Mechanisms for motor control adjustments of a motorized surgical instrument

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

0001This application is a non-provisional application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US62868457"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/868,457</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE RFID TAGS, filed on June 28, 2019, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

0002The present invention relates to surgical instruments and, in various embodiments, to surgical cutting and stapling instruments and staple cartridges therefor that are designed to cut and staple tissue. In various embodiments, RFID technology can be used to identify the components of a surgical instrument, such as staple cartridges, for example. Examples of surgical systems which use RFID technology can be found in the disclosures of <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US7959050B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 7,959,050</text></patcit>, entitled ELECTRICALLY SELF-POWERED SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MANUAL RELEASE, which issued on June 14, 2011, and <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US20150053743A"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 2015/0053743</text></patcit>, entitled ERROR DETECTION ARRANGEMENTS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ASSEMBLIES, which published on February 26, 2015, and both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

SUMMARY

0003In various embodiments, a surgical instrument is disclosed including an end effector, a shaft, and a housing. The end effector includes an anvil, a staple cartridge including staples deployable toward the anvil and through tissue grasped between the anvil and the staple cartridge, a cutting member configured to cut the tissue, and a first radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag configured to store end effector information. The shaft includes a distal portion selectively transitionable with the end effector between a first attached configuration and a first detached configuration, a first RFID scanner near the distal portion, a proximal portion, and a second RFID tag configured to store shaft information. The first RFID scanner is configured to detect the first RFID tag in the first attached configuration. The housing is selectively transitionable with the proximal portion of the shaft between a second attached configuration and a second detached configuration. The housing includes a second RFID scanner configured to detect the second RFID tag in the second attached configuration, a motor configured to apply a load to the end effector to staple and cut the tissue, and a control circuit. The control circuit is configured to receive input from the first RFID scanner indicative of the end effector information, receive input from the second RFID scanner indicative of the shaft information, and adjust at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on the end effector information and the shaft information

0004In various embodiments, a surgical instrument is disclosed including an end effector and a housing assembly. The end effector includes an anvil, a staple cartridge including staples deployable toward the anvil and through tissue grasped between the anvil and the staple cartridge, a cutting member configured to cut the tissue, and a first RFID tag configured to store end effector information. The housing assembly includes a shaft selectively transitionable with the end effector between an attached configuration and an detached configuration, an RFID scanner configured to detect the RFID tag in the attached configuration, a motor configured to apply a load to the end effector to staple and cut the tissue, and a control circuit configured. The control circuit is configured to receive input from the RFID scanner indicative of the end effector information and adjust at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on the end effector information.

0005In various embodiments, a surgical instrument includes an end effector, a shaft, and a housing. The end effector includes a stapling head assembly, an anvil movable a closure distance relative to the stapling head assembly to transition the end effector from an open configuration to a closed configuration, and a first RFID tag configured to store end effector information. Tissue is grasped between the anvil and the stapling head assembly in the closed configuration. The shaft includes a distal portion selectively transitionable with the end effector between a first attached configuration and a first detached configuration, a first RFID scanner near the distal portion, a proximal portion, and a second RFID tag configured to store shaft information. The first RFID scanner is configured to detect the first RFID tag in the first attached configuration. The housing is selectively transitionable with the proximal portion of the shaft between a second attached configuration and a second detached configuration. The housing includes a second RFID scanner configured to detect the second RFID tag in the second attached configuration, a motor configured to generate a closure motion to cause the anvil to move the closure distance, and a control circuit. The control circuit is configured to receive input from the first RFID scanner indicative of the end effector information, receive input from the second RFID scanner indicative of the shaft information, and adjust at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on the end effector information and the shaft information.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0006The features of various aspects are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The various aspects, however, both as to organization and methods of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings as follows. <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> depicts a perspective view of an exemplary circular stapler, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> depicts a perspective view of the circular stapler of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, with a battery pack removed from a housing assembly and an anvil removed from a stapling head assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> depicts a perspective view of the stapling head assembly of the circular stapler of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 4</figref> depicts another perspective view of the anvil of <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref> depicts an exploded perspective view of the stapling head assembly of <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref> depicts an exploded perspective view of the circular stapler of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, with portions of the shaft assembly shown separately from each other, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref> depicts a detailed perspective view of an anvil actuation assembly of the housing assembly of <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0007">FIG. 8</figref> depicts a detailed perspective view of an anvil lockout assembly of the anvil actuation assembly of <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref>, with the anvil lockout assembly in an unlocked position, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0008">FIG. 9</figref> depicts a detailed side elevational view of the anvil actuation assembly of <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref>, with the anvil lockout assembly of <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 8</figref> in the unlocked position, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0009">FIG. 10</figref> depicts another detailed side elevational view of the anvil actuation assembly of <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref>, with the anvil lockout assembly of <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 8</figref> in a locked position, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0010">FIG. 11</figref> depicts a detailed perspective view of an alternative configuration of the anvil lockout assembly of <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 8</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref> depicts stapling head assembly and an anvil being coupled to a trocar of the stapling head assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIG. 13</figref> depicts a partial transverse cross-sectional view of an anvil in an improper seating orientation with a stapling head assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIG. 14</figref> depicts a partial longitudinal cross-sectional view of an anvil in an improper seating orientation with a stapling head assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref> depicts a control system of a surgical stapling instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0014">FIG. 16</figref> depicts a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for operating a surgical stapling instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0015">FIG. 17</figref> depicts a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for properly orienting an anvil with respect to stapling head assembly of a surgical stapling instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0016">FIG. 18</figref> depicts a surgical instrument that can be selectively assembled from any one of a number of different end effectors, any one of a number of different shafts, and a housing assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref> depicts a schematic diagram of an assembled surgical instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0018">FIG. 20</figref> depicts a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for adjusting at least one operational parameter of a motor of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0019">FIG. 21</figref> depicts a graph illustrating firing loads of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref> in accordance with two different firing algorithms.</li><li><figref idref="f0020">FIG. 22</figref> depicts graphs illustrating adjustments of various closure and firing thresholds of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0021">FIG. 23</figref> depicts a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for operating a surgical stapling instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0022">FIG. 24</figref> depicts a partial elevational view of a surgical instrument and three motor assemblies for use with the surgical instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0023">FIG. 25</figref> depicts a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for adjusting operational parameters of a motor of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0022">FIG. 24</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0023">FIG. 26</figref> is graph depicting a relationship between motor torque on the Y-axis and motor speed on the X-axis for three different motors, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0024">FIG. 27</figref> depicts a control system of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0022">FIG. 24</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0025">FIG. 28</figref> depicts a table or database of various control algorithms of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0023">FIG. 25</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref> illustrates a partial perspective view of a surgical instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0027">FIG. 30</figref> illustrates a control circuit of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0028">FIG. 31</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for operating the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0029">FIG. 32</figref> illustrates a control circuit of the battery pack, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0030">FIG. 33</figref> illustrates the compatibility of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref> with a plurality of different battery packs, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0031">FIG. 34</figref> illustrates a graph which shows various motor torque/speed/current relationships for the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref> when powered by different battery packs, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0032">FIG. 35</figref> illustrates a bar graph which shows various energy densities for different battery packs which can be utilized with the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0033">FIG. 36</figref> illustrates a bar graph which shows comparisons of actual energy densities vs. rated energy densities for different battery packs which can be utilized with the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0034">FIG. 37</figref> illustrates a bar graph which shows nominal voltages of different battery packs which can be utilized with the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0035">FIG. 38</figref> illustrates a graph which shows discharge curves of different battery packs which can be utilized with the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0036">FIG. 39</figref> illustrates a graph which shows a discharge curve for a lithium-Ion battery which can be utilized with the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0037">FIG. 40</figref> illustrates a graph which shows different discharge curves for different temperatures of a lithium-ion battery which can be utilized with the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0038">FIG. 41</figref> illustrates a graph which shows different discharge curves for different discharge rates of a CR123 battery which can be utilized with the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref> illustrates various operational differences between a dumb battery, an intelligent battery and an adaptive surgical instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0040">FIG. 43</figref> illustrates a graph which shows the output current capabilities of different battery packs when utilized with the adaptive surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0040">FIG. 44</figref> illustrates a graph which shows the output voltage capabilities of different battery packs when utilized with the adaptive surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0040">FIG. 45</figref> illustrates a graph which shows the output voltage capabilities of different battery packs when utilized with the adaptive surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0041">FIG. 46</figref> illustrates a battery for use with the adaptive surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref>, in accordance with at least aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0042">FIG. 47</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for operating the adaptive surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0043">FIG. 48</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for verifying authenticity and/or compatibility of surgical instruments components of a surgical instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li></ul>

DESCRIPTION

0007Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on even date herewith and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Attorney Docket No. END9145USNP1/190235-1M, entitled METHOD FOR AUTHENTICATING THE COMPATIBILITY OF A STAPLE CARTRIDGE WITH A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9146USNP1/190236, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SYSTEM COMPRISING AN RFID SYSTEM;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9148USNP1/190238, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING AN ALIGNED RFID SENSOR;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9123USNP1/190239, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING SYSTEM HAVING AN INFORMATION DECRYPTION PROTOCOL;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9124USNP1/190240, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING SYSTEM HAVING AN INFORMATION ENCRYPTION PROTOCOL;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9125USNP1/190241, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING SYSTEM HAVING A LOCKOUT MECHANISM FOR AN INCOMPATIBLE CARTRIDGE;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9126USNP1/190242, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING SYSTEM HAVING A FRANGIBLE RFID TAG; and</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9127USNP1/190243, entitled PACKAGING FOR A REPLACEABLE COMPONENT OF A SURGICAL STAPLING SYSTEM.</li></ul>

0008Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on even date herewith and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Attorney Docket No. END9119USNP1/190245-1M, entitled METHOD OF USING MULTIPLE RFID CHIPS WITH A SURGICAL ASSEMBLY;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9120USNP1/190246, entitled MECHANISMS FOR PROPER ANVIL ATTACHMENT SURGICAL STAPLING HEAD ASSEMBLY;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9121USNP1/190247, entitled MECHANISMS FOR MOTOR CONTROL ADJUSTMENTS OF A MOTORIZED SURGICAL INSTRUMENT;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9122USNP1/190248, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH BATTERY COMPATIBILITY VERIFICATION FUNCTIONALITY;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9131USNP1/190249, entitled SURGICAL SYSTEM WITH RFID TAGS FOR UPDATING MOTOR ASSEMBLY PARAMETERS;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9132USNP1/190250, entitled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE RFID TAGS;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9149USNP1/190251, entitled RFID IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9150USNP1/190252, entitled RFID IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9151USNP1/190253, entitled SURGICAL RFID ASSEMBLIES FOR DISPLAY AND COMMUNICATION;</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9152USNP1/190254, entitled SURGICAL RFID ASSEMBLIES FOR COMPATIBILITY DETECTION; and</li><li>Attorney Docket No. END9153USNP1/190255, entitled SURGICAL RFID ASSEMBLIES FOR INSTRUMENT OPERATIONAL SETTING CONTROL.</li></ul>

0009Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on May 1, 2018 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US62665129"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/665,129</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL SUTURING SYSTEMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US62665139"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/665,139</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING CONTROL SYSTEMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US62665177"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/665,177</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING HANDLE ARRANGEMENTS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US62665128"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/665,128</text></patcit>, entitled MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US62665192"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/665,192</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL DISSECTORS; AND</li><li><patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US62665134"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/665,134</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER.</li></ul>

0010Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on August 24, 2018 which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US11212918"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,129</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL SUTURING INSTRUMENT CONFIGURED TO MANIPULATE TISSUE USING MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL POWER;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US11215518"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,155</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL SUTURING INSTRUMENT COMPRISING A CAPTURE WIDTH WHICH IS LARGER THAN TROCAR DIAMETER;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US11216818"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,168</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL SUTURING INSTRUMENT COMPRISING A NON-CIRCULAR NEEDLE;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US11218018"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,180</text></patcit>, entitled ELECTRICAL POWER OUTPUT CONTROL BASED ON MECHANICAL FORCES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US11219318"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,193</text></patcit>, entitled REACTIVE ALGORITHM FOR SURGICAL SYSTEM;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US11209918"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,099</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING AN ADAPTIVE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US11211218"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,112</text></patcit>, entitled CONTROL SYSTEM ARRANGEMENTS FOR A MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENT;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US11211918"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,119</text></patcit>, entitled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR A SURGICAL SYSTEM COMPRISING MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF CARTRIDGE;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="US11209718"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,097</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS COMPRISING BATTERY ARRANGEMENTS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="US11210918"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,109</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS COMPRISING HANDLE ARRANGEMENTS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="US11211418"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,114</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS COMPRISING FEEDBACK MECHANISMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="US11211718"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,117</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS COMPRISING LOCKOUT MECHANISMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="US11209518"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,095</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING A LOCKABLE END EFFECTOR SOCKET;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="US11212118"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,121</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING A SHIFTING MECHANISM;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="US11215118"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,151</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING A SYSTEM FOR ARTICULATION AND ROTATION COMPENSATION;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="US11215418"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,154</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING A BIASED SHIFTING MECHANISM;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="US11222618"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,226</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING AN ARTICULATION DRIVE THAT PROVIDES FOR HIGH ARTICULATION ANGLES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="US11206218"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,062</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL DISSECTORS AND MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0028" dnum="US11209818"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,098</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL DISSECTORS CONFIGURED TO APPLY MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0029" dnum="US11223718"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,237</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER CONFIGURED TO STORE CLIPS IN A STORED STATE;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0030" dnum="US11224518"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,245</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING AN EMPTY CLIP CARTRIDGE LOCKOUT;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0031" dnum="US11224918"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,249</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING AN AUTOMATIC CLIP FEEDING SYSTEM;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0032" dnum="US11225318"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,253</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING ADAPTIVE FIRING CONTROL; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0033" dnum="US11225718"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/112,257</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING ADAPTIVE CONTROL IN RESPONSE TO A STRAIN GAUGE CIRCUIT.</li></ul>

0011Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on October 26, 2018 which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0034" dnum="US17213018"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/172,130</text></patcit>, entitled CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING INTERCHANGEABLE CLIP RELOADS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0035" dnum="US17206618"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/172,066</text></patcit>, entitled CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING A MOVABLE CLIP MAGAZINE;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0036" dnum="US17207818"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/172,078</text></patcit>, entitled CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING A ROTATABLE CLIP MAGAZINE;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0037" dnum="US17208718"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial NO. 16/172,087</text></patcit>, entitled CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING CLIP ADVANCING SYSTEMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0038" dnum="US17209418"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/172,094</text></patcit>, entitled CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING A CLIP CRIMPING SYSTEM;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0039" dnum="US17212818"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/172,128</text></patcit>, entitled CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING A RECIPROCATING CLIP ADVANCING MEMBER;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0040" dnum="US17216818"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/172,168</text></patcit>, entitled CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING A MOTOR CONTROLLER;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0041" dnum="US17216418"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/172,164</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL SYSTEM COMPRISING A SURGICAL TOOL AND A SURGICAL HUB; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0042" dnum="US17230318"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/172,303</text></patcit>, entitled METHOD FOR OPERATING A POWERED ARTICULATING MULTI-CLIP APPLIER.</li></ul>

0012Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications, filed on December 4, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0007" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0043" dnum="US20938518"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,385</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, STORAGE AND DISPLAY;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0044" dnum="US20939518"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,395</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0045" dnum="US20940318"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,403</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF CLOUD BASED DATA ANALYTICS FOR USE WITH THE HUB;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0046" dnum="US20940718"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,407</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF ROBOTIC HUB COMMUNICATION, DETECTION, AND CONTROL;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0047" dnum="US20941618"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,416</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0048" dnum="US20942318"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,423</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF COMPRESSING TISSUE WITHIN A STAPLING DEVICE AND SIMULTANEOUSLY DISPLAYING THE LOCATION OF THE TISSUE WITHIN THE JAWS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0049" dnum="US20942718"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,427</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF USING REINFORCED FLEXIBLE CIRCUITS WITH MULTIPLE SENSORS TO OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE OF RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0050" dnum="US20943318"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,433</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF SENSING PARTICULATE FROM SMOKE EVACUATED FROM A PATIENT, ADJUSTING THE PUMP SPEED BASED ON THE SENSED INFORMATION, AND COMMUNICATING THE FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF THE SYSTEM TO THE HUB;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0051" dnum="US20944718"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,447</text></patcit>, titled METHOD FOR SMOKE EVACUATION FOR SURGICAL HUB;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0052" dnum="US20945318"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,453</text></patcit>, titled METHOD FOR CONTROLLING SMART ENERGY DEVICES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0053" dnum="US20945818"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,458</text></patcit>, titled METHOD FOR SMART ENERGY DEVICE INFRASTRUCTURE;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0054" dnum="US20946518"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,465</text></patcit>, titled METHOD FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL SCHEMES FOR SURGICAL NETWORK CONTROL AND INTERACTION;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0055" dnum="US20947818"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,478</text></patcit>, titled METHOD FOR SITUATIONAL AWARENESS FOR SURGICAL NETWORK OR SURGICAL NETWORK CONNECTED DEVICE CAPABLE OF ADJUSTING FUNCTION BASED ON A SENSED SITUATION OR USAGE;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0056" dnum="US20949018"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,490</text></patcit>, titled METHOD FOR FACILITY DATA COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATION; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0057" dnum="US20949118"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,491</text></patcit>, titled METHOD FOR CIRCULAR STAPLER CONTROL ALGORITHM ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS.</li></ul>

0013Before explaining various aspects of surgical devices and systems in detail, it should be noted that the illustrative examples are not limited in application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. The illustrative examples may be implemented or incorporated in other aspects, variations and modifications, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Further, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the illustrative examples for the convenience of the reader and are not for the purpose of limitation thereof. Also, it will be appreciated that one or more of the following-described aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples, can be combined with any one or more of the other following-described aspects, expressions of aspects and/or examples.

0014Various surgical systems and instruments (e.g. surgical stapling instrument, surgical clip applier, surgical suturing instrument) are described in connection with the present disclosure. The surgical systems and/or instruments comprise a radio-frequency identification (RFID) system that includes one or more RFID scanners and one or more RFID tags, as will be discussed in greater detail below. Examples of surgical systems which use RFID technology are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0058" dnum="US7959050B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 7,959,050</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0059" dnum="US20150053743A"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 2015/0053743</text></patcit>, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

0015Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is used in a variety of industries to track and identify objects. RFID relies on radio waves to transfer digitally-stored information from a RFID tag to a RFID reader or receiver configured to receive the information. RFID technology uses RFID tags, sometimes referred to as chips, which contain electronically-stored information, and RFID readers, which serve to identify and communicate with the RFID tags. There are two different types of RFID systems - active RFID systems and passive RFID systems. Active RFID systems include RFID tags that comprise an on-board power source to broadcast their signals. Active RFID tags can include a battery within the RFID tag which allows the active RFID tag to function independently from the RFID reader. As such, RFID tags in an active RFID system do not need to wait to receive a signal from a RFID reader before sending out information. Instead, the active RFID tags are free to continuously send out a signal, or beacon. Many commercially available active RFID systems often operate at one of two main frequency ranges - 433 MHz and 915 MHz, but any suitable frequency range can be used. Typically, a RFID tag must be within a specific distance or frequency range in order to be identified by its corresponding RFID reader.

0016Passive RFID systems include RFID tags which do not comprise an on-board power source but instead receive the energy needed to operate from an RFID reader. Contrary to active RFID tags, RFID tags in a passive RFID system do not actively send out a signal before receiving a prompt. Instead, passive RFID tags wait to receive information from a RFID reader before sending out a signal. Many commercially-available passive RFID systems often operate within three frequency ranges - Low Frequency ("LF"), High Frequency ("HF") &amp; Near-Field Communication ("NFC"), and Ultra High Frequency ("UHF"). The LF bandwidth is 125-134 KHz and includes a longer wavelength with a short read range of approximately one to ten centimeters. The HF and NFC bandwidth is 13.56 MHz and includes a medium wavelength with a typical read range of one centimeter to one meter. The UHF bandwidth is 865-960 MHz and includes a short, high-energy wavelength of one meter which translates into a long read range. The above being said, any suitable frequency can be used.

0017A variety of RFID systems comprising differently-sized RFID tags exist. However, some are better suited for use in technology areas that require the tracking of very small objects. For example, Hitachi Chemical Co. Ltd. is a leading manufacturer in the RFID technology field. The Ultra Small size UHF RFID tag manufactured by Hitachi Chemical Co. Ltd. is typically no larger than 1.0 to 13 mm and enables communication between a RFID tag and a RFID reader at distances of several centimeters or more. Due to its compact nature, the Hitachi RFID tag is suitable for very small products which need to be identified. Each Hitachi RFID tag comprises an antenna, an IC chip connected to the antenna, and a sealing material that seals the IC chip and the antenna. Because the Hitachi RFID tag incorporates an antenna and an IC chip in a single unit, the Hitachi RFID tag is convenient enough to easily affix to any small object using an adhesive or tape, for example.

0018The Hitachi RFID tag comprises a square stainless steel plate and a metal antenna. The antenna comprises a LC resonant circuit or any other suitable circuit and is electrically connected to the plate. After the plate and the antenna are connected to one another, the antenna and plate are sealed together in a single unit with a sealing material. The sealing material is primarily composed of epoxy, carbon, and silica to enhance the heat resistance capabilities of the Hitachi RFID tag. That is, the heat resistance of the RFID tag substantially depends on the heat resistance capabilities of the sealing material. The sealing material has a high heat resistance withstanding temperatures of up to 250 to 300°C for shorter time periods, such as a few seconds, and is resistant to heat for longer periods of time up to 150°C. Accordingly, the Hitachi RFID tag has a higher heat resistance than conventional RFID tags and can still operate normally even at high temperatures. Additional information regarding the Hitachi RFID tag can be found in <patcit id="pcit0060" dnum="US9171244B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 9,171,244</text></patcit>, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

0019<figref idref="f0001 f0002">FIGS. 1-2</figref> depict an example surgical circular stapling instrument 10 that can be adapted to include an RFID system and a control system thereof, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The stapling instrument 10 may be used to provide an end-to-end anastomosis between two sections of an anatomical lumen such as a portion of a patient's digestive tract. Instrument 10 of this example comprises a housing assembly 100, a shaft assembly 200, a stapling head assembly 300, and an anvil 400. Housing assembly 100 comprises a casing 110 defining an obliquely oriented pistol grip 112. Although the housing assembly 100 is depicted in the form of a handle, this is not limiting. In various instances, the housing assembly 100 can be a component of a robotic system, for example.

