Universal end clamp for securing solar panels to a rail support guide

0001The present invention relates generally to providing an apparatus for securing a solar panel module to a solar panel rail guide support structure. More specifically, the invention relates to providing an end clamp that mounts a bottom flange of a solar panel module to a solar panel rail guide support structure. The end clamp does not require any tools for insertion. It mechanically fastens and electrically bonds the solar panel module to the solar panel rail guide support structure. Exemplary embodiments for both a single and dual-handle structure are disclosed.

0002Any discussion of the prior art in the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that the prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field.

0003The installation of solar panel arrays on residential roofs can be arduous and time-consuming. Depending on the array design, the components required to install the array can make the installation process even more difficult. This is particularly true when the components must be installed on a roof that links to a rail guide structure for supporting the solar panel array. Within this type of structure, it is desirable to provide electrical connectivity between each rail guides.

0004One method that solar panel modules may be secured to a residential roof structure is by providing parallel rows of rail guides that are secured to the roof. Solar panel modules are then placed on top of the array of rail guides, and are then mechanically coupled to the top of the rail guides. There are several ways employed in the prior art to secure the solar panel modules to the array guides. As shown in <figref idref="f0001">figures 1</figref> and two, end clamps and mid-clamps are typically placed between or at the ends of adjacent solar panel modules and are then clamped together by tightening the clamp between a slot on top of the rail guide and the top of the solar panel module. In some instances, the clamps are electrically coupled between the rail guide and the solar panel module so that an electrical path can exist between all of the electrical components that connect to the solar panel array, and the rail guides themselves.

0005One of the limitations of using end clamps and mid-clamps is that it can be time-consuming to align the clamps between the slots in the rail guides with the top surfaces of the solar panel modules. Another limitation is that in order to tighten the end clamps and mid-clamps, additional tools are typically required. Since standard end clamps are external to an array, placed on the outside of the solar panel module, they require additional length of rail to be secured beyond the module frame. This results in extra segments of rails that protrude from the array as well as hardware that is visible from a distance.

0006It would be desirable to provide an apparatus that can both easily secure solar panel modules to rail guides, electrically bond the solar panel modules to the rail guides, and complete the task without the use of additional tools.

0007The present invention overcomes these limitations and offers a solution that provides an easy-to-use clamp that can secure and electrically bond a solar panel module to a rail guide, without using additional tools, and all while hiding the clamp from plain view of the solar panel array making it more aesthetically pleasing to anyone viewing the solar panel array on a given roof. The apparatus is also simple to manufacture. In an alternate embodiment, the present invention offers a dual-handle version of the same apparatus that enables a user additional flexibility in securing a solar panel module to a rail guide from either side of a rail guide.

0008The invention is summarized below only for purposes of introducing embodiments of the invention. The ultimate scope of the invention is to be limited only to the claims that follow the specification. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="DE202006018586U1"><text>DE202006018586U1</text></patcit> discloses a device to join solar panels and rails providing electrical contact between the rails and the frames of the solar panels.

0009It is an object of this invention to provide an assembly for joining and electrically bonding a solar panel to a solar panel rail guide that requires no tools to install and is hidden from plain view within the solar panel array.

0010It is a further object of this invention that the assembly comprise a clamp with front and rear ends, with a channel in the front end that houses a post structure with a shaft between a top and bottom washer on each side of the post structure and a spring coupled between the two end washers, such that the spring rests between a base of the channel and the top washer.

0011It is a further object of this invention that the bottom washer is configured to fit within, and move along, a channel of the solar panel rail guide.

0012It is a further object of this invention that the bottom washer comprises at least one serration on its top surface configured to penetrate the surface layer of a solar panel rail guide channel.

0013It is a further object of this invention that the bottom surface of the clamp comprises at least one raised portion that extends downward from the surface of the clamp and is configured to penetrate the surface layer of a solar panel.

0014It is a further object of this invention that the top washer is coupled to the shaft and is configured to compress the spring when the rear end of the handle is moved to a locked position.

0015It is a further object of the present invention that each raised portion may be removed from the clamp.

0016It is a further object of the present invention that the spring comprises, one or more disc springs configured to create a clamping force when compressed and provide flexibility to accommodate various module frame geometries.

0017It is a further object of the present invention that rear end of the handle is configured to provide tactile feedback when the handle is moved into a locked position, and when the bottom washer is within a top channel of a solar panel rail guide.

0018It is a further object of the present invention that the clamp may also comprise a first and second handle each extending outward from the front end, each of the first and second handles further comprising a rear end.

0019A person with ordinary skill in the relevant art would know that any shape or size of the elements described below may be adopted. Any combinations of suitable number, shape, and size of the elements described below may be used. Also, any materials suitable to achieve the object of the current invention may be chosen as well.

