Method for producing an internal screw thread

Translation of description of equivalent WO 2019238175 A1

0001Title: METHOD FOR PRODUCING A THREAD, IN PARTICULAR

INSIDE THREAD

0003description

0004The invention relates to a method for producing a thread, in particular an internal thread.

0005A thread has a helical or helical thread with a constant thread pitch and can be created as an internal thread or as an external thread. To create an internal thread, a core hole (or: a core hole) is usually first created in the workpiece, which can be a blind hole or a through hole, and then the thread is created in the inner wall of the core hole. The threaded core hole is also referred to as a threaded hole.

0006Both thread cutting and non-cutting methods and thread tools are known for thread production or thread finishing. Cutting thread generation is based on material removal of the material of the workpiece in the area of ​​the thread. Non-cutting thread production is based on forming the workpiece and generating the thread turn in the workpiece by pressure. The manual of threading and milling technology, publisher: EMUGE-FRANKEN, publisher: Publicis Corporate Publishing, year of publication: 2004 (ISBN 3-89578-232-7), gives an overview of the threading tools and working processes in use only referred to as the "EMUGE manual".

0007Machining or machining of threads includes the taps (cf. EMUGE manual, chapter 8, pages 181 to 298) and the thread milling cutters (cf. EMUGE manual, chapter 10, pages 325 to 372) and, only for external winch, the dies (see EMUGE manual, chapter 11, pages 373 to 404). A tap is a thread cutting tool, the cutting or threading teeth of which are arranged along an external thread under the thread pitch of the thread to be created. When the thread is created, the tap is moved into a cylindrical core hole in a workpiece with an axial feed to the tool axis and rotating about its tool axis with a rotational speed dependent on the axial feed speed in accordance with the thread pitch. whereby the tool axis of the tap is aligned coaxially to the central axis of the core hole and its cutting edges are permanently engaged with the workpiece on the core hole wall (continuous cut), so that a continuous thread is created on the core hole wall. Typical geometries of a tap with the usual starting area are described in the EMUGE manual, chapter 8, pages 250 and 251 and 284 and 285.

0008The thread cutting teeth have a cutting profile or active profile in the cross-section perpendicular to the helix in the cutting direction and then have a rake face on the inside and free surfaces or clearance angles on the tooth back that connects opposite to the cutting direction, so that there is no contact and therefore no friction with them the workpiece takes place. A typical distribution of the individual thread profiles of the thread cutting teeth in the chamfer area with the appropriate chip division is shown in Chapter 9, page 322 of the EMUGE manual.

0009The thread cutting process with a tap is explained together with a typical torque curve in the EMUGE manual, chapter 8, page 255. After the cutting process of the tap up to the engagement of all starting teeth, the machine spindle is braked to a standstill. Now the return or the reversing movement is started and the tooth back of the thread cutting tooth preceding the thread cutting shears off the chip still standing in the hole on its free back and squeezes the chip root back between the free surface and the hole wall. The so-called thread cutters fall under the non-cutting thread production tools (cf. EMUGE manual, chapter 9, pages 299 to 324) and, only for external threads, the thread rolling tools (see EMUGE manual, chapter 11, pages 373 to 404)

0010Thread cutters are thread tools with an almost spiral or screw-shaped circumferential thread profile, along which several pressure studs (also known as shaped teeth, furrow teeth or shaped wedges) are arranged, which are offset by mutually offset, generally rounded polygons that protrude outwards. Corner areas of an approximately polygonal cross section of the thread trough are formed. When the thread is created, the thread former is moved, similarly to the tap, with an axial feed to the tool axis and with rotation about its tool axis into a cylindrical core hole in a workpiece, the tool axis of the tap being aligned coaxially with the central axis of the core hole. The speed of rotation and the axial feed speed are matched to each other according to the thread pitch. The tappets of the thread turret are permanently engaged with the workpiece on the core hole wall and press the thread course through plastic deformation into the core hole wall, so that a continuous thread thread is created on the core hole wall. Typical geometries of a thread trough with the usual tapping area are described in the EMUGE manual, chapter 9, pages 308 and 309. A typical distribution of the individual thread knitting profiles of the thread grooving teeth rising in the groove area is shown in the EMUGE manual, chapter 9, page 322. The thread forming process with a thread forming tool is explained together with a typical torque curve in the EMUGE manual, chapter 9, page 310.

0011Taps and taps work with an exclusively axial feed or working movement with a rotational movement synchronized according to the thread pitch around their own tool axis. The direction of rotation of the tap and thread turret when creating the thread corresponds to the winding direction of the thread to be created. When the thread has been created or at the end of the generation of the thread, the tool is braked and brought to a standstill at a reversal point. The braking before reaching the reversing or reversing point is normally brought about by synchronized reduction of the axial feed speed and speed down to a value of 0 in each case in accordance with the constant thread pitch. Now a backward or reversing movement is initiated to retrieve the tool from the workpiece, in which the axial feed direction and the direction of rotation are exactly opposite to the working movement and the axial feed movement and rotary movement are synchronized again according to the thread pitch in order not to damage the thread - gen.

0012Fundamentals of the program structure for CNC machines with regard to thread generation are given in EMUGE manual, chapter 8, page 281, and chapter 10, pages 357 to 359.

0013Core drilling is described in the EMUGE manual, chapter 7, pages 161 to 179.

0014Combination tools are also known in various designs, with which the same tool is used to produce a threaded hole in the solid material of the workpiece in one work step, that is to say without prior drilling of a core hole.

0015This includes the drilling thread milling cutters (BGF), which only work by machining (see EMUGE manual, chapter 10, page 354) and the so-called circular drilling thread milling cutter (ZBGF) ((see EMUGE manual, chapter 10, page 355).

0016Different combinations of drilling area and thread generation area in a combination tool for creating a threaded hole are also known from DE 10 2005 022 503 A1, including the combination of an axially working drilling area and an axially working thread forming area in one tool.

0017Another combination tool is known from DE 10 2016 008 478 A1, with which a threaded hole in a workpiece is produced in one work step solely by an axial working movement. With this combination tool, which is referred to as a bullet tapping tool, the core hole drilling and the internal thread cutting are carried out in a common tool stroke. The bullet tapping tool has at its drill tip a main cutting edge and a thread profile trailing in a tapping direction with at least one thread cutting tooth.

0018In this known method there is a tapping stroke and then an opposite reversing stroke. In the tapping stroke, on the one hand, the main cutting edge creates the core hole and, on the other hand, the thread profile creates the internal thread on the inner wall of the core hole until a usable nominal thread depth is reached. The tapping stroke is carried out with a tapping feed with synchronized speed of the tapping tool. In a subsequent reverse reversing stroke, the tapping tool is led out of the tapped hole in a reversing direction, with an opposite reversing feed and thus synchronized reversing speed. This ensures that the thread profile of the tapping tool is moved in the thread of the internal thread without stress.

0019In a variant referred to in DE 10 2016 008 478 A1 as prior art, the tapping process is slowed down at the end of the tapping stroke, that is to say the tapping feed with the tapping speed synchronized therewith (according to the constant thread pitch) to reduced to 0. In the prior art, however, this delay in the thread cutting process to a tapping speed of zero leads to an excessively large cutting load on the thread profile, which could lead to a breakout of the cutting teeth or to a tool breakage.

