Filtering method, moving image decoding method, moving image encoding method, moving image decoding apparatus, moving image encoding apparatus, and moving image encoding/decoding apparatus

[Technical Field]

0001The present invention relates generally to a filtering method, a moving picture decoding method, a moving picture coding method, a moving picture decoding apparatus, a moving picture coding apparatus, and a moving picture coding and decoding apparatus.

[Background Art]

0002Intra Pulse Code Modulation (IPCM) blocks are blocks of uncompressed video or image samples where luma and chroma samples are coded in the coded stream. These blocks are used in the case when the entropy coding unit produces more bits rather than reduces bits when coding the blocks of image samples. In other words, the pixel values of the IPCM blocks are not compressed, ant thus the raw pixel values of the original image are used. The IPCM block is introduced in the H.264/AVC video compression standard.

0003A filtering method in H.264 (the filtering method described in Section 8.7 of the H.264 standard) defines that a filter strength for a boundary between two blocks is normally determined based on the average value of a value aPp derived from a quantization parameter QPp of a first macroblock and a quantization parameter QPq of a second macroblock. No decoding is performed for these blocks. However, post-decoding processing (including filtering such as deblocking filtering) is still performed on the block boundaries which tend to be a cause of deterioration in image quality (for example, see Non-patent Literature (NPL) 1).

[Citation List]

[Non Patent Literature]

0004<b>[NPL 1]</b> ISO/IEC 14496-10 "MPEG-4 Part 10 Advanced Video Coding"

[Summary of Invention]

[Technical Problem]

0005There are demands for performing more appropriate filtering on the boundary between such an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block.

0006In view of this, the present invention provides a filtering method for enabling more appropriate filtering on the boundary between such an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block.

[Solution to Problem]

0007In order to achieve the aforementioned problem, a filtering method according to an aspect of the present invention is a filtering method of performing deblocking filtering on a boundary between an Intra Pulse Code Modulation (IPCM) block and a non-IPCM block which are adjacent to each other in an image, and this filtering method includes: determining a first quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block; determining a second quantization parameter for the IPCM block and for determining a filter strength, using the first quantization parameter; determining the filter strength, using the first quantization parameter and the second quantization parameter; and performing the deblocking filtering on the boundary, using the determined filter strength.

[Advantageous Effects of Invention]

0008With this, the present invention provides a filtering method for enabling more appropriate filtering on the boundary between an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block.

[Brief Description of Drawings]

0009<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>[<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>] <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is a flowchart illustrating a concept of filtering at a block boundary described in Section 8.7 "Deblocking filter process" in the H.264 Standard;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>] <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is a flowchart illustrating a concept of filtering at a block boundary described in Section 8.7 "Deblocking filter process" in the H.264 Standard;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>] <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> is a flowchart illustrating a concept of filtering at a block boundary described in Section 8.7 "Deblocking filter process" in the H.264 Standard;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>] <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref> is an illustration of a filter strength in a filtering method according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref>] <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref> is a flowchart of a filtering method according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref>] <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref> is a block diagram of a moving picture coding apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7A</figref>] <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7A</figref> is an illustration of an example of a block boundary according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7B</figref>] <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7B</figref> is an illustration of an example of a block boundary according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8A</figref>] <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8A</figref> is an illustration of operations performed by a filtering unit according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8B</figref>] <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8B</figref> is an illustration of operations performed by a filtering unit according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref>] <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref> is a block diagram of an image decoding apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10A</figref>] <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10A</figref> is an illustration of an exemplary structure of filtering units according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10B</figref>] <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10B</figref> is an illustration of an exemplary structure of a filtering unit according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10C</figref>] <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10C</figref> is an illustration of an exemplary structure of filtering units according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10D</figref>] <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10D</figref> is an illustration of an exemplary structure of a filtering unit according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10E</figref>] <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10E</figref> is an illustration of an exemplary structure of filtering units according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10F</figref>] <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10F</figref> is an illustration of an exemplary structure of filtering units according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10G</figref>] <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10G</figref> is an illustration of an exemplary structure of filtering units according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10H</figref>] <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10H</figref> is an illustration of an exemplary structure of a filtering unit according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0012">FIG. 11</figref>] <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 11</figref> is a flowchart of a filtering method according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 12</figref>] <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 12</figref> is a flowchart of a filtering method according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0014">FIG. 13</figref>] <figref idref="f0014">FIG. 13</figref> is an illustration of filter strengths and block units according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0015">FIG. 14A</figref>] <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 14A</figref> is an illustration of an application range of a flag when a filter is ON according to a comparison example of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0015">FIG. 14B</figref>] <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 14B</figref> is an illustration of an application range of a flag when a filter is ON according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0016">FIG. 15</figref>] <figref idref="f0016">FIG. 15</figref> is a flowchart of a moving picture coding method according to a variation of Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0017">FIG. 16</figref>] <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 16</figref> is a flowchart of a moving picture decoding method according to a variation of Embodiment 1 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0018">FIG. 17</figref>] <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 17</figref> is a block diagram of a moving picture coding apparatus according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0019">FIG. 18</figref>] <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 18</figref> is a block diagram of an image decoding apparatus according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0020">FIG. 19</figref>] <figref idref="f0020">FIG. 19</figref> is a flowchart of a filtering method according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0021">FIG. 20</figref>] <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 20</figref> is a flowchart of specific examples of a filtering method according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0022">FIG. 21</figref>] <figref idref="f0022">FIG. 21</figref> is a flowchart of a moving picture coding method according to a variation of Embodiment 2 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0023">FIG. 22</figref>] <figref idref="f0023">FIG. 22</figref> is a flowchart of a moving picture decoding method according to a variation of Embodiment 2 of the present invention;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0024">FIG. 23</figref>] <figref idref="f0024">FIG. 23</figref> shows an overall configuration of a content providing system for implementing content distribution services;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0025">FIG. 24</figref>] <figref idref="f0025">FIG. 24</figref> shows an overall configuration of a digital broadcasting system;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0026">FIG. 25</figref>] <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 25</figref> shows a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a television;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0027">FIG. 26</figref>] <figref idref="f0027">FIG. 26</figref> shows a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of an information reproducing/recording unit that reads and writes information from and on a recording medium that is an optical disk;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0028">FIG. 27</figref>] <figref idref="f0028">FIG. 27</figref> shows an example of a configuration of a recording medium that is an optical disk;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0029">FIG. 28A</figref>] <figref idref="f0029">FIG. 28A</figref> shows an example of a cellular phone;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0029">FIG. 28B</figref>] <figref idref="f0029">FIG. 28B</figref> is a block diagram showing an example of a configuration of a cellular phone;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0030">FIG. 29</figref>] <figref idref="f0030">FIG. 29</figref> illustrates a structure of multiplexed data;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0031">FIG. 30</figref>] <figref idref="f0031">FIG. 30</figref> schematically shows how each stream is multiplexed in multiplexed data;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0032">FIG. 31</figref>] <figref idref="f0032">FIG. 31</figref> shows how a video stream is stored in a stream of PES packets in more detail;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0033">FIG. 32</figref>] <figref idref="f0033">FIG. 32</figref> shows a structure of TS packets and source packets in the multiplexed data;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0034">FIG. 33</figref>] <figref idref="f0034">FIG. 33</figref> shows a data structure of a PMT;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0035">FIG. 34</figref>] <figref idref="f0035">FIG. 34</figref> shows an internal structure of multiplexed data information;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0036">FIG. 35</figref>] <figref idref="f0036">FIG. 35</figref> shows an internal structure of stream attribute information;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0037">FIG. 36</figref>] <figref idref="f0037">FIG. 36</figref> shows steps for identifying video data;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0038">FIG. 37</figref>] <figref idref="f0038">FIG. 37</figref> shows an example of a configuration of an integrated circuit for implementing the moving picture coding method and the moving picture decoding method according to each of embodiments;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0039">FIG. 38</figref>] <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 38</figref> shows a configuration for switching between driving frequencies;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0040">FIG. 39</figref>] <figref idref="f0040">FIG. 39</figref> shows steps for identifying video data and switching between driving frequencies;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0041">FIG. 40</figref>] <figref idref="f0041">FIG. 40</figref> shows an example of a look-up table in which video data standards are associated with driving frequencies;</li><li>[<figref idref="f0042">FIG. 41A</figref>] <figref idref="f0042">FIG. 41A</figref> is a diagram showing an example of a configuration for sharing a module of a signal processing unit; and</li><li>[<figref idref="f0042">FIG. 41B</figref>] <figref idref="f0042">FIG. 41B</figref> is a diagram showing another example of a configuration for sharing a module of the signal processing unit.</li></ul>

[Description of Embodiments]

(Underlying Knowledge Forming Basis of the Present Disclosure)

0010The inventors have found the problem indicated below.

0011Before giving descriptions of embodiments of the present invention, a description is given of inter-pixel filtering (deblocking filtering)in a boundary between an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block in coding and decoding in H.264.

0012<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is a flowchart illustrating a concept of filtering at a block boundary described in Section 8.7 "Deblocking filter process" in the H.264 Standard.

0013<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> schematically shows the boundary between the two macroblocks one of which is the non-IPCM macroblock (the left side in the illustration) and the other is the IPCM macroblock (the right side in the illustration). Three circles positioned at the left side in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> show three pixels (typically, denoted as p0, p1, and p2 sequentially from the boundary). These left-side three pixels belong to a first block (p block) in a first unit (a coded unit block, hereinafter referred to as a CU block). These three pixels also belong to a first macroblock of a non-IPCM type in a macroblock unit block (hereinafter referred to as an MB) that is a unit larger than the first unit.

0014Likewise, three circles positioned at the right side in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> show three pixels (typically, denoted as q0, q1, and q2 sequentially from the boundary). These three pixels belong to a second block (a q block) in the first unit. These three pixels also belong to a second macroblock of an IPCM type in an MB.

0015Hereinafter, a CU block that belongs to a macroblock of an IPCM type is referred to as an IPCM block, and a CU block that belongs to a macroblock of a non-IPCM block is referred to as a non-IPCM block. In other words, a non-IPCM block means a bock that is not an IPCM block.

0016Hereinafter, a description is given of a method of determining a filter strength that is applied to pixels q0, q1, p0, and p1 across the block boundary (or a boundary between block units larger than the unit of coding).

0017A filtering method in H.264 (the filtering method described in Section 8.7 of the H.264 standard) defines that a filter strength for a boundary between two blocks is normally determined based on the average value of a value aPp derived from a quantization parameter QPp of a first macroblock and a quantization parameter QPq of a second macroblock.<maths id="math0001" num="(expression 1)"><math display="block"><mrow><mi>QPav</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mi>QPp</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>QPq</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced><mo>></mo><mo>></mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mi>QPp</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced><mo>></mo><mo>></mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math><img file="EP3661201A1_D0001.tif" /></maths>

0018This (Expression 1) shows the following calculation. Filter strengths are designed such that a stronger (in smoothness) filter is applied as the value of a quantization parameter is larger, with an aim to, for example, absorb a quantization error.

0019In the illustration, a left-side quantization parameter QPp is a quantization parameter that is coded for the first macroblock (p-side block). For convenience, QP used here is equivalent in meaning to a value qP that is used for the purpose of filtering. In addition, a right-side quantization parameter QPq is a quantization parameter that should be applied to the second macroblock (q-side block).

0020Here, as described in Section 8.7.2 of the H.264 Standard, the value of the quantization parameter qPq (QPq in the illustration) of the IPCM block is set to 0. In other words, "Both sides filtered with weak strength" is realized. This means that, as for a boundary between two blocks, a filter having a filter strength is applied to both the blocks. This also means that it is impossible to differentiate filter strengths for the respective two blocks. In other words, filtering using the same filter strength is executed on both the blocks across the boundary between an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block.

0021<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is a flowchart illustrating a concept of filtering at a block boundary described in Section 8.7 "Deblocking filter process" in the H.264 Standard.

0022This flowchart roughly explains the following three points regarding an H.264 filter.

(1) Order of determining filter strength (bS) in Clause 8.7.2.1

0023Step S101 corresponds to the process of "Deviation process for the luma content dependent boundary filtering strength" described in Section 8.7.2.1. This process determines a filter strength in filtering on a block boundary according to a block type and the like. Here, the filter strength is classified into a level among levels ranging from strong filtering (bS = 4) to no filtering (bS = 0). This point is described with reference to <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>.

(2) Process of setting quantization parameter qPz = 0 for IPCM block

0024Steps S102 to S107 are processes for setting a value of a quantization parameter qP for determining a filter strength as described with reference to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>. As for normal non-IPCM blocks (No in Step S102 or S105), the quantization parameter QP [i] (i denotes 0 or 1) of a macroblock to which the non-IPCM block belongs is set as a quantization parameter qP [i] for determining a filter strength (Step S103 and S106). On the other hand, when a current block is an IPCM block (Yes in S102 or S105), the quantization parameter qP of the IPCM block is set to 0 (Step S104 and S107).

0025Next, in Step S108, qPav is calculated according to (Expression 1).