0020According to the invention in its first broad aspect, there is provided an assembly for joining and electrically bonding a solar panel to a solar panel rail guide and comprising a clamp which comprises: <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact"><li>(i) a handle comprising a front end and a rear end,</li><li>(ii) a channel comprised in said front end of said handle and extending between a top surface and a bottom surface of the front end;</li><li>(iii) a raised portion of said handle front end which extends downward from the bottom surface of the front end; and</li><li>(iv) a post structure comprising a shaft which is received through the channel;</li></ol> characterised: <ol id="ol0002" compact="compact"><li>A. in that: <ol id="ol0003"><li>(a) said post structure comprises a head from which the shaft extends upwardly through the channel;</li><li>(b) the head further comprises a serration that extends upward from a top surface of the head; and</li><li>(c) said post structure comprises a top washer which is coupled to the shaft and displaceable along the shaft alternately towards and away from the head; and</li></ol></li><li>B. in that a spring is coupled between the top washer and a base of the channel, whereby to provide a spring bias as the top washer is lowered along the shaft towards the head.</li></ol>

0021In a second broad aspect, the invention provides an assembly for joining and electrically bonding a solar panel to a solar panel rail guide and comprising a clamp which comprises: <ol id="ol0004" compact="compact"><li>(i) a first handle and a second handle each extending outward from a front end with each of the first and second handles comprising a rear end respectively,</li><li>(ii) a channel comprised in the front end of the clamp and extending between a top surface and a bottom surface of the front end;</li><li>(iii) a raised portion which extends downward from the bottom surface of each of the respective first and second handles; and</li><li>(iv) a post structure comprising a shaft which is received through the channel;</li></ol> characterised: <ol id="ol0005" compact="compact"><li>A. in that: <ol id="ol0006"><li>(a) said post structure comprises a head from which the shaft extends upwardly through the channel;</li><li>(b) the head further comprises a serration that extends upward from a top surface of the head; and</li><li>(c) said post structure comprises a top washer which is coupled to the shaft and displaceable along the shaft alternately towards and away from the head; and</li></ol></li><li>B. in that a spring is coupled between the top washer and a base provided in the channel, whereby to provide a spring bias as the top washer is lowered along the shaft towards the head.</li></ol>