0020In order to reduce the tool load, DE 10 2016 008 478 A1 now proposes instead that after the tapping stroke the reversing stroke does not immediately follow, but rather a grooving step or grooving stroke takes place beforehand which is formed by a circumferential groove adjoining the internal thread without thread pitch, in which the thread profile of the tapping tool can rotate without stress. The tapping tool is moved beyond the nominal thread depth for the tapping stroke until a nominal drilling depth is reached, namely with a slot shape feed and a slot shape speed, which are not synchronized with each other and differ from the tapping Feed and tapping speed. In this way, the tapping speed can be reduced to 0 without tool breakage or breaking of the thread profile due to excessive cutting load. The circumferential groove is created during the groove shape stroke using the main cutting edge and the thread cutting tooth (or general thread tooth) of the thread profile on the tapping tool. When the target drilling depth is reached, the groove shape feed is reduced to 0. At the same time, the slot shape speed is reduced to 0 to enable the reversal of the direction of rotation required for the reversing stroke.

0021At the start of the reversing stroke, the well-known tapping tool is activated in such a way that the thread cutting tooth can be inserted into the thread runout, which opens into the circumferential groove, without load. However, how this is to be done is not disclosed in DE 10 2016 008 478 A1.

0022The tapping tool is then guided out of the tapped hole in a reversing direction opposite to the tapping direction, with a reversing feed and thus a synchronized reversing speed, which means that the thread cutting tooth can be removed from the threaded hole without material removal.

0023During the implementation of the tapping stroke, the groove shape stroke and the reversing stroke, the longitudinal axis of the core bore and the axis of rotation of the tapping tool remain coaxially aligned with one another.

0024The tapping tool according to DE 10 2016 008 478 Al has a clamping shank and an adjoining tapping body, along the longitudinal axis of which at least one flute extends up to an end-side main cutting edge on the drill tip. A rake face delimiting the flute and an open face of the drill tip converge on the front main cutting edge. When viewed in the circumferential direction of the tool, the flute can be limited by at least one drill bridge. The rake face of the flute can merge into a back face of the drill web on the outer circumference, forming a minor cutting edge.

0025The thread profile can be formed with at least one thread cutting tooth on the outer circumferential back surface of the drill web. The tooth height of the cutting tooth is dimensioned in the radial direction in such a way that the cutting tooth projects outward from the main cutting edge in the radial direction by a radial offset. If necessary, the cutting tooth can extend the main cutting edge in the radial direction flush with the outside. Alternatively and / or additionally, the cutting tooth, viewed in the axial direction, can be arranged behind the main cutting edge by an axial offset.

0026In a preferred embodiment variant, the tapping tool according to DE 10 2016 008 478 Al can have three drill webs. Each of these drill ridges is designed with at least one thread cutting tooth. A pre-cutting tooth, a central cutting tooth and a finishing tooth of different cutting edge geometry can be formed on the drill in the circumferential direction of the drill. The cutting teeth are offset on the threaded tool in the axial direction. Their offset dimensions are matched to the tapping speed and the tapping feed so that perfect tapping is guaranteed.

0027The invention is based initially on the surprising finding that, in the known method and tool according to DE 10 2016 008 478 A1, axial forces are still exerted on the thread cutting teeth during braking of the tool in the groove shape stroke, which lead to tool loading and shorten the service life accordingly. The invention is based on the object of specifying a method for producing a thread, in particular an internal thread, wherein the internal thread can be produced in particular together with a threaded hole in the solid material or also in a core hole already produced in the workpiece.

0028In particular, in the known method according to DE 10 2016 008 478 A1, the load on the tool due to axial forces during the groove forming step in which the circumferential groove is formed is to be further reduced.

0029Embodiments and objects according to the invention which are suitable for achieving this object are specified in particular in the patent claims, which are directed to a method for producing a thread, in particular an internal thread, in particular with the features of independent patent claim 1.

0030Further refinements and developments according to the invention result from the respective dependent patent claims.

0031The claimable combinations of features and objects according to the inven tion are not limited to the selected version and the selected back relationships of the claims. Rather, each feature of a claim category, for example a method, can also be claimed in another claim category, for example a device. Furthermore, each feature in the claims, regardless of their relationship, can be claimed in any combination with one or more other feature (s) in the claims. In addition, each feature that is described or disclosed in the description or drawing, independently of or independent of the context in which it stands, can be used alone or in any combination with one or more other features is or is described or disclosed in the patent claims or in the description or drawing. The method is provided for producing a thread with a predetermined thread pitch and with a predetermined thread profile in a workpiece,

0032a) wherein a tool is used which is rotatable about a tool axis running through the tool and movable axially to the tool axis and which has a thread generation area,

0033b) wherein the thread generation area has at least one thread tooth which is designed and arranged to be adapted to the predetermined thread pitch and has an active profile which corresponds to the thread profile of the thread,

0034c) and wherein the tool is moved into the workpiece or towards the workpiece in a working movement during a first working phase, d) wherein the working movement is a rotary movement with a predetermined direction of rotation about the tool axis and an axial synchronized with the rotary movement according to the thread pitch Includes feed movement in an axial forward direction axially to the tool axis, such that that a full revolution of the tool about the tool axis corresponds to an axial advance of the tool by the predetermined thread pitch, e) the thread generating area producing the thread during the working movement,

0035f) the tool being moved in a braking movement following the working movement during a second working phase into the workpiece in the same forward direction as in the working movement up to a reversal point,

0036g) wherein the braking movement is a rotational movement with a constant

0037Sense of rotation as in the work movement,

0038h) wherein during the braking movement the axial feed movement depends on the angle of rotation of the rotary movement of the tool according to a previously stored unique relationship, in particular a function or a sequence of functions, is controlled between the axial feed of the tool and the angle of rotation and i) wherein the axial feed of the tool at a full revolution is at least smaller than the thread pitch at least during part of the braking movement and is zero at the point of reversal.

0039During the braking movement in the second work phase, a circumferential or circumferential groove or an undercut is generally created in the workpiece, which is why the process in the second work phase, in addition to the braking process or movement, also as circumferential groove production or circumferential groove production or undercut movement, in the case of a purely cutting tool, it can therefore also be referred to as a free cutting movement.

0040As a rule, the braking process or the second work phase begins with an axial feed that corresponds to the thread pitch of the first work phase. The braking process is to be understood as braking from the initial thread pitch to zero at the end or at a reversal point and does not have to include a reduction in the axial feed dependent on the angle of rotation (braking acceleration) over the entire rotation angle interval, in particular to values ​​below the thread pitch. Rather, rotation angle intervals are also possible in which the axial feed is zero with respect to the rotation angle or is even temporarily negative, that is to say reverses its direction.

0041A function that defines the relationship between the axial feed (or: the axial penetration depth) and the angle of rotation can have a continuous definition range and value range or a discrete definition range and value range with discrete pre-saved or pre-determined value pairs or value tables exhibit.

0042In one embodiment, the rotational speed of the rotational movement is also zero at the reversal point.

0043In one embodiment, the total or total axial feed of the tool is selected or set between 0.1 times to 2 times the thread pitch during the braking movement. In a preferred embodiment, different relationships, in particular functions, between the axial advance of the tool and the angle of rotation are selected or set during the braking movement in several successive braking steps.

0044In a particularly advantageous embodiment, during several, in particular all, braking steps, the axial penetration depth or the axial feed is a linear function of the angle of rotation and / or the slope, ie the derivation of the axial depth of penetration or the axial feed according to the angle of rotation , constant in each of these braking steps and decreases in amount from one braking step to a subsequent braking step.