(3) One bS (or filterSampleFlag) is shared by both blocks

0026Hereinafter, a description is given of applying a determined filter strength (a value) (or a determination flag specifying whether to perform filtering or not) in common to two blocks across a boundary.

0027First, after Step S108, calculation using Expressions from 8-462 to 8-467 in the Standard is performed. More specifically, (1) derivation of an index for slight adjustment of a filter strength that is set in Step S101 and (2) derivation of a threshold value for edge determination are performed.

0028Then, the filter strength determined through these processes is set to both the blocks (S109). More specifically, even when the filter strength bS is any one of 1 to 4, the value derived using the common bS deriving method is applied to the two blocks. For example, when the filter strength bS = 4 is satisfied, the value of the pixel p of the first block is derived using Expressions (8-486 and 8-487) in the Standard. In addition, the value of the pixel q included in the second block is derived using the same filter strength as the filter strength used in the derivation of the value of the pixel p. Furthermore, a determination on whether to perform filtering (derivation of the value of filterSamplesFlag (also referred to as a filtering execution flag)) is performed in preparation for, for example, a case where a block boundary is finally found to be an actual edge. More specifically, this determination is made by comparison between two threshold values (two_threths (α, β)) derived in Step S109 and actual pixel values of p and q (see Expression (8-468) in the Standard). However, as described above, it is impossible to set different values (or execution or non-execution) as the filter strengths bS or the filtering execution flags for the respective two blocks.

0029In other words, in H.264, it is impossible to perform processing suitable for IPCM when seen within a filtering process.

0030<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> is a flowchart indicating the order of deciding (order of determining) a filter strength (bS) that is applied to pixels located across a boundary between two macroblocks, as described in Clause 8.7.2.1 of the Standard. This flowchart illustrates the determination order in Step S101 shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, and conforms to the determination flow in Clause 8.7.2.1 of the Standard.

0031First, a determination is made as to whether the boundary defined by the pixel p0 in the first block and the pixel q0 in the second block also corresponds to a boundary between macroblocks or not (S121). In other words, a determination is made as to whether p0 and q0 are located across the macroblock boundary.

0032When the block boundary between the processing targets is not a macroblock boundary (No in S121), the filter strength (bS) is determined to be any one of 3, 2, 1, and 0 that is smaller than N (= 4) (S124).

0033On the other hand, when the block boundary between the processing targets is a macroblock boundary (Yes in S121), a determination is made as to whether one (or both) of p0 and q0 belongs to a macroblock coded using the intra prediction mode (S122).

0034When both the blocks do not belong to a macroblock coded using the intra prediction mode (No in S122), a determination based on another determination factor is executed (S125).

0035On the other hand, when at least one of the blocks belongs to a macroblock coded using the intra prediction mode (Yes in S122), the filter strength is (always) set to bS = 4 that means the highest strength without considering any other determination factor (S123).

0036In this way, the conventional filtering method does not make it possible to execute internal filtering processes for such two blocks that are located across the boundary in different manners (in terms of filter strengths and application or non-application of a filter). In addition, the Standard considers processes up to the determination of a filter strength focusing on IPCM, but does not make it possible to perform control for outputting raw pixel values of an IPCM block when one of the blocks is an IPCM block and the other is a non-IPCM block.

0037An IPCM block is a block including pixel values faithfully showing "the original image" without a coding loss. Accordingly, in the filtering process, it is desirable to control filtering at the boundary with an IPCM block or to control application of a filter to the IPCM block.

0038In addition, as described above, the filter strength for the boundary between two blocks is generally determined based on the value qPp derived from the quantization parameter QPp for the first macroblock and the value qPav derived from the quantization parameter QPq for the second macroblock. Furthermore, the value of the quantization parameter qPq for the IPCM block is set to 0. In this way, the average value qPav for determining the filter strength for the boundary between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block is half the value of the quantization parameter QPq for the non-IPCM block. In other words, the average value qPav is inevitably small at the boundary between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block, compared to a normal case (of the boundary between non-IPCM blocks). In this way, the inventors have found that it is impossible to set an appropriate filter strength for the boundary between such an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block.

0039In view of this, a filtering method according to an aspect of the present invention is a filtering method of performing deblocking filtering on a boundary between an Intra Pulse Code Modulation (IPCM) block and a non-IPCM block which are adjacent to each other in an image, and this filtering method includes: determining a first quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block; determining a second quantization parameter for the IPCM block and for determining a filter strength, using the first quantization parameter; determining the filter strength, using the first quantization parameter and the second quantization parameter; and performing the deblocking filtering on the boundary, using the determined filter strength.

0040In this way, with the filtering method according to the aspect of the present invention, it is possible to determine the quantization parameter for the IPCM block, using the quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block. In this way, with the filtering method, it is possible to perform appropriate filtering on the boundary between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block, compared to the case of using zero as the quantization parameter for the IPCM block.

0041In addition, in the determining of a second quantization parameter, a value of the second quantization parameter may be set to be same as a value of the first quantization parameter.

0042In addition, in the determining of the filter strength, an average value between the first quantization parameter and the second quantization parameter may be calculated, and the filter strength may be determined using the calculated average value.

0043Furthermore, a moving picture decoding method according to an aspect of the present invention is a moving picture decoding method of decoding a coded bit stream, and this moving picture decoding method includes: parsing the coded bit stream and obtain difference information indicating that a difference between a quantization parameter for a block which is located immediately before a current block to be processed in processing order and a quantization parameter for the current block is zero; and the filtering method, wherein, in the determining of a second quantization parameter, a value of the second quantization parameter is set to be same as a value of the first quantization parameter according to the difference information.

0044In this way, with the moving picture decoding method according to the aspect of the present invention, it is possible to determine the quantization parameter for the IPCM block according to difference information that is used for another purpose. Thus, with the moving picture decoding method, it is possible to appropriately determine the quantization parameter for the IPCM block without adding, to the moving picture decoding apparatus, any function for performing special processing on the IPCM block.

0045In addition, in the determining of a second quantization parameter, when the non-IPCM block is located immediately before the IPCM block in the processing order, the value of the second quantization parameter may be set to be the same as the value of the first quantization parameter according to the difference information.

0046In addition, the moving picture decoding method may further include: decoding the coded bit stream to generate a quantized coefficient; performing inverse quantization and inverse transform on the quantized coefficient to generate a decoded residual signal; and adding a prediction image signal to the decoded residual signal to generate a decoded image signal, wherein the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block may be included in the decoded image signal, the moving picture decoding method may further include performing prediction using an image signal resulting from the deblocking filtering in the filtering method, to generate the prediction image signal.

0047In addition, the moving picture decoding method may further include switching between decoding that conforms to a first standard and decoding that conforms to a second standard according to an identifier indicating one of the first standard and the second standard, the identifier being included in the coded bit stream, wherein when the identifier indicates the first standard, the parsing and the filtering method may be performed as the decoding that conforms to the first standard.

0048Furthermore, a moving picture coding method according to an aspect of the present invention is a moving picture coding method of coding an input image signal to generate a coded bit stream, and this moving picture coding method includes: the filtering method; and generating the coded bit stream including difference information indicating that a difference between a quantization parameter for a block which is located immediately before a current block to be processed in processing order and a quantization parameter for the current block is zero, the difference information being generated as information indicating that the value of the second quantization parameter is same as the value of the first quantization parameter.

0049In this way, with the moving picture coding method according to the aspect of the present invention, it is possible to transmit, to the moving picture decoding apparatus, information that allows the moving picture decoding apparatus to determine the quantization parameter for the IPCM block using the difference information used for another purpose. Thus, with the moving picture decoding method, the moving picture decoding apparatus can appropriately determine the quantization parameter for the IPCM block without the need that the moving picture decoding apparatus has a function for performing special processing on the IPCM block.

0050In addition, in the generating, the bit stream may be generated when the non-IPCM block is located immediately before the IPCM block in the processing order.

0051In addition, the moving picture coding method may further include: subtracting a prediction image signal from the input image signal to generate a residual signal; performing transform and quantization on the residual signal to generate a quantized coefficient; coding the quantized coefficient to generate the coded bit stream; performing inverse quantization and inverse transform on the quantized coefficient to generate a decoded residual signal; and adding the predicted image signal to the decoded residual signal to generate a decoded image signal, wherein the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block may be included in the decoded image signal, the moving picture coding method may further include performing prediction using an image signal resulting from the deblocking filtering in the filtering method, to generate the prediction image signal.

0052Furthermore, a moving picture decoding apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention is a moving picture decoding apparatus which performs deblocking filtering on a boundary between an Intra Pulse Code Modulation (IPCM) block and a non-IPCM block which are adjacent to each other in an image, and this moving picture decoding apparatus includes: a first quantization parameter determining unit configured to determine a first quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block; a second quantization parameter determining unit configured to determine a second quantization parameter for the IPCM block and for determining a filter strength, using the first quantization parameter; a filter strength determining unit configured to determine the filter strength, using the first quantization parameter and the second quantization parameter; and a filter unit configured to perform deblocking filtering on the boundary, using the determined filter strength.

0053With this structure, the moving picture decoding apparatus according to the aspect of the present invention determines the quantization parameter for the IPCM block, using the quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block. In this way, the moving picture decoding apparatus can perform more appropriate filtering on the boundary between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block, compared to the case of using zero as the quantization parameter for the IPCM block.

0054Furthermore, a moving picture coding apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention is a moving picture coding apparatus which performs deblocking filtering on a boundary between an Intra Pulse Code Modulation (IPCM) block and a non-IPCM block which are adjacent to each other in an image, and this moving picture coding apparatus includes: a first quantization parameter determining unit configured to determine a first quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block; a second quantization parameter determining unit configured to determine a second quantization parameter for the IPCM block and for determining a filter strength, using the first quantization parameter; a filter strength determining unit configured to determine the filter strength, using the first quantization parameter and the second quantization parameter; and a filter unit configured to perform deblocking filtering on the boundary, using the determined filter strength.

0055With this structure, the moving picture coding apparatus according to the aspect of the present invention determines the quantization parameter for the IPCM block, using the quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block. In this way, the moving picture coding apparatus can perform more appropriate filtering on the boundary between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block, compared to the case of using zero as the quantization parameter for the IPCM block.

0056In addition, the moving picture coding and decoding apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention includes the moving picture coding apparatus and the moving picture decoding apparatus.

0057These general and specific aspects may be implemented using a system, a method, an integrated circuit, a computer program, or a computer-readable recording medium such as a CD-ROM, or any combination of systems, methods, integrated circuits, computer programs, or computer-readable recording media.

0058Hereinafter, moving picture decoding apparatuses and moving picture coding apparatuses according to an aspect of the present invention are described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying Drawings.

0059Each of the exemplary embodiments described below shows a specific example of the present invention. The numerical values, shapes, materials, structural elements, the arrangement and connection of the structural elements, steps, the processing order of the steps etc. shown in the following exemplary embodiments are mere examples, and therefore do not limit the scope of the present invention. Therefore, among the structural elements in the following exemplary embodiments, structural elements not recited in any one of the independent claims defining the most generic concept are described as arbitrary structural elements.

[Embodiment 1]

0060Hereinafter, a description is given of a filtering method according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

0061<figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates a concept of a method of determining a factor for application of the filtering method according to this embodiment and determining a filter strength of an inter-pixel filter. Three circles in the illustration show pixels included in the first block as in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>. The same elements as in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> among the remaining elements are not described again.

0062A filtering method according to this embodiment is for filtering a plurality of blocks included in an image. Typically, the filtering method is applied to deblocking filtering that is performed on a boundary between adjacent blocks. Hereinafter, a description is given of an example of applying deblocking filtering to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention. However, the present invention is also applicable to in-loop filtering (Adaptive Loop Filter) other than deblocking filtering.

0063The filtering method according to this embodiment is different from the filtering method described with reference to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> in the points indicated below.

0064First, unfiltered pixel values are output as the pixel values of three pixels of the block that is IPCM at the right side in the illustration.

0065In addition, control is performed to differentiate filtering for the first block and filtering for the second block. For example, a filter is applied to one (at the left side) of the blocks across the boundary in the illustration, and no filter is applied to the other (at the right side). In this way, such control for performing the different filtering processes between the blocks is performed.

0066Next, the filter strength for the left-side block to which the filter is applied is derived based only on the quantization parameter QPp of the left-side block. In other words, the filter strength of the non-IPCM block at the left side is derived without using the quantization parameter QPq of the right-side macroblock or any other substitute fixed value (0 in the conventional example).

0067A determination regarding IPCM in H.264 shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is made as to whether the IPCM is an IPCM macroblock or not. Here, such a determination is made as to whether the IPCM is a prediction unit (PU) that has a variable size. In other words, an IPCM block below is a block that belongs to a PU block of an IPCM type, and a non-IPCM block is a block that belongs to a PU block of a non-IPCM type.

0068Hereinafter, these operations are described with reference to the drawings.

0069<figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref> is a flowchart of a processing order in a filtering method according to this embodiment.