0022A more complete understanding of the present invention may be derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures. In the following figures, like reference numbers refer to similar elements and steps throughout the figures. <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001"><b>Figs. 1 and 2</b></figref> illustrate perspective views of a prior art solar panel array that utilizes mid-clamps and end clamps to secure solar panel modules to rail guides.</li><li><figref idref="f0002"><b>Fig. 3</b></figref> illustrates a top perspective view of an exemplary universal end clamp.</li><li><figref idref="f0002"><b>Fig. 4</b></figref> illustrates a bottom perspective view of the clamp in <figref idref="f0002"><b>Fig. 3</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0003"><b>Fig. 5</b></figref> illustrates a top perspective view of the clamp showing an exploded view of the channel and bonding pins at the head of the clamp.</li><li><figref idref="f0003"><b>Fig. 6</b></figref> illustrates a front perspective view of an exemplary post that fits within a slot on a solar panel rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0004"><b>Fig. 7</b></figref> illustrates a cross-sectional side view of the clamp.</li><li><figref idref="f0005"><b>Fig. 8</b></figref> illustrates a top view of the clamp.</li><li><figref idref="f0005"><b>Fig. 9</b></figref> illustrates a side view of the clamp.</li><li><figref idref="f0005"><b>Fig. 10</b></figref> illustrates a front view of the clamp.</li><li><figref idref="f0006"><b>Fig. 11</b></figref> illustrates a bottom perspective view of the clamp.</li><li><figref idref="f0006"><b>Fig. 12</b></figref> illustrates a front perspective view of the clamp shown prior to insertion into the slot of the rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0006"><b>Fig. 13</b></figref> illustrates a top view of the image in <figref idref="f0006"><b>Fig. 12</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0007"><b>Fig. 14</b></figref> illustrates a front perspective view of the clamp inserted into the slot of the rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0007"><b>Fig. 15</b></figref> illustrates a top view of <figref idref="f0007"><b>Fig. 14</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0008"><b>Fig. 16</b></figref> illustrates the same view shown in <figref idref="f0007"><b>Fig. 14</b></figref> with an exemplary transparent view of a solar panel module resting on top of the rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0008"><b>Fig. 17</b></figref> illustrates the same image in <figref idref="f0007"><b>Fig. 15</b></figref> with the solar panel module resting on top of the solar panel rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0009"><b>Fig. 18</b></figref> illustrates the same image in <figref idref="f0008"><b>Fig. 16</b></figref> with the clamp moved into position over the top of a flange at the bottom of the solar panel module.</li><li><figref idref="f0009"><b>Fig. 19</b></figref> is a top view of the image in <figref idref="f0009"><b>Fig. 18</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0010"><b>Fig. 20</b></figref> is a front perspective view showing the clamp rotated to its final position with both the front and rear of the clamp engaging the rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0011"><b>Fig. 21</b></figref> is a top view of the image in <figref idref="f0010"><b>Fig. 20</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0011"><b>Fig. 22</b></figref> is a side view of the images and <figref idref="f0010"><b>Figs. 20</b></figref> and <figref idref="f0011"><b>21</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0012"><b>Fig. 23</b></figref> is a top perspective view showing multiple clamps engaging a solar panel module and rail guides.</li><li><figref idref="f0013"><b>Fig. 24</b></figref> is an alternate exemplary embodiment of the clamp showing a front perspective view of a dual-handle clamp.</li><li><figref idref="f0013"><b>Fig. 25</b></figref> is a top view of the clamp shown in <figref idref="f0013"><b>Fig. 24</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0014"><b>Fig. 26</b></figref> is a side view of the clamp shown in <figref idref="f0013"><b>Fig. 24</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0014"><b>Fig. 27</b></figref> is a bottom view of the clamp shown in <figref idref="f0013"><b>Fig. 24</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0014"><b>Fig. 28</b></figref> is a cross-sectional view of the image shown in <figref idref="f0013"><b>Fig. 25</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0015"><b>Figs. 29</b> and <b>30</b></figref> are close-up cross-sectional views of the head of the clamp shown in <figref idref="f0014"><b>Fig. 28</b></figref> when it is securing a flange of the solar panel module to the solar panel rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 31</b></figref> is a close-up cross-sectional view of the post engaging the slot of the solar panel rail guide shown in <figref idref="f0015"><b>Fig. 30</b></figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 32</b></figref> is a close-up cross-sectional view of the head of the clamp shown in <figref idref="f0015"><b>Fig. 30</b></figref> engaging the flange of a solar panel frame.</li><li><figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 32</b></figref> is a cross-sectional close-up view of a portion of <figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 32</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0017"><b>Fig. 33</b></figref> is a front perspective view of the dual-handle clamp shown prior to insertion into the slot of the rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0017"><b>Fig. 34</b></figref> illustrates a top view of the image in <figref idref="f0017"><b>Fig. 33</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0018"><b>Fig. 35</b></figref> illustrates a front perspective view of the clamp inserted into the slot of the rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0018"><b>Fig. 36</b></figref> is a top view of <figref idref="f0018"><b>Fig. 35</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0019"><b>Fig. 37</b></figref> illustrates the same view shown in <figref idref="f0018"><b>Fig. 35</b></figref> with an exemplary transparent view of a solar panel module resting on top of the rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0019"><b>Fig. 38</b></figref> illustrates a top view of the same image shown in <figref idref="f0019"><b>Fig. 37</b></figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0020"><b>Fig. 39</b></figref> illustrates the same image <figref idref="f0019"><b>Fig. 37</b></figref> with the clamp moved into position over the top flange at the bottom of the solar panel module.</li><li><figref idref="f0020"><b>Fig. 40</b></figref> is a top view of the image in <figref idref="f0020"><b>Fig. 39</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0021"><b>Fig. 41</b></figref> is a front perspective view showing the clamp rotated to its final position with both the front and rear of one handle of the clamp engaging the rail guide.</li><li><figref idref="f0021"><b>Fig. 42</b></figref> is a top view of the image shown in <figref idref="f0021"><b>Fig. 41</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0022"><b>Fig. 43</b></figref> is a top view of an alternate exemplary embodiment of the clamp illustrated in <figref idref="f0002"><b>Fig. 3</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0022"><b>Fig. 44</b></figref> is a side view of the clamp in <figref idref="f0022"><b>Fig. 43</b></figref><b>.</b></li><li><figref idref="f0022"><b>Fig. 45</b></figref> is a bottom perspective view of the clamp in <figref idref="f0022"><b>Fig. 43</b></figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0022"><b>Fig. 46</b></figref> is a front view of the clamp in <figref idref="f0022"><b>Fig. 43</b></figref><b>.</b></li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0023In the following description, and for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are provided to thoroughly understand the various aspects of the invention. It will be understood, however, by those skilled in the relevant arts, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, known structures and devices are shown or discussed. More generally in order to avoid obscuring the invention. In many cases, a description of the operation is sufficient to enable one to implement the various forms of the invention, particularly when the operation is to be implemented in software.

0024One method that solar panel modules may be secured to a residential roof structure is shown in <figref idref="f0001"><b>Fig. 1</b></figref>. In <figref idref="f0001"><b>Figs. 1</b> and <b>2</b></figref>, a solar panel array configuration <b>100</b> is shown installed on roof <b>105.</b> The solar panel array includes several solar panel modules <b>400</b> that are arranged and secured to several rail guides <b>300</b> that are arranged in a parallel fashion across the roof <b>105.</b> In this configuration, the rail guides <b>300</b> are coupled to roof attachments <b>140</b>. The solar panel modules <b>400</b> are then secured to the roof attachments <b>140</b> by using end clamps <b>130</b> and mid-clamps <b>120.</b> In this exemplary configuration of the prior art, the end clamps <b>130</b> and mid-clamps <b>120</b> provide a means to electrically couple the rail guide <b>300</b> to the solar panel modules <b>400</b> throughout the entire array <b>100.</b>