0045This embodiment can be implemented in a particularly simple manner by using an NC control for a thread process, for example a G33 path condition, with the thread pitch of the thread for the working movement and likewise, preferably the same, NC control for a thread process in the several braking steps , for example a G33 path condition, with the respective constant pitch used as the thread pitch parameter.

0046In one embodiment, the axial depth of penetration or the axial feed is a, in particular cubic, spline function of the angle of rotation during several, in particular all, braking steps.

0047In one embodiment, the different functions of successive braking steps are continuously and, in the case of differentiable functions, preferably continuously differentiated from one another.

0048In one embodiment, in particular during a leveling step, the axial feed during the braking movement is zero in a rotation angle partial interval and / or takes place in a partial rotation angle interval in the reverse direction opposite to the forward direction of the working movement. In one embodiment, after the reversal point has been reached, a reversing movement of the tool is initiated, with which the tool is moved out of the workpiece, the reversing movement firstly a first reversing phase, with which the thread generation area of ​​the tool is guided back into the thread of the thread produced, and then a second reversing phase, during which the thread generation area is led out of the workpiece through the thread, includes. In an advantageous embodiment, the reversing movement in the first reversing phase is carried out with the identical, previously stored, unique relationship, inverted only in the direction of rotation and feed direction, in particular a function or a sequence of functions, between the axial feed of the tool and the rotation angle is controlled as in the braking movement during the second working phase, if necessary omitting or shortening the leveling step, if available.

0049In one embodiment, a combined tool is now used which is rotatable about a tool axis running through the tool and can be moved axially to the tool axis and which has a drilling area at a front or free end and a threading area which is offset axially to the tool axis relative to the drilling area and protrudes further radially to the tool axis than the drilling area. Now, during the working movement, the drilling area of ​​the tool creates a core hole in the workpiece and the thread generation area creates a thread turn in the surface of this core hole that runs below the predetermined thread pitch. The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of exemplary embodiments. Reference is also made to the drawing in which

00501 shows a combined drilling and threading tool for producing a threaded hole,

00512 shows a threaded hole produced with the method or the tool according to FIG. 1 in a longitudinal section

00523 shows in a diagram the graph of the axial penetration depth as a function of the angle of rotation for an entire threaded hole production cycle,

00534 shows the end section of the graph shown in FIG. 2 in the forward movement as a braking process and

00545 shows the end section of the graph shown in FIG. 1 in the backward movement as an acceleration process,

00556 shows a leveling step in a first embodiment,

00567 shows a leveling step in a second embodiment,

00578 shows three exemplary embodiments of control curves,

00589 shows three further exemplary embodiments of control curves,

005910 shows two further exemplary embodiments of control curves and

006011 shows an exemplary embodiment of the dependency of the angle of rotation and the penetration depth on time, in each case schematically. Corresponding parts and sizes are given the same reference numerals in FIGS. 1 to 11. The first exemplary embodiments of the tool and method according to the invention are explained below with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.

0061The tool 2 shown in FIG. 1 is used to create a threaded hole 5 in a workpiece 6. The tool 2 is a combined tool and produces both the core hole in the workpiece with the predetermined core hole diameter of the thread and the internal thread in the core hole, ie the thread turn 50 of the internal thread in the jacket wall or inner wall of the core hole , For this purpose, the tool is moved into the workpiece 6 in a working movement or a working stroke or a threading movement, which is composed of a rotary movement around the tool axis on the one hand and an axial feed movement along the tool axis.

00622 shows an embodiment of a threaded hole 5 with a thread 50 and a thread profile 55, which can be produced with a method or a tool according to the invention, for example a tool according to FIG.

0063The thread pitch angle d of the thread 50 with the thread pitch P and the diameter D is measured with respect to a transverse plane E, which is directed perpendicular to the tool axis A, and is from the following relationship

0064P = p · D tan · d calculable.

0065As shown, for example, in FIG. 1, the tool 2 can be rotated or rotated on the one hand about a tool axis A running through the tool 2 and on the other hand can be moved axially or translationally along or axially to the tool axis A. These two movements are coordinated or synchronized with one another, preferably by a control unit, in particular a machine control, while the tool 2 penetrates into the workpiece 6 on a surface 60 of the workpiece 6 and down to a hole depth LT. The tool axis A remains stationary or in a constant position relative to the workpiece 6 during the production of the threaded hole 5. The central thread axis M of the threaded hole 5 is coaxial to the tool axis A during the process or coincides therewith.

0066The tool 2 is preferably by means of a coupling area on a tool shaft 21 running or formed axially to the tool axis A by means of a rotary drive (not shown), in particular a machine tool and / or drive or machine tool spindle, in a rotational or rotational movement about its tool axis A in a forward direction of rotation VD and drivable in an opposite reverse direction RD. Furthermore, the tool 2 can be moved axially in an axial forward movement VB or an axial backward movement RB axially to the tool axis A, in particular by means of an axial drive, which in turn can be provided in the machine tool and / or drive or machine tool spindle.

0067A working area 20 is provided on a free end area of ​​the tool 2 facing away from the coupling area of ​​the shaft 21. The working area 20 comprises a drilling area 3 at the front end of the tool 2 and a threading area 4 offset axially with respect to the tool axis A to the drilling area 3 or to the shank 21.

0068The drilling area 3 comprises frontal (main) cutting edges 30 which can be arranged obliquely, in particular conically, axially forwards and can taper in a drill tip 33, in particular in a cone tapering towards the drill tip 33. These frontal cutting edges 30 are designed to cut in the forward direction of rotation VD, in the illustrated embodiment right-cutting, and remove material from the workpiece 6, which lies axially in front of the tool 2, during the forward movement VB while simultaneously rotating in the forward direction VD , In addition, the drilling area 3 preferably also includes guide areas 31 on its outer wall, which can be used for self-guidance of the tool 2 in the hole produced and for this purpose lie against the core hole wall or are only slightly spaced therefrom. Instead of or in addition to the guide areas, circumferential cutting edges or jacket cutting edges can also be provided, which machine or prepare the jacket wall of the core hole by removing areas of the workpiece 6 that adjoin the outside radially to the tool axis A. These jacket cutting edges can also be used to achieve a sufficient surface quality of the jacket wall or core hole inner wall and, in particular, run predominantly parallel or inclined slightly backwards (to reduce friction) to the tool axis A at a radial distance d / 2 from the tool axis A, which corresponds to half the core hole inner diameter , The guide regions 31 or circumferential or jacket cutting edges can be formed and / or arranged directly after the end-side drilling cutting edges 30 or can also be slightly offset axially from these.

0069The drilling area 3 thus has an outer diameter or hole diameter d and consequently produces a hole or a core hole with this inner diameter d in the workpiece 6. The cutting edges 30 and 31 can also be referred to as core hole cutting edges since they produce the core hole of the threaded hole 5. The outermost radial dimension of the drilling or core hole cutting edges 30 and 31 to the tool axis A determine the core hole inner diameter d.

0070Downstream of the drilling area 3 or the drilling or core hole cutting edges 30 and 31 or arranged axially offset in the opposite direction to the axial forward movement VB, the tool 2 comprises a threading area 4 with one or more, ie a number n greater than or equal to 1, threading teeth or thread generation bars.

0071If there are several (n> 1) thread generation teeth or thread generation webs, then these are arranged at least approximately along a helix or helix, the pitch of which corresponds to the thread pitch P of the internal thread or thread turn 50 to be produced, offset to one another in the axial direction. Such an arrangement along a helix or helical line or a thread also includes embodiments in which threaded teeth are offset slightly to the side of an ideal line, for example around knitted thread profiles with different machining on the thread flanks or a different division or superimposition of the knitted thread profiles to realize the or to the overall thread profile. It is only important with regard to this arrangement of the thread teeth that their arrangement is mapped onto a thread in the workpiece with the same thread pitch P during the working movement.