0020Housing assembly 100 further includes a window 114 that permits viewing of a movable indicator needle. In some versions, a series of hash marks, colored regions, and/or other fixed indicators are positioned adjacent to window 114 in order to provide a visual context for indicator needle, thereby facilitating operator evaluation of the position of needle within window 114. The movement of the indicator needle corresponds to a closing motion of the anvil 400 relative to the stapling head assembly 300. The hash marks, colored regions, and/or other fixed indicators can define an optimal anvil closure zone for firing the instrument 10. Accordingly, when the indicator needle is in the optimal anvil closure zone, the user may fire the instrument 10. Various suitable alternative features and configurations for housing assembly 100 will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

0021Instrument 10 of the present example further includes a power source which can be in the form of a battery pack 120. Battery pack 120 is operable to provide electrical power to a motor 160 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>) in pistol grip 112. In various aspects, battery pack 120 is removable from housing assembly 100. In particular, as shown in <figref idref="f0001 f0002">FIGS. 1-2</figref>, battery pack 120 may be inserted into a socket 116 defined by casing 110. Once battery pack 120 is fully inserted in socket 116, latches 122 of battery pack 120 may resiliently engage interior features of casing 110 to provide a snap fit. To remove battery pack 120, the operator may press latches 122 inwardly to disengage latches 122 from the interior features of casing 110 then pull battery pack 120 proximally from socket 116. It should be understood that battery pack 120 and housing assembly 100 may have complementary electrical contacts, pins and sockets, and/or other features that provide paths for electrical communication from battery pack 120 to electrically powered components in housing assembly 100 when battery pack 120 is inserted in socket 116. It should also be understood that, in some versions, battery pack 120 is unitarily incorporated within housing assembly 100 such that battery back 120 cannot be removed from housing assembly 100.

0022Shaft assembly 200 extends distally from housing assembly 100 and includes a preformed bend. In some versions, the preformed bend is configured to facilitate positioning of stapling head assembly 300 within a patient's colon. Various suitable bend angles or radii that may be used will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. In some other versions, shaft assembly 200 is straight, such that shaft assembly 200 lacks a preformed bend. Various exemplary components that may be incorporated into shaft assembly 200 will be described in greater detail below.

0023Stapling head assembly 300 is located at the distal end of shaft assembly 200. As shown in <figref idref="f0001 f0002">FIGS. 1-2</figref>, anvil 400 is configured to removably couple with shaft assembly 200, adjacent to stapling head assembly 300. Anvil 400 and stapling head assembly 300 are configured to cooperate to manipulate tissue in three ways, including clamping the tissue, cutting the tissue, and stapling the tissue. A knob 130 at the proximal end of housing assembly 100 is rotatable relative to casing 110 to provide precise clamping of the tissue between anvil 400 and stapling head assembly 300. When a safety trigger 140 of housing assembly 100 is pivoted away from a firing trigger 150 of housing assembly 100, firing trigger 150 may be actuated to thereby provide cutting and stapling of the tissue.

0024In the following discussion of anvil 400, the terms "distal" and "proximal" and variations thereof will be used with reference to the orientation of anvil 400 when anvil 400 is coupled with shaft assembly 200 of instrument 10. Thus, proximal features of anvil 400 will be closer to the operator of instrument 10; while distal features of anvil 400 will be further from the operator of instrument 10.

0025Referring to <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 4</figref>, anvil 400 of the present example comprises a head 410 and a shank 420. Head 410 includes a proximal surface 412 that defines a plurality of staple forming pockets 414. Staple forming pockets 414 are arranged in two concentric annular arrays. In some other versions, staple forming pockets 414 are arranged in three or more concentric annular arrays. Staple forming pockets 414 are configured to deform staples as the staples are driven into staple forming pockets 414. For instance, each staple forming pocket 414 may deform a generally "U" shaped staple into a "B" shape as is known in the art. As best seen in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 4</figref>, proximal surface 412 terminates at an inner edge 416, which defines an outer boundary of an annular recess 418 surrounding shank 420.

0026Shank 420 defines a bore 422 and includes a pair of pivoting latch members 430 positioned in bore 422. Latch members 430 are positioned within bore 422 such that their distal ends are positioned at the proximal ends of lateral openings 424, which are formed through the sidewall of shank 420.

0027Lateral openings 424 thus provide clearance for the distal ends 434 of the latch members 430 to deflect radially outwardly from the longitudinal axis defined by shank 420. However, latch members 430 are configured to resiliently bias their distal ends radially inwardly toward the longitudinal axis defined by shank 420. Latch members 430 thus act as retaining clips. This allows anvil 400 to be removably secured to a trocar 330 of stapling head assembly 300. It should be understood, however, that latch members 430 are merely optional. Anvil 400 may be removably secured to a trocar 330 using any other suitable components, features, or techniques.

0028In addition to or in lieu of the foregoing, anvil 400 may be further constructed and operable in accordance with at least some of the teachings of <patcit id="pcit0061" dnum="US5205459A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,459</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0062" dnum="US5271544A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,544</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0063" dnum="US5275322A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,322</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0064" dnum="US5285945A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,945</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0065" dnum="US5292053A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,053</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0066" dnum="US5333773A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,773</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0067" dnum="US5350104A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,104</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0068" dnum="US5533661A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,661</text></patcit>; and/or <patcit id="pcit0069" dnum="US8910847B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,847</text></patcit>, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. Still other suitable configurations will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

0029Referring to <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, stapling head assembly 300 of the present example is coupled to a distal end of shaft assembly 200 and comprises a tubular casing 310 housing a slidable staple driver member. A cylindrical inner core member 312 extends distally within tubular casing 310. Tubular casing 310 is fixedly secured to an outer sheath 210 of shaft assembly 200, such that tubular casing 310 serves as a mechanical ground for stapling head assembly 300.

0030Trocar 330 is positioned coaxially within inner core member 312 of tubular casing 310. Trocar 330 is operable to translate distally and proximally relative to tubular casing 310 in response to rotation of knob 130 relative to casing 110 of housing assembly 100. Trocar 330 comprises a shaft 332 and a head 334. Head 334 includes a pointed tip 336 and an inwardly extending proximal surface 338. Shaft 332 thus provides a reduced outer diameter just proximal to head 334, with surface 338 providing a transition between that reduced outer diameter of shaft 332 and the outer diameter of head 334. While tip 336 is pointed in the present example, tip 336 is not sharp. Tip 336 will thus not easily cause trauma to tissue due to inadvertent contact with tissue. Head 334 and the distal portion of shaft 332 are configured for insertion in bore 422 of anvil 420. Anvil 400 is thus secured to trocar 330 through a snap fit due to latch members 430.

0031As illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref>, Staple driver member 350 is operable to actuate longitudinally within tubular casing 310 in response to activation of a motor 160. Staple driver member 350 includes two distally presented concentric annular arrays of staple drivers 352. Staple drivers 352 are arranged to correspond with the arrangement of staple forming pockets 414 described above. Thus, each staple driver 352 is configured to drive a corresponding staple into a corresponding staple forming pocket 414 when stapling head assembly 300 is actuated. It should be understood that the arrangement of staple drivers 352 may be modified just like the arrangement of staple forming pockets 414 as described above. Staple driver member 350 also defines a bore 354 that is configured to coaxially receive core member 312 of tubular casing 310. An annular array of studs 356 project distally from a distally presented surface surrounding bore 354.

0032A cylindrical knife member 340 is coaxially positioned within staple driver member 350. Knife member 340 includes a distally presented, sharp circular cutting edge 342. Knife member 340 is sized such that knife member 340 defines an outer diameter that is smaller than the diameter defined by the inner annular array of staple drivers 352. Knife member 340 also defines an opening that is configured to coaxially receive core member 312 of tubular casing 310. An annular array of openings 346 formed in knife member 340 is configured to complement the annular array of studs 356 of staple driver member 350, such that knife member 340 is fixedly secured to staple driver member 350 via studs 356 and openings 346. Other suitable structural relationships between knife member 340 and stapler driver member 350 will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

0033A deck member 320 is fixedly secured to tubular casing 310. Deck member 320 includes a distally presented deck surface 322 defining two concentric annular arrays of staple openings 324. Staple openings 324 are arranged to correspond with the arrangement of staple drivers 352 and staple forming pockets 414 described above. Thus, each staple opening 324 is configured to provide a path for a corresponding staple driver 352 to drive a corresponding staple through deck member 320 and into a corresponding staple forming pocket 414 when stapling head assembly 300 is actuated. It should be understood that the arrangement of staple openings 322 may be modified just like the arrangement of staple forming pockets 414 as described above. It should also be understood that various structures and techniques may be used to contain staples within stapling head assembly 300 before stapling head assembly 300 is actuated. Such structures and techniques that are used to contain staples within stapling head assembly 300 may prevent the staples from inadvertently falling out through staple openings 324 before stapling head assembly 300 is actuated. Various suitable forms that such structures and techniques may take will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

0034As best seen in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref>, deck member 320 defines an inner diameter that is just slightly larger than the outer diameter defined by knife member 340. Deck member 320 is thus configured to allow knife member 340 to translate distally to a point where cutting edge 342 is distal to deck surface 322.

0035In addition to or in lieu of the foregoing, stapling head assembly 300 may be further constructed and operable in accordance with at least some of the teachings of <patcit id="pcit0070" dnum="US5205459A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,459</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0071" dnum="US5271544A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,544</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0072" dnum="US5275322A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,322</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0073" dnum="US5285945A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,945</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0074" dnum="US5292053A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,053</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0075" dnum="US5333773A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,773</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0076" dnum="US5350104A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,104</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0077" dnum="US5533661A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,661</text></patcit>; and/or <patcit id="pcit0078" dnum="US8910847B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,847</text></patcit>, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. Still other suitable configurations will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

0036<figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref> shows various components of shaft assembly 200, which couples components of stapling head assembly 300 with components of housing assembly 100. In particular, and as noted above, shaft assembly 200 includes an outer sheath 210 that extends between housing assembly 100 and tubular casing 310. In the present example, outer sheath 210 is rigid and includes a preformed curved section as noted above.

0037Shaft assembly 200 further includes a trocar actuation rod 220 and a trocar actuation band assembly 230. The distal end of trocar actuation band assembly 230 is fixedly secured to the proximal end of trocar shaft 332. The proximal end of trocar actuation band assembly 230 is fixedly secured to the distal end of trocar actuation rod 220. It should therefore be understood that trocar 330 will translate longitudinally relative to outer sheath 210 in response to translation of trocar actuation band assembly 230 and trocar actuation rod 220 relative to outer sheath 210. Trocar actuation band assembly 230 is configured to flex such that trocar actuation band assembly 230 may follow along the preformed curve in shaft assembly 200 as trocar actuation band assembly 230 is translated longitudinally relative to outer sheath 210. However, trocar actuation band assembly 230 has sufficient column strength and tensile strength to transfer distal and proximal forces from trocar actuation rod 220 to trocar shaft 332. Trocar actuation rod 220 is rigid. A clip 222 is fixedly secured to trocar actuation rod 220 and is configured to cooperate with complementary features within housing assembly 100 to prevent trocar actuation rod 220 from rotating within housing assembly 100 while still permitting trocar actuation rod 220 to translate longitudinally within housing assembly 100. Trocar actuation rod 220 further includes a coarse helical threading 224 and a fine helical threading 226.

0038Shaft assembly 200 further includes a stapling head assembly driver 240 that is slidably received within outer sheath 210. The distal end of stapling head assembly driver 240 is fixedly secured to the proximal end of staple driver member 350. The proximal end of stapling head assembly driver 240 is secured to a drive bracket 250 via a pin 242. It should therefore be understood that staple driver member 350 will translate longitudinally relative to outer sheath 210 in response to translation of stapling head assembly driver 240 and drive bracket 250 relative to outer sheath 210. Stapling head assembly driver 240 is configured to flex such that stapling head assembly driver 240 may follow along the preformed curve in shaft assembly 200 as stapling head assembly driver 240 is translated longitudinally relative to outer sheath 210. However, stapling head assembly driver 240 has sufficient column strength to transfer distal forces from drive bracket 250 to staple driver member 350.

0039It should be understood that shaft assembly 200 may further include one or more spacer elements within outer sheath 210. Such spacer elements may be configured to support trocar actuation band assembly 230 and/or stapling head assembly driver 240 as trocar actuation band assembly 230 and/or stapling head assembly driver 240 translate through outer sheath 210. For instance, such spacer elements may prevent trocar actuation band assembly 230 and/or stapling head assembly driver 240 from buckling as trocar actuation band assembly 230 and/or stapling head assembly driver 240 translate through outer sheath 210. Various suitable forms that such spacer elements may take will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

0040In addition to or in lieu of the foregoing, shaft assembly 200 may be further constructed and operable in accordance with at least some of the teachings of <patcit id="pcit0079" dnum="US5205459A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,459</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0080" dnum="US5271544A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,544</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0081" dnum="US5275322A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,322</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0082" dnum="US5285945A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,945</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0083" dnum="US5292053A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,053</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0084" dnum="US5333773A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,773</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0085" dnum="US5350104A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,104</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0086" dnum="US5533661A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,661</text></patcit>; and/or <patcit id="pcit0087" dnum="US8910847B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,847</text></patcit>, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Still other suitable configurations will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

0041Additional operational details of the surgical instrument 10, and other instruments suitable for use with the present disclosure, are also described in United States Patent Publication No. <patcit id="pcit0088" dnum="US20160374665A"><text>20160374665</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL STAPLER WITH ELECTROMECHANICAL LOCKOUT, filed Jun 26, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

0042Instrument 1100 is similar in many respects to instrument 10. For example, like instrument 10, instrument 1100 is a surgical instrument configured to grasp, staple, and/or cut tissue. Also, like instrument 10, instrument 1100 includes a shaft assembly 1206 (<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>), a stapling head assembly 1300 (<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>), and an anvil 1200 (<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>). In addition, Instrument 1100 includes a lockout assembly such as, for example, an anvil lockout assembly 1170. Anvil lockout assembly 1170 is generally configured to prevent further adjustment of the longitudinal position of the anvil once safety trigger 1140 is actuated. Such a feature may be desirable because lockout of the anvil may prevent an operator from improperly changing the gap distance d once a suitable gap distance d is reached. Anvil lockout assembly 1170 comprises an inner lockout member 1172, an outer lockout member 1176, and an actuation member 1180. As is best seen in <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 8</figref>, inner lockout member 1172 is disposed about a portion of a portion of knob 1130 and is fixedly secured thereto. Inner lockout member 1172 of the present example includes a plurality of triangular teeth 1174 extending radially outwardly from inner lockout member 1172.Teeth 1174 are configured to engage with corresponding teeth 1184 of outer lockout member 1176 to prevent rotation of knob 1130, thereby preventing translation of trocar actuation rod 1122.

0043Various lockout out assemblies that are suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in <patcit id="pcit0089" dnum="US7143923B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 7,143,923</text></patcit>, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENT HAVING A FIRING LOCKOUT FOR AN UNCLOSED ANVIL, which issued on December 5, 2006; <patcit id="pcit0090" dnum="US7044352B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 7,044,352</text></patcit>, SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENT HAVING A SINGLE LOCKOUT MECHANISM FOR PREVENTION OF FIRING, which issued on May 16, 2006; <patcit id="pcit0091" dnum="US7000818B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 7,000,818</text></patcit>, SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENT HAVING SEPARATE DISTINCT CLOSING AND FIRING SYSTEMS, which issued on February 21, 2006; <patcit id="pcit0092" dnum="US6988649B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,988,649</text></patcit>, SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENT HAVING A SPENT CARTRIDGE LOCKOUT, which issued on January 24, 2006; and <patcit id="pcit0093" dnum="US6978921B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,978,921</text></patcit>, SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENT INCORPORATING AN E-BEAM FIRING MECHANISM, which issued on December 27, 2005, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

0044Outer lockout member 1176 has a generally cylindrical shape and defines an opening 1177 that is sized to receive inner lockout member 1172. The inner diameter of outer lockout member 1176 defines a plurality of teeth 1178, which correspond to teeth 1147 of inner lockout member 1172. Teeth 1178 are configured to engage teeth 1174 of inner lockout member 1172 to prevent further adjustment of the longitudinal position of anvil 1200, by preventing further rotation of knob 1130. Outer lockout member 1176 further includes a plurality of protrusions 1179 protruding radially outwardly from the outer diameter of outer lockout member 1176. Protrusions 1179 are disposed in corresponding channels 1113 within casing 1112 to rotationally fix outer lockout member 1176 in position while still permitting at least some translation.

0045Although inner and outer lockout members 1172, 1176 of the present example are shown as including teeth 1174, 1178, it should be understood that in other examples any other suitable surfacing treatment or geometry may be used. For instance, in some examples lockout members 1172, 1176 include corresponding knurled surfaces, bumps, splines, ridges, detent features, or any other suitable surface treatment or geometry that may be configured to correspondingly engage to prevent relative rotational movement between lockout members 1172, 1176.

0046Actuation member 1180 comprises an elongate body 1182 extending from outer lockout member 1176 to safety trigger 1140. In particular, body 1182 includes a trigger bracket 1184 that is configured to couple with safety trigger 1140. Trigger bracket 1184 includes a channel 1185 that permits bracket 1184 to be pivotably coupled to safety trigger 1140. Similarly, the proximal end of body 1182 is configured to couple with at least one protrusion 1179 of outer lockout member 1176. Accordingly, movement of safety trigger 1140 is transferred to outer lockout member 1176 via actuation member 1180. In other words, outer lockout member 1176 translates longitudinally in response to pivoting of safety trigger 1140. Outer lockout member 1176 is generally responsive to safety trigger 1140 to selectively lock actuation of the anvil 1200.

0047<figref idref="f0008 f0009 f0010">FIGS. 9-11</figref> show an exemplary sequence of operation of anvil lockout assembly 1170. As can be seen in <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 9</figref>, anvil lockout assembly 1170 initially begins in an unlocked state. In such a state, outer lockout member 1176 is positioned proximally away from inner lockout member 1172 such that inner lockout member 1172 is freely rotatable relative to outer lockout member 1176. It should be understood that when inner lockout member 1172 is freely rotatable, knob 1130 is similarly freely rotatable such that the longitudinal position of the anvil may be adjusted via trocar actuation rod 1122.

0048Once the operator has rotated knob 1130 to adjust the longitudinal position of the anvil to achieve an appropriate gap distance d, it may be desirable to prevent further adjustment of the longitudinal position of the anvil. <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 10</figref> shows anvil lockout assembly 1170 in a locked state. To advance anvil lockout assembly 1170 to the locked state, the operator may pivot safety trigger 1140 proximally. Proximal movement of safety trigger 1140 causes safety trigger 1140 to drive actuation member 1180 distally.

0049Distal movement of actuation member 1180 results in corresponding movement of outer lockout member 1176. As outer lockout member 1176 is moved distally, teeth 1178 of outer lockout member 1176 will begin to engage teeth 1174 of inner lockout member 1176. Once teeth 1178 of outer lockout member 1176 fully engage with teeth 1174 of inner lockout member 1176, outer lockout member 1176 will prevent relative rotational movement of inner lockout member 1172 via protrusions 1179 and casing 1112. Because inner lockout member 1172 is fixedly secured to knob 1130, rotational movement of knob 1130 will also be prevented. With knob 1130 locked in position, further adjustment of the longitudinal position of the anvil will be prevented. With further adjustment of the longitudinal position of the anvil prevented, the operator may then actuate firing trigger 1142 to initiate the stapling sequence.

0050In some examples, it may be desirable to drive outer lockout member 1176 using an actuation mechanism 1190 such as a solenoid. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 11</figref>, actuation mechanism 1190 is aligned with the longitudinal axis of actuation member 1180 and is fixedly secured to actuation member 1180. To accommodate actuation mechanism 1190, actuation member 1180 may be shortened or otherwise modified to intersect with actuation mechanism 1190. Actuation mechanism 1190 includes a plurality of wires 1192 that may connect to a circuit board, switch, and/or sensor. In various examples, the wires 1192 are connected to the control circuit 1210 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>). In various examples, the actuation mechanism 1190 may be actuated using safety trigger 1140 using a similar configuration as safety trigger 1040 of instrument 100. For instance, actuation of safety trigger 1140 may complete a circuit that activates actuation mechanism 1190, thereby driving lockout member 1176 longitudinally into engagement with lockout member 1172.

0051In operation, actuation mechanism 1190 generally provides the same function as safety trigger 1140, except actuation mechanism 1190 removes the necessity for actuation member 1180 to extend the entire distance to safety trigger 1140. Although actuation mechanism 1190 is shown and described herein as comprising a solenoid, it should be understood that any other suitable actuator may be used as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

0052Referring primarily to <figref idref="f0011 f0012">FIGS. 12-14</figref>, a distinct issue with circular staplers is that their anvils are detachable from their stapling head assemblies, and must be separately introduced to a surgical site in different manners and from different access points. Accordingly, unlike other stapling instruments, circular staplers are at risk of anvil-staple head assembly mismatching and/or anvil-staple cartridge mismatching. Further, to be properly assembled or coupled an anvil and a stapling head assembly must be properly oriented with respect to each other at a specific orientation at the surgical site. Improper orientation of an anvil and a corresponding stapling head assembly, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 13</figref>, can lead to a misalignment between the staple forming pockets 414 (<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>) of the anvil and staple openings 324 (<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>) of a staple cartridge 1320, which may lead to improper staple formation. In addition, the improper orientation of an anvil and a corresponding stapling head assembly can lead to improper seating of the anvil with respect to the stapling head assembly. An improperly seated, or partially seated, anvil may become unseated, or separated from the stapling head assembly, due to externally applied loads from the tissue captured between the anvil and the stapling head assembly during closure.

0053To address the issues above, the surgical instrument 1100 includes an anvil 1200 equipped with a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag 1201 recognizable or detectable by an RFID scanner 1202 on a stapling head assembly 1300 of the surgical instrument 1100. Likewise, the staple cartridge 1320 includes an RFID tag 1203 also recognizable or detectable by the RFID scanner 1202. The RFID tag 1201 stores information about the anvil 1200, and the RFID tag 1203 stores information about the staple cartridge 1320. As described below, the information can be checked and compared for authentication and/or compatibility.

0054The identification mechanisms described herein can either be active systems or passive systems. In various embodiments, a combination of active and passive identification systems are used. Passive systems can include, for example, a barcode, a quick response (QR) code, and/or a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. Passive systems do not comprise an internal power source, and the passive systems described herein require a reader and/or scanner to send a first signal, such as an interrogation signal, for example.