0025<figref idref="f0002"><b>Fig. 3</b></figref> shows a front perspective view of an exemplary universal end clamp <b>200.</b> The clamp <b>200</b> is generally in the shape of a handle <b>210</b> that extends from the front end <b>240</b> to the back end <b>220.</b> In this embodiment, the front end <b>240</b> is generally round, but can be other suitable shapes as long as it can cover a portion of a bottom flange <b>420</b> of a solar panel module as shown in <figref idref="f0011"><b>Figs. 21</b> and <b>22</b></figref>. In this exemplary embodiment, the bottom of the front end <b>240</b> includes a channel <b>242.</b> The channel <b>242</b> includes a base <b>243</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0003"><b>Figs. 5</b></figref><b>and</b><figref idref="f0004"><b>7</b></figref><b>.</b> Within the channel <b>242,</b> a post structure <b>262</b> fits within the channel <b>242</b> at a sufficient distance from the edge of the front end <b>240,</b> typically in its center, to allow the front end <b>240</b> to cover a sufficient portion of the bottom flange <b>420</b> when it is in the locked position shown in <figref idref="f0010"><b>Figs. 20-</b></figref><b>22.</b> The post structure <b>262</b> comprises a bottom washer <b>250</b> and a shaft <b>265</b> that extends upward along and is secured by a top washer <b>270,</b> typically at a threaded end of the shaft <b>265.</b> The bottom washer <b>250</b> typically has a diameter that is larger than the shaft <b>265</b> includes one or more serrations <b>260.</b>

0026<figref idref="f0002"><b>Fig. 4</b></figref> shows a bottom perspective view of the clamp <b>200.</b> At the backend <b>220,</b> the bottom of the backend typically tapers toward a level that includes an extension <b>230.</b> The bottom surface of the front end <b>240</b> is typically at a lower plane than the extension <b>230.</b> This enables the handle <b>200</b> to snap or lock into place on the top channel <b>310</b> of the mounting rail <b>300</b> when the handle is rotated into a locked position as shown below in <figref idref="f0010 f0011"><b>Figs. 20-22</b></figref> and will be discussed further below. The bottom of the front end <b>240</b> includes at least one raised portion such as a bonding pin <b>280</b> so that the surface of the bonding pin <b>280</b> extends outward from the bottom surface of the front end <b>240.</b> The bottom washer <b>250</b> also includes an optional tool feature <b>255</b> for assembly to the top washer <b>270.</b>

0027<figref idref="f0003"><b>Fig. 5</b></figref> illustrates an exploded view of the channel <b>242</b> and the front and <b>240.</b> Bonding pins <b>280</b> may be separate pins as shown or any component coupled to the clamp body and including sharp features intended to create an electrical bonding path. They may be positioned, press-fit (as shown), or may include threaded portion to be screwed into a female threaded portion on the bottom surface of the front end <b>240</b> although any suitable manner of connecting the bonding pins <b>280</b> is acceptable. Their design and orientation may also provide resistance to lateral forces, keeping the module from sliding under loading. <figref idref="f0003"><b>Figs. 5</b> and <b>6</b></figref> show the details of the post structure <b>262.</b> The post structure <b>262</b> shows the shaft <b>265</b> extending upward from the bottom washer <b>250.</b> At the end opposite the bottom washer <b>250,</b> the post includes a male threaded portion <b>264</b> for coupling to the female threaded portion <b>275</b> of the top washer <b>270</b> by rotating the top washer <b>270</b> or the post structure <b>262</b> into a tightened position. To provide additional tautness or rigidity when securing the clamp 200, the post structure <b>262</b> may also include a series of disc springs <b>290</b> or washers are shown stacked in a configuration to create a spring force and deflection range. Each of the springs <b>290</b> is in the shape of a cone with a central opening <b>292.</b> When assembled, the springs <b>290</b> are placed against each other so that the tapered central opening <b>292</b> of the first spring <b>290</b> faces up and is coupled to the second spring <b>290</b> with the tapered central opening facing down. This is repeated for each successive pair of springs <b>290.</b> Although six disc springs <b>290</b> are used in this exemplary embodiment, other types of springs, more or less disc springs like washers such as Belleville washers, or disc springs in different configurations (stacked, alternating, or both) can create a different spring force or different deflection range. This allows for the clamp to fit on different frame thicknesses

0028<figref idref="f0004"><b>Fig. 7</b></figref> shows a cross-sectional side view of the clamp <b>200.</b> As shown the shaft <b>265</b> is inserted through the channel <b>242</b> and through the central openings <b>292</b> of the springs <b>290</b> so that the male threaded portion <b>264</b> can be rotatably coupled to the female threaded portion <b>275</b> of the top washer <b>270.</b> When assembled in this fashion, the springs <b>290</b> rest on the channel base <b>243</b> and compress the washers <b>292</b> forming a spring function as the top washer <b>275</b> is tightened or lowered along the shaft <b>265</b> of the post structure <b>262</b>. The extension <b>230</b> on the backend <b>220</b> is positioned slightly lower than the bottom surface of the front end <b>240.</b><figref idref="f0005">Figures <b>8</b>, <b>9</b>, <b>10</b></figref>, and <figref idref="f0006"><b>11</b></figref> show top, side, front, and bottom-perspective views respectively of the clamp <b>200</b>.