0072In the exemplary embodiment shown, two or more thread generation teeth 41 and 42 are provided, which are axially offset, for example, by half a pitch P, that is offset by half a revolution or 180 ° in the angular direction. The thread generation teeth, in particular 41 and 42, protrude radially outward from the tool axis A than the drill or core hole cutting edges 30 and 31. The outer diameter of the thread generation region 4 and of the thread turn 50 and thus of the thread hole 5 is designated by D. The radial difference between the outermost dimension of the thread generating teeth and the outermost radial dimension of the core cutting edges corresponds in particular to the profile depth of the thread profile of the internal thread to be produced or, in other words, the difference between the radius D / 2 of the thread base and the radius of the Core hole d / 2.

0073The thread profile of the internal thread, that is to say the longitudinal section through the thread 50 in a cutting plane containing the tool axis A, is generated by the thread knitting profile composed or superimposed from the individual knitting profiles of the thread generation teeth, for example 41 and 42, with complete passage through the workpiece ,

0074The thread profile width of the thread profile, measured in axial projection onto the tool axis A, is designated c and corresponds to the maximum distance between the thread profile flanks. The axial distance between two successive thread profiles of the thread 50, measured in the axial projection onto the tool axis A, is the thread gap b. The sum of the thread gap b and the thread width c corresponds to the thread pitch P.

0075During a first working phase or thread generation phase, the core hole is produced with the tool 2 by means of the drilling area 3 and immediately axially behind it and at least partially at the same time the thread turn 50 is generated in the core hole wall by means of the thread generation area 4. In this first work phase, the axial feed speed v along the tool axis A is matched and synchronized with the rotational speed for the rotary movement about the tool axis A in such a way that the axial feed corresponds to the thread pitch P with a full revolution. The axial depth of penetration (or: the axial feed) T in the direction of the tool axis A measured from the workpiece surface 60 in this first working phase corresponds to the thread depth T_G.

0076Now, in a second work phase immediately following the first work phase, the tool 2 is braked in a deceleration process (or: in a deceleration movement) in an angle of rotation interval such that the axial feed V at an angle of rotation of 360 °, ie at a full revolution, the tool 2 is smaller than the thread pitch P and decreases to zero. As a rule, the braking process or the second work phase begins with an axial feed referred to a rotation angle of 360 °, which corresponds to the thread pitch P of the first work phase, ie V = P, and then reduces the axial feed per 360 ° rotation angle to values ​​below the thread pitch P, i.e. V <P. The braking process is to be understood as braking from the initial thread pitch V = P to zero at the end or at a reversal point, i.e. V = 0, and does not have to reduce the axial feed V over the entire rotation angle interval depending on the rotation angle ( Braking acceleration). Rather, rotation angle intervals are also possible in which the axial feed is zero with respect to the rotation angle or is even temporarily negative, that is, it reverses its direction. In a preferred embodiment, this braking process takes place in defined sub-steps, as will be explained in more detail below.

0077This braking movement in the second working phase means that the thread generation area 4 now - in an atypical or non-functional manner - creates at least one circumferential groove or circumferential groove or circumferential groove in the core hole wall. The process in the second phase of the work can therefore be called not only a braking process but also a circumferential groove or circumferential groove or undercut movement, and in the case of a purely cutting tool also a free-cutting movement.

00781 shows the thread generation teeth 41 and 42 with the same outer radius D / 2 and preferably the same thread knitting profile, which already corresponds to the end profile of the thread 50. In the second working phase, the thread generation teeth 41 and 42 of the tool according to FIG. 1 produce a circumferential groove 53 with the continuous outer diameter D and the axial length a, which results from the total axial advance of the braking movement in the second working phase up to the point of reversal ,

0079In contrast, FIG. 2 shows two circumferential grooves 51 and 52, the first circumferential groove 51 having an outer diameter d 'between the core hole diameter d and the outer thread diameter D and the second circumferential groove 52 having an outer diameter which corresponds to the outer thread diameter D.

0080Such circumferential grooves 51 and 52 can be produced during the second working phase, for example with two thread generation teeth 41 and 42 offset by P / 2, as shown for example in FIG. 1, which are modified as follows: The first thread generation tooth 41 in FIG. 1 can only have an outer radius d '/ 2 and thus be a chamfer tooth or notch tooth, which does not produce the thread turn 50 to the full profile depth or to the final thread root, during which the second thread generation tooth 42 already has the full outer diameter D, ie the full thread profile depth is generated (full tooth). The circumferential groove is thus composed of two partial grooves, namely the first circumferential groove 51, which is smaller in diameter, which is produced by the first thread-generating tooth 41, and the second circumferential groove 52, which is formed with the full diameter D, which is produced by the second thread-generating tooth 42.

0081These statements are only examples. In the case of a different number or distribution of thread generation teeth (not shown), correspondingly different circumferential grooves result.

0082If the circumferential groove (s), for example the circumferential grooves 51 and 52 in FIG. 2 or the circumferential groove 53 in FIG. 1, are to be produced continuously or continuously in the axial direction, the axial feed V becomes in particular at full rotation or 360 ° at least b / n reduced compared to P in order to close or no longer produce the thread gap b, where n is the number of thread-generating teeth in the thread-producing region 4.

0083The undercut movement or braking movement could also be carried out such that the outer width on the thread profile, in particular the flanks, are no longer visible or disappear in the circumferential groove and / or the circumferential groove only has a cylindrical shape. The screwability of the workpiece thread generated could thus be improved or made possible.

0084In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, n = 2 with the two thread generation teeth 41 and 42 or circumferential grooves 51 and 52, so that the axial feed V during the braking process is preferably set to be smaller than P - b / 2. The thread effect profile of the thread generation teeth, here 41 and 42, then no longer produces thread in the superimposition during the movement, but at least one continuous circumferential groove, which continuously has the outside diameter that that of the associated thread generation tooth on its respective path corresponds to the braking movement in the second phase of work. The total depth or hole depth or total axial dimension of the threaded hole 5 after the second working phase is T_L denotes and corresponds essentially to the sum T_G + a from the thread depth T_G as an axial feed from the first working phase and the axial groove length a as an axial feed from the second working phase.

0085When the total depth or hole depth TL of the threaded hole 5 is reached, the tool 2 comes to a standstill and reaches a turning point.

0086A reversing or backward movement RB is now initiated at the reversal point, with which the tool 2 is first moved back in a first reversing phase through the circulation groove (s) 51, 52, 53 to the thread turn 50 and then in a second reversing phase through the thread or the thread 50 is moved outward from the threaded hole 5 and then the workpiece 6 or is threaded out.

0087A more preferred embodiment of the first reversing phase will be explained later.

0088In the second reversing phase of the backward movement RB, the axial feed and the rotary movement of the tool 2 are synchronized with one another again in accordance with the thread pitch P, in order not to damage the thread, except that the direction of the axial feed in the arrow direction of the backward movement RB with respect to the Arrow direction of the forward or working movement VB is reversed or opposite and the direction of rotation of the rotary movement is also reversed, So instead of the forward direction of rotation VD, the reverse direction of rotation RD is now set.

0089The thread axis or central axis of the thread with the thread 50 is designated by M and falls during the entire working movement, i.e. both in the first working phase and in the second working phase, and also during the reversing movement, i.e. both in the first reversing phase and in the second reversing phase, together with the tool axis A of the tool 2 or is coaxial to it.