0055Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) systems communicate information by using radio frequencies. Such passive RFID systems comprise an RFID scanner and an RFID tag with no internal power source. The RFID tag is powered by electromagnetic energy transmitted from the RFID scanner. Each RFID tag comprises a chip, such as a microchip, for example, that stores information about the replaceable component and/or a surgical instrument with which the replaceable component is compatible. While the chip may only contain an identification number, in various instances, the chip can store additional information such as, for example, the manufacturing data, shipping data, and/or maintenance history. Each RFID tag comprises a radio antenna that allows the RFID tag to communicate with the RFID scanner. The radio antenna extends the range in which the RFID tag can receive signals from the RFID scanner and transmit response signals back to the RFID scanner. In a passive RFID system, the RFID scanner, which also comprises its own antenna, transmits radio signals that activate RFID tags that are positioned within a predetermined range. The RFID scanner is configured to receive the response signals that are "bounced back" from RFID tags, allowing the RFID scanner is to capture the identification information representative of the replaceable component. In various instances, the one or more response signals comprise the same signal as the interrogation signal. In various instances, the one or more response signals comprise a modified signal from the interrogation signal. In various instances, the RFID scanner is also able to write, or encode, information directly onto the RFID tag. In any event, the RFID scanner is able to pass information about the replaceable component to a controller, such as the control system of a surgical instrument and/or a remote surgical system or hub. The RFID scanner is configured to read multiple RFID tags at once, as the RFID tags are activated by radio signals. Additionally, in certain instances, the RFID scanner is able to update, or rewrite, information stored on an RFID tag in signal range with the RFID scanner. The updates can, for example, be transmitted to the RFID scanner from a surgical hub, or any suitable server. Various surgical hubs are described in described in <patcit id="pcit0094" dnum="US20939518"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,395</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, and filed 12/4/2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0056Active radio frequency identification (RFID) systems also comprise an RFID tag and an RFID scanner. However, the RFID tag in an active RFID system comprises an internal power source. Active RFID systems utilize battery-powered RFID tags that are configured to continuously broadcast their own signal. One type of active RFID tag is commonly referred to as a "beacon." Such beacon RFID tags do not wait to receive a first signal from an RFID scanner. Instead, the beacon RFID tag continuously transmits its stored information. For example, the beacon can send out its information at an interval of every 3-5 seconds. Another type of active RFID tag comprises a transponder. In such systems, the RFID scanner transmits a signal first. The RFID transponder tag then sends a signal back to the RFID scanner with the relevant information. Such RFID transponder tag systems are efficient, as they conserve battery life when, for example, the RFID tag is out of range of the RFID scanner. In various instances, the active RFID tag comprises an on-board sensor to track an environmental parameter. For example, the on-board sensor can track moisture levels, temperature, and/or other data that might be relevant.

0057In operation the anvil 1200 is coupled or attached to the stapling head assembly 1300, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>. When the RFID tag 1201 is at or below an attachment threshold distance, defined by the radius (R) of a perimeter extending around the RFID scanner 1202, the RFID scanner 1202 is able to detect or recognize the RFID tag 1201. The attachment distance is the distance between the RFID tag 1201 and the RFID scanner 1203 while the anvil 1200 is coupled or attached to stapling head assembly 1300.

0058Further to the above, the RFID tag 1303 is positioned under the deck member 320 of the stapling head assembly 1300, and can be detected as well by the RFID scanner 1202. As described in greater detail below, signal strength between the RFID scanner 1202 and one or both of the RFID tags 1201, 1203 can be used to determine whether the anvil 1200 is properly oriented and/or fully seated with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300.

0059Referring to <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>, the anvil 1200 is similar in many respects to the anvil 400. For example, like the anvil 400, the anvil 1200 includes the head 410, the staple forming pockets 414, and a shank 1420. In the example of <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>, the RFID tag 1201 is supported by the shank 1420, on an outer surface thereof, near the bore 422. In at least one example, a recess or pocket is defined in the shank 1420, and the RFID tag 1201 is positioned in the recess or pocket. The RFID tag 1201 can be held in place in the recess, or pocket, using any suitable technique such as, for example, friction fitting or biocompatible adhesive.

0060As described above in greater detail, the anvil 1200 is coupled or assembled with the stapling head assembly 1300 by advancing the anvil 1200 toward the trocar 330 such that the trocar 330 is received through the bore 422, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>. Proximal surface 338 of the head 334 of the trocar 330 and latch shelves 436 of the shank 1420 have complementary positions and configurations such that latch shelves 436 engage proximal surface 338 when shank 1420 of anvil 1200 is fully seated on trocar 330 of the stapling head assembly 1300, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 14</figref>. Anvil 1200 is thus secured to trocar 330 through a snap fit due to latch members 430. In the example illustrated in <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 14</figref>, the RFID tag 1201 is at a first longitudinal position that is distal, or slightly distal, to a second longitudinal position of the pointed tip 226 of the head 334 of the trocar 330.

0061In at least one example, the RFID tag 1201 is positioned on the shank 1420 at a first longitudinal position that corresponds, or substantially corresponds, to a second longitudinal position of the tip 336 of the head 334 of the trocar 330 when the anvil 1200 is properly oriented and fully seated with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300. In other words, the tip 336 of the head 334 of the trocar 330, when it is received in the shank 1420 at its final seating position, is transversely aligned, or at least substantially aligned, with the RFID tag 1201. In at least one example, the RFID tag 1201 is positioned on the shank 1420 at a position distal to the bore 422 and proximal to the lateral openings 424 and/or proximal to the latch members 430 (<figref idref="f0003">FIGS. 3-4</figref>).

0062Referring to <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>, the RFID scanner 1202 is located on an outer surface of a cylindrical inner core member 1312 that extends distally within a tubular casing 1310 of the stapling head assembly 1300. Tubular casing 1310 is fixedly secured to an outer sheath 210 of shaft assembly 1206, such that tubular casing 1310 serves as a mechanical ground for stapling head assembly 1300. The RFID scanner 1202 is supported by the inner core member 1312, on an outer surface thereof, near its distal end. In at least one example, a recess or pocket is defined in the inner core member 1312, and the RFID scanner 1202 is positioned in the recess or pocket. The RFID scanner 1202 can be held in place in the recess, or pocket, using any suitable technique such as, for example, friction fitting or biocompatible adhesive. Alternatively, the RFID scanner 1202 can be positioned on an inner surface of the cylindrical inner core member 1312. In the example of <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>, the RFID scanner 1202 is located at a distal portion of the inner core member 1312 below the deck member 320 of the staple cartridge 1320. In various example, the RFID tag 1201 and the RFID tag 1203 are insulated from the shank 1420 and the inner core member 1312, respectively, using any suitable insulative material.

0063In various examples, RFID tag 1201 and the RFID tag 1203 are recognizable or detectable by the RFID scanner 1202 in a closed configuration of the instrument 1100 where tissue is captured between the anvil 1200 and stapling head assembly 1300.

0064<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref> illustrates a logic diagram of a control system 1211 of a surgical instrument or tool in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The control system 1211 includes a control circuit 1210 that can be integrated with the RFID scanner 1202 or can be coupled to, but positioned separately from, the RFID scanner 1202 in the housing assembly 100, for example. The control circuit 1210 can be configured to receive input from the RFID scanner 1202 indicative of the information about the staple cartridge 1320 stored in the RFID tag 1203 and/or information about the anvil 1200 stored in the RFID tag 1201.

0065In various examples, the RFID tag 1203 stores identification information of the staple cartridge 1320 and the RFID tag 1201 stores identification information of the anvil 1200. In such examples, the control circuit 1210 receives input from the RFID scanner 1202 indicative of the identification information of the staple cartridge 1320 and verifies the identity of the staple cartridge 1320 based on the input. Further, the control circuit 1210 receives input from RFID scanner 1202 indicative of the identification information of the anvil 1200 and verifies the identity of the anvil 1200 based on the input.

0066In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 includes a microcontroller 1213 that has a processor 1214 and a storage medium such as, for example, a memory 1212. The memory 1212 stores program instructions for performing various processes such as, for example, identity verification. The program instructions, when executed by the processor 1214, cause the processor 1214 to verify the identity of the staple cartridge 1320 and the identity of the anvil 1200 by comparing the identification information received from the RFID tags 1201, 1203 to identification information stored in the memory 1212 in the form of an identity database or table, for example.

0067In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 can be configured to check compatibility of the anvil 1200 with staple cartridge 1320 of the stapling head assembly 1300 based on input from the RFID scanner 1202. The processor 1214 can, for example, check the identity information of the anvil 1200 and the staple cartridge 1320 against a compatibility database or table stored in memory 1212.

0068In various examples, the memory 1212 comprises a local memory of the instrument 1100. In other examples, identity databases or tables and/or compatibility databases or tables can be downloaded from a remote server. In various aspects, the instrument 1100 may transmit the information received from RFID tags 1201, 1203 to a remote server that stores the databases or tables for performing the identity and/or compatibility checks remotely.

0069<figref idref="f0014">FIG. 16</figref> is a logic flow diagram of a process 1220 depicting a control program or a logic configuration for operating a surgical stapling instrument such as, for example, the instrument 1100. In at least one example, the process 1220 is executed by a control circuit 1210 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>) that includes a processor 1214 and a memory 1212 storing a set of computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 1214, cause the processor 1214 to perform of the process 1220. In certain examples, a set of computer-executable instructions, stored in the memory 1212 may cause the processor 1214 to perform discrete portions of the process 1220. Although the process 1220 is described as being executed by a control circuit 1210, this is merely for brevity, and it should be understood that the process 1220 and other processes described herein, or portions thereof, can be executed by circuitry that can include a variety of hardware and/or software components and may be located in or associated with various suitable systems such as, for example, combinational logic circuits or sequential logic circuits.

0070As illustrated in <figref idref="f0014">FIG. 16</figref>, the process 1220 includes detecting 1231 identification information of the staple cartridge 1320. In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 receives input from the RFID scanner 1202 indicative of the identification information of the staple cartridge 1320 stored in the RFID tag 1203. If authentication of the staple cartridge ID is not successful, or staple cartridge ID is not detected, the control circuit 1210 causes an indicator 1209 to alert 1241 that the staple cartridge 1320 is not attached and/or that the staple cartridge authentication failed.

0071In various instances, the indicator 1209 may comprise one or more visual feedback systems such as display screens, backlights, and/or LEDs, for example. In certain instances, the indicator 1209 may comprise one or more audio feedback systems such as speakers and/or buzzers, for example. In certain instances, the indicator 1209 may comprise one or more haptic feedback systems, for example. In certain instances, the indicator 1209 may comprise combinations of visual, audio, and/or haptic feedback systems, for example.

0072The process 1220 further includes verifying 1232 compatibility of the staple cartridge 1320 and the instrument 1100. In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 checks the identification information of the staple cartridge 1320 against staple cartridge-instrument compatibility database or table, which can be stored in the memory 1212, for example. If compatibility is verified 1232, the control circuit 1210 causes the indicator 1209 to alert 1242 that the staple cartridge 1320 is compatible with the instrument 1100. At this stage, the control circuit 1210 may also cause the indicator 1209 to alert 1246 the user regarding color and/or size of the attached staple cartridge 1320.

0073The process 1220 further includes verifying 1233 a cartridge firing status. Staple cartridges are generally disposed of after filing. To ensure that a previously fired staple cartridge is not accidently re-used without staples, the RFID tag 1201 of a staple cartridge 1320 that has been previously fired stores a previously-fired status. In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 causes the RFID scanner 1202 to change the firing status of a staple cartridge 1320 from an unfired status to a previously fired status after completion of a firing sequence. Further, if the control circuit 1210 received input from the RFID scanner 1202 indicating that an attached staple cartridge 1320 has been previously fired, the control circuit 1210 may cause the indicator 1209 to alert 1243 the user of the same.

0074The process 1220 further includes detecting 1234 identification information of the anvil 1200. In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 receives input from the RFID scanner 1202 indicative of the identification information of the anvil 1200 stored in the RFID tag 1201. If authentication of the anvil ID is not successful, or if no anvil ID is received, the control circuit 1210 may cause an indicator 1209 to alert 1244 that the anvil is not attached and/or that the anvil authentication failed.

0075Referring still to <figref idref="f0014">FIG. 16</figref>, if a proper anvil identification is detected 1234, the process 1220 further checks 1235 compatibility of the anvil 1200 and the staple cartridge 13020. If the anvil 1200 and the staple cartridge 13020 are incompatible, the process 1220 alerts 1245 a user regarding the mismatch. If, however, the anvil 1200 and the staple cartridge 13020 are compatible, the control circuit 1210 permits 1236 closure drive assembly 136 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>) to proceed 1237 with anvil closure. During anvil closure, the control circuit 1210 continues to monitor the RFID scanner 1202 to ensure that the anvil 1200 remains attached or coupled to the stapling head assembly 1300 throughout the closure process. If during closure the RFID scanner 1202 loses the signal from the RFID tag 1201, the control circuit 1210 causes the closure drive assembly 136 to pause the closure, and alert 1244 the user that the anvil 1200 is not attached, or at least not detected. Otherwise, the anvil closure continues until a closed configuration between the anvil 1200 and the stapling head assembly 1300 is achieved 1238 by reaching 1238 a predetermined zone or threshold. At, or beyond, the predetermined zone or threshold, the control circuit 1210 permits 1239 the firing drive assembly 1136 to begin a firing sequence to staple and cut tissue captured between the anvil 1200 and the staple cartridge 1320 in the closed configuration.

0076The process 1220 further includes assessing or detecting 1247 anvil orientation and/or seating with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>, the shank 1420 of anvil 1200 is fully seated on trocar 330 of the stapling head assembly 1300 when latch shelves 436 engage proximal surface 338. At this point, the RFID tag 1201 reaches or crosses the attachment threshold distance and, as such, is detected by the RFID scanner 1202. The detection of the RFID tag 1201 by the RFID scanner 1202 indicates full seating of the anvil 1200 with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300. In at least one example, receiving an input from the RFID scanner 1202 indicative of detection of the RFID tag 1201 causes the control circuit 1210 to determine that the anvil 1200 is fully seated with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300.

0077Referring to <figref idref="f0011">FIGS. 12</figref> and <figref idref="f0013">15</figref>, in various examples, an RFID scanner 1204 is employed in addition to the RFID scanner 1202 to detect the RFID tag 1201 and/or the RFID tag 1203. The RFID scanner 1204 can be positioned within the stapling head assembly 1300. In the example illustrated in <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>, the RFID scanner 1204 is supported by the tubular casing 1310. The control circuit 1210 can be configured to receive input from the RFID scanner 1204 in addition to the input from the RFID scanner 1202. In at least one example, the RFID scanner 1204 is configured to detect the RFID tag 1203 while the RFID scanner 1202 can be configured to detect the RFID tag 1201.

0078With regard to anvil orientation, the control circuit 1210 is configured to determine whether an attached anvil 1200 is properly oriented with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300 by using the RFID scanner 1202 and/or the RFID scanner 1204 to detect and measure strength of the signal transmitted by the RFID tag 1201. In a proper orientation of the anvil 1200, the RFID scanner 1202 detects the signal from the RFID tag 1201 and measures a unique first signal strength that corresponds to the distance d1 between the RFID tag 1201 and the RFID scanner 1202. Likewise, the RFID scanner 1204 detects the signal from the RFID tag 1201 and measures a unique second signal strength that corresponds to the distance d2 between the RFID tag 1201 and the RFID scanner 1204. The control circuit 1210 can be configured to assess proper orientation of the anvil 1200 based on the first signal strength and/or the second signal strength.

0079<figref idref="f0012">FIG. 13</figref> depicts an improper orientation of the anvil 1200 where the shank 1420 is at an angle α away from proper orientation with the stapling head assembly 1300. The misalignment between the anvil 1200 and the stapling head assembly 1300 causes the distances d1, d2 to be different from their values at proper orientation, which causes the first signal strength and second signal strength to be different from their values at a proper orientation. In the example of <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 13</figref>, the misalignment between the anvil 1200 and the stapling head assembly 1300 increases the value of the distance d1 and decreases the value of the distance d2. As such, the misalignment at <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 13</figref> decreases the first signal strength and increases the second signal strength from their values at a proper orientation.

0080Accordingly, by monitoring the strength of the signal transmitted by the RFID tag 1201, the control circuit 1210 is able to assess whether the anvil 1200 is properly oriented with respect to the 1300. In various instances, the memory 1212 stores a database or table of signal strength values, or ranges, that represent a proper orientation of the anvil 1200. In such instances, the control circuit 1210 may check the signal strength values collected by the RFID scanner 1202 and/or RFID scanner 1204 against the values, or ranges, in the database, or table, to assess whether the anvil 1200 is properly oriented.

0081In various examples, proper orientation of an anvil 1200 with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300 is examined by the control circuit 1210 after determining that the anvil 1200 is fully seated, as described above. In other examples, proper orientation of an anvil 1200 with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300 is examined by the control circuit 1210 at a closed, or at least partially closed, configuration of the instrument 1100. In certain examples, proper orientation of an anvil 1200 with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300 is continuously examined by the control circuit 1210 following the detection of the RFID tag 1201 by the RFID scanner 1202 and/or RFID scanner 1204.

0082<figref idref="f0015">FIG. 17</figref> depicts a logic flow diagram of a process 1250 depicting a control program or a logic configuration for properly orienting an anvil with respect to stapling head assembly of a surgical stapling instrument. In at least one example, the process 1250 is executed by a control circuit 1210 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>) that includes a processor 1214 and a memory 1212 storing a set of computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 1214, cause the processor 1214 to perform of the process 1250. In certain examples, a set of computer-executable instructions, stored in the memory 1212 may cause the processor 1214 to perform discrete portions of the process 1250. Although the process 1250 is described as being executed by a control circuit 1210, this is merely for brevity, and it should be understood that the process 1250 and other processes described herein, or portions thereof, can be executed by circuitry that can include a variety of hardware and/or software components and may be located in or associated with various suitable systems such as, for example, combinational logic circuits or sequential logic circuits.

0083Referring to <figref idref="f0013">FIGS. 15</figref> and <figref idref="f0015">17</figref>, the control circuit 1210 is configured to detect 1251 an improper orientation of the anvil 1200 with respect to the stapling head assembly 1300, as described above. Further, the control circuit 1210 may employ the indicator 1209 to alert 1252 a user regarding the improper orientation. In addition, the control circuit 1210 may suggest 1253 through the indicator 1209 a direction and/or degree of rotation of the anvil 1200 to achieve a proper orientation. The control circuit 1210 may continue to check 1254 whether proper orientation is achieved based on input from the RFID scanner 1201 and/or RFID scanner 1204. When proper orientation is detected by the control circuit 1210, the control circuit 1210 may further cause the indicator 1209 to alert 1255 the user that the anvil 1200 now properly aligned with the stapling head assembly 1300.

0084As described above in greater detail, the instrument 1100 includes an anvil lockout assembly 1170. The anvil lockout assembly 1170 is generally configured to prevent further adjustment of the longitudinal position of the anvil once safety trigger 1140 is actuated. In various examples, the anvil lockout assembly 1170 includes an outer lockout member 1176 that is generally responsive to a safety trigger 1140 to selectively lock actuation of the anvil 1200. In other examples, the control circuit 1210 is configured to drive outer lockout member 1176 using an actuation mechanism 1190 such as a solenoid. In either event, the anvil lockout assembly 1170 is configured to transition between an unlocked state and a locked state, wherein: (i) in the unlocked state, the lockout assembly 1170 is configured to permit translation of the anvil 1200, and (ii) in the locked state, the lockout assembly 1170 is configured to prevent translation of the anvil 1200. In various examples, the control circuit 1210 employs the indicator 1209 to alert a user that it is safe to transition the lockout assembly 1170 to the unlocked state based on input from the RFID scanner 1202 and/or the RFID scanner 1204 indicative of detecting the RFID tag 1201. In other examples, the control circuit 1210 employs the actuation mechanism 1190 to transition the lockout assembly 1170 to the unlocked state based on input from the RFID scanner 1202 and/or the RFID scanner 1204 indicative of detecting the RFID tag 1201.

0085Further to the above, in certain examples, the control circuit 1210 detects detachment of the anvil 1200 from the stapling head assembly 1300 based on a loss of the input from the RFID scanner 1202 and/or the RFID scanner 1204, or an input from the RFID scanner 1202 and/or the RFID scanner 1204 indicative of a loss of the signal transmitted by RFID tag 1201. In response, the control circuit 1210 may cause the indicator 1209 to alert a user of the detachment of the anvil 1200 and, optionally, provide instructions regarding reattachment of the anvil 1200 to the stapling head assembly 1300. Additionally, or alternatively, the control circuit 1210 may cause the actuation mechanism 1190 to transition the lockout assembly 1170 to the locked state until reattachment of the anvil 1200 is detected by the control circuit 1210 based on input from RFID scanner 1202 and/or the RFID scanner 1204 indicative of redetection of the signal from the RFID tag 1201, for example.

0086Referring to <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>, motors 160,1160 are coupled to motor drivers 161 and 1161, respectively, which are configured to control the operation of the motors 160 and 1160 including the flow of electrical energy from a power source (e.g. battery pack 120) to the motors 160 and 1160. In various examples, the processor 1214 is coupled to the motors 160, 1160 through the motor drivers 1160, 1161. In various forms, the motor 160 and/or the motor 1160 may be a brushed direct current (DC) motor with a gearbox and mechanical links to effect a tissue treatment by a surgical end effector. In one aspect, motor drivers 1160, 1161 may be in the form of an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use with the control system 11211.

0087In various forms, the motors 160, 1160 may be a brushed DC driving motor having a maximum rotational speed of approximately 25,000 RPM. In other arrangements, the motors 160, 1160 may include a brushless motor, a cordless motor, a synchronous motor, a stepper motor, or any other suitable electric motor. The motor driver 161, 1161 may comprise an H-bridge driver comprising field-effect transistors (FETs), for example. The motors 160, 1160 can be powered by a power source. The power source may comprise a battery which may include a number of battery cells connected in series that can be used as the power source to power the surgical instrument or tool. In certain circumstances, the battery cells of the power source may be replaceable and/or rechargeable. In at least one example, the battery cells can be lithium-ion batteries which can be couplable to and separable from the power source.

0088In various aspects, a motor driver in accordance with the present disclosure may be a full-bridge controller for use with external N-channel power metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) specifically designed for inductive loads, such as brush DC motors. The motor driver may comprise a unique charge pump regulator that provides full (>10 V) gate drive for battery voltages down to 7 V and allows the A3941 to operate with a reduced gate drive, down to 5.5 V. A bootstrap capacitor may be employed to provide the above battery supply voltage required for N-channel MOSFETs. An internal charge pump for the high-side drive allows DC (100% duty cycle) operation. The full bridge can be driven in fast or slow decay modes using diode or synchronous rectification. In the slow decay mode, current recirculation can be through the high-side or the low-side FETs. The power FETs are protected from shoot-through by resistor-adjustable dead time. Integrated diagnostics provide indications of undervoltage, overtemperature, and power bridge faults and can be configured to protect the power MOSFETs under most short circuit conditions. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use in the tracking system 480 comprising an absolute positioning system.

0089In various aspects, one or more of the motors of the present disclosure can include a rotatable shaft that operably interfaces with a gear assembly that is mounted in meshing engagement with a set, or rack, of drive teeth on a displacement member of a firing drive assembly 1163 or a closure drive assembly 163, for example. A sensor element may be operably coupled to a gear assembly such that a single revolution of the position sensor element corresponds to some linear longitudinal translation of the displacement member. An arrangement of gearing and sensors can be connected to the linear actuator, via a rack and pinion arrangement, or a rotary actuator, via a spur gear or other connection. A power source supplies power to the absolute positioning system and an output indicator may display the output of the absolute positioning system. The displacement member represents the longitudinally movable drive member comprising a rack of drive teeth formed thereon for meshing engagement with a corresponding drive gear of the gear reducer assembly. The displacement member represents the longitudinally movable a closure member, firing member, firing bar, I-beam, or combinations thereof.