0029<figref idref="f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012">Figures <b>12-23</b></figref> show the steps of using the clamp <b>200</b>. <figref idref="f0006"><b>Figs. 12</b> and <b>13</b></figref> show a front perspective view and a top view respectively of the clamp <b>200</b> before it is engaged with a typical solar panel rail guide <b>300</b>. The rail guide <b>300</b> is typically made of an electrically conducting material that has a surface oxidation layer and is connected to a roof attachment <b>140</b> on its lower end <b>330</b> so the rail guide <b>300</b> is secured lengthwise across a roof as shown in <figref idref="f0001"><b>Figs. 1</b> and <b>2</b></figref><b>.</b> The top of the rail guide <b>300</b> includes two side flanges <b>320</b> that form a slot or top channel <b>310.</b>

0030The bottom washer <b>250</b> of the clamp <b>200</b> is first inserted into the opening of the top channel <b>310</b> of the rail guide <b>300</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0007"><b>Figs. 14</b> and <b>15</b></figref><b>.</b> The bottom washer <b>250</b> should be of a suitable width/diameter so that it can freely move along the slot <b>310</b>, and the shaft <b>265</b> should be of a suitable width/diameter so that it is less than the width of the top channel <b>310</b>, but greater than the width of the opening formed along the two side flanges <b>320</b> so that it can both freely move through the top channel <b>310</b> and engage the bottom surface of the two side flanges <b>320</b>.

0031Once the clamp <b>200</b> is positioned along the rail guide <b>300,</b> an exemplary solar panel module <b>400</b> is positioned perpendicularly on the top of the side flanges <b>320</b> of the rail guide <b>300</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0008"><b>Fig. 16</b>. <b>Fig. 16</b></figref> illustrates a front perspective view with a transparent view of the rear wall <b>410</b> and <figref idref="f0008"><b>Fig. 17</b></figref> illustrates a top view of the image in <figref idref="f0008"><b>Fig</b>. <b>16</b></figref> showing the solar panel module <b>400</b> that further comprises a bottom flange <b>420</b> and the top panel <b>430</b> (shown in <figref idref="f0012"><b>Fig. 23</b></figref>). The bottom flange <b>420</b> typically comprises an electrically conducting material with a surface oxidation layer. Once the solar panel module <b>400</b> is positioned along the top of the side flanges <b>320</b> of the rail guide <b>300,</b> the clamp <b>200</b> is moved toward the solar panel module <b>400</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0009"><b>Fig. 18</b></figref> so that the front end <b>240</b> of the clamp <b>200</b> is covering a portion of the bottom flange <b>420</b> of the solar panel module <b>400</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0009"><b>Fig. 19</b></figref>. This typically occurs by moving the clamp <b>200</b> so that the shaft <b>265</b> directly contacts the edge of the bottom flange <b>420</b>.

0032Referring to <figref idref="f0010"><b>Figs. 20</b></figref> and <figref idref="f0011"><b>21</b></figref><b>,</b> once in position, the back end <b>220</b> of the clamp <b>200</b> is rotated to a locked position, which is the position when the entire length of the clamp <b>200</b> rests directly over the top of the side flanges <b>320</b> on rail guide <b>300</b> on top of the side flanges <b>320.</b> The clamp <b>200</b> may be rotated in either direction. Ramps <b>221</b> and <b>222</b> on the underside of the clamp <b>200</b> and back end <b>220</b> respectively can make the rotation easier. A side view of the images in <figref idref="f0010"><b>Figs. 20</b></figref> and <figref idref="f0011"><b>21</b></figref> is shown in <figref idref="f0011"><b>Fig. 22</b></figref>. In <figref idref="f0011"><b>Fig. 22</b></figref>, one can see that the extension <b>230</b> is at a lower planar level than the bottom surface of the front end <b>240</b>. This enables the extension <b>230</b> to snap into place and create a downward compression force on the bottom surface of the front end <b>240</b> and the back end <b>220</b> of the clamp <b>200.</b> The snap also provides tactile feedback to the installer that the clamp <b>200</b> is secured. The compression force at the front end <b>240</b> firmly engages the bottom surface with the bottom flange <b>420</b> securing it in place when the extension <b>230</b> is firmly engaged on top of the side flanges <b>320.</b><figref idref="f0012"><b>Fig. 23</b></figref> illustrates a top perspective view of a solar panel module <b>400</b> being secured by multiple clamps <b>200</b> across a pair of rail guides <b>300.</b>