0070The filtering method according to this embodiment is executed as a part of coding processes or decoding processes. Accordingly, this filtering method is executed by one of a filtering unit in a coding loop within a moving picture coding apparatus shown in <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref> described later and a filtering unit in a decoding loop within a moving picture decoding apparatus shown in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref> described later, and a control unit for controlling the filter.

0071The control unit determines whether the PU block type of one of the two blocks sharing the boundary is IPCM or not (S201). In the exemplary case of <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>, the right-side PU block is an IPCM block, and thus the one is determined to be of an IPCM type. More specifically, the control unit executes this determination using a macroblock type, or an attribute parameter of image data such as a motion compensation block size.

0072When at least one of the two blocks is an IPCM block (Yes in S201), the control unit determines whether the other of the two blocks is an IPCM block or not (S202). For example, as in the case of the illustration in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>, the right-side block is an IPCM block. Accordingly, the control unit determines whether the other block that is the left-side block is an IPCM block or not.

0073In other words, in steps S201 and S202, the control unit determines whether each of the blocks is an IPCM block or a non-IPCM block. More specifically, the control unit determines (1) whether both of the two blocks are non-IPCM blocks (No in S201), and (2) whether both of the two blocks are IPCM blocks (Yes in S202) or (3) whether one of the blocks is an IPCM block and the other is a non-IPCM block (No in S202).

0074When the other block is an IPCM block (Yes in S202), that is, when both the blocks are IPCM blocks, filtering is skipped for the pixels p and q of both the blocks (both of the first block and the second block (S203).

0075On the other hand, when the other block is not an IPCM block (No in S202), that is, only one of the blocks is an IPCM block, and the other is a non-IPCM block, the control unit performs control for causing the filtering unit to execute filtering in Steps S204 and S205.

0076First, the filtering unit executes filtering using a predetermined strength on pixels included in the non-IPCM block (for example, the three pixels at the left side in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>), and outputs the filtered pixel values as the pixel values of the non-IPCM block (S204). In addition, this filtering also uses pixel values of an IPCM block, in addition to the pixel values of the non-IPCM block. More specifically, the filtering unit smoothes the pixel values of the non-IPCM block and the pixel values of the IPCM block to calculate the pixel values of the filtered non-IPCM block.

0077In addition, the filtering unit outputs the unfiltered pixel values for the pixels included in the IPCM block (pixels q0, q1,... at the q side) (S205). Here, the unfiltered pixel values are output in the following two conceivable cases.

0078A first method is a method of filtering a non-IPCM block, and outputting the original pixel values of an IPCM block without filtering.

0079A second method is a method of filtering both of a non-IPCM block and an IPCM block, replacing the pixel values of the IPCM block among the filtered pixel values by the original pixel values before the filtering, and outputting the replacement pixel values. In any one of the cases, the IPCM block's pixel values that are output are the original pixel values before the execution of the filtering.

0080The filtering method can be regarded as involving control for taking different filtering approaches (filter strengths, application or non-application of a filter, and the number(s) of pixels in the application) between the blocks.

0081The filtering (especially, operations by the control unit and the filtering unit) in Steps S204 and S205 are described later with reference to <figref idref="f0006 f0007 f0008">FIGS. 6 to 8</figref>.

0082In addition, when both the blocks are non-IPCM blocks in Step S201 (No in S201), the control unit performs default filtering operation (S206). In other words, the control unit executes filtering using a predetermined filter strength on both the blocks.

0083Hereinafter, a description is given of a moving picture coding apparatus which performs the filtering method.

0084<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref> is a functional block diagram of a moving picture coding apparatus 100 according to this embodiment. The moving picture coding apparatus 100 shown in <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref> codes an input image signal 120 to generate a coded bit stream 132. The moving picture coding apparatus 100 comprises a subtractor 101, an orthogonal transform unit 102, a quantization unit 103, an inverse quantization unit 104, an inverse orthogonal transform unit 105, an adder 106, a filtering unit 115, a memory 109, a prediction unit 110, a variable length coding unit 111, a selecting unit 112, and a control unit 113.

0085The subtractor 101 calculates a difference between the input image signal 120 and a prediction image signal 130 to generate a residual signal 121. The orthogonal transform unit 102 performs orthogonal transform on the residual signal 121 to generate a transform coefficient 122. The quantization unit 103 quantizes the transform coefficient 122 to generate the quantized coefficient 123.

0086The inverse quantization unit 104 performs inverse quantization on the transform coefficient 123 to generate the transform coefficient 124. The inverse orthogonal transform unit 105 performs inverse orthogonal transform on the transform coefficient 124 to generate a decoded residual signal 125. The adder 106 adds the decoded residual signal 125 and the prediction image signal 130 to generate a decoded image signal 126.

0087The filtering unit 115 filters the decoded image signal 126 to generate an image signal 128, and stores the generated image signal 128 in the memory 109.

0088The prediction unit 110 selectively performs intra prediction and inter prediction using the image signal 128 stored in the memory 109 to generate a prediction image signal 130.

0089The variable length coding unit 111 performs variable length coding (entropy coding) on the quantized coefficient 123 to generate a coded signal 131.

0090The selecting unit 112 selects the input image signal 120 when a current block is an IPCM block, and selects a coded signal 131 when a current block is a non-IPCM block. Then, the selecting unit 112 outputs the selected signal as a coded bit stream 132.

0091The control unit 113 controls the filtering unit 115 and the selecting unit 112.

0092Here, the orthogonal transform unit 102 and the quantization unit 103 are examples of transform and quantization units which generate a quantization coefficient by performing transform and quantization on the residual signal. In addition, the variable length coding unit 111 is an example of a coding unit which codes the quantized coefficient to generate a coded signal. In other words, the inverse quantization unit 104 and the inverse orthogonal transform unit 105 are examples of an inverse quantization unit and an inverse transform unit which generate a decoded residual signal by performing inverse quantization and inverse transform on the quantized coefficient.

0093Here, especially major elements of the moving picture coding apparatus 100 according to this embodiment are the control unit 113 and the filtering unit 115.

0094As described above, the filtering method according to this embodiment is executed as parts of the coding processes and the decoding processes. Accordingly, the filtering unit 115 is located before the memory 109 for holding reference pictures etc. The filtering unit 115 stores, in the memory 109 in the loops, the result of executing the filtering (or the result of skipping the filtering). In this respect, the filtering unit 115 is the same as a filter called a Loop filter in H.264.

0095In addition, the filtering unit 115 has two input lines. A first one of the input signals is a decoded image signal 126 representing the pixel values of the non-IPCM block, and a second one of the input signals is an input image signal 120 representing the pixel values of the IPCM block. Here, the decoded image signal 126 is a reconstructed coded image signal after being subjected to transform, quantization, inverse quantization, and inverse transform. In addition, the input image signal 120 is the original image signal which is not subjected to the coding and decoding.

0096Under control of the control unit 113, the filtering unit 115 outputs the unfiltered original pixel values of the IPCM block, and filters the pixel values of the non-IPCM block and outputs the filtered values.

0097This filtering unit 115 includes a filter unit 107 and a selecting unit 108. The filter unit 107 filters the decoded image signal 126 to generate an image signal 127. The selecting unit 108 selects the image signal 127 when a current block is an IPCM block, and selects an input image signal 120 when a current block is a non-IPCM block and then outputs the selected signal as an image signal 128.

0098Each of <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7A and 7B</figref> is an illustration of an example of pixels across a boundary between two blocks. In the example shown in <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7A</figref>, the two blocks are adjacent to each other in the horizontal direction. Here, the block including the pixels p0 to pn at the left side is referred to as a first block. This first block is a non-IPCM block. In addition, the other block is referred to as a second block. This second block is an IPCM block. Here, as shown in <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7B</figref>, the filtering in this embodiment is naturally applicable in the case where an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block are adjacent to each other in the vertical direction.

0099Hereinafter, a description is given of a specific example of operations by the filtering unit 115.

0100Each of <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B</figref> is an illustration of operations performed by the filtering unit 115 in the case of filtering pixels p [i] and q [j] included in the two blocks illustrated in <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 7A</figref>. In other words, the first block belongs to the non-IPCM block, and the second block is the IPCM block.

0101The filtering unit 115 performs operations shown in <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B</figref> according to a control signal from the control unit 113.

0102<figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8A</figref> is an illustration of an operation by the filtering unit 115 on the non-IPCM block. This operation corresponds to Step S204 shown in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref>. In other words, the filtering unit 115 calculates output results pf0, pf1,... of the pixels corresponding to the first block, using both the pixel values (p0, p1,...) of the first block and the pixel values (q0, q1,...) of the second block.

0103<figref idref="f0008">FIG. 8B</figref> is an illustration of operations by the filtering unit 115 on the IPCM block. This operation corresponds to Step S205 shown in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref>. In other words, the filtering unit 115 outputs the same values (unfiltered pixel values) as the input values q0, q1, and q2, for the pixels of the second block.

0104Hereinafter, a description is given of a moving picture decoding apparatus which performs the filtering method.

0105<figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref> is a functional block diagram of a moving picture decoding apparatus according to this embodiment.

0106The moving picture decoding apparatus 200 shown in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref> decodes the coded bit stream 232 to generate an output image signal 220. Here, the coded bit stream 232 is, for example, a coded bit stream 132 generated by the moving picture coding apparatus 100.

0107This moving picture decoding apparatus 200 comprises an inverse quantization unit 204, an inverse orthogonal transform unit 205, an adder 206, a filtering unit 215, a memory 209, a prediction unit 210, a variable length decoding unit 211, a distributing unit 212, and a control unit 231.

0108The distributing unit 212 supplies the coded bit stream 232 to the filtering unit 215 when a current block is an IPCM block, and supplies the coded bit stream 232 to the variable length decoding unit 211 when a current block is a non-IPCM block.

0109The variable length decoding unit 211 performs variable length decoding (entropy decoding) on the coded bit stream 232 to generate a quantized coefficient 223.

0110The inverse quantization unit 204 performs inverse quantization on the transform coefficient 223 to generate the transform coefficient 224. The inverse orthogonal transform unit 205 performs inverse orthogonal transform on the transform coefficient 224 to generate a decoded residual signal 225. The adder 206 adds the decoded residual signal 225 and the prediction image signal 230 to generate a decoded image signal 226.

0111The filtering unit 215 filters the decoded image signal 226 to generate an image signal 228, and stores the generated image signal 228 in the memory 209.

0112This filtering unit 215 includes a filter unit 207 and a selecting unit 208. The filter unit 207 filters the decoded image signal 226 to generate an image signal 227. The selecting unit 208 selects the image signal 227 when a current block is an IPCM block, and selects an input image signal 232 when a current block is a non-IPCM block and then outputs the selected signal as an image signal 228.

0113In addition, the image signal 228 stored in the memory 209 is output as an output image signal 220.

0114The prediction unit 210 selectively performs intra prediction and inter prediction using the image signal 228 stored in the memory 209 to generate a prediction image signal 230.

0115The control unit 213 controls the filtering unit 215 and the distributing unit 212.

0116Here, the variable length decoding unit 211 is an example of a decoding unit which decodes the coded bit stream to generate a quantized coefficient.

0117Here, operations by the filtering unit 215 are the same as operations by the filtering unit 115 of the moving picture coding apparatus 100. The control unit 213 is different from the control unit 113 included in the moving picture coding apparatus 100 in the point of determining whether the PU unit type of the first block or the second block is IPCM or not from the coded bit stream 232 that is an input coded string, but is the same in the other functions.

0118Hereinafter, descriptions are given of structures of variations of the filtering units 115 and 215.

0119Each of <figref idref="f0010 f0011">FIG. 10A to FIG. 10H</figref> is an illustration of a conceivable implementation regarding a filter input-output relationship of filtering units 115 and 215.

0120As shown in <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10A</figref>, each of the filter units 107 and 207 may include filter units 301 and 302 connected in series. For example, the first filter unit 301 and the second filter unit 302 may perform different processes. In this case, for example, the whole filtering processes are bypassed for the IPCM block.

0121As shown in <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10B</figref>, the filter unit 311 may perform filtering using both the input signals. In this case, the selecting unit 312 outputs unfiltered values for the IPCM block, and the filter unit 311 outputs filtered values for the non-IPCM block.

0122As shown in <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10C</figref>, it is also good to perform filtering processes different between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block. For example, different filtering processes may be filtering processes using different filter strengths. In addition, for example, the filter strength for the IPCM block may be lower than the filter strength for the non-IPCM block.

0123More specifically, the distributing unit 321 outputs the input signal to the filter unit 322 when a current block is a non-IPCM block, and outputs the input signal to the filter unit 323 when a current block is an IPCM block. Here, the input signals include both the decoded image signal 126 and the input image signal 120. The filter unit 322 performs filtering of a first filter strength using the input signal to generate pixel values of the current block. The filter unit 322 performs filtering using a second filter strength lower than the first filter strength to generate pixel values of the current block. The selecting unit 324 outputs the pixel values of the current block filtered by the filter unit 322 when the current block is the non-IPCM block, and outputs the pixel values of the current block filtered by the filter unit 323 when the current block is the IPCM block.

