable medium; and</li><li>a plurality of instructions stored on the non-transitory computer readable medium and executable by one or more processors, the plurality of instructions comprising: <ul id="ul0029" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>instructions that cause the one or more processors to track, using a tracking system, a position and an orientation of a display unit;</li><li>instructions that cause the one or more processors to receive a first signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the display unit; and</li><li>instructions that cause the one or more processors to send a second signal to the display unit to cause the display unit to overlay a first optic feedback on a second optic feedback, the second signal being based on the first signal;</li></ul></li><li>wherein the second optic feedback emanates from a physical anatomic model and passes through a display unit, and the first optic feedback emanates from the display unit and comprises a virtual anatomic model.</li></ul></li><li>30. The apparatus of clause 29, wherein the first optic feedback further comprises ancillary virtual graphics, the ancillary virtual graphics comprising one or more of: medical data, instructional steps, expert demonstrations, didactic content, and exigent circumstances.</li><li>31. The apparatus of clause 29, wherein: <ul id="ul0030" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the physical anatomic model comprises a manikin, the manikin comprising external physical features, and the external physical features comprising physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural human; and</li><li>the virtual anatomic model comprises virtual anatomy, the virtual anatomy comprising internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures comprising virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human.</li></ul></li><li>32. The apparatus of clause 31, wherein: <ul id="ul0031" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the plurality of instructions further comprise instructions that cause the one or more processors to co-register the virtual anatomy with the manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and</li><li>the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual anatomy with the manikin.</li></ul></li><li>33. The apparatus of clause 31, wherein: <ul id="ul0032" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the virtual anatomy further comprises external virtual features, the external virtual features comprising virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural human; and</li><li>the external virtual features of the virtual anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural human, and the external physical features of the manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural human.</li></ul></li><li>34. The apparatus of clause 31, wherein: <ul id="ul0033" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the manikin further comprises internal physical structures, the internal physical structures comprising physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural human; and</li><li>the internal physical structures of the manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural human, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural human.</li></ul></li><li>35. The apparatus of clause 29, wherein: <ul id="ul0034" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the physical anatomic model comprises a maternal manikin, the maternal manikin comprising first external physical features, and the first external physical features comprising physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural mother; and</li><li>the virtual anatomic model comprises virtual fetal anatomy, the virtual fetal anatomy comprising first external virtual features, and the first external virtual features comprising virtual representations of one or more external characteristics associated with a natural fetus.</li></ul></li><li>36. The apparatus of clause 35, wherein: <ul id="ul0035" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the plurality of instructions further comprise instructions that cause the one or more processors to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and</li><li>the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the maternal manikin.</li></ul></li><li>37. The apparatus of clause 35, wherein: <ul id="ul0036" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the physical anatomic model further comprises a fetal manikin contained within the maternal manikin, the fetal manikin comprising second external physical features, and the second external physical features comprising physical representations of one or more external characteristics associated with the natural fetus; and</li><li>the second external physical features of the fetal manikin simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural fetus, and the first external virtual features of the virtual fetal anatomy simulate other characteristics associated with the natural fetus.</li></ul></li><li>38. The apparatus of clause 37, wherein the plurality of instructions further comprise: <ul id="ul0037" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>instructions that cause the one or more processors to track, using the tracking system, a position and an orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin;</li><li>instructions that cause the one or more processors to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and</li><li>instructions that cause the one or more processors to receive a third signal from the tracking system relating to the position and the orientation of the fetal manikin relative to the maternal manikin; and</li><li>wherein the second signal is further based on the third signal and the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy with the fetal manikin.</li></ul></li><li>39. The apparatus of clause 35, wherein the virtual anatomic model further comprises virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy comprising internal virtual structures, and the internal virtual structures comprising virtual representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother.</li><li>40. The apparatus of clause 39, wherein: <ul id="ul0038" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the plurality of instructions further comprise instructions that cause the one or more processors to co-register the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin to ensure an accurate spatial relationship therebetween; and</li><li>the second signal is further based on the co-registering of the virtual fetal anatomy and the virtual maternal anatomy with the maternal manikin.</li></ul></li><li>41. The apparatus of clause 39, wherein: <ul id="ul0039" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the maternal manikin further comprises internal physical structures, the internal physical structures comprising physical representations of one or more internal characteristics associated with the natural mother; and</li><li>the internal physical structures of the maternal manikin simulate some internal characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the internal virtual structures of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate other internal characteristics associated with the natural mother.</li></ul></li><li>42. The apparatus of clause 39, wherein: <ul id="ul0040" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the virtual anatomic model further comprises virtual maternal anatomy, the virtual maternal anatomy comprising second external virtual features, and the second external virtual features comprising virtual representations of one or more external characteristics of the natural mother; and</li><li>the second external virtual features of the virtual maternal anatomy simulate some external characteristics associated with the natural mother, and the first external physical features of the maternal manikin simulate other external characteristics associated with the natural mother.</li></ul></li></ol>