0033A more detailed illustration of the front end of the assembly is shown in <figref idref="f0015 f0016"><b>Figs. 29-32</b></figref> that demonstrates what occurs when the rear end <b>220</b> of the clamp <b>200</b> is rotated into the locked position as shown in <figref idref="f0011"><b>Fig. 22</b></figref>. <figref idref="f0015"><b>Figs. 29</b> and <b>30</b></figref> show a cross section of the front end <b>240</b> after the clamp <b>200</b> is rotated into the locked position on thin (<figref idref="f0015"><b>Fig</b>. <b>29</b></figref>) and thick (<figref idref="f0015"><b>Fig</b>. <b>30</b></figref>) module flanges <b>420</b>. As shown in <figref idref="f0015"><b>Fig. 29</b></figref>, the bottom washer <b>250</b> rests in the top channel <b>310</b>, the bottom surface of the front end is engaged with the bottom flange <b>420,</b> and the springs <b>290</b> are partially compressed. <figref idref="f0015"><b>Fig. 30</b></figref> shows what occurs when the module flange <b>420</b> is thicker. The springs <b>290</b> compress to a more flattened position allowing the front end to move upward to accommodate the thicker flange <b>420.</b> The serrations <b>260</b> of the bottom washer <b>250</b> penetrate the oxidation layer on the bottom surfaces of the side flanges <b>320</b> and electrically bond the bottom washer <b>250</b> to the rail guide <b>300</b> as shown in further detail in <figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 31</b></figref>. The bonding pins <b>280</b> on the bottom surface of the front end <b>240</b> penetrate the oxidation layer of the bottom flange <b>420</b> and electrically bond the clamp <b>200</b> to the solar panel module <b>400</b> as shown in further detail in <figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 32</b></figref>. The compression of the springs <b>290</b> along the post structure <b>262</b> can be adjusted by rotating the top washer <b>270</b> clockwise along the threaded portion <b>264</b> of the shaft <b>265</b>. They can also be locked into position in manufacturing so that the installer never has to adjust anything.

0034An alternate exemplary embodiment of the clamp <b>200</b> is shown in <figref idref="f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016 f0017 f0018 f0019 f0020 f0021"><b>Figs. 24-42</b></figref><b>.</b> Referring to the front perspective and top views in <figref idref="f0013"><b>Figs. 24-25</b></figref> respectively, a dual-handle clamp <b>500</b> is shown. The dual-handle clamp <b>500</b> has similar characteristics of the clamp <b>200.</b> The clamp <b>500</b> shaped generally like a boomerang with first and second handles <b>510</b> and <b>515</b> extending outward from a front end <b>540</b> that forms a corner of the clamp <b>500</b> at approximately <b>90-</b>degree angles from each other. The first handle <b>510</b> has a back end <b>520</b>, and the second handle <b>515</b> has a back end <b>525</b>. Handles <b>510</b> and <b>515</b> are identical, but with mirrored features across line A-A in <figref idref="f0013"><b>Fig 25</b></figref>. Just like the clamp <b>200</b>, the front end <b>540</b> includes a channel <b>542</b> (shown in <figref idref="f0015"><b>Fig. 29</b></figref>) that is identical to the channel <b>242</b>. The same post structure <b>262</b> used in clamp <b>200</b> is connected to the top washer <b>270</b> through the channel <b>542</b> as shown and is assembled using the same optional springs <b>290</b> to form a spring structure through the channel <b>542</b> as that used in the channel <b>242</b> of the clamp <b>200</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0014"><b>Fig. 28</b></figref>, which illustrates how the post structure <b>262</b>, the top washer <b>270</b>, and the springs <b>290</b> are assembled in the channel <b>542</b>.

0035Referring to side view <figref idref="f0014"><b>Fig. 26</b></figref>, the second handle <b>515</b> is shown. The back end <b>525</b> further includes an extension <b>530</b> that extends downward from the bottom of the rear end. As shown in the bottom view <figref idref="f0014"><b>Fig. 27</b></figref>, the front end <b>540</b> in this exemplary embodiment is beveled slightly upward so that it will fit over the bottom flange <b>420</b> of the solar panel module <b>400</b>. The back end <b>525</b> of the first handle <b>510</b> also includes an extension <b>530</b>, as does the back end <b>520</b> of the second handle <b>515</b> with an extension <b>535</b>. These extensions <b>530</b> and <b>535</b> extend downward and allow each of the back ends <b>520</b> and <b>525</b> to snap onto the top channel <b>320</b> of the rail guide <b>300</b>. Ramps <b>531</b> and <b>536</b> near the extensions <b>530</b> and <b>535</b> can make the rotation easier. Several bonding pins <b>580</b> and <b>582</b> are also secured to the bottom surface of the clamp <b>500</b>. In this exemplary embodiment, two bonding pins <b>580</b> are shown at the front end <b>540</b> of the clamp <b>500</b>, and two bonding pins <b>582</b> toward the rear of the handles <b>510</b> and <b>515</b> respectively, but generally, at least one bonding pin <b>580</b> is secured to each handle <b>510</b> and <b>515</b> just as described for the front end <b>240</b> of the clamp <b>200</b>. The bonding pins <b>580</b> and <b>582</b> are typically located along the edge of the bottom surface of the clamp <b>500</b>.