0124As shown in <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 10D</figref>, processing on the IPCM block does not always need to be performed. More specifically, the distributing unit 331 outputs the input signal to the filter unit 332 when a current block is a non-IPCM block, and outputs the input signal to the selecting unit 333 when a current block is an IPCM block. The selecting unit 333 outputs the pixel values of the current block filtered by the filter unit 332 when the current block is the non-IPCM block, and outputs the pixel values of the current block in the signal from the filter unit 331 when the current block is the IPCM block.

0125As shown in <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10E</figref>, it is possible to switch input sides of filter units instead of switching output sides of the filter units. Furthermore, the numbers of the stages of filter units are different between an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block. More specifically, the distributing unit 341 outputs the input signal to the filter unit 342 when a current block is a non-IPCM block, and outputs the input signal to the filter unit 344 when a current block is an IPCM block. The filter unit 342 performs filtering using the input signal. The filter unit 343 performs filtering using the signal filtered by the filter unit 342, and outputs the pixel values of the current filtered block. The filter unit 344 performs filtering using the input signal, and outputs the pixel values of the current filtered block. Here, the filtering performed by the filter unit 344 may be the same as or different from the filtering performed by the filter unit 342 and the filtering performed by the filter unit 343.

0126As shown in <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10F</figref>, it is possible to switch output sides of filter units. More specifically, the filter unit 351 performs filtering using the first input signal. The filter unit 352 performs filtering using the signal filtered by the filter unit 351, and outputs the pixel values of the current filtered block. The filter unit 353 performs filtering using the second input signal, and outputs the pixel values of the current filtered block. The selecting unit 354 outputs the pixel values of the current block filtered by the filter unit 352 when the current block is the non-IPCM block, and outputs the pixel values of the current block filtered by the filter unit 353 when the current block is the IPCM block.

0127Here, outputting an unfiltered value involves replacing a pixel value resulting from filtering by the original input value p and outputting the replacement value.

0128As shown in <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10G</figref>, it is possible to use a signal filtered in one of two lines in filtering that is performed in the other line. More specifically, the filter unit 361 performs filtering using the second input signal. The filter unit 352 performs filtering using the first input signal and a signal filtered by the filter unit 361. The selecting unit 363 outputs the pixel values of the current block filtered by the filter unit 362 when the current block is the non-IPCM block, and outputs the pixel values of the current block filtered by the filter unit 361 when the current block is the IPCM block. The selecting unit 363 may output the pixel values of the current block filtered by the filter unit 362 when the current block is the IPCM block, and output the pixel values of the current block filtered by the filter unit 361 when the current block is the non-IPCM block.

0129As shown in <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 10H</figref>, a value stored once in the memory 373 may be used as an input. More specifically, the selecting unit 371 selects one of the input signal and the signal stored in the memory 373. The filter unit 372 performs filtering using the signal selected by the selecting unit 371.

0130These are examples, and thus it is only necessary for the filtering unit 115 according to this embodiment to exert a function of finally "outputting unfiltered values for the pixels in an IPCM block".

0131Hereinafter, a description is given of a modified version of a filtering method according to this embodiment. <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 11</figref> is a flowchart of operations in the modified version of the filtering method according to this embodiment.

0132It has been described that filtering is applied to the non-IPCM block in Step S204 of <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref> and unfiltered pixel values of the IPCM block are output in Step S205 of <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref>. However, these processes may be realized in the steps indicated below. For example, it is possible to perform processes shown in <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 11</figref> instead of Steps S204 and S205 shown in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref>.

0133First, pixel values of a first block (block [0]) and a second block (block y [1]) adjacent to each other are obtained (S221). Here, for example, the first block is a non-IPCM block, and the second block is an IPCM block.

0134Next, a filter strength bS [0] that is applied to the first block and a filter strength bS [1] that is applied to the second block are derived (S222 and S223). Here, the filter strength bS [0] and the filter strength bS [1] show different strengths. In the conventional art, only one filter strength is set for a block boundary. For example, in this embodiment, the filter strength for the IPCM block is set lower than the filter strength for the non-IPCM block.

0135Next, both the blocks are filtered using the filter strength bS [0], and the pixel values of the second block after the filtering are output (S125). Next, both the blocks are filtered using the filter strength bS [1], and the pixel values of the second block after the filtering are output (S225).

0136Here, it is possible to control application or non-application of filtering by setting the value of the filter strength to 0. In other words, it is also good to derive for each of the blocks a flag (filterSamplesFlag) for controlling application or non-application of filtering.

0137As described above, the filtering method according to this embodiment makes it possible to execute filtering on one of the blocks using the first filter strength and execute filtering on the other block using the second filter strength. In addition, the filtering method makes it possible to perform such processing in filtering processes.

0138<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 12</figref> is a flowchart of operations in a variation of the filtering method according to this embodiment. The processes shown in <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 12</figref> further include Step S401, in addition to the processes shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>.

0139This Step S401 is added to provide an appropriate filter strength to an IPCM block which is inevitably determined to be a block that is intra predicted. In Step S401, a determination is made as to whether at least one of the first block and the second block is an IPCM block or not. When at least one of the first block and the second block is the IPCM block (Yes in S401), a filter strength (bS) is determined to be any one of 3, 2, 1, and 0 that is smaller than N (= 4) (S124). In addition, when both the first block and the second block are non-IPCM blocks (No in S401), the filter strength is set to bS = N which means the highest strength (S123).

0140In the case of the filtering method shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, when one or both of the blocks is a macroblock coded using the intra prediction mode (Yes in S122), the filter strength itself is always set to be bS = 4 which means the highest strength without considering any other determination factor.

0141On the other hand, in the case of this embodiment's variation shown in <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 12</figref>, when one or both of the blocks is a macroblock coded using the intra prediction mode (Yes in S122) and when one of the blocks is an IPCM block (Yes in S401), a filter strength (bS = 0 to 3) lower than the filter strength (bS = 4) set in Step S123 is set.

0142<figref idref="f0014">FIG. 13</figref> is an illustration of filter strengths determined using the filtering method according to this embodiment and block units which define a boundary.

0143As shown in <figref idref="f0014">FIG. 13</figref>, when a macroblock MB [0] is a macroblock coded using the inter prediction mode and a macroblock MB [1] is a macroblock coded using the intra prediction mode (Yes in S122) and when both the first and second blocks are non-IPCM blocks (No in S401), bS = 4 is set to both the blocks (S123).

0144On the other hand, when a PU block [0] is coded using a non-IPCM mode and a PU block [1] is coded using an IPCM mode, that is, when a CU block [0] is a non-IPCM block and a CU block [1] is an IPCM block (Yes in S401), bS = any one of 0 to 3 is set to each of the CU block [0] and CU block [1]. In this example, bS = 0 is set to the CU block [1] that is an IPCM block, and bS = any one of 1 to 3 is set to the CU block [0] that is a non-IPCM block.

0145Each of <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B</figref> is an illustration of a state in which an application range of a flag indicating that a filter is ON is extended by handling an IPCM block according to this embodiment. <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 14A</figref> shows, as a comparison example, a case of not applying an approach in this embodiment. <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 14B</figref> shows a case of applying the approach in this embodiment.

0146As shown in <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 14B</figref>, it is possible to extend the application range of the flag indicating that a filter is ON by using the filtering method according to this embodiment.

0147As described above, the filtering method according to this embodiment employs, for the determination, an implicit code interpretation rule that the filtering unit or the control unit "does not filter an IPCM block" in the in-loop filtering. In this way, as shown in <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B</figref>, it is possible to specify whether a filter is enabled or disabled for a coded string in a larger range. In this way, the filtering method according to this embodiment reduces the amount of bits.

0148Although examples of applying this embodiment to deblocking filtering have been described in the above descriptions, but similar methods are applicable to other processing. For example, it is possible to apply the processing to adaptive loop filtering (ALF) or adaptive offset, instead of the deblocking filtering.

0149The deblocking filtering is filtering that is used for a reconstructed pixel sample that is located near a block boundary. Deblocking filtering reduces noise that is generated at the block boundary due to quantization that is performed on a block-by-block basis.

0150Adaptive loop filtering is filtering for reducing noise in a target pixel by using pixel values surrounding the target pixel.

0151Adaptive offset is processing performed for each block to add or subtract an offset value to or from a plurality of pixels included in the block.

0152Hereinafter, descriptions are given of the moving picture coding apparatus 100 and the moving picture decoding apparatus 200 in these cases.

0153<figref idref="f0016">FIG. 15</figref> is a flowchart of the moving picture coding method according to a variation of this embodiment.

0154First, the moving picture coding apparatus 100 determines a prediction mode for a current block to be processed (S301). This prediction mode is one of the IPCM mode and the non-IPCM mode.

0155Next, the moving picture coding apparatus 100 writes the determined prediction mode in the coded bit stream 132 (S302). In other words, the variable length coding unit 111 generates the coded bit stream 132 (the coded signal 131) including the determined prediction mode.

0156Next, the moving picture coding apparatus 100 determines whether or not the prediction mode is the IPCM mode (S303). When the prediction mode is the IPCM mode (Yes in S303), the moving picture coding apparatus 100 stores the input image signal 120 in the memory 109 as a reference picture for use in inter or intra prediction (S306).

0157When the prediction mode is the non-IPCM mode (No in S303), the moving picture coding apparatus 100 generates a decoded image signal 126 by reconstructing the blocks of an image sample based on the prediction mode (S304). Next, the moving picture coding apparatus 100 processes the decoded image signal 126 to generate an image signal 128 (S305). This processing includes at least one of deblocking filtering, adaptive loop filtering, and adaptive offset. Next, the moving picture coding apparatus 100 stores the generated image signal 128 in the memory 109 as the reference picture (S306).

0158<figref idref="f0017">FIG. 16</figref> is a flowchart of the moving picture decoding method according to a variation of this embodiment.

0159First, the moving picture decoding apparatus 200 parses a coded bit stream 232 so as to obtain the prediction mode for the current block included in the coded bit stream 232 (S311). This prediction mode is one of the IPCM mode and the non-IPCM mode.

0160Next, the moving picture decoding apparatus 200 determine whether or not the prediction mode is the IPCM mode (S312). When the prediction mode is the IPCM mode (Yes in S312), the moving picture decoding apparatus 200 stores the image signal of the current block included in the coded bit stream 232 in the memory 209 as a reference picture for use in inter or intra prediction (S315).

0161When the prediction mode is the non-IPCM mode (No in S312), the moving picture decoding apparatus 200 generates a decoded image signal 226 by reconstructing the blocks of an image sample based on the prediction mode (S313). Next, the moving picture decoding apparatus 200 processes the decoded image signal 226 to generate an image signal 228 (S314). This processing includes at least one of deblocking filtering, adaptive loop filtering, and adaptive offset. Next, the moving picture decoding apparatus 200 stores the generated image signal 228 in the memory 209 as the reference picture (S315).

[Embodiment 2]

0162A filtering method according to this embodiment is to determine a quantization parameter for an IPCM block using a quantization parameter for a non-IPCM block, in deblocking filtering that is performed on the boundary between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block. For example, according to the filtering method, the value of the quantization parameter for the IPCM block is set to be the same value as the value of the quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block. In this way, according to the filtering method, it is possible to perform filtering using an appropriate filter strength on the boundary between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block.

0163Hereinafter, differences from Embodiment 1 are mainly described, and the same descriptions are not repeated.

0164<figref idref="f0018">FIG. 17</figref> is a block diagram of a moving picture coding apparatus 400 according to this embodiment. The moving picture coding apparatus 400 shown in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 17</figref> performs deblocking filtering on the boundary between an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block adjacent to each other in an image. The moving picture coding apparatus 400 includes: a first quantization parameter determining unit 401; a second quantization parameter determining unit 402; a filter strength determining unit 403; and a filter unit 404. The first quantization parameter determining unit 401, the second quantization parameter determining unit 402, the filter strength determining unit 403, and the filter unit 404 are included in, for example, the filtering unit 115 or the filter unit 107 shown in <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref>. In addition, the moving picture coding apparatus 400 may further include some or all of the plurality of processing units of the moving picture coding apparatus 100 shown in <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 6</figref>.

0165<figref idref="f0019">FIG. 18</figref> is a block diagram of a moving picture decoding apparatus 500 according to this embodiment. The moving picture decoding apparatus 500 shown in <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 18</figref> performs deblocking filtering on the boundary between an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block adjacent to each other in an image. The moving picture decoding apparatus 500 includes: a first quantization parameter determining unit 501; a second quantization parameter determining unit 502; a filter strength determining unit 503; and a filter unit 504. The first quantization parameter determining unit 501, the second quantization parameter determining unit 502, the filter strength determining unit 503, and the filter unit 504 are included in, for example, the filtering unit 215 or the filter unit 207 shown in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref>. In addition, the moving picture decoding apparatus 500 may further include some or all of the plurality of processing units of the moving picture decoding apparatus 200 shown in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 9</figref>.

0166The moving picture coding apparatus 400 and the moving picture decoding apparatus 500 perform similar filtering, and thus the filtering by the moving picture coding apparatus 400 is described below as a representative.