0090In certain examples, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>, transition of the anvil 1200 to a closed configuration with the stapling head assembly 1300 is driven by the motor 1160. In such examples, the control circuit 1210 permits the motor 1160 to drive closure of the anvil 1200 if proper orientation, full seating, and/or proper identity of the anvil 1200 is detected by the control circuit 1210 based on input from the RFID scanner 1202 and/or RFID scanner 1204, as described above. Accordingly, a detected failure at establishing one or more of proper orientation, full seating, and/or proper identity of the anvil 1200 causes the control circuit 1210 to prevent the motor 1160 from starting and/or completing closure of the anvil 1200.

0091In certain examples, the control circuit 1210 permits the motor 160 to drive staple firing and advancement of the cylindrical knife member 340 if staple cartridge-anvil compatibility is confirmed based on the information stored in the RFID tags 1201, 1203 as reported by RFID scanners 1202, 1204. Conversely, the control circuit 1210 is configured to prevent the motor 160 from driving staple firing and advancement of the cylindrical knife member 340 if the staple cartridge-anvil compatibility cannot be established based on the information stored in the RFID tags 1201, 1203 as reported by RFID scanners 1202, 1204.

0092In various examples, antennas of one or more of the RFID tags 1201, 1203 and the RFID scanners 1202, 1204 may be supplemented with booster antennas that are engaged upon connection. In various examples, the antennas of active RFID tags on the surgical instrument 1100 such as, for example, the RFID tag 1201 and RFID tag 1203 can be cut during normal operation of the surgical instrument 1100 in planned manner. The lost signals from such RFID tags can signify completion of a surgical task.

0093In various aspects, an RFID tag can be positioned along the pathway of the cylindrical knife member 340. The RFID tag may transmit a signal through its antenna to the RFID scanner 1202, for example. When the antenna is severed by the knife member 340, the signal is lost. The signal loss can confirm advancement of the knife member 340.

0094In one example, the RFID tag is positioned on a breakable washer of the anvil 1200. In such example, the breakable washer is broken by the knife member 340 toward the end of a full distal range of motion of the knife member 340. The knife member 340 cuts the antenna of the RFID tag while breaking the breakable washer. When the antenna is severed, the signal transmitted from the RFID tag to the RFID scanner 1202, for example, is lost. The RFID scanner 1202 can be coupled to the control circuit 1210, and can report the signal loss to the control circuit 1210. The signal loss is interpreted by the control circuit 1210 to indicate completion of a firing sequence of the surgical instrument 1100.

0095In various aspects, as described above greater detail, a surgical instrument such as, for example, the instrument 1100 includes an anvil 1200 movable toward a stapling head assembly 1300 to capture tissue therebetween in a closed configuration. The tissue is then stapled and cut in a firing sequence of the surgical instrument 1100. The instrument 1100 further includes an RFID tag such as, for example, the RFID tag 1201 and an RFID scanner such as, for example, the RFID scanner 1202 that is configured to read and/or write to the RFID tag 1201. The RFID tag 1201 and the RFID scanner 1202 define an RFID system that can be employed by a control circuit 1210 to determine a characteristic of the tissue based on the RF signal backscatter from the tissue.

0096The positions of the RFID tag 1201 and the RFID scanner 1202 with respect to the tissue grasped between the anvil 1200 and the stapling head assembly 1300 can be selected for optimal measurements of the RF signal backscatter. In at least one example, the RFID tag 1201 and the RFID scanner 1202 can be positioned on opposite sides of the tissue.

0097The RF signal from the backscatter data can be gathered and correlated with known tissue characteristics to permit tissue analysis. In various aspects, the spectral characteristics of the backscatter data can be analyzed to determine various characteristics of the tissue. In at least one example, the backscatter data is employed to identify boundary features within the tissue. In at least one example, the backscatter data can be used to assess thickness of the tissue grasped between the anvil 1200 and the stapling head assembly 1300.

0098<figref idref="f0016">FIG. 18</figref> depicts a surgical instrument 2200 that can be selectively assembled from any one of a number of different end effectors such as, for example, end effectors 2210, 2210', any one of a number of different shafts such as, for example, shafts 2230, 2230', 2230", 2230'", and a housing assembly 2240. Components of the surgical instrument 2200 are selected based on various factors including surgical procedure type, tissue type, and/or patient anatomy.

0099In various instances, the end effectors of the surgical instrument 2200 are circular stapler end effectors of different sizes. In the example of <figref idref="f0016">FIG. 18</figref>, 25mm and 31mm circular stapler end effectors are depicted. However this is not limiting, other suitable end effectors can be readily utilized with the surgical instrument 2200. In the example illustrated in <figref idref="f0016">FIG. 18</figref>, the shafts 2230, 2230', 2230", 2230'" comprise profiles that are different in length and/or curvature. However this is not limiting, shafts with other suitable shaft profiles can be readily used with the surgical instrument 2200.

0100Further to the above, the shafts 2230, 2230', 2230", 2230'" comprise RFID tags 2203, 2203', 2203", 2203'", respectively, which store shaft information, as described in greater detail below. In addition, the end effectors 2210, 2210' comprise RFID tags 2201, 2201', respectively, which store end-effector information, as described in greater detail below.

0101<figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref> depicts a schematic diagram an example surgical instrument 2200 assembled from the end effector 2210, the shaft 2230, and a housing assembly 2240. Various components and/or connections between components of the end effector 2210, the shaft 2230, and a housing assembly 2240 are removed for clarity. The surgical instrument 2200 is similar in many respects to the surgical instruments 100, 1100. For example, the end effector 2210 has a stapling head assembly 2300 that is similar in many respect to the stapling head assemblies 300, 1300, and an anvil 2400 that is similar in many respects to the anvils 400, 1200.

0102In operation, as described above in greater detail with respect to the surgical instruments 100, 1100, the anvil 2400 is coupled to the stapling head assembly 2300. The anvil 2400 is then retracted from a starting position toward the stapling head assembly 2300 a closure stroke or distance "d" to transition the stapling head assembly 2300 from an open configuration to a closed configuration. Tissue is grasped between the anvil 2400 and the stapling head assembly 2300 in the closed configuration. Further, the stapling head assembly 2300 includes a staple cartridge that houses staples that are deployed from the staple cartridge toward the anvil 2400 in the closed configuration. The staples are deployed through the grasped tissue and are formed by Staple forming pockets 414 of the anvil 2400. In addition, a knife member 340 is translated distally to a point where cutting edge 342 is distal to a deck surface 322 of the stapling head assembly 2300 to cut the tissue.

0103In addition to or in lieu of the foregoing, stapling head assembly 2300 and anvil 2400 may be further constructed and operated in accordance with at least some of the teachings of <patcit id="pcit0095" dnum="US5205459A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,459</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0096" dnum="US5271544A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,544</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0097" dnum="US5275322A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,322</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0098" dnum="US5285945A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,945</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0099" dnum="US5292053A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,053</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0100" dnum="US5333773A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,773</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0101" dnum="US5350104A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,104</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0102" dnum="US5533661A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,661</text></patcit>; and/or <patcit id="pcit0103" dnum="US8910847B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 8,910,847</text></patcit>, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. Still other suitable configurations will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein.

0104Referring still to <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref>, the housing assembly 2240 includes one or more motors 2160 and one or more motor drivers 2161, which are similar in many respects to motors 160,1160 and motor drivers 161, 1161. In various examples, the control circuit 1210 is configured to control a motor driver 2161 to cause a motor 2160 to move the anvil 2400 a closure stroke or distance "d" toward the stapling head assembly 2300 to transition the end effector 2210 from the open configuration to the closed configuration. The control circuit 1210 is further configured to control a motor driver 2161 to cause a motor 2160 to apply a load onto the end effector 2210 in a firing motion to deploy the staples into tissue grasped by the end effector 1210 in the closed configuration, and cut the grasped tissue by advancing the knife member 340 distally through the tissue. In at least one example, the knife member 340 is advanced toward a breakable washer of the anvil 2400. In such example, the breakable washer is broken by the knife member 340 toward the end of a full distal range of motion of the knife member 340.

0105To properly staple and cut tissue by a surgical instrument 2200, operational parameters of the motor(s) 2160 need to be adjusted to yield closure distances and/or firing loads that are suitable for a selected end effector 2210 and/or shaft 2230 of the surgical instrument 2200. Longer and/or curved shafts, for example, require different closure distances than shorter ones. Likewise, larger staple cartridges generally require higher firing loads than smaller ones. To address this matter, the end effectors of a surgical instrument 2200 are equipped with RFID tags 2201 that store end-effector information, and are detectable by RFID scanners 2202. Additionally, in certain instances, the shafts of the surgical instrument 2200 are also equipped with RFID tags 2203 that store shaft information, and are detectable by RFID scanners 2204. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 20</figref>, in accordance with a process 2250, the control circuit 1210 can be configured to receive 2252 input from an RFID scanner 2202 indicative of the end-effector information, receive 2254 input from an RFID scanner 2204 indicative of the shaft information, and adjust 2256 at least one parameter of operation of the motor(s) 2160 to yield closure distances and/or firing loads that are based on the end-effector information and the shaft information.

0106In at least one example, the process 2250 is executed by a control circuit 1210 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>) that includes a processor 1214 and a memory 1212 storing a set of computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 1214, cause the processor 1214 to perform of the process 2250. In certain examples, a set of computer-executable instructions, stored in the memory 1212 may cause the processor 1214 to perform discrete portions of the process 2250. Although the process 2250 is described as being executed by a control circuit 1210, this is merely for brevity, and it should be understood that the process 2250 and other processes described herein, or portions thereof, can be executed by circuitry that can include a variety of hardware and/or software components and may be located in or associated with various suitable systems such as, for example, combinational logic circuits or sequential logic circuits.

0107In the example illustrated in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref>, the RFID tag 2201 and corresponding RFID scanner 2202 are arranged such that the RFID tag 2201 is within the detection range of the RFID scanner 2202 when the end effector 2210 is an assembled configuration with the shaft 2230. Also, the RFID tag 2203 and corresponding RFID scanner 2204 are arranged such that the RFID tag 2203 is within the detection range of the RFID scanner 2204 when the shaft 2230 is an assembled configuration with housing assembly 2240. Accordingly, the RFID scanner 2202 is positioned at the distal portion of the shaft 2230 while the RFID tag 2203 is positioned at the proximal portion of the shaft 2230. In at least one example, one or both of the RFID tag 2201 and the RFID scanner 2202 are positioned at an interface between the end effector 2210 and the shaft 2230. Additionally, or alternatively, one or both of the RFID tag 2203 and the RFID scanner 2204 are positioned at an interface between the shaft 2230 and housing assembly 2240.

0108Further to the above, end-effector information stored in the RFID tag 2201 can be read by the RFID scanner 2202 in the assembled configuration, and can be communicated to the control circuit 1210. Also, shaft information stored in the RFID tag 2203 can be read by the RFID the scanner 2204, and can be communicated to the control circuit 1210. In various aspects, the end effector-information can include identification information, manufacturer information, staple cartridge size, type, and/or color, anvil type, and/or one more suitable adjustment values for default closure distances and/or firing loads. Likewise, the shaft information can include identification information, manufacturer information, shaft profiles, and/or one more suitable adjustment values for default closure distances and/or firing loads.

0109Referring to <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 21</figref>, a graph 2260 represents a relationship between firing Load (lbs) on the Y-axis and firing time (sec) on the X-axis. Graph 21 depicts a default, unadjusted, firing algorithm 2263 and an adjusted firing algorithm 2263. The graph 2260 further depicts a default maximum firing load threshold 2261 (<i>e.g.</i> 400lbs) and a final maximum firing load threshold 2262 (<i>e.g.</i> 485lbs) for a firing load applied by a motor 2160 to the end effector 2210 of the surgical instrument 2200. The default maximum firing load threshold 2261 is adjusted to the final maximum firing load threshold 2262 based on end-effector information of the end effector 2210 that is stored in the RFID tag 2201 and read by the RFID scanner 2202 of the surgical instrument 2200. In the example of <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 21</figref>, the end-effector information represents a staple cartridge that comprises a larger size (<i>e.g</i>. 31mm) than a default staple cartridge (<i>e.g.</i> 25mm). The default staple cartridge size (<i>e.g.</i> 25mm) is associated with the default firing algorithm 2263 and default maximum firing load threshold 2261. Meanwhile, the larger staple cartridge size (<i>e.g.</i> 31mm) is associated with the final firing algorithm 2264 and final maximum firing load threshold 2262.

0110The end-effector information stored in the RFID tag 2201 can include the staple cartridge size and/or a firing load adjustment value (<i>e.g.</i> 85lbs) based on the cartridge size. In the event of the staple cartridge size, the control circuit 1210 can use a database or a lookup table of staple cartridge sizes and corresponding firing load adjustment values to look up a suitable firing load adjustment values.

0111Further, input from the RFID scanner 2201 indicative of the end-effector information causes the control circuit 1210 to adjust the default maximum firing load threshold 2261 (<i>e.g.</i> 400) to the final maximum firing load threshold 2262 (<i>e.g</i>. 485lbs), and maintain a firing algorithm 2264 below the final maximum firing load threshold 2262, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 20</figref>.

0112In the example of <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 21</figref>, the control circuit 1210 adjusts or introduces a minimum wait-time "t" before causing the motor 2160 to apply the firing algorithm 2263 to the end effector 2210. In various instances, the minimum wait-time "t" is a time period between completion of a closure sequence of an end effector of the surgical instrument 2200, where tissue is grasped by the end effector in a closed configuration, and commencement of a firing sequence of the end effector, where the grasped tissue is stapled and cut. The minimum wait time "t" permits tissue creep where the grasped tissue adjusts to a lower average pressure thereby reducing the maximum firing load necessary to complete the firing sequence of the end effector 2210 to a value at or below the final maximum firing load threshold 2262. In the default firing algorithm 2263, without the minimum wait-time "t", the firing algorithm 2263 must be interrupted 2267 for a time period from time t3 to time t4 to prevent the firing load from exceeding the final maximum firing load threshold 2262. By comparison, the firing algorithm 2264 is continued through the time period between t3 and t4, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 21</figref>

0113Referring still to <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 21</figref>, another factor that can influence the minimum wait time "t" is the user-selected form height of the staples deployed from the stapling head assembly 2300. The control circuit 1210 can prompt a user through the indicator 1209 to select a desired form height of the staples. In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 can present the user with a number of form height options to choose from. Additionally, or alternatively, the control circuit 1210 can recommend an optimal form height based on the tissue being treated by the surgical instrument 2200. In any event, the user-selected form height can cause the control circuit 1210 to further adjust the minimum wait time "t". In at least one example, the memory 1212 stores, in a database or a lookup table, form heights and corresponding wait-time adjustments. The control circuit 1210 can adjust the minimum wait time "t" by identifying a wait-time adjustment associated with a user-selected form height, and then adjusting the minimum wait time "t" in accordance with the identified wait-time adjustment.

0114Generally, a more formed staple is associated with a greater firing load, and requires a greater minimum wait time "t" than a lesser formed staple. In the example of <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 21</figref>, the user-selected form height 2265 is associated with a firing load "F2", and is greater than a minimum form height 2266 associated with a minimum firing load "F1". The minimum firing loads "F1" and "F2" represent firing loads at which staple legs begin to buckle. Accordingly, the wait time "t" of the example of <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 21</figref> is a result of the greater (31 mm) than the default (25 mm) staple cartridge size, and the selected form height 2265.

0115Referring to <figref idref="f0020">FIG. 22</figref>, Graph 2270 illustrates adjustments made to a default maximum firing load threshold 2272 (<i>e.g.</i> 400lbs) of the surgical instrument 2200. The adjustments are based on end-effector information 2271 and shaft information 2273 received by a control circuit 1210 from RFID scanners 2202, 2204, as described above in greater detail. The shaft information 2273 identifies a long curved shaft 2230, and provides a corresponding first adjustment value 2274 (<i>e.g.</i> 35lbs) to the default maximum firing load threshold 2272. Similarly, the end-effector information 2271 identifies an end effector 2210 with staple cartridge comprising a size of 31mm, and provides a corresponding second adjustment value 2276 (<i>e.g.</i> 85lbs) to the default maximum firing load threshold 2272. Adding the adjustment values 2274, 2276 to the default maximum firing load threshold 2272 yields a final maximum firing load threshold 2278. As described above, the adjustment values 2274, 2276 can be part of the end-effector information 2271 and the shaft information 2273, respectively, or can be determined by the control circuit 1210 from a database or lookup table stored in the memory 1212, for example, based on the identification information of the end effector 2210 and the shaft 2230.

0116In at least one example, a surgical instrument 2200 can be assembled from a curved long shaft 2230 and an end effector 2210' comprising a default staple cartridge size (e.g. 25mm). In such examples, the end effector information yields a zero adjustment value, and the shaft information yields the first adjustment value 2274 that modifies the default maximum firing load threshold 2272 to a final maximum firing load threshold 2279, as illustrated in Graph 2270. In other examples, the surgical instrument 2200 can be assembled from various combinations of end effectors and shafts that yield different adjustment values for modifying the default maximum firing load threshold 2272.

0117Referring to <figref idref="f0020">FIG. 22</figref>, Graph 2280 illustrates adjustments made to a default minimum closure stroke or distance 2282 of the surgical instrument 2200. A minimum closure stroke or distance a surgical instrument 2200 is a minimum permissible or recommended closure stroke or distance that bring an end effector of the surgical instrument 2200 such as, for example, the end effector 2210 to a closed configuration suitable for deploying staples into tissue grasped between an anvil and a staple cartridge of the end effector. The adjustments to the default minimum closure stroke or distance 2282 are based on end-effector information 2271 and shaft information 2273 received by a control circuit 1210 from RFID scanners 2202, 2204, as described above in greater detail.

0118The shaft information 2273 identifies a long curved shaft 2230, and provides a corresponding first adjustment value 2284 to the default minimum closure stroke or distance 2282. The added length and curvature of the shaft 2230, in comparison to a default shaft, yields a longer minimum closure stroke or distance 2289 than the default minimum closure stroke or distance 2282. Similarly, the end-effector information 2271 identifies an end effector 2210 with a staple cartridge comprising a size of 31mm, and provides a corresponding second adjustment value 2286 to the default minimum closure stroke or distance 2282. Adding the adjustment values 2284, 2286 to the default minimum closure stroke or distance 2282 yields a final default minimum closure stroke or distance 2288. As described above, the adjustment values 2284, 2286 can be part of the end-effector information 2271 and the shaft information 2273, respectively, or can be determined by the control circuit 1210 from a database or lookup table stored in the memory 1212, for example, based on identification information of the end effector 2210 and the shaft 2230.

0119In at least one example, a surgical instrument 2200 can be assembled from a curved long shaft 2230 and an end effector 2210' comprising a default staple cartridge size (<i>e.g.</i> 25mm). In such examples, the end effector information yields a zero adjustment value and the shaft information yields the first adjustment value 2284, which modify the default minimum closure stroke or distance 2282 to a final minimum closure stroke or distance 2289, as illustrated in Graph 2280. In other examples, the surgical instrument 2200 can be assembled from various combinations of end effectors and shafts that yield different adjustment values for modifying the default minimum closure stroke or distance 2282.

0120Further to the above, the end-effector information 2271 and the shaft information 2273 can cause the control circuit 1210 to adjust a default closure range 2281 of user-selectable closure strokes or distances of the surgical instrument 2200. A closure range of a surgical instrument 2200 is a range of permissible or recommended closure strokes or distances that bring an end effector of the surgical instrument 2200 such as, for example, the end effector 2210 to a closed configuration suitable for deploying staples into tissue grasped between an anvil and a staple cartridge of the end effector. In at least one example, the closure range of a surgical instrument 2200 can be in the form of a visual guide presented to a user by the indicator 1209.

0121In various examples, the closure range of a surgical instrument 2200 is defined by the control circuit 1210 based on the end-effector information and/or the shaft information received from the RFID scanners 2203, 2204. Graph 2280 depicts, for example, a default closure range 2281, an adjusted closure range 2283, and an adjusted closure range 2285. The adjusted closure range 2283 is defined by the control circuit 1210 in response to the shaft information transmitted from the RFID scanner 2204. The adjusted closure range 2285 is defined by the control circuit 1210 in response to end-effector information transmitted from the RFID scanner 2202 and shaft information transmitted from the RFID scanner 2204. In other words, the adjusted closure range 2285 is defined by the cumulative impact of the end-effector information and the shaft information.

0122In various aspects, the transmitted shaft information can include the adjusted closure range 2283. Alternatively, the transmitted shaft information can includes upper and lower adjustment values of the default closure range 2281. Alternatively, the transmitted shaft information can include shaft identification information. In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 can determine an adjusted closure range 2283 from a database or lookup table stored in the memory 1212, for example, based on the shaft identification information.

0123In various aspects, the transmitted end-effector information can include an adjusted closure range. Alternatively, the transmitted end-effector information can includes upper and lower adjustment values of the default closure range 2281. Alternatively, the transmitted end-effector information can include end-effector identification information. In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 can determine an adjusted closure range from a database or lookup table stored in the memory 1212, for example, based the end-effector identification information.

0124In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 can determine an adjusted closure range 2285 from a database or lookup table stored in the memory 1212, for example, based on shaft identification information and end-effector identification information. In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 can determine an adjusted closure range 2285 from the cumulative impact of upper and lower adjustment values of the default closure range 2281, which are provided by the end-effector information and shaft information.

0125Referring still to <figref idref="f0020">FIG. 22</figref>, Graph 2290 illustrates firing velocity (m/s) on the Y-axis verses time (seconds) on the X-axis. In example of Graph 2290, the firing velocity represents the velocity of a longitudinally movable firing member coupled to a motor 2160 (<figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref>) of the surgical instrument 2200, and configured to effect deployment of staples from the stapling head assembly 2300 toward the anvil 2400, and advancement of the knife member 340, as described above in greater detail. In other examples, the firing velocity can be a rotation velocity of the motor 2160.

0126Graph 2290 illustrates adjustments made to a default maximum threshold 2292 of the firing velocity of the surgical instrument 2200, which are based on end-effector information and shaft information received by a control circuit 1210 from RFID scanners 2202, 2204, as described above in greater detail. The shaft information identifies a long curved shaft 2230, and provides a corresponding first adjustment value 2294 to the default maximum threshold 2292. Similarly, the end-effector information identifies an end effector 2210 with a staple cartridge comprising a size of 31mm, and provides a corresponding second adjustment value 2296 to the default maximum threshold 2292.