0036<figref idref="f0017 f0018 f0019 f0020 f0021">Figures <b>33-42</b></figref> show the steps of using the clamp <b>500</b>. <figref idref="f0017"><b>Figs. 33</b> and <b>34</b></figref> show a front perspective view and a top view respectively of the clamp <b>500</b> before it is engaged with the solar panel rail guide <b>300</b>. The steps are the same as those used to secure clamp <b>200</b> to the rail guide <b>300</b>.

0037The bottom washer <b>250</b> of the clamp <b>500</b> is first inserted into the front opening <b>305</b> of the top channel <b>310</b> of the rail guide <b>300</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0018"><b>Figs. 35</b> and <b>36</b></figref><b>.</b> As the bottom washer <b>250</b> is inserted into the top channel <b>310</b>, the first handle <b>510</b> and second handle <b>515</b> should generally face away from the front opening <b>305</b> as illustrated.

0038Once the clamp <b>500</b> is positioned along the rail guide <b>300</b>, just as described for the clamp <b>200</b>, the solar panel module <b>400</b> is positioned perpendicularly on the top of the side flanges <b>320</b> of the rail guide <b>300</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0019"><b>Fig. 37</b>. <b>Fig. 37</b></figref> illustrates a front perspective view with a transparent view of the rear wall <b>410</b> and <figref idref="f0019"><b>Fig. 38</b></figref> illustrates a top view of the image in <figref idref="f0019"><b>Fig. 37</b></figref> showing the solar panel module <b>400</b> that further comprises a bottom flange <b>420</b> and the top panel <b>430</b> (shown in <figref idref="f0012"><b>Fig. 23</b></figref>). Once the solar panel module <b>400</b> is positioned along the top of the side flanges <b>320</b> of the rail guide <b>300</b>, the front end <b>540</b> of the clamp <b>500</b> is moved toward the solar panel module <b>400</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0020"><b>Fig. 39</b></figref> so that the front end <b>540</b> of the clamp <b>500</b> is covering a portion of the bottom flange <b>420</b> of the solar panel module <b>400</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0020"><b>Fig. 40</b></figref>. This typically occurs by moving the clamp <b>500</b> so that the shaft <b>265</b> directly contacts the edge of the bottom flange <b>420</b>.

0039Referring to <figref idref="f0021"><b>Figs. 41</b> and <b>42</b></figref><b>,</b> once in position, either the back end <b>520</b> on the first handle <b>510</b>, or the back end <b>525</b> of the second handle <b>520</b> of the clamp <b>500</b> is rotated to a locked position, which is when the entire length of either the first handle <b>510</b> or the second handle <b>520</b> of the clamp <b>500</b> rests directly over the top of the side flanges <b>320</b> on rail guide <b>300</b>. Just as with the clamp <b>200</b>, one can see that the extensions <b>530</b> and <b>535</b> are at a lower planar level than the bottom surface of the front end <b>540.</b> This enables the extensions <b>530</b> and <b>535</b> to snap into place and create a downward compression force on the bottom surface of the front end <b>540</b> and either of the back ends <b>520</b> or <b>525</b> of the clamp <b>500</b>. The snap also provides tactile feedback to the installer that the clamp <b>500</b> is secured. The compression force at the front end <b>540</b> firmly engages the bottom surface with the bottom flange <b>420</b> securing it in place when either the extension <b>530</b> or <b>535</b> are firmly engaged on top of the side flanges <b>320</b>. The clamp <b>500</b> can be rotated in either direction. A difference between the install of the single-handle clamp <b>200</b> vs. the dual-handle clamp <b>500</b> is that the single-handle generally involves a pushing action to move the clamp <b>200</b> into the locked position, and the dual-handle clamp <b>500</b> generally involves a pulling action to move it into a locked position. Multiple clamps <b>500</b> can be assembled similar to the clamps <b>200</b> shown in <figref idref="f0012"><b>Fig. 23</b></figref>, which illustrates a top perspective view of a solar panel module <b>400</b> being secured by multiple clamps <b>200</b> across a pair of rail guides <b>300</b>.