0167<figref idref="f0020">FIG. 19</figref> is a flowchart of a filtering method performed by the moving picture coding apparatus 400 according to this embodiment.

0168First, the first quantization parameter determining unit 401 determines a first quantization parameter 411 for a non-IPCM block (S301). For example, the first quantization parameter determining unit 401 obtains, as the first quantization parameter 411, the quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block used by the quantization unit 103 or the inverse quantization unit 104. Likewise, the first quantization parameter determining unit 401 obtains, as the first quantization parameter 411, for example, the quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block used by the inverse quantization unit 204.

0169Next, the second quantization parameter determining unit 402 determines a second quantization parameter 412 for determining a filter strength for an IPCM block, using the first quantization parameter 411 (S302). For example, the second quantization parameter determining unit 402 determines the second quantization parameter 412 to be the same value as the first quantization parameter 411.

0170Next, the filter strength determining unit 403 determines a filter strength 413 using the first quantization parameter 411 and the second quantization parameter 412 (S303). For example, the filter strength determining unit 403 calculates an average value of the first quantization parameter 411 and the second quantization parameter 412, and determines the filter strength 413 using the calculated average value.

0171Lastly, the filter unit 404 performs deblocking filtering on the boundary between the non-IPCM block and the IPCM block using the determined filter strength 413 (S304).

0172Hereinafter, a specific example of this filtering is described.

0173<figref idref="f0021">FIG. 20</figref> is a flowchart of an example of filtering according to this embodiment.

0174First, the moving picture coding apparatus 400 sets a parameter i to an initial value zero (S411). Next, the moving picture coding apparatus 400 determines whether or not the parameter i is 1 or larger (S412).

0175When the parameter i is 1 or smaller (Yes in S412), the moving picture coding apparatus 400 determines whether or not a block [i] is an IPCM block (S413). Here, the following processing is performed on i = 0 and 1, that are, a block [0] and a block [1]. Here, the block [0] and the block [1] are two blocks adjacent to each other, and share the boundary on which deblocking filtering is performed.

0176When the block [i] is a non-IPCM block (No in S413), the first quantization parameter determining unit 401 calculates a quantization parameter qP [i] using the following Expression 2 (S414).<maths id="math0002" num="(expression 2)"><math display="block"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">qP</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">QPy</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi></mfenced></mrow></math><img file="EP3661201A1_D0002.tif" /></maths>

0177Here, the quantization parameter QPy is a quantization parameter for a luminance component used in a quantization process, and a quantization parameter qP is a parameter for calculating a filter strength. In other words, the first quantization parameter determining unit 401 sets, to the quantization parameter qP [i] for the non-IPCM block, the quantization parameter used in the quantization process on the luminance component of the non-IPCM block.

0178When the block [i] is an IPCM block (Yes in S413), the second quantization parameter determining unit 402 calculates a quantization parameter qP [i] using the following Expression 3 (S415).<maths id="math0003" num="(expression 3)"><math display="block"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">qP</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">QPy</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced><mo>%</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mfenced></mrow></math><img file="EP3661201A1_D0003.tif" /></maths>

0179Expression 3 is qP [0] = QPy [1] when i = 0, and qP [1] = QPy [0] when i = 1. In other words, the second quantization parameter determining unit 402 sets, to the quantization parameter qP [i] for the IPCM block, the quantization parameter used in the quantization process on the luminance component of the non-IPCM block.

0180Next, the moving picture coding apparatus 400 adds "1" to the parameter i, and performs the processes starting with Step S412. More specifically, Steps S413 to S415 are executed on each of the block [0] and the block [1]. In this way, the quantization parameter qP [0] for the block [0] and the quantization parameter qP [1] for the block [1] are calculated.

0181When the sequential processes are completed, the parameter i is set to "2" in Step S416. In this case (No in S412), the filter strength determining unit 403 next calculates a parameter qPav for determining a filter strength, using the following Expression 4 (S417).<maths id="math0004" num="(expression 4)"><math display="block"><mrow><mi>qPav</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mi>qP</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>0</mn></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mi>qP</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>1</mn></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mfenced><mo>></mo><mo>></mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math><img file="EP3661201A1_D0004.tif" /></maths>

0182In other words, the filter strength determining unit 403 sets the parameter qPav to the average value between qP [0] and qP [1].

0183Lastly, the filter strength determining unit 403 determines a filter strength 413 using the parameter qPav. Here, as a method for determining the filter strength 413, it is possible to use, for example, the method described in Embodiment 1.

0184It is assumed here that the block [0] is a non-IPCM block, and the block [1] is an IPCM block. In this case, qPav = qPy [0] + qPy [1] + 1 >> 1 = QP [0] + QPy [0] + 1 >> 1 = QPy [0]. In other words, the parameter qPav that is the filter strength 413 is determined using only the quantization parameter for the luminance component of the non-IPCM block (the block [0]).

0185As described above, the moving picture coding apparatus 400 according to this embodiment can prevent a small filter strength from being set for the boundary between such an IPCM block and a non-IPCM block. In this way, the moving picture coding apparatus 400 is capable of performing filtering using an appropriate filter strength on the boundary between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block.

0186The filtering by the moving picture decoding apparatus 500 is similar to the filtering by the moving picture coding apparatus 400. More specifically, the filtering by the moving picture decoding apparatus 500 is explained by reading the above description of the filtering by the moving picture coding apparatus 400 such that the first quantization parameter determining unit 401, the second quantization parameter determining unit 402, the filter strength determining unit 403, the filter unit 404, the first quantization parameter 411, the second quantization parameter 412, and the filter strength 413 are respectively replaced with the first quantization parameter determining unit 501, the second quantization parameter determining unit 502, the filter strength determining unit 503, the filter unit 504, the first quantization parameter 511, the second quantization parameter 512, and the filter strength 513.

0187In addition, the second quantization parameter determining unit 502 of the moving picture decoding apparatus 500 may determine the second quantization parameter 512 using the first quantization parameter 511 according to a delta QP (ΔQP). Here, the ΔQP is difference information indicating the difference between the quantization parameter for the block that is located immediately before a current block to be processed in processing order (coding order or decoding order) and the quantization parameter for the current block. In other words, when the ΔQP is zero, the second quantization parameter 412 for the IPCM block is set to the same value as the value of the first quantization parameter 411 for the non-IPCM block.

0188Hereinafter, descriptions are given of a flow of the processes of the moving picture coding method and a flow of the processes of the moving picture decoding method in both of which the ΔQP is used.

0189<figref idref="f0022">FIG. 21</figref> is a flowchart of the moving picture coding method according to a variation of this embodiment. The processes shown in <figref idref="f0022">FIG. 21</figref> further include Steps S421 and S422, in addition to the processes shown in <figref idref="f0020">FIG. 19</figref>.

0190In Step S421, the moving picture coding apparatus 400 sets the ΔQP for the IPCM block to "0". Next, the moving picture coding apparatus 400 generates a coded bit stream including ΔQP (S422).

0191In addition, <figref idref="f0023">FIG. 22</figref> is a flowchart of the moving picture decoding method according to the variation of this embodiment. Compared to the processes shown in <figref idref="f0020">FIG. 19</figref>, the processes shown in <figref idref="f0023">FIG. 22</figref> further include Step S431, and includes Step S402A instead of Step S402.

0192In Step S431, the moving picture decoding apparatus 500 parses the coded bit stream to obtain the ΔQP included in the coded bit stream.

0193In Step S402A, the second quantization parameter determining unit 502 determines the second quantization parameter 512 using the first quantization parameter 511 according to the ΔQP. Here, when the current block to be processed is an IPCM block, the ΔQP is set to "0". Thus, according to the ΔQP, the second quantization parameter determining unit 502 sets the second quantization parameter 512 to the same value as the value of the quantization parameter for the block that is located immediately before the current block in the processing order.

0194In other words, when the block located immediately before the processing order is a non-IPCM block, the second quantization parameter for the IPCM block is set to the same value as the value of the first quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block as in the above-described processing. In other words, for the boundary between the IPCM block and the left adjacent non-IPCM block, the quantization parameter for the IPCM block is set to the same value as the value of the quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block. On the other hand, for each of the boundaries above, right, and below the IPCM block, the quantization parameter for the IPCM block is not always set to the same value as the value of the quantization parameter for the non-IPCM block. However, the quantization parameter for the IPCM block is set to the same value as the value of the quantization parameter for the right adjacent block and the value is generally not zero. Thus, the filter strength set in this case is larger than a filter strength that is set in the case of fixedly setting the quantization parameter for the IPCM block to zero. In this case, it is possible to set an appropriate filter strength for the boundary between the IPCM block and the non-IPCM block by setting the ΔQP for the non-IPCM block to "0".

0195Here, the difference information indicating that the ΔQP is "0" and included in the coded bit stream may be information for allowing the moving picture decoding apparatus 500 to determine that the ΔQP is "0". In other words, the difference information may be a parameter explicitly indicating that the ΔQP is "0" or may be another parameter. For example, it is also possible to specify that "ΔQP is assumed to be 0 when the parameter ΔQP is not included in the coded bit stream". In this case, the moving picture coding apparatus 400 generates a coded bit stream without the parameter ΔQP for the IPCM block. In addition, the moving picture decoding apparatus 500 assumes that the ΔQP is zero when the coded bit stream does not include the parameter ΔQP.

0196The filtering methods, the moving picture coding method, the moving picture decoding method, the moving picture coding apparatuses, and the moving picture decoding apparatuses according to the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments.

0197For example, it is also possible to combine at least parts of functions of the filtering methods, moving picture coding method, moving picture decoding method, moving picture coding apparatuses, moving picture decoding apparatuses according to the embodiments and the variations thereof.

0198In addition, the division of functional blocks in each of the block diagrams is exemplary. It is also possible to implement some of the functional blocks as a functional block, divide a functional block into plural blocks, and/or move part of the function(s) to any of the functional blocks. In addition, the functions of the plural functional blocks having functions similar to each other may be exerted in parallel or in time division by hardware or software.

0199In addition, the execution order of the plural steps of each of the filtering methods is provided as an example for specifically explaining the present invention, and thus other orders are also possible. In addition, part of the steps may be executed simultaneously with (in parallel to) any of the other steps.

0200For example, the order of Steps S201 and S202 shown in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 5</figref> is not limited to the described order. In other words, it is only necessary that Steps S204 and S205 are executed as a result when "one of two blocks across a boundary is included in an IPCM block, and the other is not included in an IPCM block". In addition, the order of Steps S204 and S205 may also be arbitrary.

0201Likewise, the order of Steps S222 to S225 shown in <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 11</figref> is not limited to the described order. More specifically, the order of Steps S222 to S225 may be arbitrary as long as Step S224 is after Step S222 and Step S225 is after S223.

[Embodiment 3]

0202The processing described in each of embodiments can be simply implemented in an independent computer system, by recording, in a recording medium, a program for implementing the configurations of the moving picture coding method (image coding method) and the moving picture decoding method (image decoding method) described in each of embodiments. The recording media may be any recording media as long as the program can be recorded, such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magnetic optical disk, an IC card, and a semiconductor memory.

0203Hereinafter, the applications to the moving picture coding method (image coding method) and the moving picture decoding method (image decoding method) described in each of embodiments and systems using thereof will be described. The system has a feature of having an image coding and decoding apparatus that includes an image coding apparatus using the image coding method and an image decoding apparatus using the image decoding method. Other configurations in the system can be changed as appropriate depending on the cases.

0204<figref idref="f0024">FIG. 23</figref> illustrates an overall configuration of a content providing system ex100 for implementing content distribution services. The area for providing communication services is divided into cells of desired size, and base stations ex106, ex107, ex108, ex109, and ex110 which are fixed wireless stations are placed in each of the cells.

0205The content providing system ex100 is connected to devices, such as a computer ex111, a personal digital assistant (PDA) ex112, a camera ex113, a cellular phone ex114 and a game machine ex115, via the Internet ex101, an Internet service provider ex102, a telephone network ex104, as well as the base stations ex106 to ex110, respectively.

0206However, the configuration of the content providing system ex100 is not limited to the configuration shown in <figref idref="f0024">FIG. 23</figref>, and a combination in which any of the elements are connected is acceptable. In addition, each device may be directly connected to the telephone network ex104, rather than via the base stations ex106 to ex110 which are the fixed wireless stations. Furthermore, the devices may be interconnected to each other via a short distance wireless communication and others.

0207The camera ex113, such as a digital video camera, is capable of capturing video. A camera ex116, such as a digital camera, is capable of capturing both still images and video. Furthermore, the cellular phone ex114 may be the one that meets any of the standards such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) (registered trademark), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA). Alternatively, the cellular phone ex114 may be a Personal Handyphone System (PHS).

0208In the content providing system ex100, a streaming server ex103 is connected to the camera ex113 and others via the telephone network ex104 and the base station ex109, which enables distribution of images of a live show and others. In such a distribution, a content (for example, video of a music live show) captured by the user using the camera ex113 is coded as described above in each of embodiments (i.e., the camera functions as the image coding apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention), and the coded content is transmitted to the streaming server ex103. On the other hand, the streaming server ex103 carries out stream distribution of the transmitted content data to the clients upon their requests. The clients include the computer ex111, the PDA ex112, the camera ex113, the cellular phone ex114, and the game machine ex115 that are capable of decoding the above-mentioned coded data. Each of the devices that have received the distributed data decodes and reproduces the coded data (i.e., functions as the image decoding apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention).