0090FIGS. 3 to 5 each show a diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a process (or: method) or a control sequence which is used both to produce a thread in a previously created core hole in the workpiece or to produce a threaded hole in the workpiece, that is to say in the Solid material of the workpiece without prior core drilling, for example a threaded hole according to FIG. 2, can be used.

0091To create a thread in a pre-produced core hole, a tap or thread taper according to the prior art mentioned at the beginning can be used.

0092To create a threaded hole, a combined drilling and tapping tool, as known from DE 10 2016 008 478 Al mentioned at the beginning, or a combined drilling and tapping tool, as known from DE 10 2005 022 503 Al mentioned at the outset, or also a tool according to the invention, for example according to FIG. 1, can be used.

0093In the diagram in FIG. 3, the penetration depth (or: vertical or axial coordinate) T is on the vertical axis or ordinate as the coordinate which runs and is measured in the axial direction, ie along the tool axis A and the central thread axis M coaxial with the tool axis A. plot the axial feed in mm. The values ​​for the penetration depth T decrease from the value T = 0 mm shown at the top, which corresponds in particular to the axial entry position on the workpiece surface 60 of the workpiece 6 (as can be seen in FIG. 1) and are therefore negative Values ​​plotted down. In the example in FIG. 1, the range of numbers is exemplary from T = 0 mm to T = - 18 mm. The (total) angle of rotation f of the rotary movement of the tool 2 about its tool axis A is plotted in degrees [°] on the horizontal axis or abscissa. The angle of rotation f is based on the entry angle of rotation or initial angle of rotation f = 0 ° at the axial entry position T = 0 mm at an entry point EP = (0, 0) and increases to the right towards positive values ​​up to the value of f = 8000 ° entered as the last value on the abscissa. The angle of rotation f increases towards positive values ​​in the forward rotation VD or in a forward rotation and decreases in the reverse rotation RD or in a reverse direction opposite to the forward rotation. Here ± 360 ° corresponds to a complete rotation of the tool 2 about its tool axis A.

0094The graph of the function T (f) according to FIG. 3 illustrates, without restricting the generality, in particular the generation of a threaded hole, that is to say a complete threaded hole generation cycle according to the invention in one exemplary embodiment, in particular a threaded hole generation cycle with the first work phase and the second work phase , Reversal point, first reversing phase and second reversing phase, for example as already described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.

0095The function T (f) describes the dependency or synchronization of the axial feed movement in the axial coordinate (or: depth in the workpiece 6) T on or with the rotary movement in the coordinate f and is typically used in a controller such as a numerical controller or CC Control of the machine tool, in particular in the form of a previously determined and stored value table or also as a function for the respective calculation. According to the nomenclature customary in CNC technology, the T coordinate corresponds to the Z axis (spindle axis), the positive direction running conventionally from the workpiece to the tool, as shown for example in FIG. 1 at the coordinate T.

0096According to FIG. 3, the graph (f; T (f)) of the function T (f) initially runs from the starting point in a linear section which is typical of a tap or thread turret and corresponds to the generation of the thread course, ie in the form of a straight line f = 0 ° and T = 0 mm up to a thread end point at fo and T (fo) = - 16 mm, at which the thread turn or the actual thread generation ends.

0097The representation of the linear function T (f) in this section from f = 0 to f = fo and T = 0 to T = - 16 mm applies:

0098| T (f) | = (P / 360 °) f with the thread pitch P.

0099The slope or derivative dT / dcp in this area is constant and corresponds to the amount according to P / 360 °. So that means for the thread pitch

0100P = 360 ° | dT / dcp |

0101Since in the selected example of FIG. 3 the value for the thread depth T = - 10 mm corresponding to the entered angle value cp = 3600 °, the slope of the straight line is - 1 mm / 360 ° and thus the thread pitch P = 1 mm.

0102Because of the axial feed synchronized with the rotation along the penetration depth T or the central thread axis M, all components of the tool 2 have moved about the thread pitch P during a complete rotation through 360 °.

0103The linear section of the function T (cp) corresponds to the usual synchronized tap or tapping kinematics and can be stored in a CNC control, for example, as a pre-programmed path condition (address letter G or the G function), for example as G33, in particular G331 and 6332, where the thread pitch P is entered as an interpolation parameter parallel to the Z axis, typically under the address letter K in the CNC nomenclature.

0104The thread production process takes place in this linear section, in particular for producing the thread turn 50 in the first working phase according to FIGS. 1 and 2, and becomes a thread of thread depth T._G as the interval length of the penetration depth T, in particular from T = 0 to T₀, over the interval length or the rotation angle range cp_G of the angle of rotation f, in particular from f = 0 ° to f = fo. In the example in FIG. 3, the thread production process (first working phase) takes place from f = 0 ° to f = fo and from the corresponding penetration depth T = 0 mm to T = - 16 mm.

0105The slope of the straight line in FIG. 3 between f = 0 and f = fo corresponds to the axial feed speed of the tool 2, which is synchronized with the angle of rotation f according to the thread pitch P.

0106The temporal dependence of the angle of rotation cp (t) as a function of time t and thus the depth of penetration T (t) as a function of time t can in principle be varied during the thread production process, even over a wide range. However, the rotational speed dcp / dt and the axial feed speed dT / dt are preferably constant during the working movement VB. If the rotational speed dcp / dt is changed, the axial feed speed dT / dt, that is, the derivation of the penetration depth T after the time t, must also be adjusted accordingly so that the synchronization of the axial feed Z according to the relationship Z = P / 360 ° remains.

0107This is the well-known kinematics implemented in machine tool controls or CNC controls during thread production by means of an axially working thread tool such as a tap or thread former.

0108Following the thread production process (first working phase), especially in the second working phase, there is a braking process or a braking movement AB in a rotation angle range Df between the rotation angle values ​​fo and f_H and an associated penetration depth range DT, which in the example of FIG. 3 from T (fo) = - 16 mm to T (f_H) = - 17 mm is enough. At the end of the braking movement AB, a reversal point UP is reached, at which the tool 2 comes to a standstill both with regard to the rotary movement and with regard to the axial feed movement. At the reversal point UP, the maximum rotation angle range fi_ for producing the threaded hole is reached, where fi_. = CP_G + Df, and the maximum penetration depth T_L for the threaded hole, where T_L = T_G + DT. During the braking process or the braking movement AB, the axial feed speed depending on the angle of rotation, which corresponds to the slope of the graph for the function T (f), is reduced in accordance with a dependency or function, which is preferably strictly monotonous (slope always falling) or is monotonous (the slope is falling and possibly also zero in some sections), but it can also rise slightly in some sections. Preferably, the gradient is successively reduced in a predetermined number n of individually defined programmed or stored partial steps or braking steps S, the total number or number n being a natural number with n> 1, generally 200> n> 2, in particular 20> n> 5, and where i is the counting index for the braking step S, and is between 1 and n, that is to say 1 <i <n.

0109In each sub-step or braking step S, a synchronization of the axial feed T (or of the feed speed dT / dt) and the angle of rotation f (or the speed of rotation dcp / dt) is set or programmed by each in accordance with the control of a threading process Braking step S, with 1 &lt;i &lt;n an associated predetermined function T, (f) with an associated value interval [Ti-i, Ti] over the associated rotation angle interval [f, -i, f,] is assigned or programmed.

0110The function T, (f) is preferably linear, so the graph (idealized) is a straight line.