0127In the example of Graph 2290, the adjustment values 2294, 2296 are combined 2295 to reduce the default maximum threshold 2292 to a final maximum threshold 2298 of the firing velocity of the surgical instrument 2200. The adjustment values 2294, 2296 can be part of the end-effector information and the shaft information, respectively, or can be determined by the control circuit 1210 from a database or lookup table stored in the memory 1212, for example, based on identification information of the end effector 2210 and the shaft 2230.

0128In at least one example, a surgical instrument 2200 can be assembled from a curved long shaft 2230 and an end effector 2210' comprising a default staple cartridge size (<i>e.g.</i> 25mm). In such examples, the end effector information yields a zero adjustment value and the shaft information yields the adjustment value 2294, which modify the default maximum threshold 2282 to a final maximum threshold 2297, as illustrated in Graph 2290. In other examples, the surgical instrument 2200 can be assembled from various combinations of end effectors and shafts that yield different adjustment values for modifying the default maximum threshold 2292 of the firing velocity.

0129Further to the above, Graph 2290 depicts three firing velocity curves 2307, 2301, 2302 that represent three different firing algorithms. The firing velocity curve 2307 represents a first firing algorithm that failed to comply with the default maximum threshold 2292 of the firing velocity due to failure to account for inertia of the firing member. The firing velocity curve 2301 represents a second firing algorithm that failed to comply with a statically adjusted maximum threshold 2298 due to failure to account for inertia of the firing member. The firing velocity curve 2302 represents a third firing algorithm that dynamically modified a statically adjusted final maximum threshold 2298 by an adjustment value 2304 to achieve a dynamically and statically adjusted final maximum threshold 2299. The adjustment value 2304 is based on a slope 2305 of the velocity curve 2302.

0130In at least one example, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 23</figref>, a process 2310 depicting a control program or a logic configuration for operating the surgical instrument 2200, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In at least one example, the process 2310 is executed by a control circuit 1210 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>) that includes a processor 1214 and a memory 1212 storing a set of computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 1214, cause the processor 1214 to perform of the process 2310. In certain examples, a set of computer-executable instructions, stored in the memory 1212 may cause the processor 1214 to perform discrete portions of the process 2310. Although the process 2310 is described as being executed by a control circuit 1210, this is merely for brevity, and it should be understood that the process 2310 and other processes described herein, or portions thereof, can be executed by circuitry that can include a variety of hardware and/or software components and may be located in or associated with various suitable systems such as, for example, combinational logic circuits or sequential logic circuits.

0131Further to the above, the process 2310 comprises receiving 2312 input from the RFID scanner 2202 indicative of the end-effector information, receiving 2314 input from the RFID scanner 2204 indicative of the shaft information, and statically adjusting 2316 a default maximum threshold 2292 of the firing velocity of the surgical instrument 2200 to a final maximum threshold 2298 based on the end-effector information and the shaft information. Additionally, in certain instances, the process 2310 further comprises dynamically adjusting 2318 the final maximum threshold 2298 of the firing velocity to a new final maximum threshold 2299 based on the slope 2305 of the firing velocity curve 2302 to account for the firing member inertia, as illustrated in the example of Graph 2290.

0132Referring primarily to <figref idref="f0022">FIG. 24</figref>, three motor assemblies 5000, 5000', 5000" are interchangeably usable with a surgical instrument 5002. The motor assemblies 5000, 5000', 5000" include motors 5001, 5001', 5001" and gearboxes 5003, 5003', 5003", respectively. The motors 5001, 5001', 5001", even with similar design parameters, have differing outputs based on winding techniques, wire quality, internal component quality, and/or magnetic densities. Further, the gearboxes 5003, 5003', 5003" associated with the motors 5001, 5001', 5001" also have variable losses and efficiencies based on their materials, lubrications, tolerance stack-up, and manufacturing methodologies. The implication of these variations is that motor assemblies such as, for example, the motor assemblies 5000, 5000', 5000" are likely to have dramatically different efficiencies and outputs for the same applied voltage and current, even if they are produced by a single supplier. In various aspects, the surgical instrument 5002 addresses these variations by employing an RFID system 5004 (<figref idref="f0024">FIG. 27</figref>) that is configured for detection and communication with a motor assembly 5000, for example, in order to retrieve information associated with the motor assembly 5000 that can aid the surgical instrument 5002 in addressing motor-assembly variations. In various aspects, the detection of a motor assembly such as, for example, the motor assembly 5000 is achieved only when the surgical instrument 5002 is in an assembled configuration with the motor assembly 5000, as described in greater detail below.

0133<figref idref="f0023">FIG. 26</figref> is a graph 5009 with three lines 5011, 5011', 5011" that represent the relationship between motor torque (NM) on the Y-axis and motor speed (RPM) on the X-axis for the motors 5001, 5001', 5001", respectively. The lines 5011, 5011', 5011" demonstrate variations that exist among interchangeable motors. The lines 5011, 5011', 5011" intersect the Y-axis at different points that represent the motor-stall torques 5015, and intersect the X-axis at different points that represent the no-load speeds 5017. The graph 5009 also shows the motors' speeds at maximum suitable power. In various aspects, as described below in greater detail, information extracted from the relationships represented by the lines 5011, 5011', 5011" can used by a control circuit 1210 to adjust one or more operational parameters of a motor, select an a control algorithm, and/or adjust a default control algorithm to ensure delivery of predictable outputs from the motor assemblies 5000, 5000', 5000".

0134Referring still to <figref idref="f0022">FIG. 24</figref>, the surgical instrument 5002 includes a housing assembly 5006 that has a motor-assembly compartment 5007 configured to interchangeably receive, and be releasably coupled with, motor assemblies such as, for example the motor assemblies 5000, 5000', 5000". For brevity, the following description of the interaction between the surgical instrument 5002 and a motor assembly will focus on the motor assembly 5000. Nonetheless the following description is equally applicable to other suitable motor assemblies such as, for example, the motor assemblies 5000'. Although the housing assembly 5006 is depicted in the form of a handle, this is not limiting. In various instances, the housing assembly 100 can be a component of a robotic system, for example.

0135The surgical instrument 5002 is similar in many respects to other surgical instruments described elsewhere herein such as, for example, the surgical instruments 100, 1100. For example, the surgical instrument 5002 includes a shaft 5008 extending distally from the housing assembly 5006, and an end effector 5019 extending distally from the shaft 5008. Various end effectors suitable for use with the surgical instrument 5002 such as, for example, a circular stapler end effector that includes an anvil 400 and a stapling head assembly 300, are described elsewhere in the present disclosure and/or other disclosures incorporated by reference in the present disclosure.

0136The motor assembly 5000 is movable relative to the housing assembly 5006 between an assembled configuration and an unassembled configuration with the housing assembly 500. Various suitable electrical connectors can be employed to connect a power source 5014 in the housing assembly 5006 to the motor assembly 5000 to power to the motor 5001 in the assembled configuration. Also, various suitable mechanical connectors can be employed to operably transmit a motion, generated by the motor 5001, from the gearbox 5003 to the end effector to treat tissue grasped by the end effector.

0137<patcit id="pcit0104" dnum="US9504520B"><text>U.S. Patent 9,504,520</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MODULAR MOTOR, and issued November 29, 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, describes several mechanical and electrical connectors that are suitable for use with the surgical instrument 5002 and the motor assembly 5000. In at least one example, a motor assembly 5000 comprises a body 5010, a base 5011, and a pair of pogo pins, for example, that are configured to deliver electrical power to the motor 5001 housed within body 5010. Pogo pins can engage a plurality of wires in the housing assembly 5006, which are coupled to an electrical power source 5014. In various aspects, the motor assembly 5000 is secured or retained within, or at least partially within, the motor-assembly compartment 5007 of the housing assembly 5006 by latching members, clamps, clips, screw-down members, etc. When motor assembly 5000 is inserted into the motor-assembly compartment 5007, the mechanical and electrical connectors of the motor assembly 5000 are coupled to corresponding structures within the housing assembly 5006 through an electro-mechanical interface 5023 (<figref idref="f0024">FIG. 27</figref>) to form the assembled configuration.

0138Referring to <figref idref="f0024">FIG. 27</figref>, the RFID system 5004 includes an RFID scanner 5022 and RFID tag 5021 detectable by the RFID scanner in the assembled configuration. In various aspects, the RFID scanner 5022 is configured to read and/or write to the RFID tag 5021 in the assembled configuration. In the example illustrated in <figref idref="f0024">FIG. 27</figref>, the RFID scanner 5022 comprises a detection range defined by a distance "d". The RFID tag 5021 is at or within the detection range defined by the distance "d" when the motor assembly 5000 is in an assembled configuration with the housing assembly 5006.

0139Referring still to <figref idref="f0024">FIG. 27</figref>, the RFID scanner 5022 is coupled to a control circuit 1210 that includes a microcontroller comprising a processor 1214 and a storage medium such as, for example, the memory 1212, as described elsewhere herein in greater detail. The RFID tag 5021 stores information indicative of the motor assembly 5000, which is read by the RFID scanner 5022 while the motor assembly 5000 is retained by the motor-assembly compartment 5007 in the assembled configuration.

0140In at least one example, the control circuit 1210 receives an input from the RFID scanner 5022 indicative of the motor-assembly information, and adjusts one or more parameters of operation of the motor 5001 based on the motor-assembly information. The control circuit 1210 can employ a motor driver 5018 to perform the parameter adjustments. In the example illustrated in <figref idref="f0024">FIG. 27</figref>, the motor driver 5018 is positioned within the housing assembly 5006, and interfaces with the motor 5001 in the assembled configuration through the electro-mechanical interface 5023. In other examples, the motor driver 5018 is a part of the motor assembly 5000, and is configured to interface with the control circuit 1210 through the electro-mechanical interface 5023.

0141Referring to <figref idref="f0025">FIG 28</figref>, the processor 1214 of the control circuit 1210 can be configured to select a control algorithm of the surgical instrument 5002 based on the motor-assembly information retrieved from the RFID tag 5021 by the RFID scanner 5022. The control algorithms can be stored in the memory 1214, for example, in the form of a database or a look-up table 5030. Alternatively, or additionally, the motor-assembly information of a motor assembly can include a control algorithm recommended for use with the motor assembly.

0142In various examples, the motor-assembly information of a motor assembly 5000, for example, comprises one or more of identification information, manufacturer information, and specific tolerances of the motor 5001 and/or the gearbox 5003, for example. The motor-assembly information can include model numbers, lot numbers, manufacturing dates, and/or any other relevant information.

0143In the example illustrated in <figref idref="f0025">FIG. 28</figref>, each row represents a control algorithm associated with a motor assembly, which can be selected by the processor 1214 based on the retrieved motor-assembly information. The values in the outer left column are based on input from the RFID scanner 5022 indicative of the motor-assembly information of motor assemblies MA₁-MA_n. In at least one example, the values in the outer left column can be motor-assembly identification or model numbers. The middle columns include values of motor velocity, inertia/dynamic breaking, stroke length, current limits/force limits that are associated with each of the motor assemblies MA₁-MA_n. The values in the outer right column represent suitable voltage and discharge values of a power source 5014 configured to power motor assemblies MA₁-MA_n when coupled to the surgical instrument 5002.

0144Referring still to <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref>, in various aspects, the control circuit 1210 is configured to employ the RFID system 5004 to retrieve motor-assembly information that identify a motor assembly coupled to the surgical instrument 5002. The control circuit 1210 then determines, from the look-up table 5030 suitable voltage and discharge values for the power source 5014 based on the retrieved motor-assembly information.

0145In various aspects, the control circuit 1210 employs a formula or calibration factor to adjust the operational parameters of a motor assembly 5000, for example. The formula or calibration factor can be stored by the RFID tag 5021, and received by the control circuit 1210 through input from the RFID scanner 5022. Alternatively, the formula or calibration factor can be retrieved from a storage medium such as, for example, the memory 1212 based on identification information of the memory assembly associated with such formula or calibration factor.

0146Referring to <figref idref="f0023">FIG. 25</figref>, a logic flow diagram of a process 5050 depicts a control program or a logic configuration for adjusting operational parameters of a motor 5001, for example, of the surgical instrument 5002. In at least one example, the process 5050 is executed by a control circuit 1210 (<figref idref="f0024">FIG. 27</figref>) that includes a processor 1214 and a memory 1212 storing a set of computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 1214, cause the processor 1214 to perform of the process 5050. In certain examples, a set of computer-executable instructions, stored in the memory 1212 may cause the processor 1214 to perform discrete portions of the process 5050. Although the process 5050 is described as being executed by a control circuit 1210, this is merely for brevity, and it should be understood that the process 5050 and other processes described herein, or portions thereof, can be executed by circuitry that can include a variety of hardware and/or software components and may be located in or associated with various suitable systems such as, for example, combinational logic circuits or sequential logic circuits.

0147In various aspects, the process 5050 includes reading 5051 an internal component identification information from an RFID tag 5021 by an RFID scanner 5022, for example. In at least one example, the internal component is a motor assembly 5000, a motor 5001, a gearbox 5003, or a power source 5014. The process 5050 further determines 5052 whether an algorithm adjustment parameter is included with the internal component identification information. If so, the process 5050 adjusts 5053 a control algorithm associated with the internal component in accordance with the received algorithm adjustment parameter. If an algorithm adjustment parameter is included, the process 5050 uses 5054 the internal component identification information to retrieve an algorithm adjustment parameter, or select a suitable control algorithm, for the internal component based on a database or look-up table of internal component identification information and corresponding algorithm adjustment parameters, or control algorithms.

0148Many surgical instruments utilize a battery to provide the electrical power required to operate a surgical instrument. Such batteries can include, for example, a primary cell/non-rechargeable battery such as an alkaline battery or a lithium battery, or a secondary cell/rechargeable battery such as a nickel metal hydride battery or a lithium ion battery. The different types of batteries can have different materials, chemistries, sizes, electrical characteristics (e.g., nominal voltages, discharge rates, etc.), discharge efficiencies, and costs. The type of battery utilized in a given surgical instrument is typically selected based on a variety of factors such as, among other things, disposable vs. rechargeable, size, output characteristics and cost.

0149As battery technology continues to advance, different battery chemistries having different capacities, output characteristics, etc. continue to evolve. It is now conceivable that throughout the useful life of a given surgical instrument, different battery packs which have differing capabilities and are made by different manufacturers may be utilized at different times with the given surgical instrument. For such instances, in order to optimize the performance of the surgical instrument, it is desirable for the given surgical instrument to be able to differentiate between the different batteries.

0150It is also now conceivable that throughout the useful life of a given battery, the given battery may be utilized to power different surgical instruments at different times, where the power requirements of the different surgical instruments can vary. Therefore, in order to match the capability of the battery with the power requirement of a given surgical instrument, it is desirable for the battery to be able to differentiate between the different surgical instruments and to be able to adjust the electrical characteristics of the battery as needed.

0151<figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref> illustrates a partial perspective view of a surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The surgical instrument 3000 is similar to the surgical circular stapling instrument 10 described hereinabove and includes a housing assembly 3002, a shaft assembly 3004, a stapling head assembly (not shown) and an anvil (not shown), where the housing assembly 3002 is similar or identical to the housing assembly 100, the shaft assembly 3004 is similar or identical to the shaft assembly 200, the stapling head assembly (not shown) is similar or identical to the stapling head assembly 300 and the anvil (not shown) is similar or identical to the anvil 400. As shown in <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, the surgical instrument 3000 is also configured to receive a battery 3006. In some aspects, the surgical instrument 3000 further includes the battery 3006. Although not shown for purposes of clarity in <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, the surgical instrument also includes an electric motor 3008 (See <figref idref="f0027">FIG. 30</figref>) which is similar or identical to the motor 160. The electric motor 3008 is couplable with the battery 3006, and is configured to move the anvil toward the staple head assembly to grasp tissue between the anvil and the staple head assembly, and to fire staples of the stapling head assembly into the grasped tissue. Although the surgical instrument 3000 is shown as a circular stapler, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the surgical instrument 3000 may be a linear stapler or other powered surgical instrument. In various aspects the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is similar in many respects to the surgical instrument 2200, and can be assembled from one or more of the interchangeable components of the surgical instrument 2200 illustrated in <figref idref="f0016">FIG. 18</figref>.

0152The battery 3006 may be any suitable type of battery, and may include any suitable number of cells. For example, according to various aspects, the battery 3006 may include a lithium battery such as a lithium manganese oxide (Li-MnO₂) or CR123 battery, a lithium ion battery such as a 15270 battery, an alkaline battery such as a manganese oxide (MnO₂) battery, a nickel metal hydride battery, etc. In at least one aspect, the battery 3006 is in the form of a battery pack which includes a plurality of cells. For purposes of brevity, the battery 3006 will be referred to hereinafter as the battery pack 3006. The battery pack 3006 is similar to the battery pack 120 but is different in that the battery pack 3006 includes a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag 3010 positioned within the battery pack 3006. The RFID tag 3010 stores information related to the battery pack 3006 and such information may include, for example, a battery identification number, the manufacturer/brand of batteries in the battery pack 3006, the chemistry/type of batteries (lithium, lithium-ion, etc.) in the battery pack 3006, whether the type of batteries in the battery pack 3006 are chargeable or non-rechargeable, the capacity of the battery pack 3006, the nominal voltage of the batteries in the battery pack 3006, the current draw characteristics of the batteries in the battery pack 3006, other output characteristics of the battery pack 3006, etc. The RFID tag 3010 is very compact in size (e.g., 13mm square or less), thereby allowing for the RFID tag 3010 to be incorporated into the battery pack 3006 without unduly increasing the overall size of the battery pack 3006. According to various aspects, the RFID tag 3010 may be similar to the miniaturized RFID tag described in <patcit id="pcit0105" dnum="US9171244B"><text>U. S. Patent No. 9.171,244</text></patcit>.

0153The surgical instrument 3000 is different from the surgical circular stapling instrument 10 in that the surgical instrument 3000 further includes an RFID scanner 3012. The RFID scanner 3012 is positioned within the housing assembly 3002 and is configured to read the information stored at the RFID tag 3010, where the stored information is related to the battery pack 3006. The RFID scanner 3012 is also configured to communicate data indicative of the read information to a control circuit 3014 (See <figref idref="f0027">FIG. 30</figref>) of the surgical instrument 3000 for processing. The RFID tag 3010 and the RFID scanner 3012 cooperate to collectively allow for the surgical instrument 3000 to be able to identify the battery pack 3006, and determine whether the battery pack 3006 is suitable for use with the surgical instrument 3000.

0154As illustrated in <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, the RFID scanner 3012 is positioned at a battery interface 3013 of the housing assembly 3002. The RFID tag 3010 is configured to be detected by the RFID scanner 3012 in an assembled, or at least partially assembled, configuration of the battery 3006 with the housing assembly 3002. This approach eliminates the need for a separate scanning step by tethering the detection of the RFID tag 3010 by the RFID scanner 3012 to the assembly of the battery 3006 to the housing assembly 3002. It also ensures that the detected battery 3006 is the one ultimately assembled with the housing assembly 3002. In various aspects, the detection range of an RFID scanner 3012 is limited such that it is only able to detect a corresponding RFID tag 3010 in an assembled, or at least partially assembled, configuration of the battery 3006 with the housing assembly 3002.

0155Similarly, the RFID tag 3032 is positioned at the battery interface 3013 of the housing assembly 3002. The RFID tag 3032 is configured to be detected by the RFID scanner 3034 in an assembled, or at least partially assembled, configuration of the battery 3006 with the housing assembly 3002. In various aspects, the detection range of an RFID scanner 3034 is limited such that it is only able to detect a corresponding RFID tag 3032 in an assembled, or at least partially assembled, configuration of the battery 3006 with the housing assembly 3002.

0156In various aspects, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, the RFID scanner 3034 and the RFID tag 3010 are configured to be aligned with the RFID tag 3032 and the RFID scanner 3012, respectively, in the assembled configuration. The alignment, once achieved, brings the RFID tag 3010 within the detection range of the RFID scanner 3012, and the RFID tag 3032 within the detection range of the RFID scanner 3034.

0157<figref idref="f0027">FIG. 30</figref> illustrates a control circuit 3014 of the surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The control circuit 3014 is communicably connected to the RFID scanner 3012 and is similar to the control circuit 1210 in that the control circuit 3014 includes a processor 3016 and a storage medium such as, for example, a memory 3018. The memory 3018 stores program instructions for performing various processes such as, for example, determining whether the battery pack 3006 is compatible for use with the surgical instrument 3000 (e.g., battery compatibility verification). The program instructions, when executed by the processor 3016, cause the processor 3016 to verify the compatibility of the battery pack 3006 with the surgical instrument 3000 by comparing the information received from the RFID tag 3010 to information stored in the memory 3018. The information stored at the memory 3018 may be in the form of, for example, a compatibility database or a lookup table which includes information regarding identification information for batteries which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000, output characteristics of batteries which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000, etc. According to various aspects, the control circuit 3014 is communicably connected to other processors and/or memories of the surgical instrument 3000 and/or a surgical hub system, and the described functionality of the control circuit 3014 can be realized with the other processors and/or memories of the surgical instrument 3000 and/or the surgical hub system. The surgical hub system is described in <patcit id="pcit0106" dnum="US20939518"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,395</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, and filed 12/4/2018, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

0158<figref idref="f0028">FIG. 31</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process 3020 depicting a control program or a logic configuration for operating the surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In at least one example, the process 3020 is executed by the control circuit 3014. In certain examples, a set of computer-executable instructions, stored in the memory 3018 of the control circuit 3014, may cause the processor 3016 of the control circuit 3014 to perform discrete operations of the process 3020. Although the process 3020 is being described in the context of being executed by the control circuit 3014, it will be understood that the process 3020 and other processes described herein, or portions thereof, can be executed by circuitry that can include a variety of hardware and/or software components and may be located in or associated with various suitable systems such as, for example, combinational logic circuits or sequential logic circuits.

0159As illustrated in <figref idref="f0028">FIG. 31</figref>, the process 3020 includes detecting 3022 battery information of the RFID tag 3010 via the RFID scanner 3012. In various aspects, the RFID scanner 3012 can perform the detection whenever the battery pack 3006 is brought in close proximity to the surgical instrument 3000. In other instances, the RFID scanner 3012 performs the detection after the battery pack 3006 is inserted into the housing assembly 3002 of the surgical instrument 3000. The RFID scanner 3012 thereafter communicates 3024 data which is indicative of the detected battery information of the RFID tag 3010 to the control circuit 3014. The communication of the data may be realized by wired communication or by wireless communication. The processor 3016 of the control circuit 3014 thereafter checks/compares 3026 the communicated data against a battery/surgical instrument compatibility database or lookup table which may be stored in the memory 3018 of the control circuit 3014. If the check/comparison 3026 results in a match 3029, the processor 3016 determines 3028 the battery pack 3006 is compatible for use with the surgical instrument 3000, and a user of the surgical instrument 3000 may be alerted to the compatibility by a visual or audible indicator such as, for example, a light emitting diode or a speaker. However, if the check/comparison 3026 does not result in a match 3029, the processor 3016 determines 3030 the battery pack 3006 is incompatible for use with the surgical instrument 3000, and a user of the surgical instrument 3000 may be alerted to the incompatibility by a visual or audible indicator such as, for example, a light emitting diode or a speaker. Additionally, in at least one aspect, when the processor 3016 determines that the battery pack 3006 is incompatible with the surgical instrument 3000, the processor 3016 may communicate a signal or instruction which operates to cause one or more functionalities of the surgical instrument 3000 to be electrically locked out (e.g., by preventing power being applied to the electric motor 3008 of the surgical instrument 3000). Although the process 3020 was described in the context of a given battery pack 3006, it will be appreciated that the above-described process 3020 may be repeated any number of times for any number of different battery packs.