0209The captured data may be coded by the camera ex113 or the streaming server ex103 that transmits the data, or the coding processes may be shared between the camera ex113 and the streaming server ex103. Similarly, the distributed data may be decoded by the clients or the streaming server ex103, or the decoding processes may be shared between the clients and the streaming server ex103. Furthermore, the data of the still images and video captured by not only the camera ex113 but also the camera ex116 may be transmitted to the streaming server ex103 through the computer ex111. The coding processes may be performed by the camera ex116, the computer ex111, or the streaming server ex103, or shared among them.

0210Furthermore, the coding and decoding processes may be performed by an LSI ex500 generally included in each of the computer ex111 and the devices. The LSI ex500 may be configured of a single chip or a plurality of chips. Software for coding and decoding video may be integrated into some type of a recording medium (such as a CD-ROM, a flexible disk, and a hard disk) that is readable by the computer ex111 and others, and the coding and decoding processes may be performed using the software. Furthermore, when the cellular phone ex114 is equipped with a camera, the video data obtained by the camera may be transmitted. The video data is data coded by the LSI ex500 included in the cellular phone ex114.

0211Furthermore, the streaming server ex103 may be composed of servers and computers, and may decentralize data and process the decentralized data, record, or distribute data.

0212As described above, the clients may receive and reproduce the coded data in the content providing system ex100. In other words, the clients can receive and decode information transmitted by the user, and reproduce the decoded data in real time in the content providing system ex100, so that the user who does not have any particular right and equipment can implement personal broadcasting.

0213Aside from the example of the content providing system ex100, at least one of the moving picture coding apparatus (image coding apparatus) and the moving picture decoding apparatus (image decoding apparatus) described in each of embodiments may be implemented in a digital broadcasting system ex200 illustrated in <figref idref="f0025">FIG. 24</figref>. More specifically, a broadcast station ex201 communicates or transmits, via radio waves to a broadcast satellite ex202, multiplexed data obtained by multiplexing audio data and others onto video data. The video data is data coded by the moving picture coding method described in each of embodiments (i.e., data coded by the image coding apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention). Upon receipt of the multiplexed data, the broadcast satellite ex202 transmits radio waves for broadcasting. Then, a home-use antenna ex204 with a satellite broadcast reception function receives the radio waves. Next, a device such as a television (receiver) ex300 and a set top box (STB) ex217 decodes the received multiplexed data, and reproduces the decoded data (i.e., functions as the image decoding apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention).

0214Furthermore, a reader/recorder ex218 (i) reads and decodes the multiplexed data recorded on a recording medium ex215, such as a DVD and a BD, or (i) codes video signals in the recording medium ex215, and in some cases, writes data obtained by multiplexing an audio signal on the coded data. The reader/recorder ex218 can include the moving picture decoding apparatus or the moving picture coding apparatus as shown in each of embodiments. In this case, the reproduced video signals are displayed on the monitor ex219, and can be reproduced by another device or system using the recording medium ex215 on which the multiplexed data is recorded. It is also possible to implement the moving picture decoding apparatus in the set top box ex217 connected to the cable ex203 for a cable television or to the antenna ex204 for satellite and/or terrestrial broadcasting, so as to display the video signals on the monitor ex219 of the television ex300. The moving picture decoding apparatus may be implemented not in the set top box but in the television ex300.

0215<figref idref="f0026">FIG. 25</figref> illustrates the television (receiver) ex300 that uses the moving picture coding method and the moving picture decoding method described in each of embodiments. The television ex300 includes: a tuner ex301 that obtains or provides multiplexed data obtained by multiplexing audio data onto video data, through the antenna ex204 or the cable ex203, etc. that receives a broadcast; a modulation/demodulation unit ex302 that demodulates the received multiplexed data or modulates data into multiplexed data to be supplied outside; and a multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303 that demultiplexes the modulated multiplexed data into video data and audio data, or multiplexes video data and audio data coded by a signal processing unit ex306 into data.

0216The television ex300 further includes: a signal processing unit ex306 including an audio signal processing unit ex304 and a video signal processing unit ex305 that decode audio data and video data and code audio data and video data, respectively (which function as the image coding apparatus and the image decoding apparatus according to the aspects of the present invention); and an output unit ex309 including a speaker ex307 that provides the decoded audio signal, and a display unit ex308 that displays the decoded video signal, such as a display. Furthermore, the television ex300 includes an interface unit ex317 including an operation input unit ex312 that receives an input of a user operation. Furthermore, the television ex300 includes a control unit ex310 that controls overall each constituent element of the television ex300, and a power supply circuit unit ex311 that supplies power to each of the elements. Other than the operation input unit ex312, the interface unit ex317 may include: a bridge ex313 that is connected to an external device, such as the reader/recorder ex218; a slot unit ex314 for enabling attachment of the recording medium ex216, such as an SD card; a driver ex315 to be connected to an external recording medium, such as a hard disk; and a modem ex316 to be connected to a telephone network. Here, the recording medium ex216 can electrically record information using a non-volatile/volatile semiconductor memory element for storage. The constituent elements of the television ex300 are connected to each other through a synchronous bus.

0217First, the configuration in which the television ex300 decodes multiplexed data obtained from outside through the antenna ex204 and others and reproduces the decoded data will be described. In the television ex300, upon a user operation through a remote controller ex220 and others, the multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303 demultiplexes the multiplexed data demodulated by the modulation/demodulation unit ex302, under control of the control unit ex310 including a CPU. Furthermore, the audio signal processing unit ex304 decodes the demultiplexed audio data, and the video signal processing unit ex305 decodes the demultiplexed video data, using the decoding method described in each of embodiments, in the television ex300. The output unit ex309 provides the decoded video signal and audio signal outside, respectively. When the output unit ex309 provides the video signal and the audio signal, the signals may be temporarily stored in buffers ex318 and ex319, and others so that the signals are reproduced in synchronization with each other. Furthermore, the television ex300 may read multiplexed data not through a broadcast and others but from the recording media ex215 and ex216, such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, and a SD card. Next, a configuration in which the television ex300 codes an audio signal and a video signal, and transmits the data outside or writes the data on a recording medium will be described. In the television ex300, upon a user operation through the remote controller ex220 and others, the audio signal processing unit ex304 codes an audio signal, and the video signal processing unit ex305 codes a video signal, under control of the control unit ex310 using the coding method described in each of embodiments. The multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303 multiplexes the coded video signal and audio signal, and provides the resulting signal outside. When the multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303 multiplexes the video signal and the audio signal, the signals may be temporarily stored in the buffers ex320 and ex321, and others so that the signals are reproduced in synchronization with each other. Here, the buffers ex318, ex319, ex320, and ex321 may be plural as illustrated, or at least one buffer may be shared in the television ex300. Furthermore, data may be stored in a buffer so that the system overflow and underflow may be avoided between the modulation/demodulation unit ex302 and the multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303, for example.

0218Furthermore, the television ex300 may include a configuration for receiving an AV input from a microphone or a camera other than the configuration for obtaining audio and video data from a broadcast or a recording medium, and may code the obtained data. Although the television ex300 can code, multiplex, and provide outside data in the description, it may be capable of only receiving, decoding, and providing outside data but not the coding, multiplexing, and providing outside data.

0219Furthermore, when the reader/recorder ex218 reads or writes multiplexed data from or on a recording medium, one of the television ex300 and the reader/recorder ex218 may decode or code the multiplexed data, and the television ex300 and the reader/recorder ex218 may share the decoding or coding.

0220As an example, <figref idref="f0027">FIG. 26</figref> illustrates a configuration of an information reproducing/recording unit ex400 when data is read or written from or on an optical disk. The information reproducing/recording unit ex400 includes constituent elements ex401, ex402, ex403, ex404, ex405, ex406, and ex407 to be described hereinafter. The optical head ex401 irradiates a laser spot in a recording surface of the recording medium ex215 that is an optical disk to write information, and detects reflected light from the recording surface of the recording medium ex215 to read the information. The modulation recording unit ex402 electrically drives a semiconductor laser included in the optical head ex401, and modulates the laser light according to recorded data. The reproduction demodulating unit ex403 amplifies a reproduction signal obtained by electrically detecting the reflected light from the recording surface using a photo detector included in the optical head ex401, and demodulates the reproduction signal by separating a signal component recorded on the recording medium ex215 to reproduce the necessary information. The buffer ex404 temporarily holds the information to be recorded on the recording medium ex215 and the information reproduced from the recording medium ex215. The disk motor ex405 rotates the recording medium ex215. The servo control unit ex406 moves the optical head ex401 to a predetermined information track while controlling the rotation drive of the disk motor ex405 so as to follow the laser spot. The system control unit ex407 controls overall the information reproducing/recording unit ex400. The reading and writing processes can be implemented by the system control unit ex407 using various information stored in the buffer ex404 and generating and adding new information as necessary, and by the modulation recording unit ex402, the reproduction demodulating unit ex403, and the servo control unit ex406 that record and reproduce information through the optical head ex401 while being operated in a coordinated manner. The system control unit ex407 includes, for example, a microprocessor, and executes processing by causing a computer to execute a program for read and write.

0221Although the optical head ex401 irradiates a laser spot in the description, it may perform high-density recording using near field light.

0222<figref idref="f0028">FIG. 27</figref> illustrates the recording medium ex215 that is the optical disk. On the recording surface of the recording medium ex215, guide grooves are spirally formed, and an information track ex230 records, in advance, address information indicating an absolute position on the disk according to change in a shape of the guide grooves. The address information includes information for determining positions of recording blocks ex231 that are a unit for recording data. Reproducing the information track ex230 and reading the address information in an apparatus that records and reproduces data can lead to determination of the positions of the recording blocks. Furthermore, the recording medium ex215 includes a data recording area ex233, an inner circumference area ex232, and an outer circumference area ex234. The data recording area ex233 is an area for use in recording the user data. The inner circumference area ex232 and the outer circumference area ex234 that are inside and outside of the data recording area ex233, respectively are for specific use except for recording the user data. The information reproducing/recording unit 400 reads and writes coded audio, coded video data, or multiplexed data obtained by multiplexing the coded audio and video data, from and on the data recording area ex233 of the recording medium ex215.

0223Although an optical disk having a layer, such as a DVD and a BD is described as an example in the description, the optical disk is not limited to such, and may be an optical disk having a multilayer structure and capable of being recorded on a part other than the surface. Furthermore, the optical disk may have a structure for multidimensional recording/reproduction, such as recording of information using light of colors with different wavelengths in the same portion of the optical disk and for recording information having different layers from various angles.

0224Furthermore, a car ex210 having an antenna ex205 can receive data from the satellite ex202 and others, and reproduce video on a display device such as a car navigation system ex211 set in the car ex210, in the digital broadcasting system ex200. Here, a configuration of the car navigation system ex211 will be a configuration, for example, including a GPS receiving unit from the configuration illustrated in <figref idref="f0026">FIG. 25</figref>. The same will be true for the configuration of the computer ex111, the cellular phone ex114, and others.

0225<figref idref="f0029">FIG. 28A</figref> illustrates the cellular phone ex114 that uses the moving picture coding method and the moving picture decoding method described in embodiments. The cellular phone ex114 includes: an antenna ex350 for transmitting and receiving radio waves through the base station ex110; a camera unit ex365 capable of capturing moving and still images; and a display unit ex358 such as a liquid crystal display for displaying the data such as decoded video captured by the camera unit ex365 or received by the antenna ex350. The cellular phone ex114 further includes: a main body unit including an operation key unit ex366; an audio output unit ex357 such as a speaker for output of audio; an audio input unit ex356 such as a microphone for input of audio; a memory unit ex367 for storing captured video or still pictures, recorded audio, coded or decoded data of the received video, the still pictures, e-mails, or others; and a slot unit ex364 that is an interface unit for a recording medium that stores data in the same manner as the memory unit ex367.

0226Next, an example of a configuration of the cellular phone ex114 will be described with reference to <figref idref="f0029">FIG. 28B</figref>. In the cellular phone ex114, a main control unit ex360 designed to control overall each unit of the main body including the display unit ex358 as well as the operation key unit ex366 is connected mutually, via a synchronous bus ex370, to a power supply circuit unit ex361, an operation input control unit ex362, a video signal processing unit ex355, a camera interface unit ex363, a liquid crystal display (LCD) control unit ex359, a modulation/demodulation unit ex352, a multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex353, an audio signal processing unit ex354, the slot unit ex364, and the memory unit ex367.

0227When a call-end key or a power key is turned ON by a user's operation, the power supply circuit unit ex361 supplies the respective units with power from a battery pack so as to activate the cell phone ex114.