0111The programmed or stored slope increases from each braking step Si to the next braking step S,_{+ i} gradually or successively, ie | dTi / dcp | > | dT_{+ i}/ dcp |. The slope corresponds to a slope parameter.

0112In an advantageous embodiment, this pitch parameter is programmed as a pitch in the CNC control, in particular as an interpolation parameter along the z axis or the thread axis M in a G33, in particular G331 and G332, path condition. This means that the path conditions or G functions already specified in the control programming can be used and only the input parameter of the thread pitch has to be successively changed or reprogrammed.

0113Thus, in each braking step S, the associated slope parameter Pi = | dTi / dcp | programmed or set, where

0114pi_{+ i} &lt;Pi for all i with 1 &lt;i &lt;n. Furthermore,

0115Pi &lt;P ie the pitch in the second working phase or during the braking movement AB is smaller than the thread pitch P during the first working phase. In particular, but without restricting the generality, P, = P (n - i) / n. This applies to Pi to P, for example_ni, then for P_n a value less than P_ni is selected, e.g. P_ni/2.

0116In particular, Pi is chosen as close as possible to P. Furthermore, P_n > 0 and selected as close as possible to 0.

0117The values ​​of P, can be selected, for example, in such a way that a continuous movement into the free-cutting area is possible from the thread pitch movement. In particular, the speed of the tool should be maintained if possible. As a result, various conditions can be formulated, for example, which can be mapped in approximation functions.

0118The following applies in every braking step S, for all i with 1 &lt;i &lt;n:

0119T (f) = Ti-i - (Pi / 360 °) (cp - cpi-i) for fe [(pi-i, f,] with the boundary conditions T (f, -i) = T, -i and T (f,) = T, The angle of rotation range Df for the braking movement AB in the second working phase is generally chosen to be smaller than the angle of rotation range cp_G for thread production in the first working phase, in particular Df <0.5 q> G and preferably Df <0.2 cp_G selected. This can depend in particular on the size of the usable thread length. Another influencing factor is the intended function in the undercut. If, in addition to braking, you also want to make additional rotations to cut the chips free, revolutions can be added (see below for FIGS. 6 and 7)

0120The penetration depth range (or: the maximum penetration depth) DT for the braking movement AB in the second working phase is generally chosen to be smaller than the penetration depth range or the thread length T_G for thread production in the first working phase, in particular DT &lt;0.5 TG, preferably DT &lt;0.2 T_G selected.

0121The penetration depth range DT for the braking movement AB can in particular be chosen equal to P. A penetration depth range DT smaller than P is also possible in order to keep the threaded hole depth smaller, for example 0.5 P or 0.25 P. For reasons of machining, it may also be advantageous to have larger undercut heights or a larger penetration depth range DT to choose, especially up to 2 P and in exceptional cases also larger.

0122FIG. 4 now shows an exemplary embodiment of a braking movement AB in an enlarged view of the lower right area of ​​the diagram in FIG. 3 in a rotation angle range Df and an associated penetration depth range DT.

0123In FIG. 4, n = 10 is selected by way of example and without any restriction of generality, and thus ten braking steps Si to Sio with the associated gradient parameters Pi to Pio are shown.

0124The rotation angle range Df is divided accordingly into the n = 10 rotation angle intervals [fo, fi], [fi, 92], ..., [fmi, cp.], [Cp ,, cpi + i], ... [ f₉, fio] and these intervals are the corresponding penetration depth intervals [T₀, Ti], [Ti, T₂], ..., pV i_/ Ti], [Ti, Ti + i], ..., [T₉, Tio], into which the penetration depth range DT is divided, which in the example of FIG. 4 ranges from T (fo) = -16 mm to T (fio) = - 17 mm and / or corresponds to the thread pitch - P = - 1 mm. A sub-step Si corresponds to each interval.

0125In FIG. 4, unlike in FIG. 3, the difference angle of rotation starting from fo is recorded. If the same values ​​are to be entered in FIG. 4 on the rotational angle axis for f as in FIG. 3, then all values ​​on the horizontal axis have to be added with the value of fo, which in FIG. 3 is 5800 °, for example. The braking movement AB begins at the angle of rotation value fo and the associated penetration depth value To and ends at the end angle of rotation value fio and the associated penetration depth value Tio.

0126Each of these intervals of each braking step S is now assigned an associated pitch parameter Pi, in particular as a thread pitch or interpolation parameter of the CNC control, that is to say the two intervals [f₀, fi] and [T₀, Ti] the slope Pi, the interval pair [fi, f₂] and [Ti, T₂] the slope P₂ and so on up to the slope Pi₀ for the last pair of intervals [f₉, fio] and [T₉, Tio].

0127The slope values ​​Pi to Pio are chosen so that P,_{+ i} &lt;Pi is for i = 1 to i = 10 in FIG. 4 or n in FIG. 3. In each section or braking step S, the thread pitch Pi to Pio remains constant, so that essentially straight sections of the graph of the function T ( f) result in which a synchronized "thread movement" takes place, that is, the axial feed speed corresponds to the quotient of R, / 360 °.

0128In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the penetration depth intervals in the braking steps S have been chosen to be the same size for all i with 1 &lt;i &lt;n (here, for example, n = 10), so that the length of the intervals Ti - T₀ = T₂ - Ti = T, - T, -i = T,₊i - T, = T_n - Tn-i is chosen to be equal or equidistant, that is

0129Ti - Ti-i = DT / n in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 4 is chosen as - 1 mm / 10 = - 0.1 mm.

0130Since the axial feed is selected to be constant in each section or subinterval in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 4, since T,₊i - T, for all i is chosen to be the same or equidistant, there is a decreasing pitch P, and thus decreasing axial feed rate, increasing rotation angle intervals f,₊i - cp, fϊ + 1 - cpi> cp - fί-1 in the rotation angle range Df in the braking steps S ,. Ie the rotation angle distance f₂ - fi is smaller than the rotation angle distance f₃ - f₂ and the angle of rotation distance cp _ί + 1 - f, is greater than the angular distance cp, - f, -i. The last section covers the largest angular distance or angular range between the angular values ​​fio - q> 9. This corresponds to a continuous braking process which is slowed down in each partial section or braking step S.

0131During the braking movement AB, the temporal dependence of the rotational speed dcp / dt and the axial feed speed dT / dt are selected or controlled or programmed so that the tool 2 at the reversal point UP = (f_H, T_n) or (fio, Tio) comes to rest, i.e. dcp / dt = 0 and dT / dt = 0 at f = f_H or T = T_n or with f = fio or T = Tio.

0132The reduction in the rotational speed dcp / dt and the axial feed speed dT / dt to 0 depending on the time t can, for example, take place continuously during the braking movement AB or, for example, only in the last braking step S_n or Sio.

0133The real, not exactly linear, but somewhat rounded curves of the graphs in the braking steps Si to Sio in FIG. 4 follow physically from the inertia of the drive system, in particular the control system, including its interpolation routines for smoothing the transitions, and the machine drives and the mass inertia of the moving components.

0134Ideally represented or stored in the programming of the braking movement itself, however, the described sequence of linear functions or lined up linear sections with a gradually decreasing incline, that is to say a gradually decreasing feed rate in each case, results in the individual braking steps S, for example Si to Sio.

0135Before initiating an extension or reversing movement, an intermediate step can possibly be carried out, for example a cleaning process. Here, for example, chip root remnants can be removed by further turning the tool or the circumferential groove can be cleaned of remnants of the thread tips in order to get a cleaner cylindrical area. Then a screw could be screwed in even better.