0160Returning to <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29</figref>, in at least one aspect, the surgical instrument 3000 further includes an RFID tag 3032 positioned within the housing assembly 3002, and the battery pack 3006 further includes an RFID scanner 3034 positioned within the battery pack 3006. The RFID tag 3032 is similar to the RFID tag 3010, and stores information related to the surgical instrument 3000. Such information may include, for example, a surgical instrument identification number, the manufacturer/brand of the surgical instrument, the type of surgical instrument (circular stapler, linear stapler, grasper, etc.), type of motor in the surgical device (brushed, brushless), performance capabilities of the surgical instrument, control algorithms residing at the surgical instrument, etc. The RFID scanner 3034 is similar to the RFID scanner 3012, and is configured to read the information stored at the RFID tag 3032, where the stored information is related to the surgical instrument 3000, and communicate data which is indicative of the read information to a control circuit 3040 (See <figref idref="f0029">FIG. 32</figref>) of the battery pack 3006 for processing. The RFID tag 3032 and the RFID scanner 3034 collectively allow for the battery pack 3006 to be able to identify the surgical instrument 3000, and verify that the surgical instrument 3000 is suitable for use with the battery pack 3006.

0161<figref idref="f0029">FIG. 32</figref> illustrates a control circuit 3040 of the battery pack 3006, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The control circuit 3040 is communicably connected to the RFID scanner 3034 and is similar to the control circuit 3014 in that the control circuit 3040 includes a processor 3042 and a storage medium such as, for example, a memory 3044. The memory 3044 stores program instructions for performing various processes such as, for example, determining whether the surgical instrument 3000 is compatible for use with the battery pack 3006 (e.g., surgical instrument compatibility verification). The program instructions, when executed by the processor 3042, cause the processor 3044 to verify the compatibility of the surgical instrument 3000 with the battery pack 3006 by comparing the information received from the RFID tag 3032 to information stored in the memory 3044. The information stored at the memory 3044 may be in the form of, for example, a compatibility database or a lookup table which includes information regarding identification information for various surgical instruments, power requirements of the various surgical instruments, performance parameters of the various surgical instruments, etc. The process executed by the control circuit 3040 to verify the compatibility of the surgical instrument 3000 with the battery pack 3006 is analogous to the process 3020 utilized by the control circuit 3014 to verify the compatibility of the battery pack 3006 with the surgical instrument 3000. For example, when the processor 3042 determines that the surgical instrument 3000 is incompatible with the battery pack 3006, the processor 3042 may communicate a signal or instruction which operates to electrically lockout the battery pack 3006 and prevent the battery pack 3006 from providing power to the surgical instrument 3000.

0162In view of the above-described aspects, it will be appreciated that a number of different batteries can be compatible with the surgical instrument 3000. Stated differently, the surgical instrument 3000 can be compatible with a number of different batteries. When the surgical instrument 3000 includes the RFID scanner 3012 and the RFID tag 3032, and various batteries include a RFID tag and a RFID scanner with functionality similar or identical to those of the RFID tag 3010 and the RFID scanner 3034, the surgical instrument 3000 can identify a plurality of different batteries and determine the compatibility of each of those batteries with the surgical instrument 3000. Similarly, when the battery pack 3006 includes the RFID tag 3010 and the RFID scanner 3034, and various surgical instruments include a RFID tag and a RFID scanner with functionality similar or identical to those of the RFID tag 3032 and the RFID scanner 3032, the battery pack 3006 can identify a plurality of different surgical instruments and determine the compatibility of each of those surgical instruments with the battery pack 3006.

0163<figref idref="f0030">FIG. 33</figref> illustrates the compatibility of the surgical instrument 3000 with a plurality of different battery packs 3006a, 3006b, 3006c, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The battery pack 3006a includes a RFID tag 3010a and a RFID scanner 3034a positioned therein, the battery pack 3006b includes a RFID tag 3010b and a RFID scanner 3034b positioned therein, and the battery pack 3006c includes a RFID tag 3010c and a RFID scanner 3034c positioned therein. According to various aspects, the battery pack 3006a includes a CR123/lithium battery, the battery pack 3006b includes a 15270/lithium ion battery, and the battery pack 3006c includes a battery other than a lithium battery or a lithium ion battery. When any one of the battery packs 3006a, 3006b, 3006c is in proximity to or is received by the surgical instrument 3000, as described above, the respective RFID tag / RFID scanner pairs allow for (1) the surgical instrument 3000 to be able to identify the applicable battery pack 3006a, 3006b, 3006c, and determine whether the applicable battery pack 3006a, 3006b, 3006c is compatible with / suitable for use with the surgical instrument 3000 and (2) any of the battery packs 3006a, 3006b, 3006c to be able to identify the surgical instrument 3000 and determine whether the surgical instrument 3000 is compatible with / suitable for use with the applicable battery pack 3006a, 3006b, 3006c.

0164Different batteries can have different chemistries, different capacities, different output characteristics, different operational abilities, etc., and different surgical instruments can have different power requirements. <figref idref="f0031">FIG. 34</figref> illustrates a graph 3050 which shows various motor torque/speed/current relationships for the surgical instrument 3000 when powered by different battery packs, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3050, units of speed (or current) are shown along the vertical axis 3052 and units of torque are shown along the horizontal axis 3054. The solid line 3056 represents the torque-speed relationship for a lithium ion/15270 battery, where the left end of the solid line 3056 represents the no load speed and the right end of the solid line 3056 represents the stall torque. The solid line 3058 represents the torque-speed relationship for a lithium/CR-123 battery, where the left end of the solid line 3058 represents the no load speed and the right end of the solid line 3058 represents the stall torque. In general, the torque is inversely proportional to the speed of an output shaft of the electric motor 3008 of the surgical instrument 3000. In other words, the greater the speed - the lower the torque (or the greater the torque, the lower the speed).

0165The dashed line 3060 represents the current drawn from a lithium ion/15270 battery, where the left end of the dashed line 3060 represents the no load current and the right end of the dashed line 3060 represents the stall current. The dashed line 3062 represents the current drawn from a lithium/CR-123 battery, where the left end of the dashed line 3062 represents the no load current and the right end of the dashed line 3062 represents the stall current. For both batteries, the no-load current is greater than zero because it takes a certain amount of current to overcome the internal friction of the electric motor 3008. In general, when an external load is applied, the current drawn from the respective batteries increases to produce the torque required to match it (the torque is proportional to the applied current), and the speed of the electric motor 3008 is reduced. As the external load is further increased, the speed of the electric motor 3008 is further reduced, eventually reaching stall. In view of the above, it will be appreciated that the motor torque/speed/current relationships can vary appreciably based on the specific battery pack utilized to power the surgical instrument 3000.

0166<figref idref="f0032">FIG. 35</figref> illustrates a bar graph 3070 which shows various energy densities for different battery packs which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The respective energy densities are representative of the amounts of energy stored in the different battery packs per unit mass. For the graph 3070, watt-hours per kilogram of mass (Wh/Kg) are shown along the vertical axis 3072 and the different battery packs are shown along the horizontal axis 3074. The bar 3076 representative of the energy density of a nickel metal hydride rechargeable battery is shown as being approximately 80 Wh/Kg, the bar 3078 representative of the energy density of a lithium ion rechargeable battery is shown as being approximately 160 Wh/Kg, the bar 3080 representative of the energy density of an alkaline manganese oxide (MnO₂) battery is shown as being approximately 205 Wh/Kg, and the bar 3082 representative of the energy density of a primary/disposable lithium battery is shown as being approximately 400 Wh/Kg. In view of the above, it will be appreciated that the energy densities of the various battery packs which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000 can vary appreciably.

0167<figref idref="f0033">FIG. 36</figref> illustrates a bar graph 3090 which shows comparisons of actual energy densities vs. rated energy densities for different battery packs which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3090, watt-hours per kilogram of mass (Wh/Kg) are shown along the vertical axis 3092 and the different battery packs are shown along the horizontal axis 3094. For each different type of battery, the actual energy density is less than the rated energy density. In some instances such as for a nickel metal hydride rechargeable battery or a lithium ion rechargeable battery, the actual energy density is only approximately 15%-20% less than the rated energy density. For a primary/disposable lithium battery, the actual energy density is approximately 30% less than the rated energy density. For the alkaline manganese oxide (MnO₂) battery, the actual energy density is approximately 75% less than the rated energy density. More specifically, for a nickel metal hydride rechargeable battery, the bar 3096 representative of the rated energy density is shown as being approximately 75 Wh/Kg and the bar 3098 representative of the actual energy density is shown as being approximately 60 Wh/Kg. For a primary/disposable lithium ion battery, the bar 3100 representative of the rated energy density is shown as being approximately 140 Wh/Kg and the bar 3102 representative of the actual energy density is shown as being approximately 120 Wh/Kg. For the alkaline manganese oxide (MnO₂) battery, the bar 3104 representative of the rated energy density is shown as being approximately 210 Wh/Kg and the bar 3106 representative of the actual energy density is shown as being approximately 50 Wh/Kg. For the primary/disposable lithium battery, the bar 3108 representative of the rated energy density is shown as being approximately 250 Wh/Kg and the bar 3110 representative of the actual energy density is shown as being approximately 170 Wh/Kg. In view of the above, it will be appreciated that the calculated/rated energy density of a given battery which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000 can vary appreciably.

0168<figref idref="f0034">FIG. 37</figref> illustrates a bar graph 3111 which shows nominal voltages of different battery packs which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3111, units of cell voltage (V) are shown along the vertical axis 3112 and the different battery packs are shown along the horizontal axis 3114. For a primary/disposable lithium battery, the bar 3116 representative of the nominal cell voltage is shown as being approximately 3.0 volts. For a silver oxide battery, the bar 3118 representative of the nominal cell voltage is shown as being approximately 1.6 volts. For an alkaline manganese oxide (MnO₂) battery, the bar 3120 representative of the nominal cell voltage is shown as being approximately 1.5 volts. For a nickel metal hydride rechargeable battery, the bar 3122 representative of the nominal cell voltage is shown as being approximately 1.3 volts. For a lithium ion rechargeable battery, the bar 3124 representative of the nominal cell voltage is shown as being approximately 3.8 volts. In view of the above, it will be appreciated that the nominal voltages of different battery cells which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000 can vary appreciably.

0169Different brands of batteries, which can be made by different companies, can have different capacities (e.g., Ampere-Hours) for a given discharge rate (e.g., current/hour). For example, different brands of CR-123A/CR17335 batteries can have different capacities for given discharge rates. Different capacities for given discharge rates for different brands of CR-123A/CR17335 batteries are set forth in Table B1 below, where the respective discharge currents will discharge the respective batteries in one hour. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table B1</title><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="34mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Brand Name</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Code Used in <figref idref="f0035">FIG. 38</figref></entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Amp-Hrs @ 100mA Discharge Current</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Amp-Hrs @ 700mA Discharge Current</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Amp-Hrs @ 1500mA Discharge Current</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Amp-Hrs @ 2200mA Discharge Current</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">Autec</entry><entry align="center">AU</entry><entry align="center">0.616</entry><entry align="center">0.688</entry><entry align="center">0.439</entry><entry align="center">0.625</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Duracell</entry><entry align="center">DC</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">1.234</entry><entry align="center">0.632</entry><entry align="center">0.730</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Energizer</entry><entry align="center">EI</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">1.210</entry><entry align="center">0.655</entry><entry align="center">0.700</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Maxell</entry><entry align="center">MX</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">1.100</entry><entry align="center">0.466</entry><entry align="center">0.543</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Panasonic</entry><entry align="center">PS</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">1.260</entry><entry align="center">0.692</entry><entry align="center">0.692</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Powerizer</entry><entry align="center">PW</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">0.880</entry><entry align="center">0.499</entry><entry align="center">0.502</entry></row><row><entry align="center">PowPower</entry><entry align="center">PP</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">1.040</entry><entry align="center">0.801</entry><entry align="center">0.817</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Sanyo</entry><entry align="center">SY</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">1.080</entry><entry align="center">0.487</entry><entry align="center">0.557</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Tenergy</entry><entry align="center">TE</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">0.900</entry><entry align="center">0.488</entry><entry align="center">0.626</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0170As shown in Table B1, the capacity of a battery can vary based on the discharge current. For example, for the Autec battery, the capacity is shown in Table B1 as being 0.616 Amp-Hrs at a 100mA discharge current, 0.688 Amp-Hrs at a 700mA discharge current, 0.439 Amp-Hrs at a 1500mA discharge current and 0.625 AmpHrs at a 2200mA discharge current. As also shown in Table B1, at a discharge current of 700MA, the capacities of the different brands of CR-123A/CR17335 batteries can vary from a low of 0.688 Amp-Hrs for the Autec battery to a high of 1.260 Amp-Hrs for the Panasonic battery. At a discharge current of 1500mA, the capacities of the different brands of CR-123A/CR17335 batteries can vary from a low of 0.439 Amp-Hrs for the Autec brand to a high of 0.801 Amp-Hrs for the PowPower brand. At a discharge current of 2200mA, the capacities of the different brands of CR-123A/CR17335 batteries can vary from a low of 0.543 Amp-Hrs for the Maxell brand to a high of 0.817 Amp-Hrs for the PowPower brand. In view of the above, it will be appreciated that the capacities of different batteries which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000 can vary appreciably based on both the manufacturer/brand of the battery and the discharge current of the battery.

0171<figref idref="f0035">FIG. 38</figref> illustrates a graph 3130 which shows discharge curves of different CR123A/CR17335 batteries which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3130, units of voltage (Volts) are shown along the vertical axis 3132, units of energy charge in Ampere-Hours (Amp-Hrs) are shown along the horizontal axis 3134, and the respective discharge curves are labeled with the two-letter codes listed in Table B1 (e.g., AU, DC, El, MX, PS, PW, PP, SY, TE) for the different brands of batteries. The respective discharge curves correspond to the different brands of CR-123A/CR17335 batteries listed in Table B1 above, and are based on a discharge current of 1500mA. As shown in <figref idref="f0035">FIG. 38</figref>, each brand of CR-123A/CR17335 battery can have its own characteristic nominal voltage and its own characteristic discharge curve. Stated differently, each brand of CR-123A/CR17335 battery can provide different voltages for different amounts of time. For example, the Autec battery (Au) is shown as having provided 0.3 Amp-Hrs of energy charge before its voltage drops to 2.0 volts whereas the PowPower battery (PP) is shown as having provided approximately 0.8 Amp-Hrs of energy charge before its voltage drops to 2.0 volts. In view of the above, it will be appreciated that the energy charge provided by different batteries which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000 can vary appreciably.

0172<figref idref="f0036">FIG. 39</figref> illustrates a graph 3140 which shows a discharge curve 3142 for a lithium-ion battery which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3140, units of voltage (Volts) are shown along the vertical axis 3144 and units of capacity (Ah) are shown along the horizontal axis 3146. As shown in <figref idref="f0036">FIG. 39</figref>, the nominal voltage of the lithium-ion battery is approximately 4.3 volts, the lithium-ion battery provides a voltage of at least approximately 3.75 volts until the lithium-ion battery has discharged approximately 5.0 Ah of capacity, then the voltage provided by the lithium-ion battery drops significantly thereafter until the lithium-ion battery has fully discharged approximately 5.5 Ah of its capacity.

0173The discharge rate of a given battery can vary by temperature, sometimes dramatically. <figref idref="f0037">FIG. 40</figref> illustrates a graph 3150 which shows different discharge curves for different temperatures of a lithium-ion battery which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3150, units of voltage (Volts) are shown along the vertical axis 3152, units of capacity (Ah) are shown along the horizontal axis 3154, and the discharge current is 1100mA which is equivalent to a C/5 rate for the lithium-ion battery. A C-rate is a measure of the rate at which a battery is discharged relative to its maximum capacity. As shown in <figref idref="f0037">FIG. 40</figref>, for the discharge curve 3156, which represents the discharge curve for the lithium-ion battery at -40°C, the lithium-ion battery provides a voltage of at least 3.0 volts until the lithium-ion battery has discharged approximately 2.0 Ah of capacity, then provides a voltage slightly below 3.0 volts until the lithium-ion battery has discharged approximately 3.5 Ah of capacity, then the voltage provided by the lithium-ion battery begins to drop significantly thereafter. For the discharge curve 3158, which represents the discharge curve for the lithium-ion battery at -30°C, the lithium-ion battery provides a voltage of at least 3.0 volts until the lithium-ion battery has discharged approximately 4.1 Ah of capacity, then the voltage provided by the lithium-ion battery begins to drop significantly thereafter. For the discharge curve 3160, which represents the discharge curve for the lithium-ion battery at 20°C, the lithium-ion battery provides a voltage of at least 3.8 volts until the lithium-ion battery has discharged approximately 4.8 Ah of capacity, then the voltage provided by the lithium-ion battery begins to drop significantly thereafter. For the discharge curve 3162, which represents the discharge curve for the lithium-ion battery at 60°C, the lithium-ion battery provides a voltage of at least 3.80 volts until the lithium-ion battery has discharged approximately 4.5 Ah of capacity, then the voltage provided by the lithium-ion battery begins to drop significantly thereafter. In view of the above, it will be appreciated that the discharge rate of a given lithium-ion battery does not vary linearly by temperature, and temperatures which are too cold or too hot can negatively affect the performance of the lithium-ion battery.

0174The energy capacity of a given battery can vary based on the rate the battery is discharged. <figref idref="f0038">FIG. 41</figref> illustrates a graph 3170 which shows different discharge curves for different discharge rates of a CR123 battery which can be utilized with the surgical instrument 3000, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3170, units of voltage (Volts) are shown along the vertical axis 3172, units of power in Watt-Hours (Wh) are shown along the horizontal axis 3174, and the CR123 battery is a Panasonic Lithium Power battery. As shown by the discharge curve 3176, for a discharge current of 3.0 amperes, the energy capacity of the battery is approximately 1.2 Wh. As shown by the discharge curve 3178, for a discharge current of 2.0 amperes, the energy capacity of the battery is approximately 2.3 Wh. As shown by the discharge curve 3180, for a discharge current of 1.0 amperes, the energy capacity of the battery is approximately 3.2 Wh. As shown by the discharge curve 3182, for a discharge current of 0.5 amperes, the energy capacity of the battery is approximately 3.7 Wh. As shown by the discharge curve 3184, for a discharge current of 0.2 amperes, the energy capacity of the battery is approximately 4.1 Wh. As shown by the discharge curve 3186, for a discharge current of 0.1 amperes, the energy capacity of the battery is approximately 4.25 Wh. In view of the above, it will be appreciated that, in general, the lower the discharge current, the greater the energy capacity of the CR123 battery. Stated differently, in general, the higher the discharge current, the lower the energy capacity of the CR123 battery.

0175<figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref> illustrates various operational differences between a dumb battery 3190, an intelligent battery 3192 and an adaptive surgical instrument 3194, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In various aspects, the battery pack 3006 can be configured as the dumb battery 3190. For the dumb battery 3190, an RFID tag of the dumb battery 3190 is energized 3196 when the dumb battery 31900 is brought into proximity with or received by a surgical instrument (e.g., the surgical instrument 3000), and the dumb battery 3190 then communicates battery identification information to an RFID scanner of the surgical instrument. The surgical instrument may then utilize the battery identification information as described above to verify the compatibility of the dumb battery 3190 with the surgical instrument.

0176In various aspects, the battery pack 3006 can be configured as the intelligent battery 3192. The intelligent battery 3192 is configured to read 3198 identification information of a surgical instrument, determine/verify 3200 whether the identified surgical instrument is compatible for use with the intelligent battery 3192, adjust 3202 the output characteristics of the intelligent battery 3192 as needed for proper performance of the identified surgical instrument, energize 3204 the outputs of the intelligent battery 3192, then provide 3206 the identified surgical instrument with expected battery identification information so that the identified surgical instrument recognizes it is being powered by a known compatible battery. In this way, newer more intelligent batteries that are not necessarily identified in compatibility databases/lookup tables of the identified surgical instrument can nonetheless be permitted to provide power to the identified surgical instrument. As described in more detail hereinafter, the intelligent battery 3192 can mimic the performance of a known compatible battery.

0177In various aspects, the surgical instrument 3000 can be configured as the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. For the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 powers up 3208, reads 3210 the battery identification information provided by a battery such as, for example, the intelligent battery 3192 or the dumb battery 3190 when the battery is brought in proximity to or is received by the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, determines/verifies 3212 whether the identified battery is compatible for use with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, then adjusts 3214 the operation (e.g., motor operation, operational control parameters, etc.) of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 based on the received battery identification information. For example, in various aspects, the operation of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can vary depending on whether the identified battery is rechargeable or non-rechargeable, the chemistry of the identified battery (e.g., nickel metal hydride, lithium ion, alkaline manganese oxide, lithium, etc.) and/or the output capabilities of the identified battery. In this way, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can utilize a much wider variety of different batteries than otherwise possible.

0178For a given battery pack, the relationship between the voltage potential of the battery pack and the current drawn from the battery pack is given by the equation V=IR, where V is the voltage of the battery pack, I is the current drawn from the battery pack and R is the resistance of the load connected to the battery pack. Because different battery packs can have different voltage potentials and different internal resistances, the current to be drawn from the battery pack can vary from battery pack to battery pack when powering a given surgical instrument. Voltage and current values for two different battery packs, one which includes four CR123A batteries and one which includes four 15270 batteries, are shown in Table B2 below for various resistances. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table B2</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="23mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Battery</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Resistance</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Voltage</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Current</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">CR123A</entry><entry align="center">1.5 ohms</entry><entry align="center">7.5 volts</entry><entry align="center">5.0 amperes</entry></row><row><entry align="center">15270</entry><entry align="center">1.68 ohms</entry><entry align="center">15.0 volts</entry><entry align="center">8.9 amperes</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0179<figref idref="f0040">FIG. 43</figref> illustrates a graph 3220 which shows the output current capabilities of different battery packs when utilized with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3220, units of current I (amperes) are shown along the vertical axis 3222 and units of time are shown along the horizontal axis 3224. As shown in <figref idref="f0040">FIG. 43</figref>, the current output 3226 from a standard CR-123 battery pack (e.g., 4 batteries) can average approximately 5.0 amperes between the times X and Y, and the current output 3228 from a standard 15270 battery can average approximately 8.9 amperes between the times X and Z. By utilizing the above-described RFID capability, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can cause the current drawn from the standard 15270 battery pack to mimic 3230 the current which would be drawn from the standard CR-123 battery pack. In various aspects, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can achieve this by adapting a speed control algorithm of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 to lower the speed of the electric motor 3008, by increasing the resistance which is seen by the 15270 battery pack, by using a voltage divider, etc. to cause the 15270 battery pack to adjust its current output to effectively mimic the current output of the standard CR-123 battery pack. For example, according to various aspects, a processor of a control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can communicate an instruction which operates to adapt a speed control algorithm of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 or by using a voltage divider, for example. As the surgical instrument 3000 may be configured as the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, the control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 may be similar or identical to the control circuit 1210 and/or the control circuit 3014. For instances where the 15270 battery pack is an intelligent battery pack (e.g., the intelligent battery 3192), the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can communicate instructions to the intelligent battery pack to operate as a CR-123 battery pack would.