0228In the cellular phone ex114, the audio signal processing unit ex354 converts the audio signals collected by the audio input unit ex356 in voice conversation mode into digital audio signals under the control of the main control unit ex360 including a CPU, ROM, and RAM. Then, the modulation/demodulation unit ex352 performs spread spectrum processing on the digital audio signals, and the transmitting and receiving unit ex351 performs digital-to-analog conversion and frequency conversion on the data, so as to transmit the resulting data via the antenna ex350. Also, in the cellular phone ex114, the transmitting and receiving unit ex351 amplifies the data received by the antenna ex350 in voice conversation mode and performs frequency conversion and the analog-to-digital conversion on the data. Then, the modulation/demodulation unit ex352 performs inverse spread spectrum processing on the data, and the audio signal processing unit ex354 converts it into analog audio signals, so as to output them via the audio output unit ex357.

0229Furthermore, when an e-mail in data communication mode is transmitted, text data of the e-mail inputted by operating the operation key unit ex366 and others of the main body is sent out to the main control unit ex360 via the operation input control unit ex362. The main control unit ex360 causes the modulation/demodulation unit ex352 to perform spread spectrum processing on the text data, and the transmitting and receiving unit ex351 performs the digital-to-analog conversion and the frequency conversion on the resulting data to transmit the data to the base station ex110 via the antenna ex350. When an e-mail is received, processing that is approximately inverse to the processing for transmitting an e-mail is performed on the received data, and the resulting data is provided to the display unit ex358.

0230When video, still images, or video and audio in data communication mode is or are transmitted, the video signal processing unit ex355 compresses and codes video signals supplied from the camera unit ex365 using the moving picture coding method shown in each of embodiments (i.e., functions as the image coding apparatus according to the aspect of the present invention), and transmits the coded video data to the multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex353. In contrast, during when the camera unit ex365 captures video, still images, and others, the audio signal processing unit ex354 codes audio signals collected by the audio input unit ex356, and transmits the coded audio data to the multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex353.

0231The multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex353 multiplexes the coded video data supplied from the video signal processing unit ex355 and the coded audio data supplied from the audio signal processing unit ex354, using a predetermined method. Then, the modulation/demodulation unit (modulation/demodulation circuit unit) ex352 performs spread spectrum processing on the multiplexed data, and the transmitting and receiving unit ex351 performs digital-to-analog conversion and frequency conversion on the data so as to transmit the resulting data via the antenna ex350.

0232When receiving data of a video file which is linked to a Web page and others in data communication mode or when receiving an e-mail with video and/or audio attached, in order to decode the multiplexed data received via the antenna ex350, the multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex353 demultiplexes the multiplexed data into a video data bit stream and an audio data bit stream, and supplies the video signal processing unit ex355 with the coded video data and the audio signal processing unit ex354 with the coded audio data, through the synchronous bus ex370. The video signal processing unit ex355 decodes the video signal using a moving picture decoding method corresponding to the moving picture coding method shown in each of embodiments (i.e., functions as the image decoding apparatus according to the aspect of the present invention), and then the display unit ex358 displays, for instance, the video and still images included in the video file linked to the Web page via the LCD control unit ex359. Furthermore, the audio signal processing unit ex354 decodes the audio signal, and the audio output unit ex357 provides the audio.

0233Furthermore, similarly to the television ex300, a terminal such as the cellular phone ex114 probably have 3 types of implementation configurations including not only (i) a transmitting and receiving terminal including both a coding apparatus and a decoding apparatus, but also (ii) a transmitting terminal including only a coding apparatus and (iii) a receiving terminal including only a decoding apparatus. Although the digital broadcasting system ex200 receives and transmits the multiplexed data obtained by multiplexing audio data onto video data in the description, the multiplexed data may be data obtained by multiplexing not audio data but character data related to video onto video data, and may be not multiplexed data but video data itself.

0234As such, the moving picture coding method and the moving picture decoding method in each of embodiments can be used in any of the devices and systems described. Thus, the advantages described in each of embodiments can be obtained.

0235Furthermore, the present invention is not limited to embodiments, and various modifications and revisions are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[Embodiment 4]

0236Video data can be generated by switching, as necessary, between (i) the moving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatus shown in each of embodiments and (ii) a moving picture coding method or a moving picture coding apparatus in conformity with a different standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1.

0237Here, when a plurality of video data that conforms to the different standards is generated and is then decoded, the decoding methods need to be selected to conform to the different standards. However, since to which standard each of the plurality of the video data to be decoded conform cannot be detected, there is a problem that an appropriate decoding method cannot be selected.

0238In order to solve the problem, multiplexed data obtained by multiplexing audio data and others onto video data has a structure including identification information indicating to which standard the video data conforms. The specific structure of the multiplexed data including the video data generated in the moving picture coding method and by the moving picture coding apparatus shown in each of embodiments will be hereinafter described. The multiplexed data is a digital stream in the MPEG-2 Transport Stream format.

0239<figref idref="f0030">FIG. 29</figref> illustrates a structure of the multiplexed data. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0030">FIG. 29</figref>, the multiplexed data can be obtained by multiplexing at least one of a video stream, an audio stream, a presentation graphics stream (PG), and an interactive graphics stream. The video stream represents primary video and secondary video of a movie, the audio stream (IG) represents a primary audio part and a secondary audio part to be mixed with the primary audio part, and the presentation graphics stream represents subtitles of the movie. Here, the primary video is normal video to be displayed on a screen, and the secondary video is video to be displayed on a smaller window in the primary video. Furthermore, the interactive graphics stream represents an interactive screen to be generated by arranging the GUI components on a screen. The video stream is coded in the moving picture coding method or by the moving picture coding apparatus shown in each of embodiments, or in a moving picture coding method or by a moving picture coding apparatus in conformity with a conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1. The audio stream is coded in accordance with a standard, such as Dolby-AC-3, Dolby Digital Plus, MLP, DTS, DTS-HD, and linear PCM.

0240Each stream included in the multiplexed data is identified by PID. For example, 0x1011 is allocated to the video stream to be used for video of a movie, 0x1100 to 0x111F are allocated to the audio streams, 0x1200 to 0x121F are allocated to the presentation graphics streams, 0x1400 to 0x141F are allocated to the interactive graphics streams, 0x1B00 to 0x1B1F are allocated to the video streams to be used for secondary video of the movie, and 0x1A00 to 0x1A1F are allocated to the audio streams to be used for the secondary audio to be mixed with the primary audio.

0241<figref idref="f0031">FIG. 30</figref> schematically illustrates how data is multiplexed. First, a video stream ex235 composed of video frames and an audio stream ex238 composed of audio frames are transformed into a stream of PES packets ex236 and a stream of PES packets ex239, and further into TS packets ex237 and TS packets ex240, respectively. Similarly, data of a presentation graphics stream ex241 and data of an interactive graphics stream ex244 are transformed into a stream of PES packets ex242 and a stream of PES packets ex245, and further into TS packets ex243 and TS packets ex246, respectively. These TS packets are multiplexed into a stream to obtain multiplexed data ex247.

0242<figref idref="f0032">FIG. 31</figref> illustrates how a video stream is stored in a stream of PES packets in more detail. The first bar in <figref idref="f0032">FIG. 31</figref> shows a video frame stream in a video stream. The second bar shows the stream of PES packets. As indicated by arrows denoted as yy1, yy2, yy3, and yy4 in <figref idref="f0032">FIG. 31</figref>, the video stream is divided into pictures as I pictures, B pictures, and P pictures each of which is a video presentation unit, and the pictures are stored in a payload of each of the PES packets. Each of the PES packets has a PES header, and the PES header stores a Presentation Time-Stamp (PTS) indicating a display time of the picture, and a Decoding Time-Stamp (DTS) indicating a decoding time of the picture.

0243<figref idref="f0033">FIG. 32</figref> illustrates a format of TS packets to be finally written on the multiplexed data. Each of the TS packets is a 188-byte fixed length packet including a 4-byte TS header having information, such as a PID for identifying a stream and a 184-byte TS payload for storing data. The PES packets are divided, and stored in the TS payloads, respectively. When a BD ROM is used, each of the TS packets is given a 4-byte TP_Extra_Header, thus resulting in 192-byte source packets. The source packets are written on the multiplexed data. The TP_Extra_Header stores information such as an Arrival_Time_Stamp (ATS). The ATS shows a transfer start time at which each of the TS packets is to be transferred to a PID filter. The source packets are arranged in the multiplexed data as shown at the bottom of <figref idref="f0033">FIG. 32</figref>. The numbers incrementing from the head of the multiplexed data are called source packet numbers (SPNs).

0244Each of the TS packets included in the multiplexed data includes not only streams of audio, video, subtitles and others, but also a Program Association Table (PAT), a Program Map Table (PMT), and a Program Clock Reference (PCR). The PAT shows what a PID in a PMT used in the multiplexed data indicates, and a PID of the PAT itself is registered as zero. The PMT stores PIDs of the streams of video, audio, subtitles and others included in the multiplexed data, and attribute information of the streams corresponding to the PIDs. The PMT also has various descriptors relating to the multiplexed data. The descriptors have information such as copy control information showing whether copying of the multiplexed data is permitted or not. The PCR stores STC time information corresponding to an ATS showing when the PCR packet is transferred to a decoder, in order to achieve synchronization between an Arrival Time Clock (ATC) that is a time axis of ATSs, and an System Time Clock (STC) that is a time axis of PTSs and DTSs.

0245<figref idref="f0034">FIG. 33</figref> illustrates the data structure of the PMT in detail. A PMT header is disposed at the top of the PMT. The PMT header describes the length of data included in the PMT and others. A plurality of descriptors relating to the multiplexed data is disposed after the PMT header. Information such as the copy control information is described in the descriptors. After the descriptors, a plurality of pieces of stream information relating to the streams included in the multiplexed data is disposed. Each piece of stream information includes stream descriptors each describing information, such as a stream type for identifying a compression codec of a stream, a stream PID, and stream attribute information (such as a frame rate or an aspect ratio). The stream descriptors are equal in number to the number of streams in the multiplexed data.

0246When the multiplexed data is recorded on a recording medium and others, it is recorded together with multiplexed data information files.

0247Each of the multiplexed data information files is management information of the multiplexed data as shown in <figref idref="f0035">FIG. 34</figref>. The multiplexed data information files are in one to one correspondence with the multiplexed data, and each of the files includes multiplexed data information, stream attribute information, and an entry map.

0248As illustrated in <figref idref="f0035">FIG. 34</figref>, the multiplexed data information includes a system rate, a reproduction start time, and a reproduction end time. The system rate indicates the maximum transfer rate at which a system target decoder to be described later transfers the multiplexed data to a PID filter. The intervals of the ATSs included in the multiplexed data are set to not higher than a system rate. The reproduction start time indicates a PTS in a video frame at the head of the multiplexed data. An interval of one frame is added to a PTS in a video frame at the end of the multiplexed data, and the PTS is set to the reproduction end time.

0249As shown in <figref idref="f0036">FIG. 35</figref>, a piece of attribute information is registered in the stream attribute information, for each PID of each stream included in the multiplexed data. Each piece of attribute information has different information depending on whether the corresponding stream is a video stream, an audio stream, a presentation graphics stream, or an interactive graphics stream. Each piece of video stream attribute information carries information including what kind of compression codec is used for compressing the video stream, and the resolution, aspect ratio and frame rate of the pieces of picture data that is included in the video stream. Each piece of audio stream attribute information carries information including what kind of compression codec is used for compressing the audio stream, how many channels are included in the audio stream, which language the audio stream supports, and how high the sampling frequency is. The video stream attribute information and the audio stream attribute information are used for initialization of a decoder before the player plays back the information.

0250In the present embodiment, the multiplexed data to be used is of a stream type included in the PMT. Furthermore, when the multiplexed data is recorded on a recording medium, the video stream attribute information included in the multiplexed data information is used. More specifically, the moving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments includes a step or a unit for allocating unique information indicating video data generated by the moving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatus in each of embodiments, to the stream type included in the PMT or the video stream attribute information. With the configuration, the video data generated by the moving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments can be distinguished from video data that conforms to another standard.

0251Furthermore, <figref idref="f0037">FIG. 36</figref> illustrates steps of the moving picture decoding method according to the present embodiment. In Step exS100, the stream type included in the PMT or the video stream attribute information included in the multiplexed data information is obtained from the multiplexed data. Next, in Step exS101, it is determined whether or not the stream type or the video stream attribute information indicates that the multiplexed data is generated by the moving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatus in each of embodiments. When it is determined that the stream type or the video stream attribute information indicates that the multiplexed data is generated by the moving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatus in each of embodiments, in Step exS102, decoding is performed by the moving picture decoding method in each of embodiments. Furthermore, when the stream type or the video stream attribute information indicates conformance to the conventional standards, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1, in Step exS103, decoding is performed by a moving picture decoding method in conformity with the conventional standards.

0252As such, allocating a new unique value to the stream type or the video stream attribute information enables determination whether or not the moving picture decoding method or the moving picture decoding apparatus that is described in each of embodiments can perform decoding. Even when multiplexed data that conforms to a different standard is input, an appropriate decoding method or apparatus can be selected. Thus, it becomes possible to decode information without any error. Furthermore, the moving picture coding method or apparatus, or the moving picture decoding method or apparatus in the present embodiment can be used in the devices and systems described above.