0136After reaching the reversal point UP, in one embodiment, as shown in particular in FIG. 3 and FIG. 5, a reversing movement or backward movement RB is initiated, which initially includes an acceleration movement BB in a first reversing phase until it is threaded into the thread 50 and in a second reversing phase a backward movement RB, in which the tool 2 is threaded outwards in synchronization with the thread 50.

0137In an advantageous embodiment, the control curve or function according to FIG. 3 can be used or run through in reverse order.

0138The rotational movement is reversed for the backward movement RB or BB from the forward rotation direction VD into the reverse rotation direction RD, ie the rotation angle f starting from f = f_H or f = fio preferably reduced at the reversal point UP or turned back in the negative direction until finally the initial value f = 0 is reached again and the tool 2 emerges from the workpiece 6. The dependency or function T (f), which is preferably taken over unchanged, now leads to the fact that the depth of penetration T becomes smaller in magnitude as the angle of rotation decreases, that is, from T = T_n or T = Tio at the reversal point UP again decreases to T = 0 at the entry point EP at f = 0, which is thus also the exit point. In particular, the first reversing phase corresponds to the second working phase and the second reversing phase corresponds to the first working phase.

0139In particular, an embodiment for the second working phase, such as, for example, according to FIG. 4, can also be used in a reversed sequence for the first reversing phase.

01405 shows an exemplary embodiment of how in the first reversing phase, starting from the reversal point UP, the same dependency or function T (f) is used in the opposite order for the acceleration movement BB in reverse of the braking movement AB, for example according to FIGS. 3 and 4 can.

0141However, other functions T (f) and sub-steps than in FIG. 5 can also be used, which preferably relate to the point (fo, T₀,) at which the braking movement AB also began or the first working phase ended, so that the correct threading point for the tool for the return can be reached through the thread 50.

0142Starting from the end angle value f_H or fio, in reverse order, an acceleration phase as the first reversing phase with an acceleration movement BB is carried out with the same incremental steps. However, these steps are now acceleration steps S._j with n + 1 &lt;j &lt;2 n, starting with Sn to S in FIG₂o for n = 10.

0143Each of these acceleration steps S is assigned_j an associated rotation angle interval [fio, fii], [fh, fΐ2], ..., [fp, cpj], [yί, Fί + i], ... [fh, f2o], where f] from the first Reverse phase simply f, corresponds to the second work phase if you set i + j = n. The slope parameters also remain the same, only in reverse order, that is to say in FIG. 5, they are run through from right to left from Pio via Pg, Ps to Pi for the sections of the control curve according to FIG. 4 until the depth value T₀ is achieved. According to FIG. 5, the new angle value fii is assumed in time after the angle value fio and corresponds to the interval [fio, fii] the interval [Tio, Tg] with the thread pitch Pio and the subsequent angle interval [fp, fi₂] the penetration depth interval [Tg, Ts] with the corresponding thread pitch Pg etc. up to the last section of [cpig, f₂₀] corresponding to [Ti, T₀] with the pitch Pi.

0144The linear section of the curve from fo to f = 0 corresponding to the penetration depth T of T is then in the opposite direction of FIG. 3₀ run through to T = 0. The axial feed speed corresponding to the slope of the straight line in FIG. 1 during the backward movement is now P / 360 ° with the opposite direction. As a result, the tool is guided in reverse through the thread generated in the forward movement, without the thread being damaged in the thread being produced. The backward movement is thus synchronized exactly like the forward movement, only with the direction of rotation reversed, so that the angle f differs from the angle f_H just backwards decreases in its value down to f = 0 and the thread depth of T = T now also with reverse axial feed speed₀ until T = 0 increases mathematically.

0145Using the same control curve or function T (f) as in the forward movement VB in the two working phases also in the backward movement RB in the two reversing phases has the advantage, on the one hand, that the tool 2 can be controlled in a position-specific or movement-precise manner is in the correct position, particularly when threading into the thread turn 50, and in this way the forces during reversing can be kept very low and / or a high reversing or extending speed is made possible.

0146In one embodiment of an implementation of the described dependencies or functions for T (f), the values ​​of the penetration depth T are used as input parameters measured or specified by the control or programming, and the associated values ​​of the angle of rotation f result from the dependency by means of the assigned slope parameters P and P ,. A CNC program for tapping or tapping can therefore be selected, in particular with a G33, in particular G331 and G332, path condition with the thread pitch to be entered, and a sequence or set of values ​​for the depth of penetration can now be specified, for which a new one Thread pitch parameter is switched, the thread pitch parameter being maintained until the next value of the penetration depth.

0147A sequence would be, for example

0148Working process: With the penetration depth T = 0, select the thread pitch parameter P and keep it until T = T₀ at. A speed or rotational speed is set.

0149^■ With T = To change to the thread pitch parameter Pi and keep it until T = Ti.

0150^■ With T = Ti change to the thread pitch parameter P,_{+ i} and keep it until T = T,_{+ i} for for all i with 1 &lt;i &lt;n.

0151^■ Reduce the speed of rotation or speed to 0 at T = T_n, and preferably for that

0152Reversierbeweauna:

0153^■ At T = T_n reverse the axial feed movement and the rotary movement with a set speed or rotational speed and start again in the opposite direction with the thread pitch parameter P_n and keep it until T = T_n-i at.

0154At T = T_j change to the thread pitch parameter P_j and keep it until T = T_j-i at for all j as a descending index with 1 &lt;j &lt;n-1.

0155At T = To select the thread pitch parameter P and keep it until T = 0. Even if this embodiment of the working movement in the second working phase and / or reversing movement in the first reversing phase, which corresponds in particular to a linear interpolation, has advantages due to its simple implementation in existing machine programs, According to the invention, other dependencies or functions or interpolations in individual substeps or subintervals for the relationship between T and f or combinations thereof can also be provided in all embodiments.

0156In the described linear interpolation, in particular according to FIGS. 4 and 5, the linear curve sections or graph sections are continuously attached to one another, ie the starting points (f,, T,) of each interval correspond to the end points of the respectively preceding interval and at the first interval the end point (fo, To) of the linear graph of the thread generation. These connection points are also called support points.

0157In all embodiments or interpolations, instead of linear sections, curve sections or graph sections can also be selected which are continuously differentiated (or: linked, connected). This means that not only does the start point of each interval coincide with the end point of the previous interval, ie there is a constant transition at the connection points between the intervals, but also the graph sections or their functions can also be differentiated in these connection points and their derivation have the same value. This results in smooth or continuously differentiable transitions between the graphs in the individual braking steps or intervals, which is conducive to the movement sequence. The transition in the angle of rotation fo from the thread-generating movement in the first working phase to the braking movement AB in the second working phase or, accordingly, preferably also from the first reversing phase to the second reversing phase, is preferably continuously differentiable or selected with the same pitch. Examples of functions that are suitable for such a continuously differentiable interpolation are polynomials of a higher degree than 1, especially third degree such as cubic splines.

0158Spline interpolation can be used here. By a 3rd degree polynomial function as a spline function

0159T (cp) = a₃ cp³ + a₂ f² + 3i f + 3o with the boundary conditions common for spline interpolation, for example, a function that is continuous down to the third derivative can be created.

0160Furthermore, a continuous, in particular strictly monotonous or monotonically falling function can also be used for the braking process or at least a predominant part of the braking steps Si, for example an exponential function or logarithmic function

0161In a further embodiment of an implementation of the dependencies or functions described for T (f), the values ​​of the angle of rotation f are used as input parameters measured or specified by the control or programming, and the associated values ​​of the penetration depth T result from the dependency ability using the slope parameters P and P ,.