0040A detailed illustration of the front end of the assembly is shown in <figref idref="f0015 f0016"><b>Figs. 29-32a</b></figref> that demonstrates what occurs when either of the back ends <b>520</b> or <b>525</b> of the clamp <b>500</b> is rotated into the locked position as shown in <figref idref="f0021"><b>Figs. 41</b> and <b>42</b></figref>. The steps and results of the rotation to the locked position are very similar to what occurs when the clamp <b>200</b> is rotated to the locked position. <figref idref="f0015"><b>Figs. 29</b> and <b>30</b></figref> show a cross section of the front end <b>540</b>, which has essentially the same structure as the front end <b>240</b> of clamp <b>200</b>, before and after the clamp <b>500</b> is rotated into the locked position. As shown in <figref idref="f0015"><b>Fig. 29</b></figref>, the bottom washer <b>250</b> rests in the top channel <b>310</b>, the bottom surface of the front end <b>540</b> is engaged with the bottom flange <b>420</b>, and the springs <b>290</b> are partially compressed to create a clamping force on flange <b>420</b>. <figref idref="f0015"><b>Fig. 30</b></figref> shows what occurs on a thicker flange <b>420</b>. The springs <b>290</b> compress to a more flattened position while the spring force resists and pulls the front end <b>540</b> upward to accommodate the thicker flange <b>420</b>. The serrations <b>260</b> of the bottom washer <b>250</b> penetrate the oxidation layer on the bottom surfaces of the side flanges <b>320</b> and electrically bond the bottom washer <b>250</b> to the rail guide <b>300</b> as shown in further detail in <figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 31</b></figref>. The bonding pins <b>580</b> on the bottom surface of either handle <b>510</b> or <b>515</b> penetrate the oxidation layer of the bottom flange <b>420</b> and electrically bond the clamp <b>500</b> to the solar panel module <b>400</b> as shown in further detail in <figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 32 and Fig. 32a</b></figref><b>.</b> The bonding pins <b>582</b> on either handle <b>510</b> or <b>515</b> may also penetrate the top surface of the side flanges <b>320</b> to provide additional electrical bonding. The compression of the springs <b>290</b> along the post structure <b>262</b> can be adjusted by rotating the top washer <b>270</b> clockwise along the threaded portion <b>264</b> of the shaft <b>265</b>. or secured in manufacturing to simplify the process for the installer.

0041<figref idref="f0022"><b>Fig. 43</b></figref> illustrates a top view of a universal end clamp <b>600</b>, which is an alternate exemplary embodiment of the clamp <b>200</b>. The clamp <b>600</b> comprises handle <b>610</b> with back end <b>620</b>, and front end <b>640</b>. The front end <b>640</b> is generally curved, but can be of other suitable shapes as well. A top end <b>670</b> of a post structure <b>662</b> is shown, although the top end <b>670</b> does not have to be visible along the top surface of the clamp <b>600</b>.

0042<figref idref="f0022"><b>Fig. 44</b></figref> illustrates a side view of the clamp <b>600</b> and further shows the extension <b>630</b> that extends downward from the back end <b>620</b>. Raised portions <b>680</b>, typically bonding pins configured to penetrate a surface oxidation layer of a bottom flange <b>420</b> on the solar panel <b>400</b> and create an electrical bond are also shown. At least one is present on the bottom surface of the front end <b>640</b>. The post structure <b>662</b> is also shown and comprises a bottom washer <b>650</b> that includes serrations <b>660</b> on the top surface of the bottom washer <b>650</b>. The serrations <b>660</b> are configured to penetrate the surface oxidation layer of the side flanges <b>320</b> of the solar panel rail guide <b>300</b> and create an electrical bond. A shaft <b>665</b> typically extends upward from the top surface of the bottom washer <b>650</b> and is coupled to the clamp <b>600</b> at top end <b>670</b>. The post structure <b>662</b> can be coupled in any suitable manner such as using a threaded top end into a threaded opening on the bottom of the clamp <b>600</b>, or it can be molded as part of the clamp <b>600</b>. <figref idref="f0022"><b>Figs.</b> 45-46</figref> illustrate other views of the clamp <b>600</b>.

0043The installation of the clamp <b>600</b> operates in the same fashion to the clamp <b>200</b> as shown in <figref idref="f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012"><b>Figs. 12-23</b></figref><b>.</b> In this alternate exemplary embodiment, however, the post structure <b>662</b> does not include a spring structure like that in clamp <b>200</b>. When the rear end <b>620</b> of the clamp <b>600</b> is rotated into the locked position as shown for clamp <b>200</b> in <figref idref="f0011"><b>Fig. 22</b></figref><b>,</b> the bottom washer <b>650</b> rests in the top channel <b>310,</b> the bottom surface of the front end is engaged with the bottom flange <b>420</b>, and the serrations <b>660</b> of the bottom washer <b>650</b> penetrate the oxidation layer on the bottom surfaces of the side flanges <b>320</b> and electrically bond the bottom washer <b>650</b> to the rail guide <b>300</b> as shown in further detail in <figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 31</b></figref>. The bonding pins <b>680</b> on the bottom surface of the front end <b>640</b> penetrate the oxidation layer of the bottom flange <b>420</b> and electrically bond the clamp <b>600</b> to the solar panel module <b>400</b> like the clamp <b>500</b> or <b>200</b> without the spring as shown in detail in <figref idref="f0016"><b>Fig. 32</b> and <b>Fig. 32a</b></figref>. They can also be locked into position in manufacturing so that the installer never has to adjust anything.

0044In each of the exemplary embodiments, no tool is required to install the clamp and secure the solar panel module to the solar panel rail guide. The design allows the array to be installed so that the rails are flush with the sides of the solar panel modules and the hardware hidden from plain view within the array. The mounting rail ends can also be cut straight or jagged. The rail ends can also extend past the edge of the solar panel module or not quite reach the module. In either case, the clamp would not be affected.