[Embodiment 5]

0253Each of the moving picture coding method, the moving picture coding apparatus, the moving picture decoding method, and the moving picture decoding apparatus in each of embodiments is typically achieved in the form of an integrated circuit or a Large Scale Integrated (LSI) circuit. As an example of the LSI, <figref idref="f0038">FIG. 37</figref> illustrates a configuration of the LSI ex500 that is made into one chip. The LSI ex500 includes elements ex501, ex502, ex503, ex504, ex505, ex506, ex507, ex508, and ex509 to be described below, and the elements are connected to each other through a bus ex510. The power supply circuit unit ex505 is activated by supplying each of the elements with power when the power supply circuit unit ex505 is turned on.

0254For example, when coding is performed, the LSI ex500 receives an AV signal from a microphone ex117, a camera ex113, and others through an AV IO ex509 under control of a control unit ex501 including a CPU ex502, a memory controller ex503, a stream controller ex504, and a driving frequency control unit ex512. The received AV signal is temporarily stored in an external memory ex511, such as an SDRAM. Under control of the control unit ex501, the stored data is segmented into data portions according to the processing amount and speed to be transmitted to a signal processing unit ex507. Then, the signal processing unit ex507 codes an audio signal and/or a video signal. Here, the coding of the video signal is the coding described in each of embodiments. Furthermore, the signal processing unit ex507 sometimes multiplexes the coded audio data and the coded video data, and a stream IO ex506 provides the multiplexed data outside. The provided multiplexed data is transmitted to the base station ex107, or written on the recording medium ex215. When data sets are multiplexed, the data should be temporarily stored in the buffer ex508 so that the data sets are synchronized with each other.

0255Although the memory ex511 is an element outside the LSI ex500, it may be included in the LSI ex500. The buffer ex508 is not limited to one buffer, but may be composed of buffers. Furthermore, the LSI ex500 may be made into one chip or a plurality of chips.

0256Furthermore, although the control unit ex501 includes the CPU ex502, the memory controller ex503, the stream controller ex504, the driving frequency control unit ex512, the configuration of the control unit ex501 is not limited to such. For example, the signal processing unit ex507 may further include a CPU. Inclusion of another CPU in the signal processing unit ex507 can improve the processing speed. Furthermore, as another example, the CPU ex502 may serve as or be a part of the signal processing unit ex507, and, for example, may include an audio signal processing unit. In such a case, the control unit ex501 includes the signal processing unit ex507 or the CPU ex502 including a part of the signal processing unit ex507.

0257The name used here is LSI, but it may also be called IC, system LSI, super LSI, or ultra LSI depending on the degree of integration.

0258Moreover, ways to achieve integration are not limited to the LSI, and a special circuit or a general purpose processor and so forth can also achieve the integration. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) that can be programmed after manufacturing LSIs or a reconfigurable processor that allows re-configuration of the connection or configuration of an LSI can be used for the same purpose.

0259In the future, with advancement in semiconductor technology, a brand-new technology may replace LSI. The functional blocks can be integrated using such a technology. The possibility is that the present invention is applied to biotechnology.

[Embodiment 6]

0260When video data generated in the moving picture coding method or by the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments is decoded, compared to when video data that conforms to a conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1 is decoded, the processing amount probably increases. Thus, the LSI ex500 needs to be set to a driving frequency higher than that of the CPU ex502 to be used when video data in conformity with the conventional standard is decoded. However, when the driving frequency is set higher, there is a problem that the power consumption increases.

0261In order to solve the problem, the moving picture decoding apparatus, such as the television ex300 and the LSI ex500 is configured to determine to which standard the video data conforms, and switch between the driving frequencies according to the determined standard. <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 38</figref> illustrates a configuration ex800 in the present embodiment. A driving frequency switching unit ex803 sets a driving frequency to a higher driving frequency when video data is generated by the moving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments. Then, the driving frequency switching unit ex803 instructs a decoding processing unit ex801 that executes the moving picture decoding method described in each of embodiments to decode the video data. When the video data conforms to the conventional standard, the driving frequency switching unit ex803 sets a driving frequency to a lower driving frequency than that of the video data generated by the moving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments. Then, the driving frequency switching unit ex803 instructs the decoding processing unit ex802 that conforms to the conventional standard to decode the video data.

0262More specifically, the driving frequency switching unit ex803 includes the CPU ex502 and the driving frequency control unit ex512 in <figref idref="f0038">FIG. 37</figref>. Here, each of the decoding processing unit ex801 that executes the moving picture decoding method described in each of embodiments and the decoding processing unit ex802 that conforms to the conventional standard corresponds to the signal processing unit ex507 in <figref idref="f0038">FIG. 37</figref>. The CPU ex502 determines to which standard the video data conforms. Then, the driving frequency control unit ex512 determines a driving frequency based on a signal from the CPU ex502. Furthermore, the signal processing unit ex507 decodes the video data based on the signal from the CPU ex502. For example, the identification information described in Embodiment 4 is probably used for identifying the video data. The identification information is not limited to the one described in Embodiment 4 but may be any information as long as the information indicates to which standard the video data conforms. For example, when which standard video data conforms to can be determined based on an external signal for determining that the video data is used for a television or a disk, etc., the determination may be made based on such an external signal. Furthermore, the CPU ex502 selects a driving frequency based on, for example, a look-up table in which the standards of the video data are associated with the driving frequencies as shown in <figref idref="f0041">FIG. 40</figref>. The driving frequency can be selected by storing the look-up table in the buffer ex508 and in an internal memory of an LSI, and with reference to the look-up table by the CPU ex502.

0263<figref idref="f0040">FIG. 39</figref> illustrates steps for executing a method in the present embodiment. First, in Step exS200, the signal processing unit ex507 obtains identification information from the multiplexed data. Next, in Step exS201, the CPU ex502 determines whether or not the video data is generated by the coding method and the coding apparatus described in each of embodiments, based on the identification information. When the video data is generated by the moving picture coding method and the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments, in Step exS202, the CPU ex502 transmits a signal for setting the driving frequency to a higher driving frequency to the driving frequency control unit ex512. Then, the driving frequency control unit ex512 sets the driving frequency to the higher driving frequency. On the other hand, when the identification information indicates that the video data conforms to the conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1, in Step exS203, the CPU ex502 transmits a signal for setting the driving frequency to a lower driving frequency to the driving frequency control unit ex512. Then, the driving frequency control unit ex512 sets the driving frequency to the lower driving frequency than that in the case where the video data is generated by the moving picture coding method and the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiment.

0264Furthermore, along with the switching of the driving frequencies, the power conservation effect can be improved by changing the voltage to be applied to the LSI ex500 or an apparatus including the LSI ex500. For example, when the driving frequency is set lower, the voltage to be applied to the LSI ex500 or the apparatus including the LSI ex500 is probably set to a voltage lower than that in the case where the driving frequency is set higher.

0265Furthermore, when the processing amount for decoding is larger, the driving frequency may be set higher, and when the processing amount for decoding is smaller, the driving frequency may be set lower as the method for setting the driving frequency. Thus, the setting method is not limited to the ones described above. For example, when the processing amount for decoding video data in conformity with MPEG-4 AVC is larger than the processing amount for decoding video data generated by the moving picture coding method and the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments, the driving frequency is probably set in reverse order to the setting described above.

0266Furthermore, the method for setting the driving frequency is not limited to the method for setting the driving frequency lower. For example, when the identification information indicates that the video data is generated by the moving picture coding method and the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments, the voltage to be applied to the LSI ex500 or the apparatus including the LSI ex500 is probably set higher. When the identification information indicates that the video data conforms to the conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1, the voltage to be applied to the LSI ex500 or the apparatus including the LSI ex500 is probably set lower. As another example, when the identification information indicates that the video data is generated by the moving picture coding method and the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments, the driving of the CPU ex502 does not probably have to be suspended. When the identification information indicates that the video data conforms to the conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1, the driving of the CPU ex502 is probably suspended at a given time because the CPU ex502 has extra processing capacity. Even when the identification information indicates that the video data is generated by the moving picture coding method and the moving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments, in the case where the CPU ex502 has extra processing capacity, the driving of the CPU ex502 is probably suspended at a given time. In such a case, the suspending time is probably set shorter than that in the case where when the identification information indicates that the video data conforms to the conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1.

0267Accordingly, the power conservation effect can be improved by switching between the driving frequencies in accordance with the standard to which the video data conforms. Furthermore, when the LSI ex500 or the apparatus including the LSI ex500 is driven using a battery, the battery life can be extended with the power conservation effect.

[Embodiment 7]

0268There are cases where a plurality of video data that conforms to different standards, is provided to the devices and systems, such as a television and a cellular phone. In order to enable decoding the plurality of video data that conforms to the different standards, the signal processing unit ex507 of the LSI ex500 needs to conform to the different standards. However, the problems of increase in the scale of the circuit of the LSI ex500 and increase in the cost arise with the individual use of the signal processing units ex507 that conform to the respective standards.

0269In order to solve the problem, what is conceived is a configuration in which the decoding processing unit for implementing the moving picture decoding method described in each of embodiments and the decoding processing unit that conforms to the conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1 are partly shared. Ex900 in <figref idref="f0042">FIG. 41A</figref> shows an example of the configuration. For example, the moving picture decoding method described in each of embodiments and the moving picture decoding method that conforms to MPEG-4 AVC have, partly in common, the details of processing, such as entropy coding, inverse quantization, deblocking filtering, and motion compensated prediction. The details of processing to be shared probably include use of a decoding processing unit ex902 that conforms to MPEG-4 AVC. In contrast, a dedicated decoding processing unit ex901 is probably used for other processing unique to an aspect of the present invention. Since the aspect of the present invention is characterized by deblocking filtering in particular, for example, the dedicated decoding processing unit ex901 is used for deblocking filtering. Otherwise, the decoding processing unit is probably shared for one of the inverse quantization, entropy decoding, and motion compensation, or all of the processing. The decoding processing unit for implementing the moving picture decoding method described in each of embodiments may be shared for the processing to be shared, and a dedicated decoding processing unit may be used for processing unique to that of MPEG-4 AVC.

0270Furthermore, ex1000 in <figref idref="f0042">FIG. 41B</figref> shows another example in that processing is partly shared. This example uses a configuration including a dedicated decoding processing unit ex1001 that supports the processing unique to an aspect of the present invention, a dedicated decoding processing unit ex1002 that supports the processing unique to another conventional standard, and a decoding processing unit ex1003 that supports processing to be shared between the moving picture decoding method according to the aspect of the present invention and the conventional moving picture decoding method. Here, the dedicated decoding processing units ex1001 and ex1002 are not necessarily specialized for the processing according to the aspect of the present invention and the processing of the conventional standard, respectively, and may be the ones capable of implementing general processing. Furthermore, the configuration of the present embodiment can be implemented by the LSI ex500.

0271As such, reducing the scale of the circuit of an LSI and reducing the cost are possible by sharing the decoding processing unit for the processing to be shared between the moving picture decoding method according to the aspect of the present invention and the moving picture decoding method in conformity with the conventional standard.

[Industrial Applicability]

0272The present invention is applicable to filtering methods, moving picture coding apparatuses, and moving picture decoding apparatuses. For example, the present invention is applicable to high-definition image display apparatuses and image capturing apparatuses such as television receivers, digital video recorders, car navigation systems, mobile phones, digital cameras, and digital video cameras.

[Reference Signs List]

0273<ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>100, 400 Moving picture coding apparatus</li><li>101 Subtractor</li><li>102 Orthogonal transform unit</li><li>103 Quantization unit</li><li>104, 204 Inverse quantization unit</li><li>105, 205 Inverse orthogonal transform unit</li><li>106, 206 Adder</li><li>107, 207, 301, 302, 311, 322, 323, 332, 342, 343, 344, 351, 352, 353, 361, 362, 372, 404, 504 Filtering unit</li><li>108, 112, 208, 312, 324, 333, 354, 363, 371 Selecting unit</li><li>109, 209, 373 Memory</li><li>110, 210 Prediction unit</li><li>111 Variable length coding unit</li><li>113, 213 Control unit</li><li>115, 215 Filtering unit</li><li>120 Input image signal</li><li>121 Residual signal</li><li>122, 24, 224 Transform coefficient</li><li>123, 223 Quantized coefficient</li><li>125, 225 Decoded residual signal</li><li>126, 226 Decoded image signal</li><li>127, 128, 227, 228 Image signal</li><li>130, 230 Prediction image signal</li><li>131 Coded signal</li><li>132, 232 Coded bit stream</li><li>200, 500 Moving picture decoding apparatus</li><li>211 Variable length decoding unit</li><li>212, 321, 331, 341 Distributing unit</li><li>220 Output image signal</li><li>401, 501 First quantization parameter determining unit</li><li>402, 502 Second quantization parameter determining unit</li><li>403, 503 Filter strength determining unit</li><li>411, 511 First quantization parameter</li><li>412, 512 Second quantization parameter</li><li>413, 513 Filter strength</li></ul>