0162In a third variant, the time can also be specified as an input parameter and the values ​​of the angle of rotation cp (t) and the depth of penetration T (t) result from the dependence on the time t and the dependency on one another by means of the gradient parameters P and P ,.

0163In one embodiment, the control or synchronization can take place in an open control or control circuit without measuring the process variables penetration depth and angle of rotation. Each angle of rotation value is assigned a penetration depth value using a value table or by calculation according to the stored formulas, and the rotary drive and axial drive are controlled accordingly. In a further embodiment, at least one of the two process variables penetration depth and angle of rotation can also be measured, and the measured values ​​can be fed back into the control in order to implement regulation in accordance with the setpoint curve shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 in a closed control loop. The angle of rotation cp is generally determined in the area of ​​the drive, in particular the drive spindle, by means of angle of rotation sensors or measurement of physical quantities which are clearly related to the angle of rotation. In principle, however, it is also possible to measure the angle of rotation directly on the tool 2.

0164The penetration depth T can be measured by axial position sensors and here again generally on the drive, in particular the drive spindle, or in a special embodiment on the tool or workpiece itself.

0165In further embodiments, a leveling step or constant circulation step can additionally take place in the second working phase, during which the penetration depth T (f) = const. is or at least no further feed movement is carried out in the forward direction. The direction of rotation of the rotary movement preferably remains the same during the equalization step, ie it is not reversed.

0166Such embodiments are explained below using exemplary embodiments and FIGS. 6 and 7.

0167In one embodiment, for example according to FIG. 6, when the maximum penetration depth DT is reached at an angle of rotation f_H-i the corresponding value T (f) for the subsequent step S_n up to the angle of rotation f_H kept constant at the reversal point UP, ie T (f_H-i) = T_ni = T_n = T (f_H).

0168In a further embodiment, for example according to FIG. 7, the maximum penetration depth DT is already at an angle of rotation f_h-2 with the corresponding value T (f_h-2) = T n-₂ reached. Now the value T (f) for the subsequent step S_ni up to the angle of rotation f_H-i again reduced, ie the axial feed direction reversed, and the depth of penetration to the value T (f_H-i) = T_ni &lt;T_n-2 reduced. This reduction is comparatively small in FIG. 7. The tool therefore runs in the circumferential groove with a slight reversing feed. This defined movement in the negative T direction away from the bottom of the bore can be advantageous in order to further improve the undercut or the circumferential groove with regard to screwability. From the angle of rotation f_H7 also shows the corresponding value T (f) for the subsequent step S in FIG_n up to the angle of rotation f_H kept constant at the reversal point UP, ie T (f_H-i) = T_ni = T_n = T (f_H). However, a relatively large and / or rapid return movement and / or an axial back and forth movement of the tool during leveling can also take place, especially with an already (largely) circumferential groove, which also has an axial feed per 360 ° can have, which is even larger than the thread pitch P.

0169The tool and its thread teeth thus rotate in step S_n on a circular or cylindrical path without gradient or even in step S_ni with a positive slope again outward in the workpiece by a small amount.

0170This movement serves in particular to equalize the circumferential groove and to clean the surface of the workpiece, to evacuate the threaded hole as completely as possible from chip material and, if necessary, also to reduce tension between the workpiece and tool that was previously created by the machining forces. The step S_n as the last step of the braking movement AB in FIGS. 6 and 7 and also the penultimate step S_ni 7 can thus also be referred to as a leveling step.

0171The total angle of rotation f_H - f_H-i of the equalization step S_n in FIG 6 and f_H - f_h-2 of the equalization step S_n and S_ni in FIG. 7 can be freely selected within wide limits, for example between 180 ° and 2000 °, and is generally chosen to be larger, for example 3 times larger than the angle of rotation f_H-i - fo in FIG. 6 or cp_n-2 - fo in FIG. 7 of the previous monotonically falling section (transition area).

0172In the case of the reversing movement RB, the equalization step according to FIG. 6 or 7 can also be omitted partially or completely in the first reversing phase. The measures according to the invention can be used to achieve advantageous movement sequences in the transition into the free cut (circumferential groove) as well as in the free cut itself. The working speed of the tool can be as high and constant as possible. The machine (incl.control) can map the movement highly dynamically. A screwable geometry can also be created in the free cut or the circumferential groove.

0173If you look at the conditions on the machine, you can see that there is a physical inertia and inertia in the drives and in the control system in the system. To get the speed out of the thread even in the undercut, ie the circumferential groove to be held high, the machine is in a position to realize this movement, preferably at a high path speed, in particular by a constant movement path of the z-axis (variable T) and the rotation axis (variable f). This then affects the high and steady speed of the effective tool teeth and cutting edges. This, in turn, is beneficial for even machining.

0174In order to program the machine, the theoretical trajectories can be transferred to corresponding NC blocks. In this case, slight deviations or approximations (in the form of, for example, composite helix movements) can occur.

0175FIGS. 8 to 10 show exemplary embodiments in a diagram in which the depth of penetration T is again plotted against the angle of rotation f for the second working phase (and possibly the first reversing phase).

0176FIG. 8 shows three exemplary embodiments with graphs or curves 71 to 73, in which a constant drilling depth per pitch, as in the example in FIG. 4, is selected for three different values.

0177FIG. 9 shows three exemplary embodiments with graphs or curves 74 to 76, in which a constant angle of rotation per pitch is selected for three different values. 10 shows an exemplary embodiment with a graph or a curve 77 which corresponds to an exponential function, for example according to

-P

0179T = -e ^^x + 1; where fd is the flank diameter and x is a consecutive natural number.

018010 also shows an exemplary embodiment with a graph or a curve 78, which is created by means of a cubic spline function.

0181The theoretical curves or functions described can in particular be represented by a corresponding number of individual NC control data records. FIG. 11 now shows an exemplary embodiment for the temporal dependence or control of the angle of rotation f = cp (t) as a function of the time t over the entire cycle between the entry point EP and the reversal point UP and back again. The penetration depth T (cp (t)) results as a function of the time t on the basis of the selected dependency T (f), which in the exemplary embodiment shown corresponds to a linear interpolation as in FIG. 4, but of course also to another dependency as above described can follow.

0182Reference numerals list

01832 Tool

01843 drilling area

01854 thread production area

01865 threaded hole

01876 workpiece

018820 work area

018921 shaft

019030, 31 main cutting

019140 first thread tooth

019241 second thread tooth

019350 thread

019451, 52, 53 groove

019555 thread profile

019660 Workpiece surface

019771, 72, 73 graph

019874, 75, 76 graph

019977, 78 graph

0200a slot length

0201A tool axis

0202AB braking movement b thread gap

0203BB acceleration movement c thread profile width d core hole diameter

0204D threaded hole diameter

0205E, El, E2 transverse plane

0206M central thread axis

0207P thread pitch

0208Pi to Pio slope parameters

020951 to Sio braking step

0210Sn to S₂o Acceleration step t end ring depth

0211T_G thread depth

0212T_L Threaded hole depth

0213T₀ to T ₁₀ depth value

0214Ti, T_n depth value

0215DT penetration depth range

0216UP reversal point

0217VB forward movement

0218RB backward movement

0219F Summed angle of rotation

0220Df angle of rotation range fo to cp₂o Angle of rotation value

0221Angle of rotation value d thread pitch angle