0180<figref idref="f0040">FIG. 44</figref> illustrates a graph 3240 which shows the output voltage capabilities of different battery packs when utilized with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3240, units of voltage (Volts) are shown along the vertical axis 3242 and units of capacity in Ampere-Hours (AmHrs) are shown along the horizontal axis 3244. As shown in <figref idref="f0040">FIG. 44</figref>, the voltage output 3246 from a standard CR-123 battery pack discharging at a rate of 1.25 amperes per hour can average approximately 7.0 volts during the time the standard CR-123 battery pack has discharged from approximately 0.05 AmHrs to approximately 0.4 AmHrs, and the voltage output 3248 from a standard 15270 battery pack can average approximately 14.0 volts during the time the standard 15270 battery pack has discharged from approximately 0.08 AmHrs to approximately 0.5 AmHrs. By utilizing the above-described RFID capability, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can cause the voltage provided by the standard 15270 battery pack to mimic 3250 the voltage provided by the standard CR-123 battery pack. In various aspects, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can achieve this by adapting a speed control algorithm of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 to lower the speed of the electric motor 3008, by increasing the resistance which is seen by the 15270 battery pack, etc. to cause the 15270 battery pack to adjust its voltage output to effectively mimic the voltage output of the standard CR-123 battery pack. For instances where the 15270 battery pack is an intelligent battery pack (e.g., the intelligent battery 3192), the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can communicate instructions to the intelligent battery pack to operate as a CR-123 battery pack would. In at least one example, a voltage divider could be employed to adjust the voltage output of the battery pack.

0181<figref idref="f0040">FIG. 45</figref> illustrates a graph 3260 which shows the output voltage capabilities of different battery packs when utilized with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. For the graph 3260, units of voltage (Volts) are shown along the vertical axis 3262 and units of power in Watt-Hours (Whrs) are shown along the horizontal axis 3264. The graph 3260 is similar to the graph 3240, but is different in that units of power are shown along the horizontal axis 3264. As shown in <figref idref="f0040">FIG. 45</figref>, the voltage output 3266 from a standard CR-123 battery pack can average approximately 7.15 volts during the time the standard CR-123 battery pack has provided approximately 0.25 watt-hours of power to the time the standard CR-123 battery pack has provided approximately 3.2 watt-hours of power. During this time period, the voltage provided by the standard CR-123 battery pack is both predictable and stable. Therefore, when the above-described RFID capability is utilized by the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 to cause the voltage 3268 provided by the standard 15270 battery pack to mimic 3261 the voltage provided by the standard CR-123 battery pack. It follows that the "adjusted" voltage provided by the standard CR-123 battery pack is also both predictable and stable during the above-described time period.

0182The dimensional size of many surgical instruments continues to get smaller and smaller. Despite the reduced size, many of the surgical instruments have to accommodate increasing loads, higher performance requirements, and higher over stress conditions. For surgical instruments which include radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology such as radio-frequency identification tags and/or radio-frequency identification scanners, in order to meet the reduced size requirements, the profile of the RFID tags and/or RFID scanners and the associated electronics are continually getting smaller and lower. These smaller systems may not have the memory overhead, processing power, or capacities (range, power, etc.) necessary to accomplish all of the tasks a user would like from the identification systems of the surgical instruments. Therefore, in order to provide additional capabilities like encryption, authentication of multiple components, compatibility verification of multiple components, reprocessing tracking, etc., in various aspects, it can be desirable to utilize encryption / decryption keys which are external to the surgical instrument, and printed or secondary stored data locations to help expand the capabilities and capacities of these smaller less capable systems.

0183Returning to <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref>, it will be appreciated that the above-described functionality of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is dependent upon the RFID tag 3010 of the battery pack 3006 being able to communicate the battery identification information to the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 and the RFID scanner 3012 of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 being able to read the battery identification information provided by the RFID tag 3010 of the battery pack 3006. In certain instances, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is unable to determine the compatibility of the battery pack 3006. For example, in instances where the RFID tag 3010 of the battery pack 3006 has experienced a failure (e.g., a failure in an integrated circuit chip of the RFID tag 3010, a failure in the electrical connection between the integrated circuit chip and the antenna of the RFID tag 3010, etc.) such that the RFID tag 3010 fails to communicate the battery identification information, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is unable to determine the compatibility of the battery pack 3006. Similarly, in instances where the RFID scanner 3012 of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 has experienced a failure (e.g., a failure of a wire in the circuitry of the RFID scanner 3012, a failure in a communication board of the RFID scanner 3012, etc.) such that the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is not able to capture, process and/or communicate the battery identification information provided by the battery pack 3006, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is unable to determine the compatibility of the battery pack 3006. For such instances, it is desirable to have secondary/alternative ways of determining the compatibility of a given battery pack with a given adaptive surgical instrument.

0184<figref idref="f0041">FIG. 46</figref> illustrates a battery 3300 for use with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 of <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref>, in accordance with at least aspect of the present disclosure. The battery 3300 may be any suitable type of battery, and may include any suitable number of cells. For brevity, the battery 3300 will be referred to hereinafter as the battery pack 3300. The battery pack 3300 is similar to the battery pack 3006 in that the battery pack 3300 includes a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag 3302, but is different in that the battery pack 3300 also includes a quick response (QR) code 3304 and/or a product code 3306 positioned on an external surface of the battery pack 3300. The RFID tag 3302 may be similar or identical to the RFID tag 3010.

0185The QR code 3304 is a machine-readable optical label which contains information about the battery pack 3300. Such information can include, for example, a battery identification number, the manufacturer/brand of batteries in the battery pack 3300, the chemistry/type of batteries (lithium, lithium-ion, etc.) in the battery pack 3300, whether the type of batteries in the battery pack 3300 are chargeable or non-rechargeable, the capacity of the battery pack 3300, the nominal voltage of the batteries in the battery pack 3300, the current draw characteristics of the batteries in the battery pack 3300, other output characteristics of the battery pack 3300, etc. In various aspects, a smartphone, tablet, etc. equipped with a camera and a QR code scanner application can be utilized to read the QR code 3304 from the battery pack 3300.

0186The product code 3306 may include any sequence of numbers, letters, symbols, etc. which uniquely identify the battery pack 3300. In some aspects, the product code 3306 may be utilized to assist the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 in determining whether the battery pack 3300 is compatible for use with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194.

0187<figref idref="f0042">FIG. 47</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process 3320 depicting a control program or a logic configuration for operating the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In at least one example, the process 3320 is executed by a control circuit 1210 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>) that includes a processor 1214 and a memory 1212 storing a set of computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 1214, cause the processor 1214 to perform of the process 3320. In certain examples, a set of computer-executable instructions, stored in the memory 1212 may cause the processor 1214 to perform discrete portions of the process 3320. Although the process 3320 is described as being executed by a control circuit 1210, this is merely for brevity, and it should be understood that the process 3320 and other processes described herein, or portions thereof, can be executed by circuitry that can include a variety of hardware and/or software components and may be located in or associated with various suitable systems such as, for example, combinational logic circuits or sequential logic circuits.

0188The process 3320 includes ways/methods for determining whether a given battery pack such as, for example, the battery pack 3300, is compatible for use with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. For brevity, the process 3320 will be described in the context of its applicability with the battery pack 3300. The alternative ways/methods may be utilized in instances where (1) the battery pack 3300 is unable to communicate the battery identification information to the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 and/or the RFID scanner 3012 of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is unable to read battery identification information provided by the RFID tag 3302 of the battery pack 3300 and (2) the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is unable to determine/verify the compatibility of the battery pack 3300 with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194.

0189As shown in <figref idref="f0042">FIG. 47</figref>, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 powers up 3322, then tries to read 3324 the battery identification information provided by the battery pack 3300, when the battery pack 3300 is brought in proximity to or is received by the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. In instances where the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is able to read 3324 the battery identification information, a control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 (e.g., the control circuit 3014 and/or another control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194) determines/verifies 3326 whether the identified battery is compatible for use with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, then adjusts 3328 the operation (e.g., motor operation, operational control parameters, etc.) of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 based on the received battery identification information, as described elsewhere herein in greater detail. For example, in various aspects, the operation of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can vary depending on whether the identified battery is rechargeable or non-rechargeable, the chemistry of the identified battery (e.g., nickel metal hydride, lithium ion, alkaline manganese oxide, lithium, etc.) and/or the output capabilities of the identified battery. In this way, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can utilize a much wider variety of different batteries than otherwise possible. In at least one aspect, in addition to storing information in the form of a compatibility database or a lookup table, the memory 3018 of the control circuit 3014 may also store information in the form of an authentication database.

0190However, in instances where the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is unable to read 3324 the battery identification information (e.g., due to failures in either the RFID tag 3302 of the battery pack 3300 and/or failures of the RFID scanner 3012 of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194), an indication such as, for example, a visual indication or an audible indication, can be provided through the indicator 1209 (<figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref>) which notifies a user of the failure of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 to read 3324 the battery identification information. The user or another party may then cause the QR code 3304 and/or the product code 3306 of the battery pack 3300 to be input 3330 to a server. In at least one aspect, the smartphone, tablet, etc. utilized to capture the QR code 3304 may communicate the QR code 3304 to the server through a wired or wireless connection. The communication of the QR code 3304 to the server may be an encrypted communication, just as the communications between the battery pack 3300 and adaptive surgical instrument 3194 may be. The server may be any suitable server such as, for example, a server of a surgical hub system. An example of a surgical hub system is described in <patcit id="pcit0107" dnum="US20939518"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/209,395</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, and filed 12/4/2018, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

0191The server is configured to compare the battery identification information provided by the QR code 3304 and/or the product code 3306 to a database / table to determine 3332 the authenticity of the battery pack 3300 identified by the QR code 3304 and/or product code 3306. For instances where the server determines that the battery pack 3300 identified by the QR code 3304 and/or product code 3306 is authenticated, the server can generate 3334 a temporary override token which is communicated through a wired or wireless connection to the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, where a control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 (e.g., the control circuit 3014 and/or another control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194) utilizes the temporary override token as a substitute for the unread battery identification information. The communication of the temporary override token to the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 may be an encrypted communication. The temporary override token effectively acts to override the lockout of the operation of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 which can occur when the battery pack 3300 is not authenticated by the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. In at least one aspect, the lockout operation is initiated and/or carried out by the control circuit 3014. For instances where the battery pack 3300 identified by the QR code 3304 and/or product code 3306 is not authenticated, an indication such as, for example, a visual indication or an audible indication, can be provided through the indicator 1209, which notifies a user of the failure to authenticate the battery pack 3300.

0192With the temporary override token in place, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 may then determine/verify 3326 whether the identified battery pack 3300 is compatible for use with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 as described above. However, if for any reason the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is unable to verify that the identified battery pack 3300 is compatible with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, an indication such as, for example, a visual indication or an audible indication, can be provided which notifies a user of the failure of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 to verify the compatibility of the battery pack 3300 with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. In such instances, the user or another party may then cause the QR code 3304 and/or the product code 3306 of the battery pack 3300 to be input 3336 to the server. The server is further configured to compare the battery identification information provided by the QR code 3304 and/or the product code 3306 to a database / table to determine 3338 whether the battery pack 3300 identified by the QR code 3304 and/or product code 3306 is compatible for use with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. For instances where the server determines that the battery pack 3300 identified by the QR code 3304 and/or product code 3306 is compatible with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, the server can generate 3340 another temporary override token which is communicated to the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, where a control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 (e.g., the control circuit 3014 and/or another control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194) utilizes the temporary override token as a substitute for the unverified compatibility determination. The communication of another temporary override token to the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 may be an encrypted communication. The other temporary override token effectively acts to override the lockout of the operation of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 which can occur when the compatibility of the battery pack 3300 is not verified by the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. The adaptive surgical instrument 3194 may thereafter adjust 3328 the operation (e.g., motor operation, operational control parameters, etc.) of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 as described above.

0193Although the description of the process 3320 of <figref idref="f0042">FIG. 47</figref> was limited to (1) determining authenticity of the battery pack 3300 and (2) determining/verifying compatibility of the battery pack 3300 and the adaptive surgical instrument 3194, the basic logic of the process 3320 may also be utilized to determine the compatibility of any number of components and/or sub-systems which can be utilized with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. For example, by providing a given staple cartridge and a given anvil with the above-described RFID capability, the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 can receive staple cartridge identification information from the RFID tag of the given staple cartridge and anvil identification information from the RFID tag of the given anvil. In at least one aspect, the shaft assembly of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is configured to receive the anvil, and the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is configured to receive the staple cartridge. In instances where the staple cartridge identification information and the anvil identification information are encrypted, a control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 (e.g., the control circuit 3014 and/or another control circuit of the adaptive surgical instrument 3194) can utilize a universal private key to decrypt the received staple cartridge identification information and the received anvil identification information, then determine/verify the compatibility of the given staple cartridge with the given anvil, as well as the compatibility of the given staple cartridge and the given anvil with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. In instances where it is determined that the staple cartridge is not compatible with the anvil, the server and/or another system may provide an indication of the source of the incompatibility issue and provide details regarding how to correct the incompatibility issue through the indicator 1209, for example.

0194Additionally, the basic logic of the process 3320, and QR codes, product codes and one or more servers as described above, can be utilized to determine authenticity/compatibility of any number of components and/or sub-systems when the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is unable to receive/read the applicable identification information. For example, in addition to determining the authenticity of the battery pack 3300 and the compatibility of the battery pack 3300 with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 when the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 is unable to receive/read the applicable identification information (e.g., due to a failure of the RFID tags and/or RFID scanners), the same basic process of utilizing the QR codes, product codes and one or more servers can be utilized to determine the authenticity of anvils and staple cartridges, as well as the compatibility of a given anvil with a given cartridge, as well as the compatibility of the given anvil and the given cartridge with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194. In instances where the server determines that the staple cartridge is not compatible with the anvil, the server and/or another system may provide an indication of the source of the incompatibility issue and provide details regarding how to correct the incompatibility issue.

0195Additionally, as many components and sub-systems which can be utilized with the adaptive surgical instrument 3194 come in a packaging, if applicable QR codes and/or product codes are included on the packaging, the basic logic of the process 3320, and QR codes, product codes and one or more servers as described above, can be utilized to determine authenticity/compatibility of any number of components and/or sub-systems which are presumed to be in the packaging.

0196<figref idref="f0043">FIG. 48</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process 3400 depicting a control program or a logic configuration for verifying authenticity and/or compatibility of surgical instruments components of a surgical instrument such as, for example, the surgical instruments 2200, 3194. In at least one example, the process 3400 is executed by a control circuit 1210 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 15</figref>) that includes a processor 1214 and a memory 1212 storing a set of computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 1214, cause the processor 1214 to perform of the process 3400. In certain examples, a set of computer-executable instructions, stored in the memory 1212 may cause the processor 1214 to perform discrete portions of the process 3400. Although the process 3320 is described as being executed by a control circuit 1210, this is merely for brevity, and it should be understood that the process 3400 and other processes described herein, or portions thereof, can be executed by circuitry that can include a variety of hardware and/or software components and may be located in or associated with various suitable systems such as, for example, combinational logic circuits or sequential logic circuits.

0197In various examples, the control circuit 1210, for example, can employ the process 3400 to verify authenticity and/or compatibility of a surgical instrument and a battery pack releasably couplable to the surgical instrument between an assembled configuration and an unassembled configuration. In other examples, the control circuit 1210, for example, can employ the process 3400 verifies authenticity and/or compatibility of an anvil and a staple cartridge of a surgical instrument.

0198As illustrated in <figref idref="f0043">FIG. 48</figref>, the process 3400 includes receiving 3402 a first input indicative of a first identification information of a first surgical instrument component of a surgical instrument such as, for example, the surgical instrument 2200 (<figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref>). The first identification information can be stored in a first RFID tag of the first surgical instrument component. The process 3400 includes receiving 3404 a second input indicative of a second identification information of a second surgical instrument component of the surgical instrument. The second identification information can be stored in a second RFID tag of the second surgical instrument component. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 19</figref>, for example, control circuit 1210 can be coupled to one or more RFID scanner configured to read the stored identification information.

0199The process 3400 further includes receiving 3406 a third input indicative of a third identification information of a packaging of the first surgical instrument component of the surgical instrument. In a first example, the packaging comprises an RFID tag that stores the third identification information. In a second example, the packaging comprises a CR code that comprises the third identification information. In a third example, the packaging comprises a product number that comprises the third identification information. The third identification information is an encrypted conglomeration of the first identification information and the second identification information, and can be retrieved by the control circuit 1210 via an RFID scanner in the first example, or any suitable smartphone, tablet, etc. equipped with a camera in the second and third examples.

0200In various instances, the process 3400 further includes decrypting 3408 the encryption of the third identification information, and determining 3410 authenticity of the first and second surgical instrument components by comparing the first identification information and the second identification information to the decrypted third identification information. In certain instances, the memory 1212 may store a decryption key that can be utilized by the processor 1214 to decrypt the encryption of the third identification information.

0201Furthermore, in certain examples, the process 3400 may include determining 3412 compatibility of the first and second surgical components based on the first identification information and the second identification information. In at least one example, the memory 1212 stores a compatibility database or lookup table that can be utilized by the processor 1214 to assess compatibility of the first and second surgical instrument components. In certain examples, the first identification information identify the surgical instrument itself, and can be stored in the memory 1212 of the control circuit 1210 where it can be retrieved by the processor 1214. In certain examples, the second surgical instrument component is a battery pack such as, for example, the battery pack 120. In at least one example, the first surgical instrument component is an anvil such as, for example, the anvil 2400, while the second surgical instrument component is a staple cartridge such as, for example, the staple cartridge of the stapling head assembly 2300. Other examples of first and second surgical instrument components suitable for use with the process 3400 are contemplated by the present disclosure.

0202Various aspects of the subject matter described herein are set out in the following examples.

Example Set 1

0203<ul id="ul0008" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Example 1 - A surgical instrument comprising a housing, a shaft assembly extending distally from the housing, a stapling head assembly located at a distal end of the shaft assembly, an anvil couplable with the stapling head assembly, and an anvil adjustment assembly. The stapling head assembly comprises a distal surface. The stapling head assembly is operable to drive an annular array of staples through the distal surface. The stapling head assembly comprises a radio-frequency identification (RFID) scanner. The anvil is translatable relative to the stapling head assembly toward a closed configuration. The anvil comprises an RFID tag. The anvil adjustment assembly comprises a translating member. The translating member is operable to translate relative to the housing along a longitudinal axis to thereby adjust a longitudinal position of the anvil relative to the distal surface of the stapling head assembly. The RFID tag is detectable by the RFID scanner at or below an attachment threshold distance.</li><li>Example 2 - The surgical instrument of Example 1, wherein the RFID tag is adapted to store information about the anvil.</li><li>Example 3 - The surgical instrument of Examples 1 or 2, wherein the anvil comprises a head and a shank extending from the head. The shank supports the RFID tag.</li><li>Example 4 - The surgical instrument of Example 3, wherein the shank comprises a recess sized to receive the RFID tag.</li><li>Example 5 - The surgical instrument of Examples 3 or 4, wherein the RFID tag is insulated from the shank.</li><li>Example 6 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-5, wherein the RFID tag is detectable by the RFID scanner in the closed configuration.</li><li>Example 7 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-6, wherein the stapling head assembly comprises an inner core member. The inner core member supports the RFID scanner.</li><li>Example 8 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-7, further comprising a control circuit configured to detect a proper seating orientation of the anvil with respect to the stapling head assembly based on input from the RFID scanner.</li><li>Example 9 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-8, further comprising a control circuit configured to check compatibility of the anvil with a staple cartridge of the stapling head assembly based on input from the RFID scanner indicative of information about the anvil.</li><li>Example 10 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-9, further comprising a control circuit configured to detect the closed configuration based on input from the RFID scanner.</li><li>Example 11 - The surgical instrument of Example 10, further comprising an indicator coupled to the control circuit. The control circuit is configured to cause the indicator to issue an alert indicative of the closed configuration.</li><li>Example 12 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-11, further comprising a lockout assembly. The lockout assembly is configured to transition between a first state and a second state. In the first state, the lockout assembly is configured to permit translation of the translating member. In the second state, the lockout assembly is configured to prevent translation of the translating member.</li><li>Example 13 - The surgical instrument of Example 12, further comprising a control circuit configured to select between the first state and the second state based on input from the RFID scanner.</li><li>Example 14 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-13, further comprising a control circuit configured to detect detachment of the anvil from the stapling head assembly based on loss of a signal between the RFID scanner and the RFID tag.</li><li>Example 15 - A surgical instrument comprising a shaft assembly, a stapling head assembly located at a distal end of the shaft assembly, and an anvil couplable with the stapling head assembly. The stapling head assembly comprises a staple cartridge and an RFID scanner. The staple cartridge comprises a cartridge deck. The stapling head assembly is operable to drive staples from the staple cartridge through the cartridge deck. The staple cartridge comprises a first RFID tag. The first RFID tag is adapted to store information about the staple cartridge. The RFID scanner is configured to detect the first RFID tag of the staple cartridge retained the stapling head assembly. The anvil is translatable relative to the stapling head assembly toward a closed configuration. The anvil comprises a second RFID tag. The second RFID tag is adapted to store information about the anvil. The RFID scanner is configured to detect the second RFID tag in the closed configuration.</li><li>Example 16 - The surgical instrument of Example 15, further comprising a control circuit coupled to the RFID scanner. The control circuit is configured to determine compatibility between the anvil and the staple cartridge based on the information stored in the first RFID tag and the information stored in the second RFID tag.</li><li>Example 17 - The surgical instrument of Examples 15 or 16, further comprising a control circuit coupled to the RFID scanner. The control circuit is configured to determine a firing status of the staple cartridge based on the information stored in the first RFID tag.</li><li>Example 18 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 15-17, further comprising a control circuit configured to detect a proper seating orientation of the anvil with respect to the stapling head assembly based on signals transmitted to the RFID scanner from the first RFID tag and the second RFID tag.</li><li>Example 19 - A surgical instrument comprising a housing, a shaft assembly extending distally from the housing, a stapling head assembly located at a distal end of the shaft assembly, an anvil couplable with the stapling head assembly, and an RFID system. The stapling head assembly comprises a distal surface. The stapling head assembly is operable to drive an annular array of staples through the distal surface. The anvil is translatable relative to the stapling head assembly toward a closed configuration to capture tissue therebetween. The RFID system comprises an RFID scanner and an RFID tag adapted to store information about the anvil. The RFID tag is configured to transmit an RF signal indicative of the information to the RFID scanner in the closed configuration. The surgical instrument further comprises a control circuit coupled to the RFID scanner. The control circuit is configured to determine a characteristic of the tissue based on RF signal backscatter from the tissue.</li><li>Example 20 - The surgical instrument of Example 19, wherein the characteristic is tissue thickness.</li></ul>

Example Set 2

0204<ul id="ul0009" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Example 1 - A surgical instrument comprising an end effector, a shaft, and a housing. The end effector comprises an anvil, a staple cartridge including staples deployable toward the anvil and through tissue grasped between the anvil and the staple cartridge, a cutting member configured to cut the tissue, and a first radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag configured to store end effector information. The shaft comprises a distal portion selectively transitionable with the end effector between a first attached configuration and a first detached configuration, a first RFID scanner near the distal portion, a proximal portion, and a second RFID tag configured to store shaft information. The first RFID scanner is configured to detect the first RFID tag in the first attached configuration. The housing is selectively transitionable with the proximal portion of the shaft between a second attached configuration and a second detached configuration. The housing comprises a second RFID scanner configured to detect the second RFID tag in the second attached configuration, a motor configured to apply a load to the end effector to staple and cut the tissue, and a control circuit. The control circuit is configured to receive input from the first RFID scanner indicative of the end effector information, receive input from the second RFID scanner indicative of the shaft information, and adjust at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on the end effector information and the shaft information.</li><li>Example 2 - The surgical instrument of Example 1, wherein the end effector information is indicative of a staple cartridge size. The shaft information is indicative of a shaft profile.</li><li>Example 3 - The surgical instrument of Example 2, wherein the control circuit is configured to determine a final maximum load threshold of the load applied by the motor to the end effector based on the staple cartridge size and the shaft profile.</li><li>Example 4 - The surgical instrument of Example 3, wherein the control circuit is configured to determine the final maximum load threshold by adjusting a default maximum load threshold by a first adjustment value based on the staple cartridge size and a second adjustment value based on the shaft profile.</li><li>Example 5 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 2-4, wherein the control circuit is configured to delay an activation of the motor a predetermined time period based on the staple cartridge size.</li><li>Example 6 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-5, wherein the control circuit is configured to receive input from a user and adjust the at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on at least two of the user input, the end effector information, and the shaft information.</li><li>Example 7 - The surgical instrument of Example 6, wherein the input from the user comprises a user-selected form height.</li><li>Example 8 - A surgical instrument comprising an end effector and a housing assembly. The end effector comprises an anvil, a staple cartridge including staples deployable toward the anvil and through tissue grasped between the anvil and the staple cartridge, a cutting member configured to cut the tissue, and a first RFID tag configured to store end effector information. The housing assembly comprises a shaft selectively transitionable with the end effector between an attached configuration and an detached configuration, an RFID scanner configured to detect the RFID tag in the attached configuration, a motor configured to apply a load to the end effector to staple and cut the tissue, and a control circuit. The control circuit is configured to receive input from the RFID scanner indicative of the end effector information and adjust at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on the end effector information.</li><li>Example 9 - The surgical instrument of Example 8, wherein the end effector information is indicative of a staple cartridge size.</li><li>Example 10 - The surgical instrument of Example 9, wherein the control circuit is configured to determine a final maximum load threshold of the load applied by the motor to the end effector based on the staple cartridge size.</li><li>Example 11 - The surgical instrument of Example 10, wherein the control circuit is configured to determine the final maximum load threshold by adjusting a default maximum load threshold by an adjustment value based on the staple cartridge size.</li><li>Example 12 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 9-11, wherein the control circuit is configured to delay an activation of the motor a predetermined time period based on the staple cartridge size.</li><li>Example 13 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 8-12, wherein the control circuit is configured to receive input from a user and adjust the at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on the user input and the end effector information.</li><li>Example 14 - The surgical instrument of Example 13, wherein the input from the user comprises a user-selected form height.</li><li>Example 15 - A surgical instrument comprising an end effector, a shaft, and a housing. The end effector comprises a stapling head assembly, an anvil movable a closure distance relative to the stapling head assembly to transition the end effector from an open configuration to a closed configuration, and a first RFID tag configured to store end effector information. Tissue is grasped between the anvil and the stapling head assembly in the closed configuration. The shaft, comprises a distal portion selectively transitionable with the end effector between a first attached configuration and a first detached configuration, a first RFID scanner near the distal portion, a proximal portion, and a second RFID tag configured to store shaft information. The first RFID scanner is configured to detect the first RFID tag in the first attached configuration. The housing is selectively transitionable with the proximal portion of the shaft between a second attached configuration and a second detached configuration. The housing comprises a second RFID scanner configured to detect the second RFID tag in the second attached configuration, a motor configured to generate a closure motion to cause the anvil to move the closure distance, and a control circuit. The control circuit is configured to receive input from the first RFID scanner indicative of the end effector information, receive input from the second RFID scanner indicative of the shaft information, and adjust at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on the end effector information and the shaft information.</li><li>Example 16 - The surgical instrument of Example 15, wherein the end effector information is indicative of a staple cartridge size. The shaft information is indicative of a shaft profile.</li><li>Example 17 - The surgical instrument of Example 16, wherein the control circuit is configured to determine a final minimum threshold of the closure distance based on the staple cartridge size and the shaft profile.</li><li>Example 18 - The surgical instrument of Example 17, wherein the control circuit is configured to determine the final minimum threshold of the closure distance by adjusting a default minimum threshold of the closure distance by a first adjustment value based on the staple cartridge size and a second adjustment value based on the shaft profile.</li><li>Example 19 - The surgical instrument of Example 15, wherein the control circuit is configured to adjust a user-selectable closure-distance range of the anvil based on the end effector information and the shaft information.</li></ul>

Example Set 3

0205<ul id="ul0010" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Example 1 - A surgical instrument comprising a housing assembly including a battery interface configured to releasably retain a battery, a radio-frequency identification scanner positioned at the battery interface, and a control circuit. The radio-frequency identification scanner is configured to receive information from the battery. The control circuit is configured to determine a compatibility of the battery with the surgical instrument based on the information received from the battery.</li><li>Example 2 - The surgical instrument of Example 1, wherein the housing assembly is configured to receive the battery in an assembled configuration.</li><li>Example 3 - The surgical instrument of Example 2, wherein the radio-frequency identification scanner is further configured to receive the information from a radio-frequency identification tag of the battery in the assembled configuration.</li><li>Example 4 - The surgical instrument of Example 2, further comprising the battery. The battery comprises a radio-frequency identification tag in a detection range of the radio-frequency identification scanner in the assembled configuration.</li><li>Example 5 - The surgical instrument of Example 4, wherein the radio-frequency identification tag stores at least one of the following: a battery identification number, a manufacturer of the battery, a chemistry of the battery, whether the battery is rechargeable, a capacity of the battery, a nominal voltage of the battery, a current draw characteristic of the battery, and an output characteristic of the battery.</li><li>Example 6 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-5, wherein the control circuit comprises a processor electrically connected to the radio-frequency identification scanner and a memory electrically connected to the processor.</li><li>Example 7 - The surgical instrument of Example 6, wherein the memory stores at least one of the following: a compatibility database and a lookup table.</li><li>Example 8 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-7, further comprising an electric motor positioned within the housing assembly. The control circuit is further configured to electronically lockout operation of the electric motor.</li><li>Example 9 - A surgical instrument comprising a housing assembly including a battery interface, a radio-frequency identification tag positioned at the battery interface, an electric motor positioned within the housing assembly, a battery electrically couplable to the electric motor, and a control circuit. The battery comprises a radio-frequency identification scanner. The radio-frequency identification scanner is configured to receive information from the radio-frequency identification tag of the surgical instrument in an assembled configuration with the housing assembly. The control circuit is configured to determine a compatibility of the surgical instrument with the battery based on the information received from the radio-frequency identification tag.</li><li>Example 10 - The surgical instrument of Example 9, wherein the radio-frequency identification tag stores at least one of the following: a surgical instrument identification number, a manufacturer of the surgical instrument, a type of the surgical instrument, a type of the electric motor, a performance capability of the surgical instrument, and a control algorithm residing at the surgical instrument.</li><li>Example 11 - The surgical instrument of Examples 9 or 10, wherein the control circuit comprises a processor electrically connected to the radio-frequency identification scanner and a memory electrically connected to the processor.</li><li>Example 12 - The surgical instrument of Example 11, wherein the memory stores at least one of the following: a compatibility database and a lookup table.</li><li>Example 13 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 9-12, wherein the surgical instrument further comprises a second radio-frequency identification tag positioned within the battery a second radio-frequency identification scanner positioned at the battery interface, and a second control circuit. The second radio-frequency identification scanner is configured to receive information from the second radio-frequency identification tag in the assembled configuration. The second control circuit configured to determine a compatibility of the battery with the surgical instrument based on the information received from the second radio-frequency identification tag.</li><li>Example 14 - A surgical instrument comprising a housing assembly, a radio-frequency identification scanner positioned within the housing assembly, and a control circuit. The housing assembly is configured to receive a first battery and a second battery after the first battery has been removed from the housing assembly. Output characteristics of the second battery are different from output characteristics of the first battery. The control circuit is configured to adjust operation of the surgical instrument to cause the second battery to mimic the output characteristics of the first battery.</li><li>Example 15 - The surgical instrument of Example 14, wherein at least one of the output characteristics of the first battery comprises a voltage of the first battery.</li><li>Example 16 - The surgical instrument of Examples 14 or 15, wherein at least one of the output characteristics of the first battery comprises a current drawn from the first battery.</li><li>Example 17 - The surgical instrument of at least one of Examples 14-16, wherein at least one of the output characteristics of the first battery comprises an output capacity of the first battery.</li><li>Example 18 - The surgical instrument of at least one of Examples 14-17, wherein at least one of the output characteristics of the first battery comprises power provided by the first battery.</li><li>Example 19 - The surgical instrument of at least one of Examples 14-18, wherein the radio-frequency identification scanner is configured to receive first information from the first battery and second information from the second battery.</li><li>Example 20 - The surgical instrument of at least one of Examples 14-19, wherein the control circuit comprises a processor electrically connected to the radio-frequency identification scanner and a memory electrically connected to the processor.</li></ul>

Example Set 4

0206<ul id="ul0011" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Example 1 - A surgical instrument comprising an end effector operable to treat tissue, a shaft extending proximally from the end effector, and a housing assembly extending proximally from the shaft. The housing assembly comprises a radio-frequency identification (RFID) scanner and a motor-assembly compartment comprising a motor assembly interchangeably retained by the motor-assembly compartment in an assembled configuration. The motor assembly is movable relative to the motor-assembly compartment between the assembled configuration and an unassembled configuration. The motor assembly comprises a motor configured to drive the end effector to treat the tissue and an RFID tag detectable by the RFID scanner in the assembled configuration. The RFID tag stores motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 2 - The surgical instrument of Example 1, further comprising a control circuit configured to receive an input from the RFID scanner in the assembled configuration, the input being indicative of the motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 3 - The surgical instrument of Example 2, wherein the control circuit is further configured to adjust at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on the motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 4 - The surgical instrument of Examples 2 or 3, wherein the control circuit is further configured to select a control algorithm of the surgical instrument based on the motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 5 - The surgical instrument of Example 4, wherein the control circuit is further configured to select the control algorithm from control algorithms each associated with a different motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 6 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 2-5, wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine a motor setting based on the motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 7 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-6, wherein the motor assembly comprises a gearbox operably coupled to the motor.</li><li>Example 8 - The surgical instrument of Example 7, wherein the motor-assembly information comprises gearbox information and motor information.</li><li>Example 9 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-8, further comprising a power source coupled to the motor assembly in the assembled configuration.</li><li>Example 10 - The surgical instrument of Example 9, wherein the power source is configured to generate a power output to cause the motor to drive the end effector to treat the tissue.</li><li>Example 11 - The surgical instrument of Example 10, wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine a value of the power output based on the motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 12 - A surgical instrument comprising an end effector operable to treat tissue, a shaft extending proximally from the end effector, and a housing assembly extending proximally from the shaft. The housing assembly comprising a radio-frequency identification (RFID) scanner and a motor-assembly compartment comprising a motor assembly interchangeably retained by the motor-assembly compartment in an assembled configuration. The motor assembly is movable relative to the motor-assembly compartment between the assembled configuration and an unassembled configuration. The motor assembly comprises a motor configured to drive the end effector to treat the tissue and an RFID tag positioned at or within a detection range of the RFID scanner in the assembled configuration. The RFID tag stores motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 13 - The surgical instrument of Example 12, further comprising a control circuit configured to receive an input from the RFID scanner in the assembled configuration, the input being indicative of the motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 14 - The surgical instrument of Example 13, wherein the control circuit is further configured to adjust at least one parameter of operation of the motor based on the motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 15 - The surgical instrument of Examples 13 or 14, wherein the control circuit is further configured to select a control algorithm of the surgical instrument based on the motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 16 - The surgical instrument of Example 15, wherein the control circuit is further configured to select the control algorithm from control algorithms each associated with a different motor-assembly information.</li><li>Example 17 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 13-16, wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine a motor setting based on the motor-assembly information.</li></ul>

Example Set 5

0207<ul id="ul0012" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>Example 1 - A surgical instrument comprising a housing assembly, a shaft assembly coupled to the housing assembly, at least one radio-frequency identification scanner configured to receive information from radio-frequency identification tags which correspond to components which are couplable to the surgical instrument, and a control circuit. The control circuit is configured to determine, for each component, authenticity of the component based on the information received from the radio-frequency identification tags.</li><li>Example 2 - The surgical instrument of Example 1, wherein the information comprises a first identification information of a first component of the components and a second identification information of a second component of the components. The at least one radio-frequency identification scanner is configured to receive a third identification information from a radio-frequency identification tag of a packaging of the first component, and wherein the third identification information is encrypted.</li><li>Example 3 - The surgical instrument of Example 2, wherein the control circuit is configured to decrypt the third identification information and determine authenticity of the first component and the second component by comparing the first identification information and the second identification information to the decrypted third identification information.</li><li>Example 4 - The surgical instrument of Examples 3 or 4, wherein the control circuit employs a private key to decrypt the third identification information.</li><li>Example 5 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-4, wherein the components comprise a battery, an anvil, and a staple cartridge.</li><li>Example 6 - The surgical instrument of Example 5, wherein the housing assembly is configured to receive the battery.</li><li>Example 7 - The surgical instrument of Examples 5 or 6, wherein the surgical instrument is configured to receive the staple cartridge.</li><li>Example 8 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-7, wherein the control circuit comprises a processor electrically connected to the at least one radio-frequency identification scanner and a memory electrically connected to the processor.</li><li>Example 9 - The surgical instrument of Example 8, wherein the memory stores at least one of the following: an authentication database, a compatibility database, and a lookup table.</li><li>Example 10 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-9, wherein the control circuit is further configured to electronically lockout operation of the surgical instrument based on a determination of a lack of authenticity for any one of the components.</li><li>Example 11 - The surgical instrument of Example 10, wherein the control circuit is further configured to override the lockout of the surgical instrument based on a temporary override token received from a server.</li><li>Example 12 - The surgical instrument of Example 11, wherein the temporary override token is based on at least one of the following: a quick response code associated with any one of the components and a product code associated with any one of the components.</li><li>Example 13 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-12, wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine, for each component, whether the component is compatible with the surgical instrument based on the information received from the radio-frequency identification tags.</li><li>Example 14 - The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 1-13, wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine whether one of the components is compatible with another one of the components based on the information received from the radio-frequency identification tags.</li><li>Example 15 - The surgical instrument of Example 1, wherein the control circuit is further configured to override a lockout of the surgical instrument based on a temporary override token received from a server.</li><li>Example 16 - A surgical assembly comprising a surgical instrument comprising a first identification information, a battery pack couplable to the surgical instrument, and a control circuit. The battery pack is configured to transmit energy to the surgical instrument in an assembled configuration with the surgical instrument. The battery pack comprises a battery RFID tag storing a second identification information. The control circuit is configured to receive input indicative of an encrypted third identification information stored in an RFID tag of a packaging of the surgical instrument, decrypt the third identification information, and determine authenticity of the surgical instrument and the battery pack by comparing the first identification information and the second identification information to the decrypted third identification information.</li><li>Example 17 - The surgical assembly of Example 16, wherein the control circuit is further configured to determine compatibility of the battery pack with the surgical instrument based on the first identification information and the second identification information.</li><li>Example 18 - The surgical assembly of Examples 16 or 17, wherein the control circuit comprises a processor and a memory electrically connected to the processor. The memory stores at least one of the following: a compatibility database and a lookup table.</li><li>Example 19 - A surgical assembly comprising a surgical instrument component and a surgical instrument. The surgical instrument component comprises an RFID tag storing a first identification information of the surgical instrument component. The surgical instrument component is releasably couplable to the surgical instrument between an assembled configuration and an unassembled configuration. The surgical instrument comprises an RFID scanner configured to read the first identification information and a control circuit coupled to the RFID scanner. The control circuit is configured to detect incompatibility of the surgical instrument component with the surgical instrument based on the first identification information, retrieve a second identification information of the surgical instrument component, retrieve a temporary override token based on the second identification information, and employ the temporary override token to bypass the incompatibility detection.</li><li>Example 20 - The surgical assembly of Example 19, wherein the second identification information is a serial number of the surgical instrument component.</li><li>Example 21 - The surgical assembly of Examples 19 or 20, wherein a QR code comprises the second identification information.</li></ul>

0208While several forms have been illustrated and described, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Numerous modifications, variations, changes, substitutions, combinations, and equivalents to those forms may be implemented and will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the structure of each element associated with the described forms can be alternatively described as a means for providing the function performed by the element. Also, where materials are disclosed for certain components, other materials may be used. It is therefore to be understood that the foregoing description and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, combinations, and variations as falling within the scope of the disclosed forms. The appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, variations, changes, substitutions, modifications, and equivalents.

0209The foregoing detailed description has set forth various forms of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. Those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the forms disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as one or more program products in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative form of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution.

0210Instructions used to program logic to perform various disclosed aspects can be stored within a memory in the system, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), cache, flash memory, or other storage. Furthermore, the instructions can be distributed via a network or by way of other computer readable media. Thus a machine-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer), but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, compact disc, read-only memory (CD-ROMs), and magneto-optical disks, read-only memory (ROMs), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or a tangible, machine-readable storage used in the transmission of information over the Internet via electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.). Accordingly, the non-transitory computer-readable medium includes any type of tangible machine-readable medium suitable for storing or transmitting electronic instructions or information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).

0211As used in any aspect herein, the term "control circuit" may refer to, for example, hardwired circuitry, programmable circuitry (e.g., a computer processor comprising one or more individual instruction processing cores, processing unit, processor, microcontroller, microcontroller unit, controller, digital signal processor (DSP), programmable logic device (PLD), programmable logic array (PLA), or field programmable gate array (FPGA)), state machine circuitry, firmware that stores instructions executed by programmable circuitry, and any combination thereof. The control circuit may, collectively or individually, be embodied as circuitry that forms part of a larger system, for example, an integrated circuit (IC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system on-chip (SoC), desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, servers, smart phones, etc. Accordingly, as used herein "control circuit" includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof.

0212As used in any aspect herein, the term "logic" may refer to an app, software, firmware and/or circuitry configured to perform any of the aforementioned operations. Software may be embodied as a software package, code, instructions, instruction sets and/or data recorded on non-transitory computer readable storage medium. Firmware may be embodied as code, instructions or instruction sets and/or data that are hard-coded (e.g., nonvolatile) in memory devices.

0213As used in any aspect herein, the terms "component," "system," "module" and the like can refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution.

0214As used in any aspect herein, an "algorithm" refers to a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result, where a "step" refers to a manipulation of physical quantities and/or logic states which may, though need not necessarily, take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It is common usage to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. These and similar terms may be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities and/or states.

0215A network may include a packet switched network. The communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using a selected packet switched network communications protocol. One example communications protocol may include an Ethernet communications protocol which may be capable permitting communication using a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The Ethernet protocol may comply or be compatible with the Ethernet standard published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) titled "IEEE 802.3 Standard", published in December, 2008 and/or later versions of this standard. Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using an X.25 communications protocol. The X.25 communications protocol may comply or be compatible with a standard promulgated by the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using a frame relay communications protocol. The frame relay communications protocol may comply or be compatible with a standard promulgated by Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT) and/or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Alternatively or additionally, the transceivers may be capable of communicating with each other using an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) communications protocol. The ATM communications protocol may comply or be compatible with an ATM standard published by the ATM Forum titled "<nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>ATM-MPLS Network Interworking 2.0" published August 2001</text></nplcit>, and/or later versions of this standard. Of course, different and/or after-developed connection-oriented network communication protocols are equally contemplated herein.

0216In various aspects, a microcontroller of control circuit in accordance with the present disclosure may be any single-core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the main microcontroller 461 may be an LM4F230H5QR ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core, available from Texas Instruments, for example, comprising an on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle SRAM, and internal ROM loaded with StellarisWare® software, a 2 KB EEPROM, one or more PWM modules, one or more QEI analogs, and/or one or more 12-bit ADCs with 12 analog input channels, details of which are available for the product datasheet.

0217Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the foregoing disclosure, it is appreciated that, throughout the foregoing disclosure, discussions using terms such as "processing," "computing," "calculating," "determining," "displaying," or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.

0218One or more components may be referred to herein as "configured to," "configurable to," "operable/operative to," "adapted/adaptable," "able to," "conformable/conformed to," etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that "configured to" can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise.

0219The terms "proximal" and "distal" are used herein with reference to a clinician manipulating the housing portion of the surgical instrument. The term "proximal" refers to the portion closest to the clinician and the term "distal" refers to the portion located away from the clinician. It will be further appreciated that, for convenience and clarity, spatial terms such as "vertical", "horizontal", "up", and "down" may be used herein with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and/or absolute.

0220Those skilled in the art will recognize that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should typically be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations.

0221In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be typically understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."

0222With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flow diagrams are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like "responsive to," "related to," or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise.

0223It is worthy to note that any reference to "one aspect," "an aspect," "an exemplification," "one exemplification," and the like means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one aspect. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in one aspect," "in an aspect," "in an exemplification," and "in one exemplification" in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same aspect. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more aspects.

0224Any patent application, patent, non-patent publication, or other disclosure material referred to in this specification and/or listed in any Application Data Sheet is incorporated by reference herein, to the extent that the incorporated materials is not inconsistent herewith. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.

0225In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing the concepts described herein. The foregoing description of the one or more forms has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more forms were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the various forms and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope.