Surgical instrument cartridge sensor assemblies

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

0001This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US62691227A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/691,227</text></patcit>, titled CONTROLLING A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO SENSED CLOSURE PARAMETERS, filed June 28, 2018, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0002This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US62650887A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/650,887</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTIMIZED SENSING CAPABILITIES, filed March 30, 2018, to <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US62650877A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/650,877</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL SMOKE EVACUATION SENSING AND CONTROLS, filed March 30, 2018, to <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US62650882A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/650,882</text></patcit>, titled SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed March 30, 2018, and to <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US62650898A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/650,898</text></patcit>, titled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS, filed March 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0003This application also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US62640417A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/640,417</text></patcit>, titled TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN ULTRASONIC DEVICE AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, filed March 8, 2018, and to Provisional Patent Application Serial No. <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US62640415B"><text>62/640,415</text></patcit>, titled ESTIMATING STATE OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, filed March 8, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0004This application also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US62611341A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, to <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US62611340A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,340</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS, filed December 28, 2017, and to <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US62611339A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,339</text></patcit>, titled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

0005The present disclosure relates to various surgical systems.

SUMMARY

0006In one general aspect, a cartridge for a surgical instrument that is configured to grasp a tissue is provided. The cartridge comprises a circuit. The circuit comprises an active element and a sensor. The active element is configured to stimulate the tissue. The sensor is configured to take measurements corresponding to a tissue parameter associated with the tissue. The circuit is configured to determine a tissue type of the tissue according to a change in the tissue parameter detected by the sensor resulting from a stimulus from the active element.

0007In another general aspect, a surgical instrument for use with a cartridge is provided. The cartridge comprises a data-representative feature representing a first cartridge data and a data storage element storing a second cartridge data. The surgical instrument comprises an end effector configured to receive the cartridge, a sensor configured to take measurements associated with the data-representative feature that are representative of the first cartridge data, and a control circuit coupled to the sensor. The control circuit is configured to determine the first cartridge data according to measurements taken by the sensor, receive the second cartridge data from the data storage element, determine whether the first cartridge data corresponds to the second cartridge data, and select one of the first cartridge data or the second cartridge data in response to the first cartridge data not corresponding to the second cartridge data.

0008In another general aspect, a cartridge for a surgical instrument is provided. The cartridge comprises a data-representative feature and a data storage element. The data-representative feature comprises one or more physical characteristics that are indicative of a first cartridge data. The data storage element comprises a memory storing a second cartridge data.

FIGURES

0009The features of various aspects are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The various aspects, however, both as to organization and methods of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings as follows. <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is a block diagram of a computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is a surgical system being used to perform a surgical procedure in an operating room, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> is a surgical hub paired with a visualization system, a robotic system, and an intelligent instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref> is a partial perspective view of a surgical hub enclosure, and of a combo generator module slidably receivable in a drawer of the surgical hub enclosure, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref> is a perspective view of a combo generator module with bipolar, ultrasonic, and monopolar contacts and a smoke evacuation component, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates individual power bus attachments for a plurality of lateral docking ports of a lateral modular housing configured to receive a plurality of modules, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates a vertical modular housing configured to receive a plurality of modules, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0007">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates a surgical data network comprising a modular communication hub configured to connect modular devices located in one or more operating theaters of a healthcare facility, or any room in a healthcare facility specially equipped for surgical operations, to the cloud, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0008">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates a computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0009">FIG. 10</figref> illustrates a surgical hub comprising a plurality of modules coupled to the modular control tower, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0010">FIG. 11</figref> illustrates one aspect of a Universal Serial Bus (USB) network hub device, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref> illustrates a logic diagram of a control system of a surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIG. 13</figref> illustrates a control circuit configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIG. 14</figref> illustrates a combinational logic circuit configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIG. 15</figref> illustrates a sequential logic circuit configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0013">FIG. 16</figref> illustrates a surgical instrument or tool comprising a plurality of motors which can be activated to perform various functions, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0014">FIG. 17</figref> is a schematic diagram of a robotic surgical instrument configured to operate a surgical tool described herein, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0015">FIG. 18</figref> illustrates a block diagram of a surgical instrument programmed to control the distal translation of a displacement member, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0016">FIG. 19</figref> is a schematic diagram of a surgical instrument configured to control various functions, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0017">FIG. 20</figref> is a stroke length graph showing an example of a control system modifying the stroke length of a clamping assembly based on the articulation angle.</li><li><figref idref="f0017">FIG. 21</figref> is a closure tube assembly positioning graph showing an example of a control system modifying a longitudinal position of the closure tube assembly based on the articulation angle;</li><li><figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22</figref> is a comparison of a stapling method utilizing controlled tissue compression versus a stapling method without controlled tissue compression.</li><li><figref idref="f0019">FIG. 23</figref> is a force graph shown in section A and a related displacement graph shown in section B, where the force graph and the displacement graph have an x-axis defining time, a y-axis of the displacement graph defines a travel displacement of a firing rod, and a y-axis of the force graph defines a sensed torsional force on a motor that is configured to advance the firing rod.</li><li><figref idref="f0020">FIG. 24</figref> is a schematic illustration of a tissue contact circuit showing the completion of the circuit upon contact with tissue a pair of spaced apart contact plates.</li><li><figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref> is a perspective view of a surgical instrument that has an interchangeable shaft assembly operably coupled thereto, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0022">FIG. 26</figref> is an exploded assembly view of a portion of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0023">FIG. 27</figref> is an exploded assembly view of portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0024">FIG. 28</figref> is an exploded view of an end effector of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0025">FIG. 29A</figref> is a block diagram of a control circuit of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref> spanning two drawing sheets, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0026">FIG. 29B</figref> is a block diagram of a control circuit of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref> spanning two drawing sheets, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0027">FIG. 30</figref> is a block diagram of the control circuit of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref> illustrating interfaces between the handle assembly, the power assembly, and the handle assembly and the interchangeable shaft assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0028">FIG. 31</figref> depicts an example medical device that can include one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0029">FIG. 32</figref> depicts an example end-effector of a medical device surrounding tissue in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0030">FIG. 33</figref> depicts an example end-effector of a medical device compressing tissue in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0031">FIG. 34</figref> depicts example forces exerted by an end-effector of a medical device compressing tissue in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0032">FIG. 35</figref> also depicts example forces exerted by an end-effector of a medical device compressing tissue in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0033">FIG. 36</figref> depicts an example tissue compression sensor system in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0034">FIG. 37</figref> also depicts an example tissue compression sensor system in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0035">FIG. 38</figref> also depicts an example tissue compression sensor system in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0036">FIG. 39</figref> is also an example circuit diagram in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0037">FIG. 40</figref> is also an example circuit diagram in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0038">FIG. 41</figref> is graph depicting an example frequency modulation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref> is graph depicting a compound RF signal in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0040">FIG. 43</figref> is graph depicting filtered RF signals in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0041">FIG. 44</figref> is a perspective view of a surgical instrument with an articulable, interchangeable shaft.</li><li><figref idref="f0041">FIG. 45</figref> is a side view of the tip of the surgical instrument.</li><li><figref idref="f0042 f0043 f0044 f0045 f0046">FIGS. 46 to 50</figref> are graphs plotting gap size over time (<figref idref="f0042">FIG. 46</figref>), firing current over time (<figref idref="f0043">FIG. 47</figref>), tissue compression over time (<figref idref="f0044">FIG. 48</figref>), anvil strain over time (<figref idref="f0045">FIG. 49</figref>), and trigger force over time (<figref idref="f0046">FIG. 50</figref>).</li><li><figref idref="f0047">FIG. 51</figref> is a graph plotting tissue displacement as a function of tissue compression for normal tissues.</li><li><figref idref="f0047">FIG. 52</figref> is a graph plotting tissue displacement as a function of tissue compression to distinguish normal and diseased tissues.</li><li><figref idref="f0048">FIG. 53</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector comprising a first sensor and a second sensor.</li><li><figref idref="f0049">FIG. 54</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for adjusting the measurement of the first sensor based on input from the second sensor of the end effector illustrated in <figref idref="f0048">FIG. 53</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0050">FIG. 55</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for determining a look-up table for a first sensor based on the input from a second sensor.</li><li><figref idref="f0051">FIG. 56</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for calibrating a first sensor in response to an input from a second sensor.</li><li><figref idref="f0052">FIG. 57</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for determining and displaying the thickness of a tissue section clamped between an anvil and a staple cartridge of an end effector.</li><li><figref idref="f0053">FIG. 58</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for determining and displaying the thickness of a tissue section clamped between the anvil and the staple cartridge of the end effector.</li><li><figref idref="f0054">FIG. 59</figref> is a graph illustrating an adjusted Hall effect thickness measurement compared to an unmodified Hall effect thickness measurement.</li><li><figref idref="f0055">FIG. 60</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector comprising a first sensor and a second sensor.</li><li><figref idref="f0056">FIG. 61</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector comprising a first sensor and a plurality of second sensors.</li><li><figref idref="f0057">FIG. 62</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for adjusting a measurement of a first sensor in response to a plurality of secondary sensors.</li><li><figref idref="f0058">FIG. 63</figref> illustrates one embodiment of a circuit configured to convert signals from a first sensor and a plurality of secondary sensors into digital signals receivable by a processor.</li><li><figref idref="f0059">FIG. 64</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector comprising a plurality of sensors.</li><li><figref idref="f0060">FIG. 65</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for determining one or more tissue properties based on a plurality of sensors.</li><li><figref idref="f0061">FIG. 66</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector comprising a plurality of sensors coupled to a second jaw member.</li><li><figref idref="f0062">FIG. 67</figref> illustrates one embodiment of a staple cartridge comprising a plurality of sensors formed integrally therein.</li><li><figref idref="f0063">FIG. 68</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for determining one or more parameters of a tissue section clamped within an end effector.</li><li><figref idref="f0064">FIG. 69</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector comprising a plurality of redundant sensors.</li><li><figref idref="f0065">FIG. 70</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for selecting the most reliable output from a plurality of redundant sensors.</li><li><figref idref="f0066">FIG. 71</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector comprising a sensor comprising a specific sampling rate to limit or eliminate false signals.</li><li><figref idref="f0067">FIG. 72</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process for generating a thickness measurement for a tissue section located between an anvil and a staple cartridge of an end effector.</li><li><figref idref="f0068">FIGS. 73 and 74</figref> illustrate one embodiment of an end effector comprising a sensor for identifying staple cartridges of different types.</li><li><figref idref="f0069">FIG. 75</figref> illustrates one aspect of a segmented flexible circuit configured to fixedly attach to a jaw member of an end effector, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0070">FIG. 76</figref> illustrates one aspect of a segmented flexible circuit configured to mount to a jaw member of an end effector, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0070">FIG. 77</figref> illustrates one aspect of an end effector configured to measure a tissue gap GT, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0071">FIG. 78</figref> illustrates one aspect of an end effector comprising segmented flexible circuit, in accordance with at least one aspect of this present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0071">FIG. 79</figref> illustrates the end effector shown in <figref idref="f0071">FIG. 78</figref> with the jaw member clamping tissue between the jaw member and the staple cartridge, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0072">FIG. 80</figref> is a diagram of an absolute positioning system of a surgical instrument where the absolute positioning system comprises a controlled motor drive circuit arrangement comprising a sensor arrangement, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0073">FIG. 81</figref> is a diagram of a position sensor comprising a magnetic rotary absolute positioning system, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0074">FIG. 82</figref> is a section view of an end effector of a surgical instrument showing a firing member stroke relative to tissue grasped within the end effector, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0075">FIG. 83</figref> is a first graph of two closure force (FTC) plots depicting the force applied to a closure member to close on thick and thin tissue during a closure phase and a second graph of two firing force (FTF) plots depicting the force applied to a firing member to fire through thick and thin tissue during a firing phase.</li><li><figref idref="f0076">FIG. 84</figref> is a graph of a control system configured to provide progressive closure of a closure member during a firing stroke when the firing member advances distally and couples into a clamp arm to lower the closure force load on the closure member at a desired rate and decrease the firing force load on the firing member, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0076">FIG. 85</figref> illustrates a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller feedback control system, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0077">FIG. 86</figref> is a logic flow diagram depicting a process of a control program or a logic configuration for determining the velocity of a closure member, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0078">FIG. 87</figref> is a timeline depicting situational awareness of a surgical hub, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0079">FIG. 88</figref> illustrates a perspective view of a staple cartridge including an active element and a sensor, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0080">FIG. 89</figref> illustrates a block diagram of an active sensor assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0081">FIG. 90</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process for determining a tissue type, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0082">FIG. 91</figref> illustrates a perspective view of a cartridge including hydrophobic areas, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0083">FIG. 92</figref> illustrates a perspective view of a cartridge including a pair of data elements, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0084">FIG. 93</figref> illustrates a block diagram of a sensor assembly for detecting and/or receiving data from data elements associated with a cartridge, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0085">FIG. 94</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process for resolving data identification conflicts, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0086">FIG. 95</figref> illustrates a block diagram of a circuit including a variable output sensor, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0087">FIG. 96</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process for controlling an output mode of a sensor, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0088">FIG. 97</figref> illustrates an end effector comprising a first sensor and a second sensor, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0089">FIG. 98</figref> illustrates a perspective view of an end effector, with the anvil in an open position, including a plurality of light sources arranged between the proximal end and the distal end of the staple cartridge on either side of the cartridge deck, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.</li></ul>

DESCRIPTION

0010Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications, filed on June 29, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS, Attorney Docket No. END8542USNP/170755;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled CONTROLLING A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO SENSED CLOSURE PARAMETERS, Attorney Docket No. END8543USNP/170760;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SYSTEMS FOR ADJUSTING END EFFECTOR PARAMETERS BASED ON PERIOPERATIVE INFORMATION, Attorney Docket No. END8543USNP1/170760-1;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR SMART POWERED SURGICAL STAPLING, Attorney Docket No. END8543USNP2/170760-2;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR SMART POWERED SURGICAL STAPLING, Attorney Docket No. END8543USNP3/170760-3;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING END EFFECTOR TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IRREGULARITIES, Attorney Docket No. END8543USNP4/170760-4;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING PROXIMITY OF SURGICAL END EFFECTOR TO CANCEROUS TISSUE, Attorney Docket No. END8543USNP5/170760-5;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled VARIABLE OUTPUT CARTRIDGE SENSOR ASSEMBLY, Attorney Docket No. END8543USNP7/170760-7;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE ELECTRODE, Attorney Docket No. END8544USNP/170761;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE CIRCUIT, Attorney Docket No. END8544USNP1/170761-1;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH A TISSUE MARKING ASSEMBLY, Attorney Docket No. END8544USNP2/170761-2;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH PRIORITIZED DATA TRANSMISSION CAPABILITIES, Attorney Docket No. END8544USNP3/170761-3;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND MOTOR CONTROL, Attorney Docket No. END8545USNP/170762;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSOR ARRANGEMENTS, Attorney Docket No. END8545USNP1/170762-1;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION FLOW PATHS, Attorney Docket No. END8545USNP2/170762-2;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND GENERATOR CONTROL, Attorney Docket No. END8545USNP3/170762-3;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND DISPLAY, Attorney Docket No. END8545USNP4/170762-4;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled COMMUNICATION OF SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS TO HUB OR CLOUD IN SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, Attorney Docket No. END8546USNP/170763;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM INCLUDING A SEGMENTED CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, Attorney Docket No. END8546USNP1/170763-1;</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SYSTEM WITH A COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A FILTER AND A SMOKE EVACUATION DEVICE, Attorney Docket No. END8547USNP/170764; and</li><li>U.S. Patent Application Serial No._, titled DUAL IN-SERIES LARGE AND SMALL DROPLET FILTERS, Attorney Docket No. END8548USNP/170765.</li></ul>

0011Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on June 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US62691228A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/691,228</text></patcit>, titled A METHOD OF USING REINFORCED FLEX CIRCUITS WITH MULTIPLE SENSORS WITH ELECTROSURGICAL DEVICES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US62691227A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/691,227</text></patcit>, titled CONTROLLING A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO SENSED CLOSURE PARAMETERS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US62691230A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/691,230</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE ELECTRODE;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US62691219A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/691,219</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND MOTOR CONTROL;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US62691257A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/691,257</text></patcit>, titled COMMUNICATION OF SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS TO HUB OR CLOUD IN SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US62691262A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/691,262</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SYSTEM WITH A COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A FILTER AND A SMOKE EVACUATION DEVICE; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US62691251A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/691,251</text></patcit>, titled DUAL IN-SERIES LARGE AND SMALL DROPLET FILTERS.</li></ul>

0012Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications, filed on March 29, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="US94064118A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,641</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="US94064818A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,648</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH CONDITION HANDLING OF DEVICES AND DATA CAPABILITIES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="US94065618A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,656</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL HUB COORDINATION OF CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION OF OPERATING ROOM DEVICES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="US94066618A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,666</text></patcit>, titled SPATIAL AWARENESS OF SURGICAL HUBS IN OPERATING ROOMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="US94067018A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,670</text></patcit>, titled COOPERATIVE UTILIZATION OF DATA DERIVED FROM SECONDARY SOURCES BY INTELLIGENT SURGICAL HUBS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="US94067718A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,677</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL HUB CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="US94063218A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,632</text></patcit>, titled DATA STRIPPING METHOD TO INTERROGATE PATIENT RECORDS AND CREATE ANONYMIZED RECORD;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="US94064018A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,640</text></patcit>, titled COMMUNICATION HUB AND STORAGE DEVICE FOR STORING PARAMETERS AND STATUS OF A SURGICAL DEVICE TO BE SHARED WITH CLOUD BASED ANALYTICS SYSTEMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="US94064518A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,645</text></patcit>, titled SELF DESCRIBING DATA PACKETS GENERATED AT AN ISSUING INSTRUMENT;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="US94064918A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,649</text></patcit>, titled DATA PAIRING TO INTERCONNECT A DEVICE MEASURED PARAMETER WITH AN OUTCOME;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0028" dnum="US94065418A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,654</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0029" dnum="US94066318A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,663</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL SYSTEM DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0030" dnum="US94066818A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,668</text></patcit>, titled AGGREGATION AND REPORTING OF SURGICAL HUB DATA;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0031" dnum="US94067118A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,671</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL HUB SPATIAL AWARENESS TO DETERMINE DEVICES IN OPERATING THEATER;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0032" dnum="US94068618A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,686</text></patcit>, titled DISPLAY OF ALIGNMENT OF STAPLE CARTRIDGE TO PRIOR LINEAR STAPLE LINE;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0033" dnum="US94070018A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,700</text></patcit>, titled STERILE FIELD INTERACTIVE CONTROL DISPLAYS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0034" dnum="US940629A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,629</text></patcit>, titled COMPUTER IMPLEMENTED INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0035" dnum="US94070418A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,704</text></patcit>, titled USE OF LASER LIGHT AND RED-GREEN-BLUE COLORATION TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF BACK SCATTERED LIGHT;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0036" dnum="US94072218A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,722</text></patcit>, titled CHARACTERIZATION OF TISSUE IRREGULARITIES THROUGH THE USE OF MONO-CHROMATIC LIGHT REFRACTIVITY; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0037" dnum="US94074218A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,742</text></patcit>, titled DUAL CMOS ARRAY IMAGING.</li></ul>

0013Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications, filed on March 29, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0038" dnum="US94063618A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,636</text></patcit>, titled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL DEVICES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0039" dnum="US94065318A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,653</text></patcit>, titled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL HUBS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0040" dnum="US94066018A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,660</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR CUSTOMIZATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO A USER;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0041" dnum="US94067918A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,679</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR LINKING OF LOCAL USAGE TRENDS WITH THE RESOURCE ACQUISITION BEHAVIORS OF LARGER DATA SET;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0042" dnum="US94069418A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,694</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR MEDICAL FACILITY SEGMENTED INDIVIDUALIZATION OF INSTRUMENT FUNCTION;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0043" dnum="US94063418A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,634</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR SECURITY AND AUTHENTICATION TRENDS AND REACTIVE MEASURES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0044" dnum="US94070618A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,706</text></patcit>, titled DATA HANDLING AND PRIORITIZATION IN A CLOUD ANALYTICS NETWORK; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0045" dnum="US94067518A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,675</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD INTERFACE FOR COUPLED SURGICAL DEVICES.</li></ul>

0014Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications, filed on March 29, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0046" dnum="US94062718A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,627</text></patcit>, titled DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0047" dnum="US94063718A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,637</text></patcit>, titled COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0048" dnum="US94064218A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,642</text></patcit>, titled CONTROLS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0049" dnum="US94067618A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,676</text></patcit>, titled AUTOMATIC TOOL ADJUSTMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0050" dnum="US94068018A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,680</text></patcit>, titled CONTROLLERS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0051" dnum="US94068318A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,683</text></patcit>, titled COOPERATIVE SURGICAL ACTIONS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0052" dnum="US94069018A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,690</text></patcit>, titled DISPLAY ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0053" dnum="US94071118A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/940,711</text></patcit>, titled SENSING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS.</li></ul>

0015Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on March 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0007" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0054" dnum="US62649302A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,302</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0055" dnum="US62649294A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,294</text></patcit>, titled DATA STRIPPING METHOD TO INTERROGATE PATIENT RECORDS AND CREATE ANONYMIZED RECORD;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0056" dnum="US62649300A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,300</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0057" dnum="US62649309A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,309</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL HUB SPATIAL AWARENESS TO DETERMINE DEVICES IN OPERATING THEATER;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0058" dnum="US62649310A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,310</text></patcit>, titled COMPUTER IMPLEMENTED INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0059" dnum="US62649291A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,291</text></patcit>, titled USE OF LASER LIGHT AND RED-GREEN-BLUE COLORATION TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF BACK SCATTERED LIGHT;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0060" dnum="US62649296A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,296</text></patcit>, titled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL DEVICES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0061" dnum="US62649333A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,333</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR CUSTOMIZATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO A USER;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0062" dnum="US62649327A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,327</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR SECURITY AND AUTHENTICATION TRENDS AND REACTIVE MEASURES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0063" dnum="US62649315A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,315</text></patcit>, titled DATA HANDLING AND PRIORITIZATION IN A CLOUD ANALYTICS NETWORK;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0064" dnum="US62649313A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,313</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD INTERFACE FOR COUPLED SURGICAL DEVICES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0065" dnum="US62649320A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,320</text></patcit>, titled DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0066" dnum="US62649307A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,307</text></patcit>, titled AUTOMATIC TOOL ADJUSTMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0067" dnum="US62649323A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/649,323</text></patcit>, titled SENSING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS.</li></ul>

0016Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Application, filed on April 19, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0008" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0068" dnum="US62659900A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/659,900</text></patcit>, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION.</li></ul>

0017Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on March 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0009" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0069" dnum="US62650887A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/650,887</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTIMIZED SENSING CAPABILITIES;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0070" dnum="US62650877A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/650,877</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL SMOKE EVACUATION SENSING AND CONTROLS;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0071" dnum="US62650882A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/650,882</text></patcit>, titled SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0072" dnum="US62650898A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/650,898</text></patcit>, titled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS.</li></ul>

0018Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on March 8, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0010" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0073" dnum="US62640417A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/640,417</text></patcit>, titled TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN ULTRASONIC DEVICE AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0074" dnum="US62640415A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/640,415</text></patcit>, titled ESTIMATING STATE OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR.</li></ul>

0019Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on December 28, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety: <ul id="ul0011" list-style="bullet" compact="compact"><li><patcit id="pcit0075" dnum="US62611341A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM;</li><li><patcit id="pcit0076" dnum="US62611340A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,340</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS; and</li><li><patcit id="pcit0077" dnum="US62611339A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,339</text></patcit>, titled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM.</li></ul>

0020Before explaining various aspects of surgical devices and generators in detail, it should be noted that the illustrative examples are not limited in application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. The illustrative examples may be implemented or incorporated in other aspects, variations and modifications, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Further, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the illustrative examples for the convenience of the reader and are not for the purpose of limitation thereof. Also, it will be appreciated that one or more of the following-described aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples, can be combined with any one or more of the other following-described aspects, expressions of aspects and/or examples.

0021Referring to <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, a computer-implemented interactive surgical system 100 includes one or more surgical systems 102 and a cloud-based system (e.g., the cloud 104 that may include a remote server 113 coupled to a storage device 105). Each surgical system 102 includes at least one surgical hub 106 in communication with the cloud 104 that may include a remote server 113. In one example, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, the surgical system 102 includes a visualization system 108, a robotic system 110, and a handheld intelligent surgical instrument 112, which are configured to communicate with one another and/or the hub 106. In some aspects, a surgical system 102 may include an M number of hubs 106, an N number of visualization systems 108, an O number of robotic systems 110, and a P number of handheld intelligent surgical instruments 112, where M, N, O, and P are integers greater than or equal to one.

0022<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> depicts an example of a surgical system 102 being used to perform a surgical procedure on a patient who is lying down on an operating table 114 in a surgical operating room 116. A robotic system 110 is used in the surgical procedure as a part of the surgical system 102. The robotic system 110 includes a surgeon's console 118, a patient side cart 120 (surgical robot), and a surgical robotic hub 122. The patient side cart 120 can manipulate at least one removably coupled surgical tool 117 through a minimally invasive incision in the body of the patient while the surgeon views the surgical site through the surgeon's console 118. An image of the surgical site can be obtained by a medical imaging device 124, which can be manipulated by the patient side cart 120 to orient the imaging device 124. The robotic hub 122 can be used to process the images of the surgical site for subsequent display to the surgeon through the surgeon's console 118.

0023Other types of robotic systems can be readily adapted for use with the surgical system 102. Various examples of robotic systems and surgical tools that are suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in <patcit id="pcit0078" dnum="US62611339A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,339</text></patcit>, titled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0024Various examples of cloud-based analytics that are performed by the cloud 104, and are suitable for use with the present disclosure, are described in <patcit id="pcit0079" dnum="US62611340A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,340</text></patcit>, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0025In various aspects, the imaging device 124 includes at least one image sensor and one or more optical components. Suitable image sensors include, but are not limited to, Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) sensors and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors.

0026The optical components of the imaging device 124 may include one or more illumination sources and/or one or more lenses. The one or more illumination sources may be directed to illuminate portions of the surgical field. The one or more image sensors may receive light reflected or refracted from the surgical field, including light reflected or refracted from tissue and/or surgical instruments.

0027The one or more illumination sources may be configured to radiate electromagnetic energy in the visible spectrum as well as the invisible spectrum. The visible spectrum, sometimes referred to as the optical spectrum or luminous spectrum, is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (i.e., can be detected by) the human eye and may be referred to as visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths in air that are from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.

0028The invisible spectrum (i.e., the non-luminous spectrum) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies below and above the visible spectrum (i.e., wavelengths below about 380 nm and above about 750 nm). The invisible spectrum is not detectable by the human eye. Wavelengths greater than about 750 nm are longer than the red visible spectrum, and they become invisible infrared (IR), microwave, and radio electromagnetic radiation. Wavelengths less than about 380 nm are shorter than the violet spectrum, and they become invisible ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray electromagnetic radiation.

0029In various aspects, the imaging device 124 is configured for use in a minimally invasive procedure. Examples of imaging devices suitable for use with the present disclosure include, but not limited to, an arthroscope, angioscope, bronchoscope, choledochoscope, colonoscope, cytoscope, duodenoscope, enteroscope, esophagogastro-duodenoscope (gastroscope), endoscope, laryngoscope, nasopharyngo-neproscope, sigmoidoscope, thoracoscope, and ureteroscope.

0030In one aspect, the imaging device employs multi-spectrum monitoring to discriminate topography and underlying structures. A multi-spectral image is one that captures image data within specific wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelengths may be separated by filters or by the use of instruments that are sensitive to particular wavelengths, including light from frequencies beyond the visible light range, e.g., IR and ultraviolet. Spectral imaging can allow extraction of additional information the human eye fails to capture with its receptors for red, green, and blue. The use of multi-spectral imaging is described in greater detail under the heading "Advanced Imaging Acquisition Module" in <patcit id="pcit0080" dnum="US62611341A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Multi-spectrum monitoring can be a useful tool in relocating a surgical field after a surgical task is completed to perform one or more of the previously described tests on the treated tissue.

0031It is axiomatic that strict sterilization of the operating room and surgical equipment is required during any surgery. The strict hygiene and sterilization conditions required in a "surgical theater," i.e., an operating or treatment room, necessitate the highest possible sterility of all medical devices and equipment. Part of that sterilization process is the need to sterilize anything that comes in contact with the patient or penetrates the sterile field, including the imaging device 124 and its attachments and components. It will be appreciated that the sterile field may be considered a specified area, such as within a tray or on a sterile towel, that is considered free of microorganisms, or the sterile field may be considered an area, immediately around a patient, who has been prepared for a surgical procedure. The sterile field may include the scrubbed team members, who are properly attired, and all furniture and fixtures in the area.

0032In various aspects, the visualization system 108 includes one or more imaging sensors, one or more image-processing units, one or more storage arrays, and one or more displays that are strategically arranged with respect to the sterile field, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>. In one aspect, the visualization system 108 includes an interface for HL7, PACS, and EMR. Various components of the visualization system 108 are described under the heading "Advanced Imaging Acquisition Module" in <patcit id="pcit0081" dnum="US62611341A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0033As illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, a primary display 119 is positioned in the sterile field to be visible to an operator at the operating table 114. In addition, a visualization tower 111 is positioned outside the sterile field. The visualization tower 111 includes a first non-sterile display 107 and a second non-sterile display 109, which face away from each other. The visualization system 108, guided by the hub 106, is configured to utilize the displays 107, 109, and 119 to coordinate information flow to operators inside and outside the sterile field. For example, the hub 106 may cause the visualization system 108 to display a snapshot of a surgical site, as recorded by an imaging device 124, on a non-sterile display 107 or 109, while maintaining a live feed of the surgical site on the primary display 119. The snapshot on the non-sterile display 107 or 109 can permit a non-sterile operator to perform a diagnostic step relevant to the surgical procedure, for example.

0034In one aspect, the hub 106 is also configured to route a diagnostic input or feedback entered by a non-sterile operator at the visualization tower 111 to the primary display 119 within the sterile field, where it can be viewed by a sterile operator at the operating table. In one example, the input can be in the form of a modification to the snapshot displayed on the non-sterile display 107 or 109, which can be routed to the primary display 119 by the hub 106.

0035Referring to <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, a surgical instrument 112 is being used in the surgical procedure as part of the surgical system 102. The hub 106 is also configured to coordinate information flow to a display of the surgical instrument 112. For example, in <patcit id="pcit0082" dnum="US62611341A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. A diagnostic input or feedback entered by a non-sterile operator at the visualization tower 111 can be routed by the hub 106 to the surgical instrument display 115 within the sterile field, where it can be viewed by the operator of the surgical instrument 112. Example surgical instruments that are suitable for use with the surgical system 102 are described under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware" and in <patcit id="pcit0083" dnum="US62611341A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, for example.

0036Referring now to <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, a hub 106 is depicted in communication with a visualization system 108, a robotic system 110, and a handheld intelligent surgical instrument 112. The hub 106 includes a hub display 135, an imaging module 138, a generator module 140, a communication module 130, a processor module 132, and a storage array 134. In certain aspects, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, the hub 106 further includes a smoke evacuation module 126 and/or a suction/irrigation module 128.

0037During a surgical procedure, energy application to tissue, for sealing and/or cutting, is generally associated with smoke evacuation, suction of excess fluid, and/or irrigation of the tissue. Fluid, power, and/or data lines from different sources are often entangled during the surgical procedure. Valuable time can be lost addressing this issue during a surgical procedure. Detangling the lines may necessitate disconnecting the lines from their respective modules, which may require resetting the modules. The hub modular enclosure 136 offers a unified environment for managing the power, data, and fluid lines, which reduces the frequency of entanglement between such lines.

0038Aspects of the present disclosure present a surgical hub for use in a surgical procedure that involves energy application to tissue at a surgical site. The surgical hub includes a hub enclosure and a combo generator module slidably receivable in a docking station of the hub enclosure. The docking station includes data and power contacts. The combo generator module includes two or more of an ultrasonic energy generator component, a bipolar RF energy generator component, and a monopolar RF energy generator component that are housed in a single unit. In one aspect, the combo generator module also includes a smoke evacuation component, at least one energy delivery cable for connecting the combo generator module to a surgical instrument, at least one smoke evacuation component configured to evacuate smoke, fluid, and/or particulates generated by the application of therapeutic energy to the tissue, and a fluid line extending from the remote surgical site to the smoke evacuation component.

0039In one aspect, the fluid line is a first fluid line and a second fluid line extends from the remote surgical site to a suction and irrigation module slidably received in the hub enclosure. In one aspect, the hub enclosure comprises a fluid interface.

0040Certain surgical procedures may require the application of more than one energy type to the tissue. One energy type may be more beneficial for cutting the tissue, while another different energy type may be more beneficial for sealing the tissue. For example, a bipolar generator can be used to seal the tissue while an ultrasonic generator can be used to cut the sealed tissue. Aspects of the present disclosure present a solution where a hub modular enclosure 136 is configured to accommodate different generators, and facilitate an interactive communication therebetween. One of the advantages of the hub modular enclosure 136 is enabling the quick removal and/or replacement of various modules.

0041Aspects of the present disclosure present a modular surgical enclosure for use in a surgical procedure that involves energy application to tissue. The modular surgical enclosure includes a first energy-generator module, configured to generate a first energy for application to the tissue, and a first docking station comprising a first docking port that includes first data and power contacts, wherein the first energy-generator module is slidably movable into an electrical engagement with the power and data contacts and wherein the first energy-generator module is slidably movable out of the electrical engagement with the first power and data contacts.

0042Further to the above, the modular surgical enclosure also includes a second energy-generator module configured to generate a second energy, different than the first energy, for application to the tissue, and a second docking station comprising a second docking port that includes second data and power contacts, wherein the second energy-generator module is slidably movable into an electrical engagement with the power and data contacts, and wherein the second energy-generator module is slidably movable out of the electrical engagement with the second power and data contacts.

0043In addition, the modular surgical enclosure also includes a communication bus between the first docking port and the second docking port, configured to facilitate communication between the first energy-generator module and the second energy-generator module.

0044Referring to <figref idref="f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006">FIGS. 3-7</figref>, aspects of the present disclosure are presented for a hub modular enclosure 136 that allows the modular integration of a generator module 140, a smoke evacuation module 126, and a suction/irrigation module 128. The hub modular enclosure 136 further facilitates interactive communication between the modules 140, 126, 128. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref>, the generator module 140 can be a generator module with integrated monopolar, bipolar, and ultrasonic components supported in a single housing unit 139 slidably insertable into the hub modular enclosure 136. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref>, the generator module 140 can be configured to connect to a monopolar device 146, a bipolar device 147, and an ultrasonic device 148. Alternatively, the generator module 140 may comprise a series of monopolar, bipolar, and/or ultrasonic generator modules that interact through the hub modular enclosure 136. The hub modular enclosure 136 can be configured to facilitate the insertion of multiple generators and interactive communication between the generators docked into the hub modular enclosure 136 so that the generators would act as a single generator.

0045In one aspect, the hub modular enclosure 136 comprises a modular power and communication backplane 149 with external and wireless communication headers to enable the removable attachment of the modules 140, 126, 128 and interactive communication therebetween.

0046In one aspect, the hub modular enclosure 136 includes docking stations, or drawers, 151, herein also referred to as drawers, which are configured to slidably receive the modules 140, 126, 128. <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates a partial perspective view of a surgical hub enclosure 136, and a combo generator module 145 slidably receivable in a docking station 151 of the surgical hub enclosure 136. A docking port 152 with power and data contacts on a rear side of the combo generator module 145 is configured to engage a corresponding docking port 150 with power and data contacts of a corresponding docking station 151 of the hub modular enclosure 136 as the combo generator module 145 is slid into position within the corresponding docking station 151 of the hub module enclosure 136. In one aspect, the combo generator module 145 includes a bipolar, ultrasonic, and monopolar module and a smoke evacuation module integrated together into a single housing unit 139, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 5</figref>.

0047In various aspects, the smoke evacuation module 126 includes a fluid line 154 that conveys captured/collected smoke and/or fluid away from a surgical site and to, for example, the smoke evacuation module 126. Vacuum suction originating from the smoke evacuation module 126 can draw the smoke into an opening of a utility conduit at the surgical site. The utility conduit, coupled to the fluid line, can be in the form of a flexible tube terminating at the smoke evacuation module 126. The utility conduit and the fluid line define a fluid path extending toward the smoke evacuation module 126 that is received in the hub enclosure 136.

0048In various aspects, the suction/irrigation module 128 is coupled to a surgical tool comprising an aspiration fluid line and a suction fluid line. In one example, the aspiration and suction fluid lines are in the form of flexible tubes extending from the surgical site toward the suction/irrigation module 128. One or more drive systems can be configured to cause irrigation and aspiration of fluids to and from the surgical site.

0049In one aspect, the surgical tool includes a shaft having an end effector at a distal end thereof and at least one energy treatment associated with the end effector, an aspiration tube, and an irrigation tube. The aspiration tube can have an inlet port at a distal end thereof and the aspiration tube extends through the shaft. Similarly, an irrigation tube can extend through the shaft and can have an inlet port in proximity to the energy deliver implement. The energy deliver implement is configured to deliver ultrasonic and/or RF energy to the surgical site and is coupled to the generator module 140 by a cable extending initially through the shaft.

0050The irrigation tube can be in fluid communication with a fluid source, and the aspiration tube can be in fluid communication with a vacuum source. The fluid source and/or the vacuum source can be housed in the suction/irrigation module 128. In one example, the fluid source and/or the vacuum source can be housed in the hub enclosure 136 separately from the suction/irrigation module 128. In such example, a fluid interface can be configured to connect the suction/irrigation module 128 to the fluid source and/or the vacuum source.

0051In one aspect, the modules 140, 126, 128 and/or their corresponding docking stations on the hub modular enclosure 136 may include alignment features that are configured to align the docking ports of the modules into engagement with their counterparts in the docking stations of the hub modular enclosure 136. For example, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>, the combo generator module 145 includes side brackets 155 that are configured to slidably engage with corresponding brackets 156 of the corresponding docking station 151 of the hub modular enclosure 136. The brackets cooperate to guide the docking port contacts of the combo generator module 145 into an electrical engagement with the docking port contacts of the hub modular enclosure 136.

0052In some aspects, the drawers 151 of the hub modular enclosure 136 are the same, or substantially the same size, and the modules are adjusted in size to be received in the drawers 151. For example, the side brackets 155 and/or 156 can be larger or smaller depending on the size of the module. In other aspects, the drawers 151 are different in size and are each designed to accommodate a particular module.

0053Furthermore, the contacts of a particular module can be keyed for engagement with the contacts of a particular drawer to avoid inserting a module into a drawer with mismatching contacts.

0054As illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 4</figref>, the docking port 150 of one drawer 151 can be coupled to the docking port 150 of another drawer 151 through a communications link 157 to facilitate an interactive communication between the modules housed in the hub modular enclosure 136. The docking ports 150 of the hub modular enclosure 136 may alternatively, or additionally, facilitate a wireless interactive communication between the modules housed in the hub modular enclosure 136. Any suitable wireless communication can be employed, such as for example Air Titan-Bluetooth.

0055<figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates individual power bus attachments for a plurality of lateral docking ports of a lateral modular housing 160 configured to receive a plurality of modules of a surgical hub 206. The lateral modular housing 160 is configured to laterally receive and interconnect the modules 161. The modules 161 are slidably inserted into docking stations 162 of lateral modular housing 160, which includes a backplane for interconnecting the modules 161. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 6</figref>, the modules 161 are arranged laterally in the lateral modular housing 160. Alternatively, the modules 161 may be arranged vertically in a lateral modular housing.

0056<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates a vertical modular housing 164 configured to receive a plurality of modules 165 of the surgical hub 106. The modules 165 are slidably inserted into docking stations, or drawers, 167 of vertical modular housing 164, which includes a backplane for interconnecting the modules 165. Although the drawers 167 of the vertical modular housing 164 are arranged vertically, in certain instances, a vertical modular housing 164 may include drawers that are arranged laterally. Furthermore, the modules 165 may interact with one another through the docking ports of the vertical modular housing 164. In the example of <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 7</figref>, a display 177 is provided for displaying data relevant to the operation of the modules 165. In addition, the vertical modular housing 164 includes a master module 178 housing a plurality of sub-modules that are slidably received in the master module 178.

0057In various aspects, the imaging module 138 comprises an integrated video processor and a modular light source and is adapted for use with various imaging devices. In one aspect, the imaging device is comprised of a modular housing that can be assembled with a light source module and a camera module. The housing can be a disposable housing. In at least one example, the disposable housing is removably coupled to a reusable controller, a light source module, and a camera module. The light source module and/or the camera module can be selectively chosen depending on the type of surgical procedure. In one aspect, the camera module comprises a CCD sensor. In another aspect, the camera module comprises a CMOS sensor. In another aspect, the camera module is configured for scanned beam imaging. Likewise, the light source module can be configured to deliver a white light or a different light, depending on the surgical procedure.

0058During a surgical procedure, removing a surgical device from the surgical field and replacing it with another surgical device that includes a different camera or a different light source can be inefficient. Temporarily losing sight of the surgical field may lead to undesirable consequences. The module imaging device of the present disclosure is configured to permit the replacement of a light source module or a camera module midstream during a surgical procedure, without having to remove the imaging device from the surgical field.

0059In one aspect, the imaging device comprises a tubular housing that includes a plurality of channels. A first channel is configured to slidably receive the camera module, which can be configured for a snap-fit engagement with the first channel. A second channel is configured to slidably receive the light source module, which can be configured for a snap-fit engagement with the second channel. In another example, the camera module and/or the light source module can be rotated into a final position within their respective channels. A threaded engagement can be employed in lieu of the snap-fit engagement.

0060In various examples, multiple imaging devices are placed at different positions in the surgical field to provide multiple views. The imaging module 138 can be configured to switch between the imaging devices to provide an optimal view. In various aspects, the imaging module 138 can be configured to integrate the images from the different imaging device.

0061Various image processors and imaging devices suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in <patcit id="pcit0084" dnum="US7995045B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 7,995,045</text></patcit>, titled COMBINED SBI AND CONVENTIONAL IMAGE PROCESSOR, which issued on August 9, 2011, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In addition, <patcit id="pcit0085" dnum="US7982776B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 7,982,776</text></patcit>, titled SBI MOTION ARTIFACT REMOVAL APPARATUS AND METHOD, which issued on July 19, 2011, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes various systems for removing motion artifacts from image data. Such systems can be integrated with the imaging module 138. Furthermore, <patcit id="pcit0086" dnum="US20110306840A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0306840</text></patcit>, titled CONTROLLABLE MAGNETIC SOURCE TO FIXTURE INTRACORPOREAL APPARATUS, which published on December 15, 2011, and <patcit id="pcit0087" dnum="US20140243597A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0243597</text></patcit>, titled SYSTEM FOR PERFORMING A MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURE, which published on August 28, 2014, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0062<figref idref="f0007">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates a surgical data network 201 comprising a modular communication hub 203 configured to connect modular devices located in one or more operating theaters of a healthcare facility, or any room in a healthcare facility specially equipped for surgical operations, to a cloud-based system (e.g., the cloud 204 that may include a remote server 213 coupled to a storage device 205). In one aspect, the modular communication hub 203 comprises a network hub 207 and/or a network switch 209 in communication with a network router. The modular communication hub 203 also can be coupled to a local computer system 210 to provide local computer processing and data manipulation. The surgical data network 201 may be configured as passive, intelligent, or switching. A passive surgical data network serves as a conduit for the data, enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to another and to the cloud computing resources. An intelligent surgical data network includes additional features to enable the traffic passing through the surgical data network to be monitored and to configure each port in the network hub 207 or network switch 209. An intelligent surgical data network may be referred to as a manageable hub or switch. A switching hub reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the packet to the correct port.

0063Modular devices 1a-1n located in the operating theater may be coupled to the modular communication hub 203. The network hub 207 and/or the network switch 209 may be coupled to a network router 211 to connect the devices 1a-1n to the cloud 204 or the local computer system 210. Data associated with the devices 1a-1n may be transferred to cloud-based computers via the router for remote data processing and manipulation. Data associated with the devices 1a-1n may also be transferred to the local computer system 210 for local data processing and manipulation. Modular devices 2a-2m located in the same operating theater also may be coupled to a network switch 209. The network switch 209 may be coupled to the network hub 207 and/or the network router 211 to connect to the devices 2a-2m to the cloud 204. Data associated with the devices 2a-2n may be transferred to the cloud 204 via the network router 211 for data processing and manipulation. Data associated with the devices 2a-2m may also be transferred to the local computer system 210 for local data processing and manipulation.

0064It will be appreciated that the surgical data network 201 may be expanded by interconnecting multiple network hubs 207 and/or multiple network switches 209 with multiple network routers 211. The modular communication hub 203 may be contained in a modular control tower configured to receive multiple devices 1a-1n/2a-2m. The local computer system 210 also may be contained in a modular control tower. The modular communication hub 203 is connected to a display 212 to display images obtained by some of the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m, for example during surgical procedures. In various aspects, the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m may include, for example, various modules such as an imaging module 138 coupled to an endoscope, a generator module 140 coupled to an energy-based surgical device, a smoke evacuation module 126, a suction/irrigation module 128, a communication module 130, a processor module 132, a storage array 134, a surgical device coupled to a display, and/or a non-contact sensor module, among other modular devices that may be connected to the modular communication hub 203 of the surgical data network 201.

0065In one aspect, the surgical data network 201 may comprise a combination of network hub(s), network switch(es), and network router(s) connecting the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m to the cloud. Any one of or all of the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m coupled to the network hub or network switch may collect data in real time and transfer the data to cloud computers for data processing and manipulation. It will be appreciated that cloud computing relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle software applications. The word "cloud" may be used as a metaphor for "the Internet," although the term is not limited as such. Accordingly, the term "cloud computing" may be used herein to refer to "a type of Internet-based computing," where different services-such as servers, storage, and applications-are delivered to the modular communication hub 203 and/or computer system 210 located in the surgical theater (e.g., a fixed, mobile, temporary, or field operating room or space) and to devices connected to the modular communication hub 203 and/or computer system 210 through the Internet. The cloud infrastructure may be maintained by a cloud service provider. In this context, the cloud service provider may be the entity that coordinates the usage and control of the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m located in one or more operating theaters. The cloud computing services can perform a large number of calculations based on the data gathered by smart surgical instruments, robots, and other computerized devices located in the operating theater. The hub hardware enables multiple devices or connections to be connected to a computer that communicates with the cloud computing resources and storage.

0066Applying cloud computer data processing techniques on the data collected by the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m, the surgical data network provides improved surgical outcomes, reduced costs, and improved patient satisfaction. At least some of the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m may be employed to view tissue states to assess leaks or perfusion of sealed tissue after a tissue sealing and cutting procedure. At least some of the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m may be employed to identify pathology, such as the effects of diseases, using the cloud-based computing to examine data including images of samples of body tissue for diagnostic purposes. This includes localization and margin confirmation of tissue and phenotypes. At least some of the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m may be employed to identify anatomical structures of the body using a variety of sensors integrated with imaging devices and techniques such as overlaying images captured by multiple imaging devices. The data gathered by the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m, including image data, may be transferred to the cloud 204 or the local computer system 210 or both for data processing and manipulation including image processing and manipulation. The data may be analyzed to improve surgical procedure outcomes by determining if further treatment, such as the application of endoscopic intervention, emerging technologies, a targeted radiation, targeted intervention, and precise robotics to tissue-specific sites and conditions, may be pursued. Such data analysis may further employ outcome analytics processing, and using standardized approaches may provide beneficial feedback to either confirm surgical treatments and the behavior of the surgeon or suggest modifications to surgical treatments and the behavior of the surgeon.

0067In one implementation, the operating theater devices 1a-1n may be connected to the modular communication hub 203 over a wired channel or a wireless channel depending on the configuration of the devices 1a-1n to a network hub. The network hub 207 may be implemented, in one aspect, as a local network broadcast device that works on the physical layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. The network hub provides connectivity to the devices 1a-1n located in the same operating theater network. The network hub 207 collects data in the form of packets and sends them to the router in half duplex mode. The network hub 207 does not store any media access control/Internet Protocol (MAC/IP) to transfer the device data. Only one of the devices 1a-1n can send data at a time through the network hub 207. The network hub 207 has no routing tables or intelligence regarding where to send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection and to a remote server 213 (<figref idref="f0008">FIG. 9</figref>) over the cloud 204. The network hub 207 can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks.

0068In another implementation, the operating theater devices 2a-2m may be connected to a network switch 209 over a wired channel or a wireless channel. The network switch 209 works in the data link layer of the OSI model. The network switch 209 is a multicast device for connecting the devices 2a-2m located in the same operating theater to the network. The network switch 209 sends data in the form of frames to the network router 211 and works in full duplex mode. Multiple devices 2a-2m can send data at the same time through the network switch 209. The network switch 209 stores and uses MAC addresses of the devices 2a-2m to transfer data.

0069The network hub 207 and/or the network switch 209 are coupled to the network router 211 for connection to the cloud 204. The network router 211 works in the network layer of the OSI model. The network router 211 creates a route for transmitting data packets received from the network hub 207 and/or network switch 211 to cloud-based computer resources for further processing and manipulation of the data collected by any one of or all the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m. The network router 211 may be employed to connect two or more different networks located in different locations, such as, for example, different operating theaters of the same healthcare facility or different networks located in different operating theaters of different healthcare facilities. The network router 211 sends data in the form of packets to the cloud 204 and works in full duplex mode. Multiple devices can send data at the same time. The network router 211 uses IP addresses to transfer data.

0070In one example, the network hub 207 may be implemented as a USB hub, which allows multiple USB devices to be connected to a host computer. The USB hub may expand a single USB port into several tiers so that there are more ports available to connect devices to the host system computer. The network hub 207 may include wired or wireless capabilities to receive information over a wired channel or a wireless channel. In one aspect, a wireless USB short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio communication protocol may be employed for communication between the devices 1a-1n and devices 2a-2m located in the operating theater.

0071In other examples, the operating theater devices 1a-1n/2a-2m may communicate to the modular communication hub 203 via Bluetooth wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks (PANs). In other aspects, the operating theater devices 1a-1n/2a-2m may communicate to the modular communication hub 203 via a number of wireless or wired communication standards or protocols, including but not limited to Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE 802.20, long-term evolution (LTE), and Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, and Ethernet derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless and wired protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. The computing module may include a plurality of communication modules. For instance, a first communication module may be dedicated to shorter-range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and a second communication module may be dedicated to longer-range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others.

0072The modular communication hub 203 may serve as a central connection for one or all of the operating theater devices 1a-1n/2a-2m and handles a data type known as frames. Frames carry the data generated by the devices 1a-1n/2a-2m. When a frame is received by the modular communication hub 203, it is amplified and transmitted to the network router 211, which transfers the data to the cloud computing resources by using a number of wireless or wired communication standards or protocols, as described herein.

0073The modular communication hub 203 can be used as a standalone device or be connected to compatible network hubs and network switches to form a larger network. The modular communication hub 203 is generally easy to install, configure, and maintain, making it a good option for networking the operating theater devices 1a-1n/2a-2m.

0074<figref idref="f0008">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates a computer-implemented interactive surgical system 200. The computer-implemented interactive surgical system 200 is similar in many respects to the computer-implemented interactive surgical system 100. For example, the computer-implemented interactive surgical system 200 includes one or more surgical systems 202, which are similar in many respects to the surgical systems 102. Each surgical system 202 includes at least one surgical hub 206 in communication with a cloud 204 that may include a remote server 213. In one aspect, the computer-implemented interactive surgical system 200 comprises a modular control tower 236 connected to multiple operating theater devices such as, for example, intelligent surgical instruments, robots, and other computerized devices located in the operating theater. As shown in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 10</figref>, the modular control tower 236 comprises a modular communication hub 203 coupled to a computer system 210. As illustrated in the example of <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 9</figref>, the modular control tower 236 is coupled to an imaging module 238 that is coupled to an endoscope 239, a generator module 240 that is coupled to an energy device 241, a smoke evacuator module 226, a suction/irrigation module 228, a communication module 230, a processor module 232, a storage array 234, a smart device/instrument 235 optionally coupled to a display 237, and a non-contact sensor module 242. The operating theater devices are coupled to cloud computing resources and data storage via the modular control tower 236. A robot hub 222 also may be connected to the modular control tower 236 and to the cloud computing resources. The devices/instruments 235, visualization systems 208, among others, may be coupled to the modular control tower 236 via wired or wireless communication standards or protocols, as described herein. The modular control tower 236 may be coupled to a hub display 215 (e.g., monitor, screen) to display and overlay images received from the imaging module, device/instrument display, and/or other visualization systems 208. The hub display also may display data received from devices connected to the modular control tower in conjunction with images and overlaid images.

0075<figref idref="f0009">FIG. 10</figref> illustrates a surgical hub 206 comprising a plurality of modules coupled to the modular control tower 236. The modular control tower 236 comprises a modular communication hub 203, e.g., a network connectivity device, and a computer system 210 to provide local processing, visualization, and imaging, for example. As shown in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 10</figref>, the modular communication hub 203 may be connected in a tiered configuration to expand the number of modules (e.g., devices) that may be connected to the modular communication hub 203 and transfer data associated with the modules to the computer system 210, cloud computing resources, or both. As shown in <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 10</figref>, each of the network hubs/switches in the modular communication hub 203 includes three downstream ports and one upstream port. The upstream network hub/switch is connected to a processor to provide a communication connection to the cloud computing resources and a local display 217. Communication to the cloud 204 may be made either through a wired or a wireless communication channel.

0076The surgical hub 206 employs a non-contact sensor module 242 to measure the dimensions of the operating theater and generate a map of the surgical theater using either ultrasonic or laser-type non-contact measurement devices. An ultrasound-based non-contact sensor module scans the operating theater by transmitting a burst of ultrasound and receiving the echo when it bounces off the perimeter walls of an operating theater as described under the heading "Surgical Hub Spatial Awareness Within an Operating Room" in <patcit id="pcit0088" dnum="US62611341A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/611,341</text></patcit>, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed December 28, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, in which the sensor module is configured to determine the size of the operating theater and to adjust Bluetooth-pairing distance limits. A laser-based non-contact sensor module scans the operating theater by transmitting laser light pulses, receiving laser light pulses that bounce off the perimeter walls of the operating theater, and comparing the phase of the transmitted pulse to the received pulse to determine the size of the operating theater and to adjust Bluetooth pairing distance limits, for example.

0077The computer system 210 comprises a processor 244 and a network interface 245. The processor 244 is coupled to a communication module 247, storage 248, memory 249, non-volatile memory 250, and input/output interface 251 via a system bus. The system bus can be any of several types of bus structure(s) including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, 9-bit bus, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Charmel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), USB, Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association bus (PCMCIA), Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI), or any other proprietary bus.

0078The processor 244 may be any single-core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the processor may be an LM4F230H5QR ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core, available from Texas Instruments, for example, comprising an on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), an internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with StellarisWare® software, a 2 KB electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and/or one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more quadrature encoder inputs (QEI) analogs, one or more 12-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with 12 analog input channels, details of which are available for the product datasheet.

0079In one aspect, the processor 244 may comprise a safety controller comprising two controller-based families such as TMS570 and RM4x, known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. The safety controller may be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while delivering scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options.

0080The system memory includes volatile memory and non-volatile memory. The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines to transfer information between elements within the computer system, such as during start-up, is stored in non-volatile memory. For example, the non-volatile memory can include ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), EEPROM, or flash memory. Volatile memory includes random-access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. Moreover, RAM is available in many forms such as SRAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).

0081The computer system 210 also includes removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media, such as for example disk storage. The disk storage includes, but is not limited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, Jaz drive, Zip drive, LS-60 drive, flash memory card, or memory stick. In addition, the disk storage can include storage media separately or in combination with other storage media including, but not limited to, an optical disc drive such as a compact disc ROM device (CD-ROM), compact disc recordable drive (CD-R Drive), compact disc rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive), or a digital versatile disc ROM drive (DVD-ROM). To facilitate the connection of the disk storage devices to the system bus, a removable or non-removable interface may be employed.

0082It is to be appreciated that the computer system 210 includes software that acts as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in a suitable operating environment. Such software includes an operating system. The operating system, which can be stored on the disk storage, acts to control and allocate resources of the computer system. System applications take advantage of the management of resources by the operating system through program modules and program data stored either in the system memory or on the disk storage. It is to be appreciated that various components described herein can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

0083A user enters commands or information into the computer system 210 through input device(s) coupled to the I/O interface 251. The input devices include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processor through the system bus via interface port(s). The interface port(s) include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a USB. The output device(s) use some of the same types of ports as input device(s). Thus, for example, a USB port may be used to provide input to the computer system and to output information from the computer system to an output device. An output adapter is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices like monitors, displays, speakers, and printers, among other output devices that require special adapters. The output adapters include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device and the system bus. It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices, such as remote computer(s), provide both input and output capabilities.

0084The computer system 210 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as cloud computer(s), or local computers. The remote cloud computer(s) can be a personal computer, server, router, network PC, workstation, microprocessor-based appliance, peer device, or other common network node, and the like, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer system. For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device is illustrated with the remote computer(s). The remote computer(s) is logically connected to the computer system through a network interface and then physically connected via a communication connection. The network interface encompasses communication networks such as local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit-switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet-switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL).

0085In various aspects, the computer system 210 of <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 10</figref>, the imaging module 238 and/or visualization system 208, and/or the processor module 232 of <figref idref="f0008 f0009">FIGS. 9-10</figref>, may comprise an image processor, image-processing engine, media processor, or any specialized digital signal processor (DSP) used for the processing of digital images. The image processor may employ parallel computing with single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) or multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) technologies to increase speed and efficiency. The digital image-processing engine can perform a range of tasks. The image processor may be a system on a chip with multicore processor architecture.

0086The communication connection(s) refers to the hardware/software employed to connect the network interface to the bus. While the communication connection is shown for illustrative clarity inside the computer system, it can also be external to the computer system 210. The hardware/software necessary for connection to the network interface includes, for illustrative purposes only, internal and external technologies such as modems, including regular telephone-grade modems, cable modems, and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards.

0087<figref idref="f0010">FIG. 11</figref> illustrates a functional block diagram of one aspect of a USB network hub 300 device,, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In the illustrated aspect, the USB network hub device 300 employs a TUSB2036 integrated circuit hub by Texas Instruments. The USB network hub 300 is a CMOS device that provides an upstream USB transceiver port 302 and up to three downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 in compliance with the USB 2.0 specification. The upstream USB transceiver port 302 is a differential root data port comprising a differential data minus (DM0) input paired with a differential data plus (DP0) input. The three downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 are differential data ports where each port includes differential data plus (DP1-DP3) outputs paired with differential data minus (DM1-DM3) outputs.

0088The USB network hub 300 device is implemented with a digital state machine instead of a microcontroller, and no firmware programming is required. Fully compliant USB transceivers are integrated into the circuit for the upstream USB transceiver port 302 and all downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308. The downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 support both full-speed and low-speed devices by automatically setting the slew rate according to the speed of the device attached to the ports. The USB network hub 300 device may be configured either in bus-powered or self-powered mode and includes a hub power logic 312 to manage power.

0089The USB network hub 300 device includes a serial interface engine 310 (SIE). The SIE 310 is the front end of the USB network hub 300 hardware and handles most of the protocol described in chapter 8 of the USB specification. The SIE 310 typically comprehends signaling up to the transaction level. The functions that it handles could include: packet recognition, transaction sequencing, SOP, EOP, RESET, and RESUME signal detection/generation, clock/data separation, non-return-to-zero invert (NRZI) data encoding/decoding and bit-stuffing, CRC generation and checking (token and data), packet ID (PID) generation and checking/decoding, and/or serial-parallel/parallel-serial conversion. The 310 receives a clock input 314 and is coupled to a suspend/resume logic and frame timer 316 circuit and a hub repeater circuit 318 to control communication between the upstream USB transceiver port 302 and the downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 through port logic circuits 320, 322, 324. The SIE 310 is coupled to a command decoder 326 via interface logic to control commands from a serial EEPROM via a serial EEPROM interface 330.

0090In various aspects, the USB network hub 300 can connect 127 functions configured in up to six logical layers (tiers) to a single computer. Further, the USB network hub 300 can connect to all peripherals using a standardized four-wire cable that provides both communication and power distribution. The power configurations are bus-powered and self-powered modes. The USB network hub 300 may be configured to support four modes of power management: a bus-powered hub, with either individual-port power management or ganged-port power management, and the self-powered hub, with either individual-port power management or ganged-port power management. In one aspect, using a USB cable, the USB network hub 300, the upstream USB transceiver port 302 is plugged into a USB host controller, and the downstream USB transceiver ports 304, 306, 308 are exposed for connecting USB compatible devices, and so forth.

Surgical Instrument Hardware

0091<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref> illustrates a logic diagram of a control system 470 of a surgical instrument or tool in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The system 470 comprises a control circuit. The control circuit includes a microcontroller 461 comprising a processor 462 and a memory 468. One or more of sensors 472, 474, 476, for example, provide real-time feedback to the processor 462. A motor 482, driven by a motor driver 492, operably couples a longitudinally movable displacement member to drive the I-beam knife element. A tracking system 480 is configured to determine the position of the longitudinally movable displacement member. The position information is provided to the processor 462, which can be programmed or configured to determine the position of the longitudinally movable drive member as well as the position of a firing member, firing bar, and I-beam knife element. Additional motors may be provided at the tool driver interface to control I-beam firing, closure tube travel, shaft rotation, and articulation. A display 473 displays a variety of operating conditions of the instruments and may include touch screen functionality for data input. Information displayed on the display 473 may be overlaid with images acquired via endoscopic imaging modules.

0092In one aspect, the microcontroller 461 may be any single-core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the main microcontroller 461 may be an LM4F230H5QR ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core, available from Texas Instruments, for example, comprising an on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle SRAM, and internal ROM loaded with StellarisWare® software, a 2 KB EEPROM, one or more PWM modules, one or more QEI analogs, and/or one or more 12-bit ADCs with 12 analog input channels, details of which are available for the product datasheet.

0093In one aspect, the microcontroller 461 may comprise a safety controller comprising two controller-based families such as TMS570 and RM4x, known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. The safety controller may be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while delivering scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options.

0094The microcontroller 461 may be programmed to perform various functions such as precise control over the speed and position of the knife and articulation systems. In one aspect, the microcontroller 461 includes a processor 462 and a memory 468. The electric motor 482 may be a brushed direct current (DC) motor with a gearbox and mechanical links to an articulation or knife system. In one aspect, a motor driver 492 may be an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use in the tracking system 480 comprising an absolute positioning system. A detailed description of an absolute positioning system is described in <patcit id="pcit0089" dnum="US20170296213A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0296213</text></patcit>, titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, which published on October 19, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0095The microcontroller 461 may be programmed to provide precise control over the speed and position of displacement members and articulation systems. The microcontroller 461 may be configured to compute a response in the software of the microcontroller 461. The computed response is compared to a measured response of the actual system to obtain an "observed" response, which is used for actual feedback decisions. The observed response is a favorable, tuned value that balances the smooth, continuous nature of the simulated response with the measured response, which can detect outside influences on the system.

0096In one aspect, the motor 482 may be controlled by the motor driver 492 and can be employed by the firing system of the surgical instrument or tool. In various forms, the motor 482 may be a brushed DC driving motor having a maximum rotational speed of approximately 25,000 RPM. In other arrangements, the motor 482 may include a brushless motor, a cordless motor, a synchronous motor, a stepper motor, or any other suitable electric motor. The motor driver 492 may comprise an H-bridge driver comprising field-effect transistors (FETs), for example. The motor 482 can be powered by a power assembly releasably mounted to the handle assembly or tool housing for supplying control power to the surgical instrument or tool. The power assembly may comprise a battery which may include a number of battery cells connected in series that can be used as the power source to power the surgical instrument or tool. In certain circumstances, the battery cells of the power assembly may be replaceable and/or rechargeable. In at least one example, the battery cells can be lithium-ion batteries which can be couplable to and separable from the power assembly.

0097The motor driver 492 may be an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc. The A3941 492 is a full-bridge controller for use with external N-channel power metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) specifically designed for inductive loads, such as brush DC motors. The driver 492 comprises a unique charge pump regulator that provides full (>10 V) gate drive for battery voltages down to 7 V and allows the A3941 to operate with a reduced gate drive, down to 5.5 V. A bootstrap capacitor may be employed to provide the above battery supply voltage required for N-channel MOSFETs. An internal charge pump for the high-side drive allows DC (100% duty cycle) operation. The full bridge can be driven in fast or slow decay modes using diode or synchronous rectification. In the slow decay mode, current recirculation can be through the high-side or the lowside FETs. The power FETs are protected from shoot-through by resistor-adjustable dead time. Integrated diagnostics provide indications of undervoltage, overtemperature, and power bridge faults and can be configured to protect the power MOSFETs under most short circuit conditions. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use in the tracking system 480 comprising an absolute positioning system.

0098The tracking system 480 comprises a controlled motor drive circuit arrangement comprising a position sensor 472, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The position sensor 472 for an absolute positioning system provides a unique position signal corresponding to the location of a displacement member. In one aspect, the displacement member represents a longitudinally movable drive member comprising a rack of drive teeth for meshing engagement with a corresponding drive gear of a gear reducer assembly. In other aspects, the displacement member represents the firing member, which could be adapted and configured to include a rack of drive teeth. In yet another aspect, the displacement member represents a firing bar or the I-beam, each of which can be adapted and configured to include a rack of drive teeth. Accordingly, as used herein, the term displacement member is used generically to refer to any movable member of the surgical instrument or tool such as the drive member, the firing member, the firing bar, the I-beam, or any element that can be displaced. In one aspect, the longitudinally movable drive member is coupled to the firing member, the firing bar, and the I-beam. Accordingly, the absolute positioning system can, in effect, track the linear displacement of the I-beam by tracking the linear displacement of the longitudinally movable drive member. In various other aspects, the displacement member may be coupled to any position sensor 472 suitable for measuring linear displacement. Thus, the longitudinally movable drive member, the firing member, the firing bar, or the I-beam, or combinations thereof, may be coupled to any suitable linear displacement sensor. Linear displacement sensors may include contact or non-contact displacement sensors. Linear displacement sensors may comprise linear variable differential transformers (LVDT), differential variable reluctance transducers (DVRT), a slide potentiometer, a magnetic sensing system comprising a movable magnet and a series of linearly arranged Hall effect sensors, a magnetic sensing system comprising a fixed magnet and a series of movable, linearly arranged Hall effect sensors, an optical sensing system comprising a movable light source and a series of linearly arranged photo diodes or photo detectors, an optical sensing system comprising a fixed light source and a series of movable linearly, arranged photo diodes or photo detectors, or any combination thereof.

0099The electric motor 482 can include a rotatable shaft that operably interfaces with a gear assembly that is mounted in meshing engagement with a set, or rack, of drive teeth on the displacement member. A sensor element may be operably coupled to a gear assembly such that a single revolution of the position sensor 472 element corresponds to some linear longitudinal translation of the displacement member. An arrangement of gearing and sensors can be connected to the linear actuator, via a rack and pinion arrangement, or a rotary actuator, via a spur gear or other connection. A power source supplies power to the absolute positioning system and an output indicator may display the output of the absolute positioning system. The displacement member represents the longitudinally movable drive member comprising a rack of drive teeth formed thereon for meshing engagement with a corresponding drive gear of the gear reducer assembly. The displacement member represents the longitudinally movable firing member, firing bar, I-beam, or combinations thereof.

0100A single revolution of the sensor element associated with the position sensor 472 is equivalent to a longitudinal linear displacement d1 of the of the displacement member, where d1 is the longitudinal linear distance that the displacement member moves from point "a" to point "b" after a single revolution of the sensor element coupled to the displacement member. The sensor arrangement may be connected via a gear reduction that results in the position sensor 472 completing one or more revolutions for the full stroke of the displacement member. The position sensor 472 may complete multiple revolutions for the full stroke of the displacement member.

0101A series of switches, where n is an integer greater than one, may be employed alone or in combination with a gear reduction to provide a unique position signal for more than one revolution of the position sensor 472. The state of the switches are fed back to the microcontroller 461 that applies logic to determine a unique position signal corresponding to the longitudinal linear displacement d1 + d2 + ... dn of the displacement member. The output of the position sensor 472 is provided to the microcontroller 461. The position sensor 472 of the sensor arrangement may comprise a magnetic sensor, an analog rotary sensor like a potentiometer, or an array of analog Hall-effect elements, which output a unique combination of position signals or values.

0102The position sensor 472 may comprise any number of magnetic sensing elements, such as, for example, magnetic sensors classified according to whether they measure the total magnetic field or the vector components of the magnetic field. The techniques used to produce both types of magnetic sensors encompass many aspects of physics and electronics. The technologies used for magnetic field sensing include search coil, fluxgate, optically pumped, nuclear precession, SQUID, Hall-effect, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance, magnetic tunnel junctions, giant magnetoimpedance, magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composites, magnetodiode, magnetotransistor, fiber-optic, magneto-optic, and microelectromechanical systems-based magnetic sensors, among others.

0103In one aspect, the position sensor 472 for the tracking system 480 comprising an absolute positioning system comprises a magnetic rotary absolute positioning system. The position sensor 472 may be implemented as an AS5055EQFT single-chip magnetic rotary position sensor available from Austria Microsystems, AG. The position sensor 472 is interfaced with the microcontroller 461 to provide an absolute positioning system. The position sensor 472 is a low-voltage and low-power component and includes four Hall-effect elements in an area of the position sensor 472 that is located above a magnet. A high-resolution ADC and a smart power management controller are also provided on the chip. A coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) processor, also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder's algorithm, is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate hyperbolic and trigonometric functions that require only addition, subtraction, bitshift, and table lookup operations. The angle position, alarm bits, and magnetic field information are transmitted over a standard serial communication interface, such as a serial peripheral interface (SPI) interface, to the microcontroller 461. The position sensor 472 provides 12 or 14 bits of resolution. The position sensor 472 may be an AS5055 chip provided in a small QFN 16-pin 4x4x0.85mm package.

0104The tracking system 480 comprising an absolute positioning system may comprise and/or be programmed to implement a feedback controller, such as a PID, state feedback, and adaptive controller. A power source converts the signal from the feedback controller into a physical input to the system: in this case the voltage. Other examples include a PWM of the voltage, current, and force. Other sensor(s) may be provided to measure physical parameters of the physical system in addition to the position measured by the position sensor 472. In some aspects, the other sensor(s) can include sensor arrangements such as those described in <patcit id="pcit0090" dnum="US9345481B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 9,345,481</text></patcit>, titled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, which issued on May 24, 2016, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety; <patcit id="pcit0091" dnum="US20140263552A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263552</text></patcit>, titled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, which published on September 18, 2014, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety; and <patcit id="pcit0092" dnum="US62817517A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/628,175</text></patcit>, titled TECHNIQUES FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF MOTOR VELOCITY OF A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, filed June 20, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In a digital signal processing system, an absolute positioning system is coupled to a digital data acquisition system where the output of the absolute positioning system will have a finite resolution and sampling frequency. The absolute positioning system may comprise a compare-and-combine circuit to combine a computed response with a measured response using algorithms, such as a weighted average and a theoretical control loop, that drive the computed response towards the measured response. The computed response of the physical system takes into account properties like mass, inertial, viscous friction, inductance resistance, etc., to predict what the states and outputs of the physical system will be by knowing the input.

0105The absolute positioning system provides an absolute position of the displacement member upon power-up of the instrument, without retracting or advancing the displacement member to a reset (zero or home) position as may be required with conventional rotary encoders that merely count the number of steps forwards or backwards that the motor 482 has taken to infer the position of a device actuator, drive bar, knife, or the like.

0106A sensor 474, such as, for example, a strain gauge or a micro-strain gauge, is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector, such as, for example, the amplitude of the strain exerted on the anvil during a clamping operation, which can be indicative of the closure forces applied to the anvil. The measured strain is converted to a digital signal and provided to the processor 462. Alternatively, or in addition to the sensor 474, a sensor 476, such as, for example, a load sensor, can measure the closure force applied by the closure drive system to the anvil. The sensor 476, such as, for example, a load sensor, can measure the firing force applied to an I-beam in a firing stroke of the surgical instrument or tool. The I-beam is configured to engage a wedge sled, which is configured to upwardly cam staple drivers to force out staples into deforming contact with an anvil. The I-beam also includes a sharpened cutting edge that can be used to sever tissue as the I-beam is advanced distally by the firing bar. Alternatively, a current sensor 478 can be employed to measure the current drawn by the motor 482. The force required to advance the firing member can correspond to the current drawn by the motor 482, for example. The measured force is converted to a digital signal and provided to the processor 462.

0107In one form, the strain gauge sensor 474 can be used to measure the force applied to the tissue by the end effector. A strain gauge can be coupled to the end effector to measure the force on the tissue being treated by the end effector. A system for measuring forces applied to the tissue grasped by the end effector comprises a strain gauge sensor 474, such as, for example, a micro-strain gauge, that is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector, for example. In one aspect, the strain gauge sensor 474 can measure the amplitude or magnitude of the strain exerted on a jaw member of an end effector during a clamping operation, which can be indicative of the tissue compression. The measured strain is converted to a digital signal and provided to a processor 462 of the microcontroller 461. A load sensor 476 can measure the force used to operate the knife element, for example, to cut the tissue captured between the anvil and the staple cartridge. A magnetic field sensor can be employed to measure the thickness of the captured tissue. The measurement of the magnetic field sensor also may be converted to a digital signal and provided to the processor 462.

0108The measurements of the tissue compression, the tissue thickness, and/or the force required to close the end effector on the tissue, as respectively measured by the sensors 474, 476, can be used by the microcontroller 461 to characterize the selected position of the firing member and/or the corresponding value of the speed of the firing member. In one instance, a memory 468 may store a technique, an equation, and/or a lookup table which can be employed by the microcontroller 461 in the assessment.

0109The control system 470 of the surgical instrument or tool also may comprise wired or wireless communication circuits to communicate with the modular communication hub as shown in <figref idref="f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010">FIGS. 8-11</figref>.

0110<figref idref="f0012">FIG. 13</figref> illustrates a control circuit 500 configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The control circuit 500 can be configured to implement various processes described herein. The control circuit 500 may comprise a microcontroller comprising one or more processors 502 (e.g., microprocessor, microcontroller) coupled to at least one memory circuit 504. The memory circuit 504 stores machine-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor 502, cause the processor 502 to execute machine instructions to implement various processes described herein. The processor 502 may be any one of a number of single-core or multicore processors known in the art. The memory circuit 504 may comprise volatile and non-volatile storage media. The processor 502 may include an instruction processing unit 506 and an arithmetic unit 508. The instruction processing unit may be configured to receive instructions from the memory circuit 504 of this disclosure.

0111<figref idref="f0012">FIG. 14</figref> illustrates a combinational logic circuit 510 configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The combinational logic circuit 510 can be configured to implement various processes described herein. The combinational logic circuit 510 may comprise a finite state machine comprising a combinational logic 512 configured to receive data associated with the surgical instrument or tool at an input 514, process the data by the combinational logic 512, and provide an output 516.

0112<figref idref="f0012">FIG. 15</figref> illustrates a sequential logic circuit 520 configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The sequential logic circuit 520 or the combinational logic 522 can be configured to implement various processes described herein. The sequential logic circuit 520 may comprise a finite state machine. The sequential logic circuit 520 may comprise a combinational logic 522, at least one memory circuit 524, and a clock 529, for example. The at least one memory circuit 524 can store a current state of the finite state machine. In certain instances, the sequential logic circuit 520 may be synchronous or asynchronous. The combinational logic 522 is configured to receive data associated with the surgical instrument or tool from an input 526, process the data by the combinational logic 522, and provide an output 528. In other aspects, the circuit may comprise a combination of a processor (e.g., processor 502, <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 13</figref>) and a finite state machine to implement various processes herein. In other aspects, the finite state machine may comprise a combination of a combinational logic circuit (e.g., combinational logic circuit 510, <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 14</figref>) and the sequential logic circuit 520.

0113<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 16</figref> illustrates a surgical instrument or tool comprising a plurality of motors which can be activated to perform various functions. In certain instances, a first motor can be activated to perform a first function, a second motor can be activated to perform a second function, a third motor can be activated to perform a third function, a fourth motor can be activated to perform a fourth function, and so on. In certain instances, the plurality of motors of robotic surgical instrument 600 can be individually activated to cause firing, closure, and/or articulation motions in the end effector. The firing, closure, and/or articulation motions can be transmitted to the end effector through a shaft assembly, for example.

0114In certain instances, the surgical instrument system or tool may include a firing motor 602. The firing motor 602 may be operably coupled to a firing motor drive assembly 604 which can be configured to transmit firing motions, generated by the motor 602 to the end effector, in particular to displace the I-beam element. In certain instances, the firing motions generated by the motor 602 may cause the staples to be deployed from the staple cartridge into tissue captured by the end effector and/or the cutting edge of the I-beam element to be advanced to cut the captured tissue, for example. The I-beam element may be retracted by reversing the direction of the motor 602.

0115In certain instances, the surgical instrument or tool may include a closure motor 603. The closure motor 603 may be operably coupled to a closure motor drive assembly 605 which can be configured to transmit closure motions, generated by the motor 603 to the end effector, in particular to displace a closure tube to close the anvil and compress tissue between the anvil and the staple cartridge. The closure motions may cause the end effector to transition from an open configuration to an approximated configuration to capture tissue, for example. The end effector may be transitioned to an open position by reversing the direction of the motor 603.

0116In certain instances, the surgical instrument or tool may include one or more articulation motors 606a, 606b, for example. The motors 606a, 606b may be operably coupled to respective articulation motor drive assemblies 608a, 608b, which can be configured to transmit articulation motions generated by the motors 606a, 606b to the end effector. In certain instances, the articulation motions may cause the end effector to articulate relative to the shaft, for example.

0117As described above, the surgical instrument or tool may include a plurality of motors which may be configured to perform various independent functions. In certain instances, the plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool can be individually or separately activated to perform one or more functions while the other motors remain inactive. For example, the articulation motors 606a, 606b can be activated to cause the end effector to be articulated while the firing motor 602 remains inactive. Alternatively, the firing motor 602 can be activated to fire the plurality of staples, and/or to advance the cutting edge, while the articulation motor 606 remains inactive. Furthermore, the closure motor 603 may be activated simultaneously with the firing motor 602 to cause the closure tube and the I-beam element to advance distally as described in more detail hereinbelow.

0118In certain instances, the surgical instrument or tool may include a common control module 610 which can be employed with a plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool. In certain instances, the common control module 610 may accommodate one of the plurality of motors at a time. For example, the common control module 610 can be couplable to and separable from the plurality of motors of the robotic surgical instrument individually. In certain instances, a plurality of the motors of the surgical instrument or tool may share one or more common control modules such as the common control module 610. In certain instances, a plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool can be individually and selectively engaged with the common control module 610. In certain instances, the common control module 610 can be selectively switched from interfacing with one of a plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool to interfacing with another one of the plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool.

0119In at least one example, the common control module 610 can be selectively switched between operable engagement with the articulation motors 606a, 606b and operable engagement with either the firing motor 602 or the closure motor 603. In at least one example, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 16</figref>, a switch 614 can be moved or transitioned between a plurality of positions and/or states. In a first position 616, the switch 614 may electrically couple the common control module 610 to the firing motor 602; in a second position 617, the switch 614 may electrically couple the common control module 610 to the closure motor 603; in a third position 618a, the switch 614 may electrically couple the common control module 610 to the first articulation motor 606a; and in a fourth position 618b, the switch 614 may electrically couple the common control module 610 to the second articulation motor 606b, for example. In certain instances, separate common control modules 610 can be electrically coupled to the firing motor 602, the closure motor 603, and the articulations motor 606a, 606b at the same time. In certain instances, the switch 614 may be a mechanical switch, an electromechanical switch, a solid-state switch, or any suitable switching mechanism.

0120Each of the motors 602, 603, 606a, 606b may comprise a torque sensor to measure the output torque on the shaft of the motor. The force on an end effector may be sensed in any conventional manner, such as by force sensors on the outer sides of the jaws or by a torque sensor for the motor actuating the jaws.

0121In various instances, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0013">FIG. 16</figref>, the common control module 610 may comprise a motor driver 626 which may comprise one or more H-Bridge FETs. The motor driver 626 may modulate the power transmitted from a power source 628 to a motor coupled to the common control module 610 based on input from a microcontroller 620 (the "controller"), for example. In certain instances, the microcontroller 620 can be employed to determine the current drawn by the motor, for example, while the motor is coupled to the common control module 610, as described above.

0122In certain instances, the microcontroller 620 may include a microprocessor 622 (the "processor") and one or more non-transitory computer-readable mediums or memory units 624 (the "memory"). In certain instances, the memory 624 may store various program instructions, which when executed may cause the processor 622 to perform a plurality of functions and/or calculations described herein. In certain instances, one or more of the memory units 624 may be coupled to the processor 622, for example.

0123In certain instances, the power source 628 can be employed to supply power to the microcontroller 620, for example. In certain instances, the power source 628 may comprise a battery (or "battery pack" or "power pack"), such as a lithium-ion battery, for example. In certain instances, the battery pack may be configured to be releasably mounted to a handle for supplying power to the surgical instrument 600. A number of battery cells connected in series may be used as the power source 628. In certain instances, the power source 628 may be replaceable and/or rechargeable, for example.

0124In various instances, the processor 622 may control the motor driver 626 to control the position, direction of rotation, and/or velocity of a motor that is coupled to the common control module 610. In certain instances, the processor 622 can signal the motor driver 626 to stop and/or disable a motor that is coupled to the common control module 610. It should be understood that the term "processor" as used herein includes any suitable microprocessor, microcontroller, or other basic computing device that incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on an integrated circuit or, at most, a few integrated circuits. The processor is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory. Processors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system.

0125In one instance, the processor 622 may be any single-core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In certain instances, the microcontroller 620 may be an LM 4F230H5QR, available from Texas Instruments, for example. In at least one example, the Texas Instruments LM4F230H5QR is an ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core comprising an on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle SRAM, an internal ROM loaded with StellarisWare® software, a 2 KB EEPROM, one or more PWM modules, one or more QEI analogs, one or more 12-bit ADCs with 12 analog input channels, among other features that are readily available for the product datasheet. Other microcontrollers may be readily substituted for use with the module 4410. Accordingly, the present disclosure should not be limited in this context.

0126In certain instances, the memory 624 may include program instructions for controlling each of the motors of the surgical instrument 600 that are couplable to the common control module 610. For example, the memory 624 may include program instructions for controlling the firing motor 602, the closure motor 603, and the articulation motors 606a, 606b. Such program instructions may cause the processor 622 to control the firing, closure, and articulation functions in accordance with inputs from algorithms or control programs of the surgical instrument or tool.

0127In certain instances, one or more mechanisms and/or sensors such as, for example, sensors 630 can be employed to alert the processor 622 to the program instructions that should be used in a particular setting. For example, the sensors 630 may alert the processor 622 to use the program instructions associated with firing, closing, and articulating the end effector. In certain instances, the sensors 630 may comprise position sensors which can be employed to sense the position of the switch 614, for example. Accordingly, the processor 622 may use the program instructions associated with firing the I-beam of the end effector upon detecting, through the sensors 630 for example, that the switch 614 is in the first position 616; the processor 622 may use the program instructions associated with closing the anvil upon detecting, through the sensors 630 for example, that the switch 614 is in the second position 617; and the processor 622 may use the program instructions associated with articulating the end effector upon detecting, through the sensors 630 for example, that the switch 614 is in the third or fourth position 618a, 618b.

0128<figref idref="f0014">FIG. 17</figref> is a schematic diagram of a robotic surgical instrument 700 configured to operate a surgical tool described herein, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The robotic surgical instrument 700 may be programmed or configured to control distal/proximal translation of a displacement member, distal/proximal displacement of a closure tube, shaft rotation, and articulation, either with single or multiple articulation drive links. In one aspect, the surgical instrument 700 may be programmed or configured to individually control a firing member, a closure member, a shaft member, and/or one or more articulation members. The surgical instrument 700 comprises a control circuit 710 configured to control motor-driven firing members, closure members, shaft members, and/or one or more articulation members.

0129In one aspect, the robotic surgical instrument 700 comprises a control circuit 710 configured to control an anvil 716 and an I-beam 714 (including a sharp cutting edge) portion of an end effector 702, a removable staple cartridge 718, a shaft 740, and one or more articulation members 742a, 742b via a plurality of motors 704a-704e. A position sensor 734 may be configured to provide position feedback of the I-beam 714 to the control circuit 710. Other sensors 738 may be configured to provide feedback to the control circuit 710. A timer/counter 731 provides timing and counting information to the control circuit 710. An energy source 712 may be provided to operate the motors 704a-704e, and a current sensor 736 provides motor current feedback to the control circuit 710. The motors 704a-704e can be operated individually by the control circuit 710 in an open-loop or closed-loop feedback control.

0130In one aspect, the control circuit 710 may comprise one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other suitable processors for executing instructions that cause the processor or processors to perform one or more tasks. In one aspect, a timer/counter 731 provides an output signal, such as the elapsed time or a digital count, to the control circuit 710 to correlate the position of the I-beam 714 as determined by the position sensor 734 with the output of the timer/counter 731 such that the control circuit 710 can determine the position of the I-beam 714 at a specific time (t) relative to a starting position or the time (t) when the I-beam 714 is at a specific position relative to a starting position. The timer/counter 731 may be configured to measure elapsed time, count external events, or time external events.

0131In one aspect, the control circuit 710 may be programmed to control functions of the end effector 702 based on one or more tissue conditions. The control circuit 710 may be programmed to sense tissue conditions, such as thickness, either directly or indirectly, as described herein. The control circuit 710 may be programmed to select a firing control program or closure control program based on tissue conditions. A firing control program may describe the distal motion of the displacement member. Different firing control programs may be selected to better treat different tissue conditions. For example, when thicker tissue is present, the control circuit 710 may be programmed to translate the displacement member at a lower velocity and/or with lower power. When thinner tissue is present, the control circuit 710 may be programmed to translate the displacement member at a higher velocity and/or with higher power. A closure control program may control the closure force applied to the tissue by the anvil 716. Other control programs control the rotation of the shaft 740 and the articulation members 742a, 742b.

0132In one aspect, the control circuit 710 may generate motor set point signals. The motor set point signals may be provided to various motor controllers 708a-708e. The motor controllers 708a-708e may comprise one or more circuits configured to provide motor drive signals to the motors 704a-704e to drive the motors 704a-704e as described herein. In some examples, the motors 704a-704e may be brushed DC electric motors. For example, the velocity of the motors 704a-704e may be proportional to the respective motor drive signals. In some examples, the motors 704a-704e may be brushless DC electric motors, and the respective motor drive signals may comprise a PWM signal provided to one or more stator windings of the motors 704a-704e. Also, in some examples, the motor controllers 708a-708e may be omitted and the control circuit 710 may generate the motor drive signals directly.

0133In one aspect, the control circuit 710 may initially operate each of the motors 704a-704e in an open-loop configuration for a first open-loop portion of a stroke of the displacement member. Based on the response of the robotic surgical instrument 700 during the open-loop portion of the stroke, the control circuit 710 may select a firing control program in a closed-loop configuration. The response of the instrument may include a translation distance of the displacement member during the open-loop portion, a time elapsed during the open-loop portion, the energy provided to one of the motors 704a-704e during the open-loop portion, a sum of pulse widths of a motor drive signal, etc. After the open-loop portion, the control circuit 710 may implement the selected firing control program for a second portion of the displacement member stroke. For example, during a closed-loop portion of the stroke, the control circuit 710 may modulate one of the motors 704a-704e based on translation data describing a position of the displacement member in a closed-loop manner to translate the displacement member at a constant velocity.

0134In one aspect, the motors 704a-704e may receive power from an energy source 712. The energy source 712 may be a DC power supply driven by a main alternating current power source, a battery, a super capacitor, or any other suitable energy source. The motors 704a-704e may be mechanically coupled to individual movable mechanical elements such as the I-beam 714, anvil 716, shaft 740, articulation 742a, and articulation 742b via respective transmissions 706a-706e. The transmissions 706a-706e may include one or more gears or other linkage components to couple the motors 704a-704e to movable mechanical elements. A position sensor 734 may sense a position of the I-beam 714. The position sensor 734 may be or include any type of sensor that is capable of generating position data that indicate a position of the I-beam 714. In some examples, the position sensor 734 may include an encoder configured to provide a series of pulses to the control circuit 710 as the I-beam 714 translates distally and proximally. The control circuit 710 may track the pulses to determine the position of the I-beam 714. Other suitable position sensors may be used, including, for example, a proximity sensor. Other types of position sensors may provide other signals indicating motion of the I-beam 714. Also, in some examples, the position sensor 734 may be omitted. Where any of the motors 704a-704e is a stepper motor, the control circuit 710 may track the position of the I-beam 714 by aggregating the number and direction of steps that the motor 704 has been instructed to execute. The position sensor 734 may be located in the end effector 702 or at any other portion of the instrument. The outputs of each of the motors 704a-704e include a torque sensor 744a-744e to sense force and have an encoder to sense rotation of the drive shaft.

0135In one aspect, the control circuit 710 is configured to drive a firing member such as the I-beam 714 portion of the end effector 702. The control circuit 710 provides a motor set point to a motor control 708a, which provides a drive signal to the motor 704a. The output shaft of the motor 704a is coupled to a torque sensor 744a. The torque sensor 744a is coupled to a transmission 706a which is coupled to the I-beam 714. The transmission 706a comprises movable mechanical elements such as rotating elements and a firing member to control the movement of the I-beam 714 distally and proximally along a longitudinal axis of the end effector 702. In one aspect, the motor 704a may be coupled to the knife gear assembly, which includes a knife gear reduction set that includes a first knife drive gear and a second knife drive gear. A torque sensor 744a provides a firing force feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The firing force signal represents the force required to fire or displace the I-beam 714. A position sensor 734 may be configured to provide the position of the I-beam 714 along the firing stroke or the position of the firing member as a feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The end effector 702 may include additional sensors 738 configured to provide feedback signals to the control circuit 710. When ready to use, the control circuit 710 may provide a firing signal to the motor control 708a. In response to the firing signal, the motor 704a may drive the firing member distally along the longitudinal axis of the end effector 702 from a proximal stroke start position to a stroke end position distal to the stroke start position. As the firing member translates distally, an I-beam 714, with a cutting element positioned at a distal end, advances distally to cut tissue located between the staple cartridge 718 and the anvil 716.

0136In one aspect, the control circuit 710 is configured to drive a closure member such as the anvil 716 portion of the end effector 702. The control circuit 710 provides a motor set point to a motor control 708b, which provides a drive signal to the motor 704b. The output shaft of the motor 704b is coupled to a torque sensor 744b. The torque sensor 744b is coupled to a transmission 706b which is coupled to the anvil 716. The transmission 706b comprises movable mechanical elements such as rotating elements and a closure member to control the movement of the anvil 716 from the open and closed positions. In one aspect, the motor 704b is coupled to a closure gear assembly, which includes a closure reduction gear set that is supported in meshing engagement with the closure spur gear. The torque sensor 744b provides a closure force feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The closure force feedback signal represents the closure force applied to the anvil 716. The position sensor 734 may be configured to provide the position of the closure member as a feedback signal to the control circuit 710. Additional sensors 738 in the end effector 702 may provide the closure force feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The pivotable anvil 716 is positioned opposite the staple cartridge 718. When ready to use, the control circuit 710 may provide a closure signal to the motor control 708b. In response to the closure signal, the motor 704b advances a closure member to grasp tissue between the anvil 716 and the staple cartridge 718.

0137In one aspect, the control circuit 710 is configured to rotate a shaft member such as the shaft 740 to rotate the end effector 702. The control circuit 710 provides a motor set point to a motor control 708c, which provides a drive signal to the motor 704c. The output shaft of the motor 704c is coupled to a torque sensor 744c. The torque sensor 744c is coupled to a transmission 706c which is coupled to the shaft 740. The transmission 706c comprises movable mechanical elements such as rotating elements to control the rotation of the shaft 740 clockwise or counterclockwise up to and over 360°. In one aspect, the motor 704c is coupled to the rotational transmission assembly, which includes a tube gear segment that is formed on (or attached to) the proximal end of the proximal closure tube for operable engagement by a rotational gear assembly that is operably supported on the tool mounting plate. The torque sensor 744c provides a rotation force feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The rotation force feedback signal represents the rotation force applied to the shaft 740. The position sensor 734 may be configured to provide the position of the closure member as a feedback signal to the control circuit 710. Additional sensors 738 such as a shaft encoder may provide the rotational position of the shaft 740 to the control circuit 710.

0138In one aspect, the control circuit 710 is configured to articulate the end effector 702. The control circuit 710 provides a motor set point to a motor control 708d, which provides a drive signal to the motor 704d. The output shaft of the motor 704d is coupled to a torque sensor 744d. The torque sensor 744d is coupled to a transmission 706d which is coupled to an articulation member 742a. The transmission 706d comprises movable mechanical elements such as articulation elements to control the articulation of the end effector 702 ±65°. In one aspect, the motor 704d is coupled to an articulation nut, which is rotatably journaled on the proximal end portion of the distal spine portion and is rotatably driven thereon by an articulation gear assembly. The torque sensor 744d provides an articulation force feedback signal to the control circuit 710. The articulation force feedback signal represents the articulation force applied to the end effector 702. Sensors 738, such as an articulation encoder, may provide the articulation position of the end effector 702 to the control circuit 710.

0139In another aspect, the articulation function of the robotic surgical system 700 may comprise two articulation members, or links, 742a, 742b. These articulation members 742a, 742b are driven by separate disks on the robot interface (the rack) which are driven by the two motors 708d, 708e. When the separate firing motor 704a is provided, each of articulation links 742a, 742b can be antagonistically driven with respect to the other link in order to provide a resistive holding motion and a load to the head when it is not moving and to provide an articulation motion as the head is articulated. The articulation members 742a, 742b attach to the head at a fixed radius as the head is rotated. Accordingly, the mechanical advantage of the push-and-pull link changes as the head is rotated. This change in the mechanical advantage may be more pronounced with other articulation link drive systems.

0140In one aspect, the one or more motors 704a-704e may comprise a brushed DC motor with a gearbox and mechanical links to a firing member, closure member, or articulation member. Another example includes electric motors 704a-704e that operate the movable mechanical elements such as the displacement member, articulation links, closure tube, and shaft. An outside influence is an unmeasured, unpredictable influence of things like tissue, surrounding bodies, and friction on the physical system. Such outside influence can be referred to as drag, which acts in opposition to one of electric motors 704a-704e. The outside influence, such as drag, may cause the operation of the physical system to deviate from a desired operation of the physical system.

0141In one aspect, the position sensor 734 may be implemented as an absolute positioning system. In one aspect, the position sensor 734 may comprise a magnetic rotary absolute positioning system implemented as an AS5055EQFT single-chip magnetic rotary position sensor available from Austria Microsystems, AG. The position sensor 734 may interface with the control circuit 710 to provide an absolute positioning system. The position may include multiple Hall-effect elements located above a magnet and coupled to a CORDIC processor, also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder's algorithm, that is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate hyperbolic and trigonometric functions that require only addition, subtraction, bitshift, and table lookup operations.

0142In one aspect, the control circuit 710 may be in communication with one or more sensors 738. The sensors 738 may be positioned on the end effector 702 and adapted to operate with the robotic surgical instrument 700 to measure the various derived parameters such as the gap distance versus time, tissue compression versus time, and anvil strain versus time. The sensors 738 may comprise a magnetic sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a load cell, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, a torque sensor, an inductive sensor such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector 702. The sensors 738 may include one or more sensors. The sensors 738 may be located on the staple cartridge 718 deck to determine tissue location using segmented electrodes. The torque sensors 744a-744e may be configured to sense force such as firing force, closure force, and/or articulation force, among others. Accordingly, the control circuit 710 can sense (1) the closure load experienced by the distal closure tube and its position, (2) the firing member at the rack and its position, (3) what portion of the staple cartridge 718 has tissue on it, and (4) the load and position on both articulation rods.

0143In one aspect, the one or more sensors 738 may comprise a strain gauge, such as a micro-strain gauge, configured to measure the magnitude of the strain in the anvil 716 during a clamped condition. The strain gauge provides an electrical signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the strain. The sensors 738 may comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure generated by the presence of compressed tissue between the anvil 716 and the staple cartridge 718. The sensors 738 may be configured to detect impedance of a tissue section located between the anvil 716 and the staple cartridge 718 that is indicative of the thickness and/or fullness of tissue located therebetween.

0144In one aspect, the sensors 738 may be implemented as one or more limit switches, electromechanical devices, solid-state switches, Hall-effect devices, magneto-resistive (MR) devices, giant magneto-resistive (GMR) devices, magnetometers, among others. In other implementations, the sensors 738 may be implemented as solid-state switches that operate under the influence of light, such as optical sensors, IR sensors, ultraviolet sensors, among others. Still, the switches may be solid-state devices such as transistors (e.g., FET, junction FET, MOSFET, bipolar, and the like). In other implementations, the sensors 738 may include electrical conductorless switches, ultrasonic switches, accelerometers, and inertial sensors, among others.

0145In one aspect, the sensors 738 may be configured to measure forces exerted on the anvil 716 by the closure drive system. For example, one or more sensors 738 can be at an interaction point between the closure tube and the anvil 716 to detect the closure forces applied by the closure tube to the anvil 716. The forces exerted on the anvil 716 can be representative of the tissue compression experienced by the tissue section captured between the anvil 716 and the staple cartridge 718. The one or more sensors 738 can be positioned at various interaction points along the closure drive system to detect the closure forces applied to the anvil 716 by the closure drive system. The one or more sensors 738 may be sampled in real time during a clamping operation by the processor of the control circuit 710. The control circuit 710 receives real-time sample measurements to provide and analyze time-based information and assess, in real time, closure forces applied to the anvil 716.

0146In one aspect, a current sensor 736 can be employed to measure the current drawn by each of the motors 704a-704e. The force required to advance any of the movable mechanical elements such as the I-beam 714 corresponds to the current drawn by one of the motors 704a-704e. The force is converted to a digital signal and provided to the control circuit 710. The control circuit 710 can be configured to simulate the response of the actual system of the instrument in the software of the controller. A displacement member can be actuated to move an I-beam 714 in the end effector 702 at or near a target velocity. The robotic surgical instrument 700 can include a feedback controller, which can be one of any feedback controllers, including, but not limited to a PID, a state feedback, a linear-quadratic (LQR), and/or an adaptive controller, for example. The robotic surgical instrument 700 can include a power source to convert the signal from the feedback controller into a physical input such as case voltage, PWM voltage, frequency modulated voltage, current, torque, and/or force, for example. Additional details are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0093" dnum="US63682917A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/636,829</text></patcit>, titled CLOSED LOOP VELOCITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR ROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, filed June 29, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0147<figref idref="f0015">FIG. 18</figref> illustrates a block diagram of a surgical instrument 750 programmed to control the distal translation of a displacement member, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. In one aspect, the surgical instrument 750 is programmed to control the distal translation of a displacement member such as the I-beam 764. The surgical instrument 750 comprises an end effector 752 that may comprise an anvil 766, an I-beam 764 (including a sharp cutting edge), and a removable staple cartridge 768.

0148The position, movement, displacement, and/or translation of a linear displacement member, such as the I-beam 764, can be measured by an absolute positioning system, sensor arrangement, and position sensor 784. Because the I-beam 764 is coupled to a longitudinally movable drive member, the position of the I-beam 764 can be determined by measuring the position of the longitudinally movable drive member employing the position sensor 784. Accordingly, in the following description, the position, displacement, and/or translation of the I-beam 764 can be achieved by the position sensor 784 as described herein. A control circuit 760 may be programmed to control the translation of the displacement member, such as the I-beam 764. The control circuit 760, in some examples, may comprise one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other suitable processors for executing instructions that cause the processor or processors to control the displacement member, e.g., the I-beam 764, in the manner described. In one aspect, a timer/counter 781 provides an output signal, such as the elapsed time or a digital count, to the control circuit 760 to correlate the position of the I-beam 764 as determined by the position sensor 784 with the output of the timer/counter 781 such that the control circuit 760 can determine the position of the I-beam 764 at a specific time (t) relative to a starting position. The timer/counter 781 may be configured to measure elapsed time, count external events, or time external events.

0149The control circuit 760 may generate a motor set point signal 772. The motor set point signal 772 may be provided to a motor controller 758. The motor controller 758 may comprise one or more circuits configured to provide a motor drive signal 774 to the motor 754 to drive the motor 754 as described herein. In some examples, the motor 754 may be a brushed DC electric motor. For example, the velocity of the motor 754 may be proportional to the motor drive signal 774. In some examples, the motor 754 may be a brushless DC electric motor and the motor drive signal 774 may comprise a PWM signal provided to one or more stator windings of the motor 754. Also, in some examples, the motor controller 758 may be omitted, and the control circuit 760 may generate the motor drive signal 774 directly.

0150The motor 754 may receive power from an energy source 762. The energy source 762 may be or include a battery, a super capacitor, or any other suitable energy source. The motor 754 may be mechanically coupled to the I-beam 764 via a transmission 756. The transmission 756 may include one or more gears or other linkage components to couple the motor 754 to the I-beam 764. A position sensor 784 may sense a position of the I-beam 764. The position sensor 784 may be or include any type of sensor that is capable of generating position data that indicate a position of the I-beam 764. In some examples, the position sensor 784 may include an encoder configured to provide a series of pulses to the control circuit 760 as the I-beam 764 translates distally and proximally. The control circuit 760 may track the pulses to determine the position of the I-beam 764. Other suitable position sensors may be used, including, for example, a proximity sensor. Other types of position sensors may provide other signals indicating motion of the I-beam 764. Also, in some examples, the position sensor 784 may be omitted. Where the motor 754 is a stepper motor, the control circuit 760 may track the position of the I-beam 764 by aggregating the number and direction of steps that the motor 754 has been instructed to execute. The position sensor 784 may be located in the end effector 752 or at any other portion of the instrument.

0151The control circuit 760 may be in communication with one or more sensors 788. The sensors 788 may be positioned on the end effector 752 and adapted to operate with the surgical instrument 750 to measure the various derived parameters such as gap distance versus time, tissue compression versus time, and anvil strain versus time. The sensors 788 may comprise a magnetic sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, an inductive sensor such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector 752. The sensors 788 may include one or more sensors.

0152The one or more sensors 788 may comprise a strain gauge, such as a micro-strain gauge, configured to measure the magnitude of the strain in the anvil 766 during a clamped condition. The strain gauge provides an electrical signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the strain. The sensors 788 may comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure generated by the presence of compressed tissue between the anvil 766 and the staple cartridge 768. The sensors 788 may be configured to detect impedance of a tissue section located between the anvil 766 and the staple cartridge 768 that is indicative of the thickness and/or fullness of tissue located therebetween.

0153The sensors 788 may be is configured to measure forces exerted on the anvil 766 by a closure drive system. For example, one or more sensors 788 can be at an interaction point between a closure tube and the anvil 766 to detect the closure forces applied by a closure tube to the anvil 766. The forces exerted on the anvil 766 can be representative of the tissue compression experienced by the tissue section captured between the anvil 766 and the staple cartridge 768. The one or more sensors 788 can be positioned at various interaction points along the closure drive system to detect the closure forces applied to the anvil 766 by the closure drive system. The one or more sensors 788 may be sampled in real time during a clamping operation by a processor of the control circuit 760. The control circuit 760 receives real-time sample measurements to provide and analyze time-based information and assess, in real time, closure forces applied to the anvil 766.

0154A current sensor 786 can be employed to measure the current drawn by the motor 754. The force required to advance the I-beam 764 corresponds to the current drawn by the motor 754. The force is converted to a digital signal and provided to the control circuit 760.

0155The control circuit 760 can be configured to simulate the response of the actual system of the instrument in the software of the controller. A displacement member can be actuated to move an I-beam 764 in the end effector 752 at or near a target velocity. The surgical instrument 750 can include a feedback controller, which can be one of any feedback controllers, including, but not limited to a PID, a state feedback, LQR, and/or an adaptive controller, for example. The surgical instrument 750 can include a power source to convert the signal from the feedback controller into a physical input such as case voltage, PWM voltage, frequency modulated voltage, current, torque, and/or force, for example.

0156The actual drive system of the surgical instrument 750 is configured to drive the displacement member, cutting member, or I-beam 764, by a brushed DC motor with gearbox and mechanical links to an articulation and/or knife system. Another example is the electric motor 754 that operates the displacement member and the articulation driver, for example, of an interchangeable shaft assembly. An outside influence is an unmeasured, unpredictable influence of things like tissue, surrounding bodies and friction on the physical system. Such outside influence can be referred to as drag which acts in opposition to the electric motor 754. The outside influence, such as drag, may cause the operation of the physical system to deviate from a desired operation of the physical system.

0157Various example aspects are directed to a surgical instrument 750 comprising an end effector 752 with motor-driven surgical stapling and cutting implements. For example, a motor 754 may drive a displacement member distally and proximally along a longitudinal axis of the end effector 752. The end effector 752 may comprise a pivotable anvil 766 and, when configured for use, a staple cartridge 768 positioned opposite the anvil 766. A clinician may grasp tissue between the anvil 766 and the staple cartridge 768, as described herein. When ready to use the instrument 750, the clinician may provide a firing signal, for example by depressing a trigger of the instrument 750. In response to the firing signal, the motor 754 may drive the displacement member distally along the longitudinal axis of the end effector 752 from a proximal stroke begin position to a stroke end position distal of the stroke begin position. As the displacement member translates distally, an I-beam 764 with a cutting element positioned at a distal end, may cut the tissue between the staple cartridge 768 and the anvil 766.

0158In various examples, the surgical instrument 750 may comprise a control circuit 760 programmed to control the distal translation of the displacement member, such as the I-beam 764, for example, based on one or more tissue conditions. The control circuit 760 may be programmed to sense tissue conditions, such as thickness, either directly or indirectly, as described herein. The control circuit 760 may be programmed to select a firing control program based on tissue conditions. A firing control program may describe the distal motion of the displacement member. Different firing control programs may be selected to better treat different tissue conditions. For example, when thicker tissue is present, the control circuit 760 may be programmed to translate the displacement member at a lower velocity and/or with lower power. When thinner tissue is present, the control circuit 760 may be programmed to translate the displacement member at a higher velocity and/or with higher power.

0159In some examples, the control circuit 760 may initially operate the motor 754 in an open loop configuration for a first open loop portion of a stroke of the displacement member. Based on a response of the instrument 750 during the open loop portion of the stroke, the control circuit 760 may select a firing control program. The response of the instrument may include, a translation distance of the displacement member during the open loop portion, a time elapsed during the open loop portion, energy provided to the motor 754 during the open loop portion, a sum of pulse widths of a motor drive signal, etc. After the open loop portion, the control circuit 760 may implement the selected firing control program for a second portion of the displacement member stroke. For example, during the closed loop portion of the stroke, the control circuit 760 may modulate the motor 754 based on translation data describing a position of the displacement member in a closed loop manner to translate the displacement member at a constant velocity. Additional details are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0094" dnum="US72085217A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/720,852</text></patcit>, titled SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING A DISPLAY OF A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, filed September 29, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0160<figref idref="f0016">FIG. 19</figref> is a schematic diagram of a surgical instrument 790 configured to control various functions, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. In one aspect, the surgical instrument 790 is programmed to control distal translation of a displacement member such as the I-beam 764. The surgical instrument 790 comprises an end effector 792 that may comprise an anvil 766, an I-beam 764, and a removable staple cartridge 768 which may be interchanged with an RF cartridge 796 (shown in dashed line).

0161In one aspect, sensors 788 may be implemented as a limit switch, electromechanical device, solid-state switches, Hall-effect devices, MR devices, GMR devices, magnetometers, among others. In other implementations, the sensors 638 may be solid-state switches that operate under the influence of light, such as optical sensors, IR sensors, ultraviolet sensors, among others. Still, the switches may be solid-state devices such as transistors (e.g., FET, junction FET, MOSFET, bipolar, and the like). In other implementations, the sensors 788 may include electrical conductorless switches, ultrasonic switches, accelerometers, and inertial sensors, among others.

0162In one aspect, the position sensor 784 may be implemented as an absolute positioning system comprising a magnetic rotary absolute positioning system implemented as an AS5055EQFT single-chip magnetic rotary position sensor available from Austria Microsystems, AG. The position sensor 784 may interface with the control circuit 760 to provide an absolute positioning system. The position may include multiple Hall-effect elements located above a magnet and coupled to a CORDIC processor, also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder's algorithm, that is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate hyperbolic and trigonometric functions that require only addition, subtraction, bitshift, and table lookup operations.

0163In one aspect, the I-beam 764 may be implemented as a knife member comprising a knife body that operably supports a tissue cutting blade thereon and may further include anvil engagement tabs or features and channel engagement features or a foot. In one aspect, the staple cartridge 768 may be implemented as a standard (mechanical) surgical fastener cartridge. In one aspect, the RF cartridge 796 may be implemented as an RF cartridge. These and other sensors arrangements are described in commonly owned <patcit id="pcit0095" dnum="US62817517A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/628,175</text></patcit>, titled TECHNIQUES FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF MOTOR VELOCITY OF A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, filed June 20, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0164The position, movement, displacement, and/or translation of a linear displacement member, such as the I-beam 764, can be measured by an absolute positioning system, sensor arrangement, and position sensor represented as position sensor 784. Because the I-beam 764 is coupled to the longitudinally movable drive member, the position of the I-beam 764 can be determined by measuring the position of the longitudinally movable drive member employing the position sensor 784. Accordingly, in the following description, the position, displacement, and/or translation of the I-beam 764 can be achieved by the position sensor 784 as described herein. A control circuit 760 may be programmed to control the translation of the displacement member, such as the I-beam 764, as described herein. The control circuit 760, in some examples, may comprise one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other suitable processors for executing instructions that cause the processor or processors to control the displacement member, e.g., the I-beam 764, in the manner described. In one aspect, a timer/counter 781 provides an output signal, such as the elapsed time or a digital count, to the control circuit 760 to correlate the position of the I-beam 764 as determined by the position sensor 784 with the output of the timer/counter 781 such that the control circuit 760 can determine the position of the I-beam 764 at a specific time (t) relative to a starting position. The timer/counter 781 may be configured to measure elapsed time, count external events, or time external events.

0165The control circuit 760 may generate a motor set point signal 772. The motor set point signal 772 may be provided to a motor controller 758. The motor controller 758 may comprise one or more circuits configured to provide a motor drive signal 774 to the motor 754 to drive the motor 754 as described herein. In some examples, the motor 754 may be a brushed DC electric motor. For example, the velocity of the motor 754 may be proportional to the motor drive signal 774. In some examples, the motor 754 may be a brushless DC electric motor and the motor drive signal 774 may comprise a PWM signal provided to one or more stator windings of the motor 754. Also, in some examples, the motor controller 758 may be omitted, and the control circuit 760 may generate the motor drive signal 774 directly.

0166The motor 754 may receive power from an energy source 762. The energy source 762 may be or include a battery, a super capacitor, or any other suitable energy source. The motor 754 may be mechanically coupled to the I-beam 764 via a transmission 756. The transmission 756 may include one or more gears or other linkage components to couple the motor 754 to the I-beam 764. A position sensor 784 may sense a position of the I-beam 764. The position sensor 784 may be or include any type of sensor that is capable of generating position data that indicate a position of the I-beam 764. In some examples, the position sensor 784 may include an encoder configured to provide a series of pulses to the control circuit 760 as the I-beam 764 translates distally and proximally. The control circuit 760 may track the pulses to determine the position of the I-beam 764. Other suitable position sensors may be used, including, for example, a proximity sensor. Other types of position sensors may provide other signals indicating motion of the I-beam 764. Also, in some examples, the position sensor 784 may be omitted. Where the motor 754 is a stepper motor, the control circuit 760 may track the position of the I-beam 764 by aggregating the number and direction of steps that the motor has been instructed to execute. The position sensor 784 may be located in the end effector 792 or at any other portion of the instrument.

0167The control circuit 760 may be in communication with one or more sensors 788. The sensors 788 may be positioned on the end effector 792 and adapted to operate with the surgical instrument 790 to measure the various derived parameters such as gap distance versus time, tissue compression versus time, and anvil strain versus time. The sensors 788 may comprise a magnetic sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, an inductive sensor such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector 792. The sensors 788 may include one or more sensors.

0168The one or more sensors 788 may comprise a strain gauge, such as a micro-strain gauge, configured to measure the magnitude of the strain in the anvil 766 during a clamped condition. The strain gauge provides an electrical signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the strain. The sensors 788 may comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure generated by the presence of compressed tissue between the anvil 766 and the staple cartridge 768. The sensors 788 may be configured to detect impedance of a tissue section located between the anvil 766 and the staple cartridge 768 that is indicative of the thickness and/or fullness of tissue located therebetween.

0169The sensors 788 may be is configured to measure forces exerted on the anvil 766 by the closure drive system. For example, one or more sensors 788 can be at an interaction point between a closure tube and the anvil 766 to detect the closure forces applied by a closure tube to the anvil 766. The forces exerted on the anvil 766 can be representative of the tissue compression experienced by the tissue section captured between the anvil 766 and the staple cartridge 768. The one or more sensors 788 can be positioned at various interaction points along the closure drive system to detect the closure forces applied to the anvil 766 by the closure drive system. The one or more sensors 788 may be sampled in real time during a clamping operation by a processor portion of the control circuit 760. The control circuit 760 receives real-time sample measurements to provide and analyze time-based information and assess, in real time, closure forces applied to the anvil 766.

0170A current sensor 786 can be employed to measure the current drawn by the motor 754. The force required to advance the I-beam 764 corresponds to the current drawn by the motor 754. The force is converted to a digital signal and provided to the control circuit 760.

0171An RF energy source 794 is coupled to the end effector 792 and is applied to the RF cartridge 796 when the RF cartridge 796 is loaded in the end effector 792 in place of the staple cartridge 768. The control circuit 760 controls the delivery of the RF energy to the RF cartridge 796.

0172Additional details are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0096" dnum="US63609617A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/636,096</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL SYSTEM COUPLABLE WITH STAPLE CARTRIDGE AND RADIO FREQUENCY CARTRIDGE, AND METHOD OF USING SAME, filed June 28, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0173<figref idref="f0017">FIG. 20</figref> illustrates a stroke length graph 20740 showing how a control system can modify the stroke length of a closure tube assembly based on the articulation angle θ. Such modifying of the stroke length includes shortening the stroke length to a compensated stroke length (e.g., defined along the y-axis) as the articulation angle θ increases (e.g., defined along the x-axis). The compensated stroke length defines a length of travel of the closure tube assembly in the distal direction to close the jaws of an end effector, which is dependent upon the articulation angle θ and prevents over-travel of the closure tube assembly causing damage to the surgical device.

0174For example, as shown in the stroke length graph 20740, the stroke length of the closure tube assembly to close the jaws is approximately .250 inches when the end effector is not articulated, and the compensated stroke length is approximately .242 inches when the articulation angle θ is approximately 60 degrees. Such measurements are provided as examples only and can include any of a variety of angles and corresponding stroke lengths and compensated stroke lengths without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, the relationship between the articulation angles θ and compensated stroke lengths is non-linear and the rate at which the compensated stroke length shortens increases as the articulation angle increases. For example, the decrease in compensated stroke lengths between 45 degrees and 60 degrees articulation is greater than the decrease in compensated stroke lengths between zero degrees and 15 degrees articulation. Although with this approach the control system is adjusting the stroke length based on the articulation angle θ to prevent damage to the surgical device (e.g., jamming the distal end of the closure tube assembly in a distal position), the distal closure tube is still allowed to advance during articulation, thereby potentially at least partly closing the jaws.

0175<figref idref="f0017">FIG. 21</figref> illustrates a closure tube assembly positioning graph 20750 showing one aspect in which a control system modifies a longitudinal position of a closure tube assembly based on the articulation angle θ. Such modifying of the longitudinal position of the closure tube assembly includes proximally retracting the closure tube assembly by a compensation distance (e.g., defined along the y-axis) as the end effector articulates and based on the articulation angle θ (e.g., defined along the x-axis). The compensation distance that the closure tube assembly is proximally retracted prevents distal advancement of the distal closure tube thereby maintaining the jaws in the open position during articulation. By proximally retracting the closure tube assembly by the compensation distance during articulation, the closure tube assembly can travel the stroke length starting form the proximally retracted position to close the jaws upon activation of the closure assembly.

0176For example, as shown in the closure tube assembly positioning graph 20750, the compensation distance when the end effector is not articulated is zero and the compensation distance when the articulation angle θ is approximately 60 degrees is approximately .008 inches. In this example, the closure tube assembly is retracted by a .008 inch compensation distance during articulation. As such, to close the jaws, the closure tube assembly can advance the stoke length starting from this retracted position. Such measurements are provided for example purposes only and can include any of a variety of angles and corresponding compensation distances without departing from the scope of the disclosure. As shown in <figref idref="f0017">FIG. 21</figref>, the relationship between the articulation angle θ and the compensation distance is non-linear and the rate at which the compensation distance lengthens increases as the articulation angle θ increases. For example, the increase in compensation distance between 45 degrees and 60 degrees is greater than the increase in compensation distance between zero degrees and 15 degrees.

0177When clamping patient tissue, forces exerted through the clamping device, e.g., a linear stapler, and the tissue may reach an unacceptably high level. For example, when a constant closure rate is employed, the force may become high enough to cause excess trauma to the clamped tissue and may cause deformation in the clamping device such that an acceptable tissue gap is not maintained across the stapling path. <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22</figref> is a graph illustrating the power applied to tissue during compression at a constant anvil closure rate (i.e.; without controlled tissue compression (CTC)) vs. the power applied to tissue during compression with a variable anvil closure rate (i.e.; with CTC). The closure rate may be adjusted to control tissue compression so that the power imparted into the tissue remains constant over a portion of the compression. The peak power imparted into the tissue according to <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22</figref> is much lower when a variable anvil closure rate is utilized. Based on the imparted power, the force exerted by the surgical device (or a parameter related to or proportional to the force) may be calculated. In this regard, the power may be limited such that the force exerted through the surgical device, e.g., through the jaws of a linear stapler, do not exceed a yield force or pressure that results in splaying of the jaws such that the tissue gap is not within an acceptable range along the entire stapling length when in the fully closed position. For example, the jaws should be parallel or close enough to parallel that the tissue gap remains within the acceptable or target range for all staple positions along the entire length of the jaws. Further, the limitation of the exerted power avoids, or at least minimizes, trauma or damage to tissue.

0178In <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22</figref>, the total energy exerted in the method without CTC is the same as the total energy exerted in the method with CTC, i.e., the areas under the power curves of <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22</figref> are the same or substantially the same. The difference in the power profiles utilized is, however, substantial, as the peak power is much lower in the example with CTC as compared to the example without CTC.

0179The limiting of power is achieved in the example with CTC by slowing the closing rate, as illustrated by line 20760. It is noted that the compression time B' is longer than the closing time B. As illustrated in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22</figref>, a device and method that provides a constant closure rate (i.e.; without CTC) achieves the same 50 lb of compressive force at the same 1 mm tissue gap as the device and method that provides a variable closure rate (i.e.; with CTC). While the device and method that provide for a constant closure rate may achieve the compressive force at the desired tissue gap in a shorter time period as compared with a device and method using a variable closure rate, this results in the spike in power applied to the tissue, as shown in <figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22</figref>. In contrast, the example aspect illustrated with CTC begins slowing the rate of closure to limit the amount of power applied to the tissue below a certain level. By limiting the power applied to the tissue, tissue trauma may be minimized with respect to the system and method that does not use CTC.

0180<figref idref="f0018">FIG. 22</figref> and additional exemplifications are further described in <patcit id="pcit0097" dnum="US8499992B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 8,499,992, filed June 1, 2012</text></patcit>, titled DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING COMPRESSION OF TISSUE, which issued August 6, 2013, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

0181In some aspects, a control system can include a plurality of predefined force thresholds that assist the control system in determining a position of an E-beam and/or articulation angle of a firing shaft and appropriately controlling at least one motor based on such determination. For example, the force thresholds can change depending on a length of travel of the firing bar configured to translate the firing shaft, and such force thresholds can be compared to a measured torsional force of the one or more motors in communication with the control system. Comparison of the measured torsional forces against the force thresholds can provide a dependable way for the control system to determine a location of the E-beam and/or articulation of the end effector. This can allow the control system to appropriately control the one or more motors (e.g., reduce or stop torsional loads) to ensure proper firing of the firing assembly and articulation of the end effector, as well as prevent against damage to the system, as will be described in greater detail below.

0182<figref idref="f0019">FIG. 23</figref> illustrates a force and displacement graph 20800 including measured forces in section A that are related to measured displacements in section B. Both section A and B have an x-axis defining time (e.g., seconds). The y-axis of section B defines a travel displacement (e.g., in millimeters) of a firing rod and the y-axis of section A defines a force applied to the firing bar to thereby advance the firing shaft. As shown in section A, travel of the firing bar within a first articulation range 20902 (e.g., a first approximately 12 mm of travel) causes the end effector to articulate. For example, at the 12 mm displacement position the end effector is fully articulated to the right and is mechanically unable to articulate further. As a result of being at full articulation the torsional force on the motor will increase and the control system can sense an articulation force peak 20802 that exceeds a predefined articulation threshold 20804, as shown in section A. The control system can include more than one predefined articulation threshold 20804 for sensing more than one max articulation direction (e.g., left articulation and right articulation). After the control system detects an articulation force peak 20802 that exceeds the predetermined articulation threshold 20804, the control system can reduce or stop actuation of the motor thereby protecting at least the motor from damage.

0183After the firing bar advances past the articulation range 20902, a shifting mechanism within the surgical stapler can cause further distal travel of the firing bar to cause distal travel of the firing shaft. For example, as shown in section B, travel between approximately 12mm and 70mm of travel displacement can cause the E-beam to advance along a firing stroke 20904 and cut tissue captured between the jaws, however, other lengths of travel are within the scope of this disclosure. In this example, a maximum firing stroke position 20906 of the E-beam occurs at 70mm travel. At this point, the E-beam or knife abuts a distal end of the cartridge or jaw thereby increasing torsional forces on the motor and causing a knife travel force peak 20806, as shown in section A, to be sensed by the control system. As shown in section A, the control system can include a motor threshold 20808 and an end of knife travel threshold 20810 that branches off from the motor threshold 20808 and decreases (e.g., non-linearly) as the E-beam approaches the maximum firing stroke position 20906.

0184The control system can be configured to monitor the sensed motor torsional force during at least the last part of distal travel 20907 (e.g., last 10 percent of the firing stroke 904) of the E-beam before reaching the maximum firing stroke position 20906. While monitoring along such last part of distal travel 20907, the control system can cause the motor to reduce torsional forces to thereby reduce the load on the E-beam. This can protect damage to the surgical stapler, including the E-beam, by reducing loads on the E-beam as the E-beam approaches the maximum firing stroke position 20906 thereby reducing impact of the E-beam against the distal end of the cartridge or jaw. As mentioned above, such impact can cause a knife travel force peak 20806, which can exceed the knife travel threshold 20810 but not the motor threshold 20808 thereby not damaging the motor. As such, the control system can stop actuation of the motor after the knife travel force peak 20806 exceeds the knife travel threshold 20810 and before the knife travel force peak 20806 exceeds the motor threshold 20808 thereby protecting the motor from damage. Furthermore, the increasing reduction in the knife travel threshold 20810 prevents the control system from preliminarily thinking that the E-beam has reached the maximum firing stroke position 20906.

0185After the control system has detected a knife travel force peak 20806 exceeding the knife travel threshold 20810, the control system can confirm a position of the E-beam (e.g., at 70 mm displacement and/or at end of firing stroke 20904) and can retract the firing bar based on such known displacement position to reset the E-beam in a most proximal position 20908 (e.g., 0 mm displacement). At the most proximal position 20908, a knife retraction force peak 20812 that exceeds a predefined knife retraction threshold 20814, as shown in section A, can be sensed by the control system. At this point, the control system can recalibrate, if needed, and associate the position of the E-beam as being in a home position where subsequent advancement of the firing rod in the distal direction (e.g., approximately 12 mm in length) will cause the shifter to disengage the E-beam from the firing bar. Once disengaged, firing bar travel within the articulation range 20902 will again cause articulation of the end effector.

0186As such, the control system can sense torsional forces on the motor controlling travel of the firing bar and compare such sensed torsional forces against a plurality of thresholds to determine a position of the E-beam or angle of articulation of the end effector and thereby appropriately control the motor to prevent damage to the motor, as well as confirm positioning of the firing bar and/or E-beam.

0187As described supra, tissue contact or pressure sensors determine when the jaw members initially come into contact with the tissue "T". This enables a surgeon to determine the initial thickness of the tissue "T" and/or the thickness of the tissue "T" prior to clamping. In any of the surgical instrument aspects described above, as seen in <figref idref="f0020">FIG. 24</figref>, contact of the jaw members with tissue "T" closes a sensing circuit "SC" that is otherwise open, by establishing contacting with a pair of opposed plates "P1, P2" provided on the jaw members. The contact sensors may also include sensitive force transducers that determine the amount of force being applied to the sensor, which may be assumed to be the same amount of force being applied to the tissue "T". Such force being applied to the tissue, may then be translated into an amount of tissue compression. The force sensors measure the amount of compression a tissue is under and provide a surgeon with information about the force applied to the tissue "T". Excessive tissue compression may have a negative impact on the tissue "T" being operated on. For example, excessive compression of tissue "T" may result in tissue necrosis and, in certain procedures, staple line failure. Information regarding the pressure being applied to tissue "T" enables a surgeon to better determine that excessive pressure is not being applied to tissue "T".

0188Any of the contact sensors disclosed herein may include, and are not limited to, electrical contacts placed on an inner surface of a jaw which, when in contact with tissue, close a sensing circuit that is otherwise open. The contact sensors may also include sensitive force transducers that detect when the tissue being clamped first resists compression. Force transducers may include, and are not limited to, piezoelectric elements, piezoresistive elements, metal film or semiconductor strain gauges, inductive pressure sensors, capacitive pressure sensors, and potentiometric pressure transducers that use bourbon tubes, capsules or bellows to drive a wiper arm on a resistive element.

0189In an aspect, any one of the aforementioned surgical instruments may include one or more piezoelectric elements to detect a change in pressure occurring on the jaw members. Piezoelectric elements are bi-directional transducers which convert stress into an electrical potential. Elements may consist of metallized quartz or ceramics. In operation, when stress is applied to the crystals there is a change in the charge distribution of the material resulting in a generation of voltage across the material. Piezoelectric elements may be used to indicate when any one or both of the jaw members makes contact with the tissue "T" and the amount of pressure exerted on the tissue "T" after contact is established.

0190In an aspect, any one of the aforementioned surgical instruments may include or be provided with one or more metallic strain gauges placed within or upon a portion of the body thereof. Metallic strain gauges operate on the principle that the resistance of the material depends upon length, width and thickness. Accordingly, when the material of the metallic strain gauge undergoes strain the resistance of the material changes. Thus, a resistor made of this material incorporated into a circuit will convert strain to a change in an electrical signal. Desirably, the strain gauge may be placed on the surgical instruments such that pressure applied to the tissue effects the strain gauge.

0191Alternatively, in another aspect, one or more semiconductor strain gauges may be used in a similar manner as the metallic strain gauge described above, although the mode of transduction differs. In operation, when a crystal lattice structure of the semiconductor strain gauge is deformed, as a result of an applied stress, the resistance of the material changes. This phenomenon is referred to as the piezoresistive effect.

0192In yet another aspect, any one of the aforementioned surgical instruments may include or be provided with one or more inductive pressure sensors to transduce pressure or force into motion of inductive elements relative to each other. This motion of the inductive elements relative to one another alters the overall inductance or inductive coupling. Capacitive pressure transducers similarly transduce pressure or force into motion of capacitive elements relative to each other altering the overall capacitance.

0193In still another aspect, any one of the aforementioned surgical instruments may include or be provided with one or more capacitive pressure transducers to transduce pressure or force into motion of capacitive elements relative to each other altering an overall capacitance.

0194In an aspect, any one of the aforementioned surgical instruments may include or be provided with one or more mechanical pressure transducers to transduce pressure or force into motion. In use, a motion of a mechanical element is used to deflect a pointer or dial on a gauge. This movement of the pointer or dial may be representative of the pressure or force applied to the tissue "T". Examples of mechanical elements include and are not limited to bourbon tubes, capsules or bellows. By way of example, mechanical elements may be coupled with other measuring and/or sensing elements, such as a potentiometer pressure transducer. In this example the mechanical element is coupled with a wiper on the variable resistor. In use, pressure or force may be transduced into mechanical motion which deflects the wiper on the potentiometer thus changing the resistance to reflect the applied pressure or force.

0195The combination of the above aspects, in particular the combination of the gap and tissue contact sensors, provides the surgeon with feedback information and/or real-time information regarding the condition of the operative site and/or target tissue "T". For example, information regarding the initial thickness of the tissue "T" may guide the surgeon in selecting an appropriate staple size, information regarding the clamped thickness of the tissue "T" may let the surgeon know if the selected staple will form properly, information relating to the initial thickness and clamped thickness of the tissue "T" may be used to determine the amount of compression or strain on the tissue "T", and information relating to the strain on the tissue "T" may be used this strain to avoid compressing tissue to excessive strain values and/or stapling into tissue that has undergone excessive strain.

0196Additionally, force sensors may be used to provide the surgeon with the amount of pressure applied to the tissue. The surgeon may use this information to avoid applying excessive pressure on the tissue "T" or stapling into tissue "T" which has experienced excessive strain.

0197<figref idref="f0020">FIG. 24</figref> and additional exemplifications are further described in <patcit id="pcit0098" dnum="US8181839B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 8,181,839, filed June 27, 2011</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT EMPLOYING SENSORS, which issued May 5, 2012, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

0198Certain aspects are shown and described to provide an understanding of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the disclosed devices and methods. Features shown or described in one example may be combined with features of other examples and modifications and variations are within the scope of this disclosure.

0199The terms "proximal" and "distal" are relative to a clinician manipulating the handle of the surgical instrument where "proximal" refers to the portion closer to the clinician and "distal" refers to the portion located further from the clinician. For expediency, spatial terms "vertical," "horizontal," "up," and "down" used with respect to the drawings are not intended to be limiting and/or absolute, because surgical instruments can used in many orientations and positions.

0200Example devices and methods are provided for performing laparoscopic and minimally invasive surgical procedures. Such devices and methods, however, can be used in other surgical procedures and applications including open surgical procedures, for example. The surgical instruments can be inserted into a through a natural orifice or through an incision or puncture hole formed in tissue. The working portions or end effector portions of the instruments can be inserted directly into the body or through an access device that has a working channel through which the end effector and elongated shaft of the surgical instrument can be advanced.

0201<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref> depict a motor-driven surgical instrument 150010 for cutting and fastening that may or may not be reused. In the illustrated examples, the surgical instrument 150010 includes a housing 150012 that comprises a handle assembly 150014 that is configured to be grasped, manipulated, and actuated by the clinician. The housing 150012 is configured for operable attachment to an interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 that has an end effector 150300 operably coupled thereto that is configured to perform one or more surgical tasks or procedures. In accordance with the present disclosure, various forms of interchangeable shaft assemblies may be effectively employed in connection with robotically controlled surgical systems. The term "housing" may encompass a housing or similar portion of a robotic system that houses or otherwise operably supports at least one drive system configured to generate and apply at least one control motion that could be used to actuate interchangeable shaft assemblies. The term "frame" may refer to a portion of a handheld surgical instrument. The term "frame" also may represent a portion of a robotically controlled surgical instrument and/or a portion of the robotic system that may be used to operably control a surgical instrument. Interchangeable shaft assemblies may be employed with various robotic systems, instruments, components, and methods disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0099" dnum="US9072535B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 9,072,535</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENTS WITH ROTATABLE STAPLE DEPLOYMENT ARRANGEMENTS, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

0202<figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref> is a perspective view of a surgical instrument 150010 that has an interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 operably coupled thereto, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The housing 150012 includes an end effector 150300 that comprises a surgical cutting and fastening device configured to operably support a surgical staple cartridge 150304 therein. The housing 150012 may be configured for use in connection with interchangeable shaft assemblies that include end effectors that are adapted to support different sizes and types of staple cartridges, have different shaft lengths, sizes, and types. The housing 150012 may be employed with a variety of interchangeable shaft assemblies, including assemblies configured to apply other motions and forms of energy such as, radio frequency (RF) energy, ultrasonic energy, and/or motion to end effector arrangements adapted for use in connection with various surgical applications and procedures. The end effectors, shaft assemblies, handles, surgical instruments, and/or surgical instrument systems can utilize any suitable fastener, or fasteners, to fasten tissue. For instance, a fastener cartridge comprising a plurality of fasteners removably stored therein can be removably inserted into and/or attached to the end effector of a shaft assembly.

0203The handle assembly 150014 may comprise a pair of interconnectable handle housing segments 150016, 150018 interconnected by screws, snap features, adhesive, etc. The handle housing segments 150016, 150018 cooperate to form a pistol grip portion 150019 that can be gripped and manipulated by the clinician. The handle assembly 150014 operably supports a plurality of drive systems configured to generate and apply control motions to corresponding portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly that is operably attached thereto. A display may be provided below a cover 150045.

0204<figref idref="f0022">FIG. 26</figref> is an exploded assembly view of a portion of the surgical instrument 150010 of <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The handle assembly 150014 may include a frame 150020 that operably supports a plurality of drive systems. The frame 150020 can operably support a "first" or closure drive system 150030, which can apply closing and opening motions to the interchangeable shaft assembly 150200. The closure drive system 150030 may include an actuator such as a closure trigger 150032 pivotally supported by the frame 150020. The closure trigger 150032 is pivotally coupled to the handle assembly 150014 by a pivot pin 150033 to enable the closure trigger 150032 to be manipulated by a clinician. When the clinician grips the pistol grip portion 150019 of the handle assembly 150014, the closure trigger 150032 can pivot from a starting or "unactuated" position to an "actuated" position and more particularly to a fully compressed or fully actuated position.

0205The handle assembly 150014 and the frame 150020 may operably support a firing drive system 150080 configured to apply firing motions to corresponding portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly attached thereto. The firing drive system 150080 may employ an electric motor 150082 located in the pistol grip portion 150019 of the handle assembly 150014. The electric motor 150082 may be a DC brushed motor having a maximum rotational speed of approximately 25,000 RPM, for example. In other arrangements, the motor may include a brushless motor, a cordless motor, a synchronous motor, a stepper motor, or any other suitable electric motor. The electric motor 150082 may be powered by a power source 150090 that may comprise a removable power pack 150092. The removable power pack 150092 may comprise a proximal housing portion 150094 configured to attach to a distal housing portion 150096. The proximal housing portion 150094 and the distal housing portion 150096 are configured to operably support a plurality of batteries 150098 therein. Batteries 150098 may each comprise, for example, a Lithium Ion (LI) or other suitable battery. The distal housing portion 150096 is configured for removable operable attachment to a control circuit board 150100, which is operably coupled to the electric motor 150082. Several batteries 150098 connected in series may power the surgical instrument 150010. The power source 150090 may be replaceable and/or rechargeable. A display 150043, which is located below the cover 150045, is electrically coupled to the control circuit board 150100. The cover 150045 may be removed to expose the display 150043.

0206The electric motor 150082 can include a rotatable shaft (not shown) that operably interfaces with a gear reducer assembly 150084 mounted in meshing engagement with a with a set, or rack, of drive teeth 150122 on a longitudinally movable drive member 150120. The longitudinally movable drive member 150120 has a rack of drive teeth 150122 formed thereon for meshing engagement with a corresponding drive gear 150086 of the gear reducer assembly 150084.

0207In use, a voltage polarity provided by the power source 150090 can operate the electric motor 150082 in a clockwise direction wherein the voltage polarity applied to the electric motor by the battery can be reversed in order to operate the electric motor 150082 in a counter-clockwise direction. When the electric motor 150082 is rotated in one direction, the longitudinally movable drive member 150120 will be axially driven in the distal direction "DD." When the electric motor 150082 is driven in the opposite rotary direction, the longitudinally movable drive member 150120 will be axially driven in a proximal direction "PD." The handle assembly 150014 can include a switch that can be configured to reverse the polarity applied to the electric motor 150082 by the power source 150090. The handle assembly 150014 may include a sensor configured to detect the position of the longitudinally movable drive member 150120 and/or the direction in which the longitudinally movable drive member 150120 is being moved.

0208Actuation of the electric motor 150082 can be controlled by a firing trigger 150130 that is pivotally supported on the handle assembly 150014. The firing trigger 150130 may be pivoted between an unactuated position and an actuated position.

0209Turning back to <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>, the interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 includes an end effector 150300 comprising an elongated channel 150302 configured to operably support a surgical staple cartridge 150304 therein. The end effector 150300 may include an anvil 150306 that is pivotally supported relative to the elongated channel 150302. The interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 may include an articulation joint 150270. Construction and operation of the end effector 150300 and the articulation joint 150270 are set forth in <patcit id="pcit0100" dnum="US20140263541A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541</text></patcit>, titled ARTICULATABLE SURGICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING AN ARTICULATION LOCK, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 may include a proximal housing or nozzle 150201 comprised of nozzle portions 150202, 150203. The interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 may include a closure tube 150260 extending along a shaft axis SA that can be utilized to close and/or open the anvil 150306 of the end effector 150300.

0210Turning back to <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>, the closure tube 150260 is translated distally (direction "DD") to close the anvil 150306, for example, in response to the actuation of the closure trigger 150032 in the manner described in the aforementioned reference <patcit id="pcit0101" dnum="US20140263541A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541</text></patcit>. The anvil 150306 is opened by proximally translating the closure tube 150260. In the anvil-open position, the closure tube 150260 is moved to its proximal position.

0211<figref idref="f0023">FIG. 27</figref> is another exploded assembly view of portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly 150200, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 may include a firing member 150220 supported for axial travel within the spine 150210. The firing member 150220 includes an intermediate firing shaft 150222 configured to attach to a distal cutting portion or knife bar 150280. The firing member 150220 may be referred to as a "second shaft" or a "second shaft assembly". The intermediate firing shaft 150222 may include a longitudinal slot 150223 in a distal end configured to receive a tab 150284 on the proximal end 150282 of the knife bar 150280. The longitudinal slot 150223 and the proximal end 150282 may be configured to permit relative movement there between and can comprise a slip joint 150286. The slip joint 150286 can permit the intermediate firing shaft 150222 of the firing member 150220 to articulate the end effector 150300 about the articulation joint 150270 without moving, or at least substantially moving, the knife bar 150280. Once the end effector 150300 has been suitably oriented, the intermediate firing shaft 150222 can be advanced distally until a proximal sidewall of the longitudinal slot 150223 contacts the tab 150284 to advance the knife bar 150280 and fire the staple cartridge positioned within the channel 150302. The spine 150210 has an elongated opening or window 150213 therein to facilitate assembly and insertion of the intermediate firing shaft 150222 into the spine 150210. Once the intermediate firing shaft 150222 has been inserted therein, a top frame segment 150215 may be engaged with the shaft frame 150212 to enclose the intermediate firing shaft 150222 and knife bar 150280 therein. Operation of the firing member 150220 may be found in <patcit id="pcit0102" dnum="US20140263541A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541</text></patcit>. A spine 150210 can be configured to slidably support a firing member 150220 and the closure tube 150260 that extends around the spine 150210. The spine 150210 may slidably support an articulation driver 150230.

0212The interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 can include a clutch assembly 150400 configured to selectively and releasably couple the articulation driver 150230 to the firing member 150220. The clutch assembly 150400 includes a lock collar, or lock sleeve 150402, positioned around the firing member 150220 wherein the lock sleeve 150402 can be rotated between an engaged position in which the lock sleeve 150402 couples the articulation driver 150230 to the firing member 150220 and a disengaged position in which the articulation driver 150230 is not operably coupled to the firing member 150220. When the lock sleeve 150402 is in the engaged position, distal movement of the firing member 150220 can move the articulation driver 150230 distally and, correspondingly, proximal movement of the firing member 150220 can move the articulation driver 150230 proximally. When the lock sleeve 150402 is in the disengaged position, movement of the firing member 150220 is not transmitted to the articulation driver 150230 and, as a result, the firing member 150220 can move independently of the articulation driver 150230. The nozzle 150201 may be employed to operably engage and disengage the articulation drive system with the firing drive system in the various manners described in <patcit id="pcit0103" dnum="US20140263541A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541</text></patcit>.

0213The interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 can comprise a slip ring assembly 150600 which can be configured to conduct electrical power to and/or from the end effector 150300 and/or communicate signals to and/or from the end effector 150300, for example. The slip ring assembly 150600 can comprise a proximal connector flange 150604 and a distal connector flange 150601 positioned within a slot defined in the nozzle portions 150202, 150203. The proximal connector flange 150604 can comprise a first face and the distal connector flange 150601 can comprise a second face positioned adjacent to and movable relative to the first face. The distal connector flange 150601 can rotate relative to the proximal connector flange 150604 about the shaft axis SA-SA (<figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>). The proximal connector flange 150604 can comprise a plurality of concentric, or at least substantially concentric, conductors 150602 defined in the first face thereof. A connector 150607 can be mounted on the proximal side of the distal connector flange 150601 and may have a plurality of contacts wherein each contact corresponds to and is in electrical contact with one of the conductors 150602. Such an arrangement permits relative rotation between the proximal connector flange 150604 and the distal connector flange 150601 while maintaining electrical contact there between. The proximal connector flange 150604 can include an electrical connector 150606 that can place the conductors 150602 in signal communication with a shaft circuit board, for example. In at least one instance, a wiring harness comprising a plurality of conductors can extend between the electrical connector 150606 and the shaft circuit board. The electrical connector 150606 may extend proximally through a connector opening defined in the chassis mounting flange. <patcit id="pcit0104" dnum="US20140263551A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263551</text></patcit>, titled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. <patcit id="pcit0105" dnum="US20140263552A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263552</text></patcit>, titled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Further details regarding slip ring assembly 150600 may be found in <patcit id="pcit0106" dnum="US20140263541A"><text>U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263541</text></patcit>.

0214The interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 can include a proximal portion fixably mounted to the handle assembly 150014 and a distal portion that is rotatable about a longitudinal axis. The rotatable distal shaft portion can be rotated relative to the proximal portion about the slip ring assembly 150600. The distal connector flange 150601 of the slip ring assembly 150600 can be positioned within the rotatable distal shaft portion.

0215<figref idref="f0024">FIG. 28</figref> is an exploded view of one aspect of an end effector 150300 of the surgical instrument 150010 of <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The end effector 150300 may include the anvil 150306 and the surgical staple cartridge 150304. The anvil 150306 may be coupled to an elongated channel 150302. Apertures 150199 can be defined in the elongated channel 150302 to receive pins 150152 extending from the anvil 150306 to allow the anvil 150306 to pivot from an open position to a closed position relative to the elongated channel 150302 and surgical staple cartridge 150304. A firing bar 150172 is configured to longitudinally translate into the end effector 150300. The firing bar 150172 may be constructed from one solid section, or may include a laminate material comprising a stack of steel plates. The firing bar 150172 comprises an I-beam 150178 and a cutting edge 150182 at a distal end thereof. A distally projecting end of the firing bar 150172 can be attached to the I-beam 150178 to assist in spacing the anvil 150306 from a surgical staple cartridge 150304 positioned in the elongated channel 150302 when the anvil 150306 is in a closed position. The I-beam 150178 may include a sharpened cutting edge 150182 to sever tissue as the I-beam 150178 is advanced distally by the firing bar 150172. In operation, the I-beam 150178 may, or fire, the surgical staple cartridge 150304. The surgical staple cartridge 150304 can include a molded cartridge body 150194 that holds a plurality of staples 150191 resting upon staple drivers 150192 within respective upwardly open staple cavities 150195. A wedge sled 150190 is driven distally by the I-beam 150178, sliding upon a cartridge tray 150196 of the surgical staple cartridge 150304. The wedge sled 150190 upwardly cams the staple drivers 150192 to force out the staples 150191 into deforming contact with the anvil 150306 while the cutting edge 150182 of the I-beam 150178 severs clamped tissue.

0216The I-beam 150178 can include upper pins 150180 that engage the anvil 150306 during firing. The I-beam 150178 may include middle pins 150184 and a bottom foot 150186 to engage portions of the cartridge body 150194, cartridge tray 150196, and elongated channel 150302. When a surgical staple cartridge 150304 is positioned within the elongated channel 150302, a slot 150193 defined in the cartridge body 150194 can be aligned with a longitudinal slot 150197 defined in the cartridge tray 150196 and a slot 150189 defined in the elongated channel 150302. In use, the I-beam 150178 can slide through the aligned longitudinal slots 150193, 150197, and 150189 wherein, as indicated in <figref idref="f0024">FIG. 28</figref>, the bottom foot 150186 of the I-beam 150178 can engage a groove running along the bottom surface of elongated channel 150302 along the length of slot 150189, the middle pins 150184 can engage the top surfaces of cartridge tray 150196 along the length of longitudinal slot 150197, and the upper pins 150180 can engage the anvil 150306. The I-beam 150178 can space, or limit the relative movement between, the anvil 150306 and the surgical staple cartridge 150304 as the firing bar 150172 is advanced distally to fire the staples from the surgical staple cartridge 150304 and/or incise the tissue captured between the anvil 150306 and the surgical staple cartridge 150304. The firing bar 150172 and the I-beam 150178 can be retracted proximally allowing the anvil 150306 to be opened to release the two stapled and severed tissue portions.

0217<figref idref="f0025">FIGS. 29A</figref> and <figref idref="f0026">29B</figref> is a block diagram of a control circuit 150700 of the surgical instrument 150010 of <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref> spanning two drawing sheets, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. Referring primarily to <figref idref="f0025">FIGS. 29A</figref> and <figref idref="f0026">29B</figref>, a handle assembly 150702 may include a motor 150714 which can be controlled by a motor driver 150715 and can be employed by the firing system of the surgical instrument 150010. In various forms, the motor 150714 may be a DC brushed driving motor having a maximum rotational speed of approximately 25,000 RPM. In other arrangements, the motor 150714 may include a brushless motor, a cordless motor, a synchronous motor, a stepper motor, or any other suitable electric motor. The motor driver 150715 may comprise an H-Bridge driver comprising field-effect transistors (FETs) 150719, for example. The motor 150714 can be powered by the power assembly 150706 releasably mounted to the handle assembly 150200 for supplying control power to the surgical instrument 150010. The power assembly 150706 may comprise a battery which may include a number of battery cells connected in series that can be used as the power source to power the surgical instrument 150010. In certain circumstances, the battery cells of the power assembly 150706 may be replaceable and/or rechargeable. In at least one example, the battery cells can be Lithium-Ion batteries which can be separably couplable to the power assembly 150706.

0218The shaft assembly 150704 may include a shaft assembly controller 150722 which can communicate with a safety controller and power management controller 150716 through an interface while the shaft assembly 150704 and the power assembly 150706 are coupled to the handle assembly 150702. For example, the interface may comprise a first interface portion 150725 which may include one or more electric connectors for coupling engagement with corresponding shaft assembly electric connectors and a second interface portion 150727 which may include one or more electric connectors for coupling engagement with corresponding power assembly electric connectors to permit electrical communication between the shaft assembly controller 150722 and the power management controller 150716 while the shaft assembly 150704 and the power assembly 150706 are coupled to the handle assembly 150702. One or more communication signals can be transmitted through the interface to communicate one or more of the power requirements of the attached interchangeable shaft assembly 150704 to the power management controller 150716. In response, the power management controller may modulate the power output of the battery of the power assembly 150706, as described below in greater detail, in accordance with the power requirements of the attached shaft assembly 150704. The connectors may comprise switches which can be activated after mechanical coupling engagement of the handle assembly 150702 to the shaft assembly 150704 and/or to the power assembly 150706 to allow electrical communication between the shaft assembly controller 150722 and the power management controller 150716.

0219The interface can facilitate transmission of the one or more communication signals between the power management controller 150716 and the shaft assembly controller 150722 by routing such communication signals through a main controller 150717 residing in the handle assembly 150702, for example. In other circumstances, the interface can facilitate a direct line of communication between the power management controller 150716 and the shaft assembly controller 150722 through the handle assembly 150702 while the shaft assembly 150704 and the power assembly 150706 are coupled to the handle assembly 150702.

0220The main controller 150717 may be any single core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the main controller 150717 may be an LM4F230H5QR ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core, available from Texas Instruments, for example, comprising on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with StellarisWare® software, 2 KB electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more quadrature encoder inputs (QEI) analog, one or more 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) with 12 analog input channels, details of which are available for the product datasheet.

0221The safety controller may be a safety controller platform comprising two controller-based families such as TMS570 and RM4x known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. The safety controller may be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while delivering scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options.

0222The power assembly 150706 may include a power management circuit which may comprise the power management controller 150716, a power modulator 150738, and a current sense circuit 150736. The power management circuit can be configured to modulate power output of the battery based on the power requirements of the shaft assembly 150704 while the shaft assembly 150704 and the power assembly 150706 are coupled to the handle assembly 150702. The power management controller 150716 can be programmed to control the power modulator 150738 of the power output of the power assembly 150706 and the current sense circuit 150736 can be employed to monitor power output of the power assembly 150706 to provide feedback to the power management controller 150716 about the power output of the battery so that the power management controller 150716 may adjust the power output of the power assembly 150706 to maintain a desired output. The power management controller 150716 and/or the shaft assembly controller 150722 each may comprise one or more processors and/or memory units which may store a number of software modules.

0223The surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref>) may comprise an output device 150742 which may include devices for providing a sensory feedback to a user. Such devices may comprise, for example, visual feedback devices (e.g., an LCD display screen, LED indicators), audio feedback devices (e.g., a speaker, a buzzer) or tactile feedback devices (e.g., haptic actuators). In certain circumstances, the output device 150742 may comprise a display 150743 which may be included in the handle assembly 150702. The shaft assembly controller 150722 and/or the power management controller 150716 can provide feedback to a user of the surgical instrument 150010 through the output device 150742. The interface can be configured to connect the shaft assembly controller 150722 and/or the power management controller 150716 to the output device 150742. The output device 150742 can instead be integrated with the power assembly 150706. In such circumstances, communication between the output device 150742 and the shaft assembly controller 150722 may be accomplished through the interface while the shaft assembly 150704 is coupled to the handle assembly 150702.

0224The control circuit 150700 comprises circuit segments configured to control operations of the powered surgical instrument 150010. A safety controller segment (Segment 1) comprises a safety controller and the main controller 150717 segment (Segment 2). The safety controller and/or the main controller 150717 are configured to interact with one or more additional circuit segments such as an acceleration segment, a display segment, a shaft segment, an encoder segment, a motor segment, and a power segment. Each of the circuit segments may be coupled to the safety controller and/or the main controller 150717. The main controller 150717 is also coupled to a flash memory. The main controller 150717 also comprises a serial communication interface. The main controller 150717 comprises a plurality of inputs coupled to, for example, one or more circuit segments, a battery, and/or a plurality of switches. The segmented circuit may be implemented by any suitable circuit, such as, for example, a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) within the powered surgical instrument 150010. It should be understood that the term processor as used herein includes any microprocessor, processors, controller, controllers, or other basic computing device that incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on an integrated circuit or at most a few integrated circuits. The main controller 150717 is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory. The control circuit 150700 can be configured to implement one or more of the processes described herein.

0225The acceleration segment (Segment 3) comprises an accelerometer. The accelerometer is configured to detect movement or acceleration of the powered surgical instrument 150010. Input from the accelerometer may be used to transition to and from a sleep mode, identify an orientation of the powered surgical instrument, and/or identify when the surgical instrument has been dropped. In some examples, the acceleration segment is coupled to the safety controller and/or the main controller 150717.

0226The display segment (Segment 4) comprises a display connector coupled to the main controller 150717. The display connector couples the main controller 150717 to a display through one or more integrated circuit drivers of the display. The integrated circuit drivers of the display may be integrated with the display and/or may be located separately from the display. The display may comprise any suitable display, such as, for example, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, a liquid-crystal display (LCD), and/or any other suitable display. In some examples, the display segment is coupled to the safety controller.

0227The shaft segment (Segment 5) comprises controls for an interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 (<figref idref="f0021">FIGS. 25</figref> and <figref idref="f0023">27</figref>) coupled to the surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref>) and/or one or more controls for an end effector 150300 coupled to the interchangeable shaft assembly 150200. The shaft segment comprises a shaft connector configured to couple the main controller 150717 to a shaft PCBA. The shaft PCBA comprises a low-power microcontroller with a ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM), an articulation switch, a shaft release Hall effect switch, and a shaft PCBA EEPROM. The shaft PCBA EEPROM comprises one or more parameters, routines, and/or programs specific to the interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 and/or the shaft PCBA. The shaft PCBA may be coupled to the interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 and/or integral with the surgical instrument 150010. In some examples, the shaft segment comprises a second shaft EEPROM. The second shaft EEPROM comprises a plurality of algorithms, routines, parameters, and/or other data corresponding to one or more shaft assemblies 150200 and/or end effectors 150300 that may be interfaced with the powered surgical instrument 150010.

0228The position encoder segment (Segment 6) comprises one or more magnetic angle rotary position encoders. The one or more magnetic angle rotary position encoders are configured to identify the rotational position of the motor 150714, an interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 (<figref idref="f0021">FIGS. 25</figref> and <figref idref="f0023">27</figref>), and/or an end effector 150300 of the surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref>). In some examples, the magnetic angle rotary position encoders may be coupled to the safety controller and/or the main controller 150717.

0229The motor circuit segment (Segment 7) comprises a motor 150714 configured to control movements of the powered surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref>). The motor 150714 is coupled to the main microcontroller processor 150717 by an H-bridge driver comprising one or more H-bridge field-effect transistors (FETs) and a motor controller. The H-bridge driver is also coupled to the safety controller. A motor current sensor is coupled in series with the motor to measure the current draw of the motor. The motor current sensor is in signal communication with the main controller 150717 and/or the safety controller. In some examples, the motor 150714 is coupled to a motor electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter.

0230The motor controller controls a first motor flag and a second motor flag to indicate the status and position of the motor 150714 to the main controller 150717. The main controller 150717 provides a pulse-width modulation (PWM) high signal, a PWM low signal, a direction signal, a synchronize signal, and a motor reset signal to the motor controller through a buffer. The power segment is configured to provide a segment voltage to each of the circuit segments.

0231The power segment (Segment 8) comprises a battery coupled to the safety controller, the main controller 150717, and additional circuit segments. The battery is coupled to the segmented circuit by a battery connector and a current sensor. The current sensor is configured to measure the total current draw of the segmented circuit. In some examples, one or more voltage converters are configured to provide predetermined voltage values to one or more circuit segments. For example, in some examples, the segmented circuit may comprise 3.3V voltage converters and/or 5V voltage converters. A boost converter is configured to provide a boost voltage up to a predetermined amount, such as, for example, up to 13V. The boost converter is configured to provide additional voltage and/or current during power intensive operations and prevent brownout or low-power conditions.

0232A plurality of switches are coupled to the safety controller and/or the main controller 150717. The switches may be configured to control operations of the surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref>), of the segmented circuit, and/or indicate a status of the surgical instrument 150010. A bail-out door switch and Hall effect switch for bailout are configured to indicate the status of a bail-out door. A plurality of articulation switches, such as, for example, a left side articulation left switch, a left side articulation right switch, a left side articulation center switch, a right side articulation left switch, a right side articulation right switch, and a right side articulation center switch are configured to control articulation of an interchangeable shaft assembly 150200 (<figref idref="f0021">FIGS. 25</figref> and <figref idref="f0023">27</figref>) and/or the end effector 150300 (<figref idref="f0021">FIGS. 25</figref> and <figref idref="f0024">28</figref>). A left side reverse switch and a right side reverse switch are coupled to the main controller 150717. The left side switches comprising the left side articulation left switch, the left side articulation right switch, the left side articulation center switch, and the left side reverse switch are coupled to the main controller 150717 by a left flex connector. The right side switches comprising the right side articulation left switch, the right side articulation right switch, the right side articulation center switch, and the right side reverse switch are coupled to the main controller 150717 by a right flex connector. A firing switch, a clamp release switch, and a shaft engaged switch are coupled to the main controller 150717.

0233Any suitable mechanical, electromechanical, or solid state switches may be employed to implement the plurality of switches, in any combination. For example, the switches may be limit switches operated by the motion of components associated with the surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref>) or the presence of an object. Such switches may be employed to control various functions associated with the surgical instrument 150010. A limit switch is an electromechanical device that consists of an actuator mechanically linked to a set of contacts. When an object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates the contacts to make or break an electrical connection. Limit switches are used in a variety of applications and environments because of their ruggedness, ease of installation, and reliability of operation. They can determine the presence or absence, passing, positioning, and end of travel of an object. In other implementations, the switches may be solid state switches that operate under the influence of a magnetic field such as Hall-effect devices, magneto-resistive (MR) devices, giant magneto-resistive (GMR) devices, magnetometers, among others. In other implementations, the switches may be solid state switches that operate under the influence of light, such as optical sensors, infrared sensors, ultraviolet sensors, among others. Still, the switches may be solid state devices such as transistors (e.g., FET, Junction-FET, metal-oxide semiconductor-FET (MOSFET), bipolar, and the like). Other switches may include wireless switches, ultrasonic switches, accelerometers, inertial sensors, among others.

0234<figref idref="f0027">FIG. 30</figref> is another block diagram of the control circuit 150700 of the surgical instrument of <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref> illustrating interfaces between the handle assembly 150702 and the power assembly 150706 and between the handle assembly 150702 and the interchangeable shaft assembly 150704, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The handle assembly 150702 may comprise a main controller 150717, a shaft assembly connector 150726 and a power assembly connector 150730. The power assembly 150706 may include a power assembly connector 150732, a power management circuit 150734 that may comprise the power management controller 150716, a power modulator 150738, and a current sense circuit 150736. The shaft assembly connectors 150730, 150732 form an interface 150727. The power management circuit 150734 can be configured to modulate power output of the battery 150707 based on the power requirements of the interchangeable shaft assembly 150704 while the interchangeable shaft assembly 150704 and the power assembly 150706 are coupled to the handle assembly 150702. The power management controller 150716 can be programmed to control the power modulator 150738 of the power output of the power assembly 150706 and the current sense circuit 150736 can be employed to monitor power output of the power assembly 150706 to provide feedback to the power management controller 150716 about the power output of the battery 150707 so that the power management controller 150716 may adjust the power output of the power assembly 150706 to maintain a desired output. The shaft assembly 150704 comprises a shaft processor 150720 coupled to a non-volatile memory 150721 and shaft assembly connector 150728 to electrically couple the shaft assembly 150704 to the handle assembly 150702. The shaft assembly connectors 150726, 150728 form interface 150725. The main controller 150717, the shaft processor 150720, and/or the power management controller 150716 can be configured to implement one or more of the processes described herein.

0235The surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref>) may comprise an output device 150742 to a sensory feedback to a user. Such devices may comprise visual feedback devices (e.g., an LCD display screen, LED indicators), audio feedback devices (e.g., a speaker, a buzzer), or tactile feedback devices (e.g., haptic actuators). In certain circumstances, the output device 150742 may comprise a display 150743 that may be included in the handle assembly 150702. The shaft assembly controller 150722 and/or the power management controller 150716 can provide feedback to a user of the surgical instrument 150010 through the output device 150742. The interface 150727 can be configured to connect the shaft assembly controller 150722 and/or the power management controller 150716 to the output device 150742. The output device 150742 can be integrated with the power assembly 150706. Communication between the output device 150742 and the shaft assembly controller 150722 may be accomplished through the interface 150725 while the interchangeable shaft assembly 150704 is coupled to the handle assembly 150702. Having described a control circuit 150700 (<figref idref="f0025">FIGS. 29A</figref> and <figref idref="f0026">29B</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">6</figref>) for controlling the operation of the surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref>), the disclosure now turns to various configurations of the surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">FIGS. 25 to 28</figref>) and control circuit 150700.

0236Referring to <figref idref="f0028">FIG. 31</figref>, a surgical stapler 151000 may include a handle component 151002, a shaft component 151004, and an end-effector component 151006. The surgical stapler 151000 is similarly constructed and equipped as the motor-driven surgical cutting and fastening instrument 150010 described in connection with <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>. Accordingly, for conciseness and clarity the details of operation and construction will not be repeated here. The end-effector 151006 may be used to compress, cut, or staple tissue. Referring now to <figref idref="f0029">FIG. 32</figref>, an end-effector 151030 may be positioned by a physician to surround tissue 151032 prior to compression, cutting, or stapling. As shown in <figref idref="f0029">FIG. 32</figref>, no compression may be applied to the tissue while preparing to use the end-effector. Referring now to <figref idref="f0030">FIG. 33</figref>, by engaging the handle (e.g., handle 151002) of the surgical stapler, the physician may use the end-effector 151030 to compress the tissue 151032. In one aspect, the tissue 151032 may be compressed to its maximum threshold, as shown in <figref idref="f0030">FIG. 33</figref>.

0237Referring to <figref idref="f0031">FIG. 34</figref>, various forces may be applied to the tissue 151032 by the end-effector 151030. For example, vertical forces F1 and F2 may be applied by the anvil 151034 and the channel frame 151036 of the end-effector 151030 as tissue 151032 is compressed between the two. Referring now to <figref idref="f0032">FIG. 35</figref>, various diagonal and/or lateral forces also may be applied to the tissue 151032 when compressed by the end-effector 151030. For example, force F3 may be applied. For the purposes of operating a medical device such as surgical stapler 151000, it may be desirable to sense or calculate the various forms of compression being applied to the tissue by the end-effector. For example, knowledge of vertical or lateral compression may allow the end-effector to more precisely or accurately apply a staple operation or may inform the operator of the surgical stapler such that the surgical stapler can be used more properly or safely.

0238The compression through tissue 151032 may be determined from an impedance of tissue 151032. At various levels of compression, the impedance Z of tissue 151032 may increase or decrease. By applying a voltage V and a current I to the tissue 151032, the impedance Z of the tissue 151032 may be determined at various levels of compression. For example, impedance Z may be calculated by dividing the applied voltage V by the current I.

0239Referring now to <figref idref="f0033">FIG. 36</figref>, in one aspect, an RF electrode 151038 may be positioned on the end-effector 151030 (e.g., on a staple cartridge, knife, or channel frame of the end-effector 151030). Further, an electrical contact 151040 may be positioned on the anvil 151034 of the end-effector 151030. In one aspect, the electrical contact may be positioned on the channel frame of the end-effector. As the tissue 151032 is compressed between the anvil 151034 and, for example, the channel frame 151036 of the end-effector 151030, an impedance Z of the tissue 151032 changes. The vertical tissue compression 151042 caused by the end-effector 151030 may be measured as a function of the impedance Z of the tissue 151032.

0240Referring now to <figref idref="f0034">FIG. 37</figref>, in one aspect, an electrical contact 151044 may be positioned on an opposite end of the anvil 151034 of the end-effector 151030 as the RF electrode 151038 is positioned. As the tissue 151032 is compressed between the anvil 151034 and, for example, the channel frame 151036 of the end-effector 151030, an impedance Z of the tissue 151032 changes. The lateral tissue compression 151046 caused by the end-effector 151030 may be measured as a function of the impedance Z of the tissue 151032.

0241Referring now to <figref idref="f0035">FIG. 38</figref>, in one aspect, electrical contact 151050 may be positioned on the anvil 151034 and electrical contact 151052 may be positioned on an opposite end of the end-effector 151030 at channel frame 151036. RF electrode 151048 may be positioned laterally to the central to the end-effector 151030. As the tissue 151032 is compressed between the anvil 151034 and, for example, the channel frame 151036 of the end-effector 151030, an impedance Z of the tissue 151032 changes. The lateral compression or angular compressions 151054 and 151056 on either side of the RF electrode 151048 may be caused by the end-effector 151030 and may be measured as a function of different impedances Z of the tissue 151032, based on the relative positioning of the RF electrode 151048 and electrical contacts 151050 and 151052.

0242Referring now to <figref idref="f0036">FIG. 39</figref>, a frequency generator 151222 may receive power or current from a power source 151221 and may supply one or more RF signals to one or more RF electrodes 151224. As discussed above, the one or more RF electrodes may be positioned at various locations or components on an end-effector or surgical stapler, such as a staple cartridge or channel frame. One or more electrical contacts, such as electrical contacts 151226 or 151228 may be positioned on a channel frame or an anvil of an end-effector. Further, one or more filters, such as filters 151230 or 151232 may be communicatively coupled to the electrical contacts 151226 or 151228. The filters 151230 and 151232 may filter one or more RF signals supplied by the frequency generator 151222 before joining a single return path 151234. A voltage V and a current I associated with the one or more RF signals may be used to calculate an impedance Z associated with a tissue that may be compressed and/or communicatively coupled between the one or more RF electrodes 151224 and the electrical contacts 151226 or 151228.

0243Referring still to <figref idref="f0036">FIG. 39</figref>, various components of the tissue compression sensor system described herein may be located in a handle 151236 of a surgical stapler. For example, as shown in circuit diagram 151220a, frequency generator 151222 may be located in the handle 151236 and receives power from power source 151221. Also, current I1 and current I2 may be measured on a return path corresponding to electrical contacts 151228 and 151226. Using a voltage V applied between the supply and return paths, impedances Z1 and Z2 may be calculated. Z1 may correspond to an impedance of a tissue compressed and/or communicatively coupled between one or more of RF electrodes 151224 and electrical contact 151228. Further, Z2 may correspond to an impedance of a tissue compressed and/or communicatively coupled between one or more of RF electrodes 151224 and electrical contact 151226. Applying the formulas Z1 = V/I1 and Z2 = V/I2, impedances Z1 and Z2 corresponding to different compression levels of a tissue compressed by an end-effector may be calculated.

0244Referring now to <figref idref="f0037">FIG. 40</figref>, one or more aspects of the present disclosure are described in circuit diagram 151250. In an implementation, a power source at a handle 151252 of a surgical stapler may provide power to a frequency generator 151254. The frequency generator 151254 may generate one or more RF signals. The one or more RF signals may be multiplexed or overlaid at a multiplexer 151256, which may be in a shaft 151258 of the surgical stapler. In this way, two or more RF signals may be overlaid (or, e.g., nested or modulated together) and transmitted to the end-effector. The one or more RF signals may energize one or more RF electrodes 151260 at an end-effector 151262 (e.g., positioned in a staple cartridge) of the surgical stapler. A tissue (not shown) may be compressed and/or communicatively coupled between the one or more of RF electrodes 151260 and one or more electrical contacts. For example, the tissue may be compressed and/or communicatively coupled between the one or more RF electrodes 151260 and the electrical contact 151264 positioned in a channel frame of the end-effector 151262 or the electrical contact 151266 positioned in an anvil of the end-effector 151262. A filter 151268 may be communicatively coupled to the electrical contact 151264 and a filter 151270 may be communicatively coupled to the electrical contact 151266.

0245A voltage V and a current I associated with the one or more RF signals may be used to calculate an impedance Z associated with a tissue that may be compressed between the staple cartridge (and communicatively coupled to one or more RF electrodes 151260) and the channel frame or anvil (and communicatively coupled to one or more of electrical contacts 151264 or 151266).

0246In one aspect, various components of the tissue compression sensor system described herein may be located in a shaft 151258 of the surgical stapler. For example, as shown in circuit diagram 151250 (and in addition to the frequency generator 151254), an impedance calculator 151272, a controller 151274, a non-volatile memory 151276, and a communication channel 151278 may be located in the shaft 151258. In one example, the frequency generator 151254, impedance calculator 151272, controller 151274, non-volatile memory 151276, and communication channel 151278 may be positioned on a circuit board in the shaft 151258.

0247The two or more RF signals may be returned on a common path via the electrical contacts. Further, the two or more RF signals may be filtered prior to the joining of the RF signals on the common path to differentiate separate tissue impedances represented by the two or more RF signals. Current I1 and current I2 may be measured on a return path corresponding to electrical contacts 151264 and 151266. Using a voltage V applied between the supply and return paths, impedances Z1 and Z2 may be calculated. Z1 may correspond to an impedance of a tissue compressed and/or communicatively coupled between one or more of RF electrodes 151260 and electrical contact 151264. Further, Z2 may correspond to an impedance of the tissue compressed and/or communicatively coupled between one or more of RF electrodes 151260 and electrical contact 151266. Applying the formulas Z1 = V/I1 and Z2 = V/I2, impedances Z1 and Z2 corresponding to different compressions of a tissue compressed by an end-effector 151262 may be calculated. In example, the impedances Z1 and Z2 may be calculated by the impedance calculator 151272. The impedances Z1 and Z2 may be used to calculate various compression levels of the tissue.

0248Referring now to <figref idref="f0038">FIG. 41</figref>, a frequency graph 151290 is shown. The frequency graph 151290 shows a frequency modulation to nest two RF signals. The two RF signals may be nested before reaching RF electrodes at an end-effector as described above. For example, an RF signal with Frequency 1 and an RF signal with Frequency 2 may be nested together. Referring now to <figref idref="f0039">FIG. 42</figref>, the resulting nested RF signal is shown in frequency graph 151300. The compound signal shown in frequency graph 151300 includes the two RF signals of frequency graph 151290 compounded. Referring now to <figref idref="f0040">FIG. 43</figref>, a frequency graph 151400 is shown. Frequency graph 151400 shows the RF signals with Frequencies 1 and 2 after being filtered (by, e.g., filters 151268 and 151270). The resulting RF signals can be used to make separate impedance calculations or measurements on a return path, as described above.

0249In one aspect, filters 151268 and 151270 may be High Q filters such that the filter range may be narrow (e.g., Q=10). Q may be defined by the Center frequency (Wo) / Bandwidth (BW) where Q= Wo/BW. In one example, Frequency 1 may be 150kHz and Frequency 2 may be 300kHz. A viable impedance measurement range may be 100kHz - 20 MHz. In various examples, other sophisticated techniques, such as correlation, quadrature detection, etc., may be used to separate the RF signals.

0250Using one or more of the techniques and features described herein, a single energized electrode on a staple cartridge or an isolated knife of an end-effector may be used to make multiple tissue compression measurements simultaneously. If two or more RF signals are overlaid or multiplexed (or nested or modulated), they may be transmitted down a single power side of the end-effector and may return on either the channel frame or the anvil of the end-effector. If a filter were built into the anvil and channel contacts before they join a common return path, the tissue impedance represented by both paths could be differentiated. This may provide a measure of vertical tissue vs lateral tissue compression. This approach also may provide proximal and distal tissue compression depending on placement of the filters and location of the metallic return paths. A frequency generator and signal processor may be located on one or more chips on a circuit board or a sub board (which may already exist in a surgical stapler).

0251In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an instrument 150010 (described in connection with <figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024 f0025 f0026 f0027">FIGS. 25-30</figref>) configured with various sensing systems. Accordingly, for conciseness and clarity the details of operation and construction will not be repeated here. In one aspect, the sensing system includes a viscoelasticity/rate of change sensing system to monitor knife acceleration, rate of change of impedance, and rate of change of tissue contact. In one example, the rate of change of knife acceleration can be used as a measure of for tissue type. In another example, the rate of change of impedance can be measures with a pulse sensor ad can be employed as a measure for compressibility. Finally, the rate of change of tissue contact can be measured with a sensor based on knife firing rate to measure tissue flow.

0252The rate of change of a sensed parameter or stated otherwise, how much time is necessary for a tissue parameter to reach an asymptotic steady state value, is a separate measurement in itself and may be more valuable than the sensed parameter it was derived from. To enhance measurement of tissue parameters such as waiting a predetermined amount of time before making a measurement, the present disclosure provides a novel technique for employing the derivate of the measure such as the rate of change of the tissue parameter.

0253The derivative technique or rate of change measure becomes most useful with the understanding that there is no single measurement that can be employed alone to dramatically improve staple formation. It is the combination of multiple measurements that make the measurements valid. In the case of tissue gap it is helpful to know how much of the jaw is covered with tissue to make the gap measure relevant. Rate of change measures of impedance may be combined with strain measurements in the anvil to relate force and compression applied to the tissue grasped between the jaw members of the end effector such as the anvil and the staple cartridge. The rate of change measure can be employed by the endosurgical device to determine the tissue type and not merely the tissue compression. Although stomach and lung tissue sometimes have similar thicknesses, and even similar compressive properties when the lung tissue is calcified, an instrument may be able to distinguish these tissue types by employing a combination of measurements such as gap, compression, force applied, tissue contact area, and rate of change of compression or rate of change of gap. If any of these measurements were used alone, it may be difficult for the endosurgical device to distinguish one tissue type form another. Rate of change of compression also may be helpful to enable the device to determine if the tissue is "normal" or if some abnormality exists. Measuring not only how much time has passed but the variation of the sensor signals and determining the derivative of the signal would provide another measurement to enable the endosurgical device to measure the signal. Rate of change information also may be employed in determining when a steady state has been achieved to signal the next step in a process. For example, after clamping the tissue between the jaw members of the end effector such as the anvil and the staple cartridge, when tissue compression reaches a steady state (e.g., about 15 seconds), an indicator or trigger to start firing the device can be enabled.

0254Also provided herein are methods, devices, and systems for time dependent evaluation of sensor data to determine stability, creep, and viscoelastic characteristics of tissue during surgical instrument operation. A surgical instrument, such as the stapler illustrated in <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>, can include a variety of sensors for measuring operational parameters, such as jaw gap size or distance, firing current, tissue compression, the amount of the jaw that is covered by tissue, anvil strain, and trigger force, to name a few. These sensed measurements are important for automatic control of the surgical instrument and for providing feedback to the clinician.

0255The examples shown in connection with <figref idref="f0027 f0028 f0029 f0030 f0031 f0032 f0033 f0034 f0035 f0036 f0037 f0038 f0039 f0040 f0041 f0042 f0043 f0044 f0045">FIGS. 30-49</figref> may be employed to measure the various derived parameters such as gap distance versus time, tissue compression versus time, and anvil strain versus time. Motor current may be monitored employing a current sensor in series with the battery 2308.

0256Turning now to <figref idref="f0041">FIG. 44</figref>, a motor-driven surgical cutting and fastening instrument 151310 is depicted that may or may not be reused. The motor-driven surgical cutting and fastening instrument 151310 is similarly constructed and equipped as the motor-driven surgical cutting and fastening instrument 150010 described in connection with <figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024 f0025 f0026 f0027">FIGS. 25-30</figref>. In the example illustrated in <figref idref="f0041">FIG. 44</figref>, the instrument 151310 includes a housing 151312 that comprises a handle assembly 151314 that is configured to be grasped, manipulated and actuated by the clinician. The housing 151312 is configured for operable attachment to an interchangeable shaft assembly 151500 that has a surgical end effector 151600 operably coupled thereto that is configured to perform one or more surgical tasks or procedures. Since the motor-driven surgical cutting and fastening instrument 151310 is similarly constructed and equipped as the motor-driven surgical cutting and fastening instrument 150010 described in connection with <figref idref="f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024 f0025 f0026 f0027">FIGS. 25-30</figref>, for conciseness and clarity the details of operation and construction will not be repeated here.

0257The housing 151312 depicted in <figref idref="f0041">FIG. 44</figref> is shown in connection with an interchangeable shaft assembly 151500 that includes an end effector 151600 that comprises a surgical cutting and fastening device that is configured to operably support a surgical staple cartridge 151304 therein. The housing 151312 may be configured for use in connection with interchangeable shaft assemblies that include end effectors that are adapted to support different sizes and types of staple cartridges, have different shaft lengths, sizes, and types, etc. In addition, the housing 151312 also may be effectively employed with a variety of other interchangeable shaft assemblies including those assemblies that are configured to apply other motions and forms of energy such as, for example, radio frequency (RF) energy, ultrasonic energy and/or motion to end effector arrangements adapted for use in connection with various surgical applications and procedures. Furthermore, the end effectors, shaft assemblies, handles, surgical instruments, and/or surgical instrument systems can utilize any suitable fastener, or fasteners, to fasten tissue. For instance, a fastener cartridge comprising a plurality of fasteners removably stored therein can be removably inserted into and/or attached to the end effector of a shaft assembly.

0258<figref idref="f0041">FIG. 44</figref> illustrates the surgical instrument 151310 with an interchangeable shaft assembly 151500 operably coupled thereto. In the illustrated arrangement, the handle housing forms a pistol grip portion 151319 that can be gripped and manipulated by the clinician. The handle assembly 151314 operably supports a plurality of drive systems therein that are configured to generate and apply various control motions to corresponding portions of the interchangeable shaft assembly that is operably attached thereto. Trigger 151332 is operably associated with the pistol grip for controlling various of these control motions.

0259With continued reference to <figref idref="f0041">FIG. 44</figref>, the interchangeable shaft assembly 151500 includes a surgical end effector 151600 that comprises an elongated channel 151302 that is configured to operably support a staple cartridge 151304 therein. The end effector 151600 may further include an anvil 151306 that is pivotally supported relative to the elongated channel 151302.

0260The inventors have discovered that derived parameters can be even more useful for controlling a surgical instrument, such as the instrument illustrated in <figref idref="f0041">FIG. 44</figref>, than the sensed parameter(s) upon which the derived parameter is based. Non-limiting examples of derived parameters include the rate of change of a sensed parameter (e.g., jaw gap distance) and how much time elapses before a tissue parameter reaches an asymptotic steady state value (e.g., 15 seconds). Derived parameters, such as rate of change, are particularly useful because they dramatically improve measurement accuracy and also provide information not otherwise evident directly from sensed parameters. For example, impedance (i.e., tissue compression) rate of change can be combined with strain in the anvil to relate compression and force, which enables the microcontroller to determine the tissue type and not merely the amount of tissue compression. This example is illustrative only, and any derived parameters can be combined with one or more sensed parameters to provide more accurate information about tissue types (e.g., stomach vs. lung), tissue health (calcified vs. normal), and operational status of the surgical device (e.g., clamping complete). Different tissues have unique viscoelastic properties and unique rates of change, making these and other parameters discussed herein useful indicia for monitoring and automatically adjusting a surgical procedure.

0261<figref idref="f0042">FIG. 46</figref> is an illustrative graph showing gap distance over time, where the gap is the space between the jaws being occupied by clamped tissue. The vertical (y) axis is distance and the horizontal (x) axis is time. Specifically, referring to <figref idref="f0041">FIGS. 44 and 45</figref>, the gap distance 151340 is the distance between the anvil 151306 and the elongated channel 151302 of the end effector. In the open jaw position, at time zero, the gap 151340 between the anvil 151306 and the elongated member is at its maximum distance. The width of the gap 151340 decreases as the anvil 151306 closes, such as during tissue clamping. The gap distance rate of change can vary because tissue has non-uniform resiliency. For example, certain tissue types may initially show rapid compression, resulting in a faster rate of change. However, as tissue is continually compressed, the viscoelastic properties of the tissue can cause the rate of change to decrease until the tissue cannot be compressed further, at which point the gap distance will remain substantially constant. The gap decreases over time as the tissue is squeezed between the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304 of the end effector 151340. The one or more sensors described in connection with <figref idref="f0028 f0029 f0030 f0031 f0032 f0033 f0034 f0035 f0036 f0037 f0038 f0039 f0040">FIGS. 31 to 43</figref> such as, for example, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, an inductive sensor such as, for example, an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor, may be adapted and configured to measure the gap distance "d" between the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304 over time "t" as represented graphically in <figref idref="f0042">FIG. 46</figref>. The rate of change of the gap distance "d" over time "t" is the slope of the curve shown in <figref idref="f0042">FIG. 46</figref>, where slope = Δd / Δt.

0262<figref idref="f0043">FIG. 47</figref> is an illustrative graph showing firing current of the end effector jaws. The vertical (y) axis is current and the horizontal (x) axis is time. As discussed herein, the surgical instrument and/or the microcontroller, as shown and described in connection with <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>, thereof can include a current sensor that detects the current utilized during various operations, such as clamping, cutting, and/or stapling tissue. For example, when tissue resistance increases, the instrument's electric motor can require more current to clamp, cut, and/or staple the tissue. Similarly, if resistance is lower, the electric motor can require less current to clamp, cut, and/or staple the tissue. As a result, firing current can be used as an approximation of tissue resistance. The sensed current can be used alone or more preferably in conjunction with other measurements to provide feedback about the target tissue. Referring still to <figref idref="f0043">FIG. 47</figref>, during some operations, such as stapling, firing current initially is high at time zero but decreases over time. During other device operations, current may increase over time if the motor draws more current to overcome increasing mechanical load. In addition, the rate of change of firing current is can be used as an indicator that the tissue is transitioning from one state to another state. Accordingly, firing current and, in particular, the rate of change of firing current can be used to monitor device operation. The firing current decreases over time as the knife cuts through the tissue. The rate of change of firing current can vary if the tissue being cut provides more or less resistance due to tissue properties or sharpness of the knife 151305 (<figref idref="f0041">FIG. 45</figref>). As the cutting conditions vary, the work being done by the motor varies and hence will vary the firing current over time. A current sensor may be may be employed to measure the firing current over time while the knife 151305 is firing as represented graphically in <figref idref="f0043">FIG. 47</figref>. For example, the motor current may be monitored employing a current sensor. The current sensors may be adapted and configured to measure the motor firing current "i" over time "t" as represented graphically in <figref idref="f0043">FIG. 47</figref>. The rate of change of the firing current "i" over time "t" is the Slope of the curve shown in <figref idref="f0043">FIG. 47</figref>, where Slope = Δi / Δt.

0263<figref idref="f0044">FIG. 48</figref> is an illustrative graph of impedance over time. The vertical (y) axis is impedance and the horizontal (x) axis is time. At time zero, impedance is low but increases over time as tissue pressure increases under manipulation (e.g., clamping and stapling). The rate of change varies over time as because as the tissue between the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304 of the end effector 151340 is severed by the knife or is sealed using RF energy between electrodes located between the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304 of the end effector 151340. For example, as the tissue is cut the electrical impedance increases and reaches infinity when the tissue is completely severed by the knife. Also, if the end effector 151340 includes electrodes coupled to an RF energy source, the electrical impedance of the tissue increases as energy is delivered through the tissue between the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304 of the end effector 151340. The electrical impedance increase as the energy through the tissue dries out the tissue by vaporizing moistures in the tissue. Eventually, when a suitable amount of energy is delivered to the tissue, the impedance increases to a very high value or infinity when the tissue is severed. In addition, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0044">FIG. 48</figref>, different tissues can have unique compression properties, such as rate of compression, that distinguish tissues. The tissue impedance can be measured by driving a sub-therapeutic RF current through the tissue grasped between the first and second jaw members 9014, 9016. One or more electrodes can be positioned on either or both the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304. The tissue compression / impedance of the tissue between the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304 can be measured over time as represented graphically in <figref idref="f0044">FIG. 48</figref>. The sensors described in connection with <figref idref="f0028 f0029 f0030 f0031 f0032 f0033 f0034 f0035 f0036 f0037 f0038 f0039 f0040">FIGS. 31 to 43</figref> such as, for example, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, an inductive sensor such as, for example, an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor, may be adapted and configured to measure tissue compression / impedance. The sensors may be adapted and configured to measure tissue impedance "Z" over time "t" as represented graphically in <figref idref="f0044">FIG. 48</figref>.

0264<figref idref="f0045">FIG. 49</figref> is an illustrative graph of anvil 151306 (<figref idref="f0041">FIGS. 44, 45</figref>) strain over time. The vertical (y) axis is strain and the horizontal (x) axis is time. During stapling, for example, anvil 151306 strain initially is high but decreases as the tissue reaches a steady state and exerts less pressure on the anvil 151306. The rate of change of anvil 151306 strain can be measured by a pressure sensor or strain gauge positioned on either or both the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304 (<figref idref="f0041">FIGS. 44, 45</figref>) to measure the pressure or strain applied to the tissue grasped between the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304. The anvil 151306 strain can be measured over time as represented graphically in <figref idref="f0045">FIG. 49</figref>. The rate of change of strain "S" over time "t" is the Slope of the curve shown in <figref idref="f0045">FIG. 49</figref>, where Slope = ΔS / Δt.

0265<figref idref="f0046">FIG. 50</figref> is an illustrative graph of trigger force over time. The vertical (y) axis is trigger force and the horizontal (x) axis is time. In certain examples, trigger force is progressive, to provide the clinician tactile feedback. Thus, at time zero, trigger 151320 (<figref idref="f0041">FIG. 44</figref>) pressure may be at its lowest and trigger pressure may increase until completion of an operation (e.g., clamping, cutting, or stapling). The rate of change trigger force can be measured by a pressure sensor or strain gauge positioned on the trigger 151302 of the handle 151319 of the instrument 151310 (<figref idref="f0041">FIG. 44</figref>) to measure the force required to drive the knife 151305 (<figref idref="f0041">FIG. 45</figref>) through the tissue grasped between the anvil 151306 and the staple cartridge 151304.The trigger 151332 force can be measured over time as represented graphically in <figref idref="f0046">FIG. 50</figref>. The rate of change of strain trigger force "F" over time "t" is the Slope of the curve shown in <figref idref="f0046">FIG. 50</figref>, where Slope = ΔF / Δt.

0266For example, stomach and lung tissue can be differentiated even though these tissue can have similar thicknesses, and can have similar compressive properties if the lung tissue is calcified. Stomach and lung tissues can be distinguished by analyzing jaw gap distance, tissue compression, force applied, tissue contact area, compression rate of change, and jaw gap rate of change. For example, <figref idref="f0047">FIG. 51</figref> shows a graph of tissue pressure "P" versus tissue displacement for various tissues. The vertical (y) axis is tissue pressure and the horizontal (x) axis is tissue displacement. When tissue pressure reaches a predetermined threshold, such as 50-100 pounds per square inch (psi), the amount of tissue displacement as well as the rate of tissue displacement before reaching the threshold can be used to differentiate tissues. For instance, blood vessel tissue reaches the predetermined pressure threshold with less tissue displacement and with a faster rate of change than colon, lung, or stomach tissue. In addition, the rate of change (tissue pressure over displacement) for blood vessel tissue is nearly asymptotic at a threshold of 50-100 psi, whereas the rate of change for colon, lung, and stomach is not asymptotic at a threshold of 50-100 psi. As will be appreciated, any pressure threshold can be used such as, for example, between 1 and 1000 psi, more preferably between 10 and 500 psi, and more preferably still between 50 and 100 psi. In addition, multiple thresholds or progressive thresholds can be used to provide further resolution of tissue types that have similar viscoelastic properties.

0267Compression rate of change also can enable the microcontroller to determine if the tissue is "normal" or if some abnormality exists, such as calcification. For example, referring to <figref idref="f0047">FIG. 52</figref>, compression of calcified lung tissue follows a different curve than compression of normal lung tissue. Tissue displacement and rate of change of tissue displacement therefore can be used to diagnose and/or differentiate calcified lung tissue from normal lung tissue.

0268In addition, certain sensed measurements may benefit from additional sensory input. For example, in the case of jaw gap, knowing how much of the jaw is covered with tissue can make the gap measurement more useful and accurate. If a small portion of the jaw is covered in tissue, tissue compression may appear to be less than if the entire jaw is covered in tissue. Thus, the amount of jaw coverage can be taken into account by the microcontroller when analyzing tissue compression and other sensed parameters.

0269In certain circumstances, elapsed time also can be an important parameter. Measuring how much time has passed, together with sensed parameters, and derivative parameters (e.g., rate of change) provides further useful information. For example, if jaw gap rate of change remains constant after a set period of time (e.g., 5 seconds), then the parameter may have reached its asymptotic value.

0270Rate of change information also is useful in determining when a steady state has been achieved, thus signaling a next step in a process. For example, during clamping, when tissue compression reaches a steady state-e.g., no significant rate of change occurs after a set period of time-the microcontroller can send a signal to the display alerting the clinician to start the next step in the operation, such as staple firing. Alternatively, the microcontroller can be programmed to automatically start the next stage of operation (e.g., staple firing) once a steady state is reached.

0271Similarly, impedance rate of change can be combined with strain in the anvil to relate force and compression. The rate of change would allow the device to determine the tissue type rather than merely measure the compression value. For example, stomach and lung sometimes have similar thicknesses, and even similar compressive properties if the lung is calcified.

0272The combination of one or more sensed parameters with derived parameters provides more reliable and accurate assessment of tissue types and tissue health, and allows for better device monitoring, control, and clinician feedback.

0273<figref idref="f0048">FIG. 53</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector 152000 comprising a first sensor 152008a and a second sensor 152008b. The end effector 152000 is similar to the end effector 150300 described above. The end effector 152000 comprises a first jaw member, or anvil, 152002 pivotally coupled to a second jaw member 152004. The second jaw member 152004 is configured to receive a staple cartridge 152006 therein. The staple cartridge 152006 comprises a plurality of staples (not shown). The plurality of staples is deployable from the staple cartridge 152006 during a surgical operation. The end effector 152000 comprises a first sensor 152008a. The first sensor 152008a is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector 152000. For example, in one embodiment, the first sensor 152008a is configured to measure the gap 152010 between the anvil 152002 and the second jaw member 152004. The first sensor 152008a may comprise, for example, a Hall effect sensor configured to detect a magnetic field generated by a magnet 152012 embedded in the second jaw member 152004 and/or the staple cartridge 152006. As another example, in one embodiment, the first sensor 152008a is configured to measure one or more forces exerted on the anvil 152002 by the second jaw member 152004 and/or tissue clamped between the anvil 152002 and the second jaw member 152004.

0274The end effector 152000 comprises a second sensor 152008b. The second sensor 152008b is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector 152000. For example, in various embodiments, the second sensor 152008b may comprise a strain gauge configured to measure the magnitude of the strain in the anvil 152002 during a clamped condition. The strain gauge provides an electrical signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the strain. In various embodiments, the first sensor 152008a and/or the second sensor 152008b may comprise, for example, a magnetic sensor such as, for example, a Hall effect sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, an inductive sensor such as, for example, an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector 152000. The first sensor 152008a and the second sensor 152008b may be arranged in a series configuration and/or a parallel configuration. In a series configuration, the second sensor 152008b may be configured to directly affect the output of the first sensor 152008a. In a parallel configuration, the second sensor 152008b may be configured to indirectly affect the output of the first sensor 152008a.

0275In one embodiment, the one or more parameters measured by the first sensor 152008a are related to the one or more parameters measured by the second sensor 152008b. For example, in one embodiment, the first sensor 152008a is configured to measure the gap 152010 between the anvil 152002 and the second jaw member 152004. The gap 152010 is representative of the thickness and/or compressibility of a tissue section clamped between the anvil 152002 and the staple cartridge 152006. The first sensor 152008a may comprise, for example, a Hall effect sensor configured to detect a magnetic field generated by the magnet 152012 coupled to the second jaw member 152004 and/or the staple cartridge 152006. Measuring at a single location accurately describes the compressed tissue thickness for a calibrated full bit of tissue, but may provide inaccurate results when a partial bite of tissue is placed between the anvil 152002 and the second jaw member 152004. A partial bite of tissue, either a proximal partial bite or a distal partial bite, changes the clamping geometry of the anvil 152002.

0276In some embodiments, the second sensor 152008b is configured to detect one or more parameters indicative of a type of tissue bite, for example, a full bite, a partial proximal bite, and/or a partial distal bite. The measurement of the second sensor 152008b may be used to adjust the measurement of the first sensor 152008a to accurately represent a proximal or distal positioned partial bite's true compressed tissue thickness. For example, in one embodiment, the second sensor 152008b comprises a strain gauge, such as, for example, a micro-strain gauge, configured to monitor the amplitude of the strain in the anvil during a clamped condition. The amplitude of the strain of the anvil 152002 is used to modify the output of the first sensor 152008a, for example, a Hall effect sensor, to accurately represent a proximal or distal positioned partial bite's true compressed tissue thickness. The first sensor 152008a and the second sensor 152008b may be measured in real-time during a clamping operation. Real-time measurement allows time based information to be analyzed, for example, by a primary processor (e.g., processor 462 (<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>), for example), and used to select one or more algorithms and/or look-up tables to recognize tissue characteristics and clamping positioning to dynamically adjust tissue thickness measurements.

0277In some embodiments, the thickness measurement of the first sensor 152008a may be provided to an output device of a surgical instrument 150010 coupled to the end effector 152000. For example, in one embodiment, the end effector 152000 is coupled to the surgical instrument 150010 comprising a display (e.g., display 473 (<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>), for example). The measurement of the first sensor 152008a is provided to a processor, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor adjusts the measurement of the first sensor 152008a based on the measurement of the second sensor 152008b to reflect the true tissue thickness of a tissue section clamped between the anvil 152002 and the staple cartridge 152006. The primary processor outputs the adjusted tissue thickness measurement and an indication of full or partial bite to the display. An operator may determine whether or not to deploy the staples in the staple cartridge 152006 based on the displayed values.

0278In some embodiments, the first sensor 152008a and the second sensor 152008b may be located in different environments, such as, for example, the first sensor 152008a being located within a patient at a treatment site and the second sensor 152008b being located externally to the patient. The second sensor 152008b may be configured to calibrate and/or modify the output of the first sensor 152008a. The first sensor 152008a and/or the second sensor 152008b may comprise, for example, an environmental sensor. Environmental sensors may comprise, for example, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors, and/or any other suitable environmental sensor.

0279<figref idref="f0049">FIG. 54</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152020 for adjusting the measurement of a first sensor 152008a based on input from a second sensor 152008b. A first signal 152022a is captured by the first sensor 152008a. The first signal 152022a may be conditioned based on one or more predetermined parameters, such as, for example, a smoothing function, a look-up table, and/or any other suitable conditioning parameters. A second signal 152022b is captured by the second sensor 152008b. The second signal 152022b may be conditioned based on one or more predetermined conditioning parameters. The first signal 152022a and the second signal 152022b are provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The processor adjusts the measurement of the first sensor 152008a, as represented by the first signal 152022a, based on the second signal 152022b from the second sensor. For example, in one embodiment, the first sensor 152008a comprises a Hall effect sensor and the second sensor 152008b comprises a strain gauge. The distance measurement of the first sensor 152008a is adjusted by the amplitude of the strain measured by the second sensor 152008b to determine the fullness of the bite of tissue in the end effector 152000. The adjusted measurement is displayed 152026 to an operator by, for example, a display embedded in the surgical instrument 150010.

0280<figref idref="f0050">FIG. 55</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152030 for determining a look-up table for a first sensor 152008a based on the input from a second sensor 152008b. The first sensor 152008a captures a signal 152022a indicative of one or more parameters of the end effector 152000. The first signal 152022a may be conditioned based on one or more predetermined parameters, such as, for example, a smoothing function, a look-up table, and/or any other suitable conditioning parameters. A second signal 152022b is captured by the second sensor 152008b. The second signal 152022b may be conditioned based on one or more predetermined conditioning parameters. The first signal 152022a and the second signal 152022b are provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The processor selects a look-up table from one or more available look-up tables 152034a, 152034b based on the value of the second signal. The selected look-up table is used to convert the first signal into a thickness measurement of the tissue located between the anvil 152002 and the staple cartridge 152006. The adjusted measurement is displayed 152026 to an operator by, for example, a display embedded in the surgical instrument 150010.

0281<figref idref="f0051">FIG. 56</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152040 for calibrating a first sensor 152008a in response to an input from a second sensor 152008b. The first sensor 152008a is configured to capture a signal 152022a indicative of one or more parameters of the end effector 152000. The first signal 152022a may be conditioned based on one or more predetermined parameters, such as, for example, a smoothing function, a look-up table, and/or any other suitable conditioning parameters. A second signal 152022b is captured by the second sensor 152008b. The second signal 152022b may be conditioned based on one or more predetermined conditioning parameters. The first signal 152022a and the second signal 152022b are provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor calibrates 152042 the first signal 152022a in response to the second signal 152022b. The first signal 152022a is calibrated 152042 to reflect the fullness of the bite of tissue in the end effector 152000. The calibrated signal is displayed 152026 to an operator by, for example, a display embedded in the surgical instrument 150010.

0282<figref idref="f0052">FIG. 57</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152050 for determining and displaying the thickness of a tissue section clamped between the anvil 152002 and the staple cartridge 152006 of the end effector 152000. The process 152050 comprises obtaining a Hall effect voltage 152052, for example, through a Hall effect sensor located at the distal tip of the anvil 152002. The Hall effect voltage 152052 is provided to an analog to digital convertor 152054 and converted into a digital signal. The digital signal is provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor calibrates 152056 the curve input of the Hall effect voltage 152052 signal. A strain gauge 152058, such as, for example, a micro-strain gauge, is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector 152000, such as, for example, the amplitude of the strain exerted on the anvil 152002 during a clamping operation. The measured strain is converted 152060 to a digital signal and provided to the processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor uses one or more algorithms and/or lookup tables to adjust the Hall effect voltage 152052 in response to the strain measured by the strain gauge 152058 to reflect the true thickness and fullness of the bite of tissue clamped by the anvil 152002 and the staple cartridge 152006. The adjusted thickness is displayed 152026 to an operator by, for example, a display embedded in the surgical instrument 150010.

0283In some embodiments, the surgical instrument can further comprise a load cell or sensor 152082. The load sensor 152082 can be located, for instance, in the shaft assembly 150200, described above, or in the housing 150012, also described above. <figref idref="f0053">FIG. 58</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152070 for determining and displaying the thickness of a tissue section clamped between the anvil 152002 and the staple cartridge 152006 of the end effector 152000. The process comprises obtaining a Hall effect voltage 152072, for example, through a Hall effect sensor located at the distal tip of the anvil 152002. The Hall effect voltage 152072 is provided to an analog to digital convertor 152074 and converted into a digital signal. The digital signal is provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor calibrates 152076 the curve input of the Hall effect voltage 152072 signal. A strain gauge 152078, such as, for example, a micro-strain gauge, is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector 152000, such as, for example, the amplitude of the strain exerted on the anvil 152002 during a clamping operation. The measured strain is converted 152080 to a digital signal and provided to the processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The load sensor 152082 measures the clamping force of the anvil 152002 against the staple cartridge 152006. The measured clamping force is converted 152084 to a digital signal and provided to the processor, such as for example, the primary processor. The primary processor uses one or more algorithms and/or lookup tables to adjust the Hall effect voltage 152072 in response to the strain measured by the strain gauge 152078 and the clamping force measured by the load sensor 152082 to reflect the true thickness and fullness of the bite of tissue clamped by the anvil 152002 and the staple cartridge 152006. The adjusted thickness is displayed 152026 to an operator by, for example, a display embedded in the surgical instrument 150010.

0284<figref idref="f0054">FIG. 59</figref> is a graph 152090 illustrating an adjusted Hall effect thickness measurement 152092 compared to an unmodified Hall effect thickness measurement 152094. As shown in <figref idref="f0054">FIG. 59</figref>, the unmodified Hall effect thickness measurement 152094 indicates a thicker tissue measurement, as the single sensor is unable to compensate for partial distal/proximal bites that result in incorrect thickness measurements. The adjusted thickness measurement 152092 is generated by, for example, the process 152050 illustrated in <figref idref="f0052">FIG. 57</figref>. The adjusted Hall effect thickness measurement 152092 is calibrated based on input from one or more additional sensors, such as, for example, a strain gauge. The adjusted Hall effect thickness 152092 reflects the true thickness of the tissue located between an anvil 152002 and a staple cartridge 152006.

0285<figref idref="f0055">FIG. 60</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector 152100 comprising a first sensor 152108a and a second sensor 152108b. The end effector 152100 is similar to the end effector 152000 illustrated in <figref idref="f0048">FIG. 53</figref>. The end effector 152100 comprises a first jaw member, or anvil, 152102 pivotally coupled to a second jaw member 152104. The second jaw member 152104 is configured to receive a staple cartridge 152106 therein. The end effector 152100 comprises a first sensor 152108a coupled to the anvil 152102. The first sensor 152108a is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector 152100, such as, for example, the gap 152110 between the anvil 152102 and the staple cartridge 152106. The gap 152110 may correspond to, for example, a thickness of tissue clamped between the anvil 152102 and the staple cartridge 152106. The first sensor 152108a may comprise any suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector. For example, in various embodiments, the first sensor 152108a may comprise a magnetic sensor, such as a Hall effect sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, an inductive sensor, such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor.

0286In some embodiments, the end effector 152100 comprises a second sensor 152108b. The second sensor 152108b is coupled to second jaw member 152104 and/or the staple cartridge 152106. The second sensor 152108b is configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152100. For example, in some embodiments, the second sensor 152108b is configured to detect one or more instrument conditions such as, for example, a color of the staple cartridge 152106 coupled to the second jaw member 152104, a length of the staple cartridge 152106, a clamping condition of the end effector 152100, the number of uses/number of remaining uses of the end effector 152100 and/or the staple cartridge 152106, and/or any other suitable instrument condition. The second sensor 152108b may comprise any suitable sensor for detecting one or more instrument conditions, such as, for example, a magnetic sensor, such as a Hall effect sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, an inductive sensor, such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor.

0287The end effector 152100 may be used in conjunction with any of the processes shown in <figref idref="f0049 f0050 f0051 f0052">FIGS. 54 to 57</figref>. For example, in one embodiment, input from the second sensor 152108b may be used to calibrate the input of the first sensor 152108a. The second sensor 152108b may be configured to detect one or more parameters of the staple cartridge 152106, such as, for example, the color and/or length of the staple cartridge 152106. The detected parameters, such as the color and/or the length of the staple cartridge 152106, may correspond to one or more properties of the cartridge, such as, for example, the height of the cartridge deck, the thickness of tissue useable/optimal for the staple cartridge, and/or the pattern of the staples in the staple cartridge 152106. The known parameters of the staple cartridge 152106 may be used to adjust the thickness measurement provided by the first sensor 152108a. For example, if the staple cartridge 152106 has a higher deck height, the thickness measurement provided by the first sensor 152108a may be reduced to compensate for the added deck height. The adjusted thickness may be displayed to an operator, for example, through a display coupled to the surgical instrument 150010.

0288<figref idref="f0056">FIG. 61</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector 152150 comprising a first sensor 152158 and a plurality of second sensors 152160a, 152160b. The end effector 152150 comprises a first jaw member, or anvil, 152152 and a second jaw member 152154. The second jaw member 152154 is configured to receive a staple cartridge 152156. The anvil 152152 is pivotally moveable with respect to the second jaw member 152154 to clamp tissue between the anvil 152152 and the staple cartridge 152156. The anvil comprises a first sensor 152158. The first sensor 152158 is configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152150, such as, for example, the gap 152110 between the anvil 152152 and the staple cartridge 152156. The gap 152110 may correspond to, for example, a thickness of tissue clamped between the anvil 152152 and the staple cartridge 152156. The first sensor 152158 may comprise any suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector. For example, in various embodiments, the first sensor 152158 may comprise a magnetic sensor, such as a Hall effect sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, an inductive sensor, such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor.

0289In some embodiments, the end effector 152150 comprises a plurality of secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b. The secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b are configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152150. For example, in some embodiments, the secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b are configured to measure an amplitude of strain exerted on the anvil 152152 during a clamping procedure. In various embodiments, the secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b may comprise a magnetic sensor, such as a Hall effect sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, an inductive sensor, such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor. The secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b may be configured to measure one or more identical parameters at different locations of the anvil 152152, different parameters at identical locations on the anvil 152152, and/or different parameters at different locations on the anvil 152152.

0290<figref idref="f0057">FIG. 62</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152170 for adjusting a measurement of a first sensor 152158 in response to a plurality of secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b. In one embodiment, a Hall effect voltage is obtained 152172, for example, by a Hall effect sensor. The Hall effect voltage is converted 152174 by an analog to digital convertor. The converted Hall effect voltage signal is calibrated 152176. The calibrated curve represents the thickness of a tissue section located between the anvil 152152 and the staple cartridge 152156. A plurality of secondary measurements are obtained 152178a, 152178b by a plurality of secondary sensors, such as, for example, a plurality of strain gauges. The input of the strain gauges is converted 152180a, 152180b into one or more digital signals, for example, by a plurality of electronic µStrain conversion circuits. The calibrated Hall effect voltage and the plurality of secondary measurements are provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor utilizes the secondary measurements to adjust 152182 the Hall effect voltage, for example, by applying an algorithm and/or utilizing one or more look-up tables. The adjusted Hall effect voltage represents the true thickness and fullness of the bite of tissue clamped by the anvil 152152 and the staple cartridge 152156. The adjusted thickness is displayed 152026 to an operator by, for example, a display embedded in the surgical instrument 150010.

0291<figref idref="f0058">FIG. 63</figref> illustrates one embodiment of a circuit 152190 configured to convert signals from the first sensor 152158 and the plurality of secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b into digital signals receivable by a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The circuit 152190 comprises an analog-to-digital convertor 152194. In some embodiments, the analog-to-digital convertor 152194 comprises a 4-channel, 18-bit analog to digital convertor. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the analog-to-digital convertor 152194 may comprise any suitable number of channels and/or bits to convert one or more inputs from analog to digital signals. The circuit 152190 comprises one or more level shifting resistors 152196 configured to receive an input from the first sensor 152158, such as, for example, a Hall effect sensor. The level shifting resistors 152196 adjust the input from the first sensor, shifting the value to a higher or lower voltage depending on the input. The level shifting resistors 152196 provide the level-shifted input from the first sensor 152158 to the analog-to-digital convertor.

0292In some embodiments, a plurality of secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b are coupled to a plurality of bridges 152192a, 152192b within the circuit 152190. The plurality of bridges 152192a, 152192b may provide filtering of the input from the plurality of secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b. After filtering the input signals, the plurality of bridges 152192a, 152192b provide the inputs from the plurality of secondary sensors 152160a, 152160b to the analog-to-digital convertor 152194. In some embodiments, a switch 152198 coupled to one or more level shifting resistors may be coupled to the analog-to-digital convertor 152194. The switch 152198 is configured to calibrate one or more of the input signals, such as, for example, an input from a Hall effect sensor. The switch 152198 may be engaged to provide one or more level shifting signals to adjust the input of one or more of the sensors, such as, for example, to calibrate the input of a Hall effect sensor. In some embodiments, the adjustment is not necessary, and the switch 152198 is left in the open position to decouple the level shifting resistors. The switch 152198 is coupled to the analog-to-digital convertor 152194. The analog-to-digital convertor 152194 provides an output to one or more processors, such as, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor calculates one or more parameters of the end effector 152150 based on the input from the analog-to-digital convertor 152194. For example, in one embodiment, the primary processor calculates a thickness of tissue located between the anvil 152152 and the staple cartridge 152156 based on input from one or more sensors 152158, 152160a, 152160b.

0293<figref idref="f0059">FIG. 64</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector 152200 comprising a plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d. The end effector 152200 comprises an anvil 152202 pivotally coupled to a second jaw member 152204. The second jaw member 152204 is configured to receive a staple cartridge 152206 therein. The anvil 152202 comprises a plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d thereon. The plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d is configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152200, such as, for example, the anvil 152202. The plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d may comprise one or more identical sensors and/or different sensors. The plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d may comprise, for example, magnetic sensors, such as a Hall effect sensor, strain gauges, pressure sensors, inductive sensors, such as an eddy current sensor, resistive sensors, capacitive sensors, optical sensors, and/or any other suitable sensors or combination thereof. For example, in one embodiment, the plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d may comprise a plurality of strain gauges.

0294In one embodiment, the plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d allows a robust tissue thickness sensing process to be implemented. By detecting various parameters along the length of the anvil 152202, the plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d allow a surgical instrument, such as, for example, the surgical instrument 150010, to calculate the tissue thickness in the jaws regardless of the bite, for example, a partial or full bite. In some embodiments, the plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d comprises a plurality of strain gauges. The plurality of strain gauges is configured to measure the strain at various points on the anvil 152202. The amplitude and/or the slope of the strain at each of the various points on the anvil 152202 can be used to determine the thickness of tissue in between the anvil 152202 and the staple cartridge 152206. The plurality of strain gauges may be configured to optimize maximum amplitude and/or slope differences based on clamping dynamics to determine thickness, tissue placement, and/or material properties of the tissue. Time based monitoring of the plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d during clamping allows a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor, to utilize algorithms and look-up tables to recognize tissue characteristics and clamping positions and dynamically adjust the end effector 152200 and/or tissue clamped between the anvil 152202 and the staple cartridge 152206.

0295<figref idref="f0060">FIG. 65</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152220 for determining one or more tissue properties based on a plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d. In one embodiment, a plurality of sensors 152208a-152208d generate 152222a-152222d a plurality of signals indicative of one or more parameters of the end effector 152200. The plurality of generated signals is converted 152224a-152224d to digital signals and provided to a processor. For example, in one embodiment comprising a plurality of strain gauges, a plurality of electronic µStrain (micro-strain) conversion circuits convert 152224a-152224d the strain gauge signals to digital signals. The digital signals are provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor determines 152226 one or more tissue characteristics based on the plurality of signals. The processor may determine the one or more tissue characteristics by applying an algorithm and/or a look-up table. The one or more tissue characteristics are displayed 152026 to an operator, for example, by a display embedded in the surgical instrument 150010.

0296<figref idref="f0061">FIG. 66</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector 152250 comprising a plurality of sensors 152260a-152260d coupled to a second jaw member 3254. The end effector 152250 comprises an anvil 152252 pivotally coupled to a second jaw member 152254. The anvil 152252 is moveable relative to the second jaw member 152254 to clamp one or more materials, such as, for example, a tissue section 152264, therebetween. The second jaw member 152254 is configured to receive a staple cartridge 152256. A first sensor 152258 is coupled to the anvil 152252. The first sensor is configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152150, such as, for example, the gap 152110 between the anvil 152252 and the staple cartridge 152256. The gap 152110 may correspond to, for example, a thickness of tissue clamped between the anvil 152252 and the staple cartridge 152256. The first sensor 152258 may comprise any suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector. For example, in various embodiments, the first sensor 152258 may comprise a magnetic sensor, such as a Hall effect sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, an inductive sensor, such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor.

0297A plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d is coupled to the second jaw member 152254. The plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d may be formed integrally with the second jaw member 152254 and/or the staple cartridge 152256. For example, in one embodiment, the plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d is disposed on an outer row of the staple cartridge 152256 (see <figref idref="f0062">FIG. 67</figref>). The plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d are configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152250 and/or a tissue section 152264 clamped between the anvil 152252 and the staple cartridge 152256. The plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d may comprise any suitable sensors for detecting one or more parameters of the end effector 152250 and/or the tissue section 152264, such as, for example, magnetic sensors, such as a Hall effect sensor, strain gauges, pressure sensors, inductive sensors, such as an eddy current sensor, resistive sensors, capacitive sensors, optical sensors, and/or any other suitable sensors or combination thereof. The plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d may comprise identical sensors and/or different sensors.

0298In some embodiments, the plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d comprises dual purpose sensors and tissue stabilizing elements. The plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d comprise electrodes and/or sensing geometries configured to create a stabilized tissue condition when the plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d are engaged with a tissue section 152264, such as, for example, during a clamping operation. In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of secondary sensors 152260a-152260d may be replaced with non-sensing tissue stabilizing elements. The secondary sensors 152260a-152260d create a stabilized tissue condition by controlling tissue flow, staple formation, and/or other tissue conditions during a clamping, stapling, and/or other treatment process.

0299<figref idref="f0062">FIG. 67</figref> illustrates one embodiment of a staple cartridge 152270 comprising a plurality of sensors 152272a-152272h formed integrally therein. The staple cartridge 152270 comprises a plurality of rows containing a plurality of holes for storing staples therein. One or more of the holes in the outer row 152278 are replaced with one of the plurality of sensors 152272a-152272h. A cut-away section is shown to illustrate a sensor 152272f coupled to a sensor wire 152276b. The sensor wires 152276a, 152276b may comprise a plurality of wires for coupling the plurality of sensors 152272a-152272h to one or more circuits of a surgical instrument, such as, for example, the surgical instrument 150010. In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of sensors 152272a-152272h comprise dual purpose sensor and tissue stabilizing elements having electrodes and/or sensing geometries configured to provide tissue stabilization. In some embodiments, the plurality of sensors 152272a-152272h may be replaced with and/or co-populated with a plurality of tissue stabilizing elements. Tissue stabilization may be provided by, for example, controlling tissue flow and/or staple formation during a clamping and/or stapling process. The plurality of sensors 152272a-152272h provide signals to one or more circuits of the surgical instrument 150010 to enhance feedback of stapling performance and/or tissue thickness sensing.

0300<figref idref="f0063">FIG. 68</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152280 for determining one or more parameters of a tissue section 152264 clamped within an end effector, such as, for example, the end effector 152250 illustrated in <figref idref="f0061">FIG. 66</figref>. In one embodiment, a first sensor 152258 is configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152250 and/or a tissue section 152264 located between the anvil 152252 and the staple cartridge 152256. A first signal is generated 152282 by the first sensors 152258. The first signal is indicative of the one or more parameters detected by the first sensor 152258. One or more secondary sensors 152260 are configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152250 and/or the tissue section 152264. The secondary sensors 152260 may be configured to detect the same parameters, additional parameters, or different parameters as the first sensor 152258. Secondary signals 152284 are generated by the secondary sensors 152260. The secondary signals 152284 are indicative of the one or more parameters detected by the secondary sensors 152260. The first signal and the secondary signals are provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The processor adjusts 152286 the first signal generated by the first sensor 152258 based on input generated by the secondary sensors 152260. The adjusted signal may be indicative of, for example, the true thickness of a tissue section 152264 and the fullness of the bite. The adjusted signal is displayed 152026 to an operator by, for example, a display embedded in the surgical instrument 150010.

0301<figref idref="f0064">FIG. 69</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector 152300 comprising a plurality of redundant sensors 152308a, 152308b. The end effector 152300 comprises a first jaw member, or anvil, 152302 pivotally coupled to a second jaw member 152304. The second jaw member 152304 is configured to receive a staple cartridge 152306 therein. The anvil 152302 is moveable with respect to the staple cartridge 152306 to grasp a material, such as, for example, a tissue section, between the anvil 152302 and the staple cartridge 152306. A plurality of sensors 152308a, 152308b is coupled to the anvil. The plurality of sensors 152308a, 152308b are configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152300 and/or a tissue section located between the anvil 152302 and the staple cartridge 152306. In some embodiments, the plurality of sensors 152308a, 152308b are configured to detect a gap 152310 between the anvil 152302 and the staple cartridge 152306. The gap 152310 may correspond to, for example, the thickness of tissue located between the anvil 152302 and the staple cartridge 152306. The plurality of sensors 152308a, 152308b may detect the gap 152310 by, for example, detecting a magnetic field generated by a magnet 152312 coupled to the second jaw member 152304.

0302In some embodiments, the plurality of sensors 152308a, 152308b comprise redundant sensors. The redundant sensors are configured to detect the same properties of the end effector 152300 and/or a tissue section located between the anvil 152302 and the staple cartridge 152306. The redundant sensors may comprise, for example, Hall effect sensors configured to detect the gap 152310 between the anvil 152302 and the staple cartridge 152306. The redundant sensors provide signals representative of one or more parameters allowing a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor, to evaluate the multiple inputs and determine the most reliable input. In some embodiments, the redundant sensors are used to reduce noise, false signals, and/or drift. Each of the redundant sensors may be measured in real-time during clamping, allowing time-based information to be analyzed and algorithms and/or look-up tables to recognize tissue characteristics and clamping positioning dynamically. The input of one or more of the redundant sensors may be adjusted and/or selected to identify the true tissue thickness and bite of a tissue section located between the anvil 152302 and the staple cartridge 152306.

0303<figref idref="f0065">FIG. 70</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152320 for selecting the most reliable output from a plurality of redundant sensors, such as, for example, the plurality of sensors 152308a, 152308b illustrated in <figref idref="f0064">FIG. 69</figref>. In one embodiment, a first signal is generated by a first sensor 152308a. The first signal is converted 152322a by an analog-to-digital convertor. One or more additional signals are generated by one or more redundant sensors 152308b. The one or more additional signals are converted 152322b by an analog-to-digital convertor. The converted signals are provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor evaluates 152324 the redundant inputs to determine the most reliable output. The most reliable output may be selected based on one or more parameters, such as, for example, algorithms, look-up tables, input from additional sensors, and/or instrument conditions. After selecting the most reliable output, the processor may adjust the output based on one or more additional sensors to reflect, for example, the true thickness and bite of a tissue section located between the anvil 152302 and the staple cartridge 152306. The adjusted most reliable output is displayed 152026 to an operator by, for example, a display embedded in the surgical instrument 150010.

0304<figref idref="f0066">FIG. 71</figref> illustrates one embodiment of an end effector 152350 comprising a sensor 152358 comprising a specific sampling rate to limit or eliminate false signals. The end effector 152350 comprises a first jaw member, or anvil, 152352 pivotably coupled to a second jaw member 152354. The second jaw member 152354 is configured to receive a staple cartridge 152356 therein. The staple cartridge 152356 contains a plurality of staples that may be delivered to a tissue section located between the anvil 152352 and the staple cartridge 152356. A sensor 152358 is coupled to the anvil 152352. The sensor 152358 is configured to detect one or more parameters of the end effector 152350, such as, for example, the gap 152364 between the anvil 152352 and the staple cartridge 152356. The gap 152364 may correspond to the thickness of a material, such as, for example, a tissue section, and/or the fullness of a bite of material located between the anvil 152352 and the staple cartridge 152356. The sensor 152358 may comprise any suitable sensor for detecting one or more parameters of the end effector 152350, such as, for example, a magnetic sensor, such as a Hall effect sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, an inductive sensor, such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor.

0305In one embodiment, the sensor 152358 comprises a magnetic sensor configured to detect a magnetic field generated by an electromagnetic source 152360 coupled to the second jaw member 152354 and/or the staple cartridge 152356. The electromagnetic source 152360 generates a magnetic field detected by the sensor 152358. The strength of the detected magnetic field may correspond to, for example, the thickness and/or fullness of a bite of tissue located between the anvil 152352 and the staple cartridge 152356. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic source 152360 generates a signal at a known frequency, such as, for example, 1 MHz. In other embodiments, the signal generated by the electromagnetic source 152360 may be adjustable based on, for example, the type of staple cartridge 152356 installed in the second jaw member 152354, one or more additional sensor, an algorithm, and/or one or more parameters.

0306In one embodiment, a signal processor 152362 is coupled to the end effector 152350, such as, for example, the anvil 152352. The signal processor 152362 is configured to process the signal generated by the sensor 152358 to eliminate false signals and to boost the input from the sensor 152358. In some embodiments, the signal processor 152362 may be located separately from the end effector 152350, such as, for example, in the handle 150014 of the surgical instrument 150010. In some embodiments, the signal processor 152362 is formed integrally with and/or comprises an algorithm executed by a general processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The signal processor 152362 is configured to process the signal from the sensor 152358 at a frequency substantially equal to the frequency of the signal generated by the electromagnetic source 152360. For example, in one embodiment, the electromagnetic source 152360 generates a signal at a frequency of 1 MHz. The signal is detected by the sensor 152358. The sensor 152358 generates a signal indicative of the detected magnetic field which is provided to the signal processor 152362. The signal is processed by the signal processor 152362 at a frequency of 1 MHz to eliminate false signals. The processed signal is provided to a processor, such as, for example, the primary processor. The primary processor correlates the received signal to one or more parameters of the end effector 152350, such as, for example, the gap 152364 between the anvil 152352 and the staple cartridge 152356.

0307<figref idref="f0067">FIG. 72</figref> is a logic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process 152370 for generating a thickness measurement for a tissue section located between an anvil and a staple cartridge of an end effector, such as, for example, the end effector 152350 illustrated in <figref idref="f0066">FIG. 71</figref>. In one embodiment of the process 152370, a signal is generated 152372 by a modulated electromagnetic source 152360. The generated signal may comprise, for example, a 1 MHz signal. A magnetic sensor 152358 is configured to detect 152374 the signal generated by the electromagnetic source 152360. The magnetic sensor 152358 generates a signal indicative of the detected magnetic field and provides the signal to a signal processor 152362. The signal processor 152362 processes 152376 the signal to remove noise, false signals, and/or to boost the signal. The processed signal is provided to an analog-to-digital convertor for conversion 152378 to a digital signal. The digital signal may be calibrated 152380, for example, by application of a calibration curve input algorithm and/or look-up table. The signal processing 152376, conversion 152378, and calibration 152380 may be performed by one or more circuits. The calibrated signal is displayed 152026 to a user by, for example, a display formed integrally with the surgical instrument 150010.

0308<figref idref="f0068">FIGS. 73 and 74</figref> illustrate one embodiment of an end effector 152400 comprising a sensor 152408 for identifying staple cartridges 152406 of different types. The end effector 152400 comprises a first jaw member or anvil 152402, pivotally coupled to a second jaw member or elongated channel 152404. The elongated channel 152404 is configured to operably support a staple cartridge 152406 therein. The end effector 152400 further comprises a sensor 152408 located in the proximal area. The sensor 152408 can be any of an optical sensor, a magnetic sensor, an electrical sensor, or any other suitable sensor.

0309The sensor 152408 can be operable to detect a property of the staple cartridge 152406 and thereby identify the staple cartridge 152406 type. <figref idref="f0068">FIG. 74</figref> illustrates an example where the sensor 152408 is an optical emitter and detector 152410. The body of the staple cartridge 152406 can be different colors, such that the color identifies the staple cartridge 152406 type. An optical emitter and detector 152410 can be operable to interrogate the color of the staple cartridge 152406 body. In the illustrated example, the optical emitter and detector 152410 can detect white 152412 by receiving reflected light in the red, green, and blue spectrums in equal intensity. The optical emitter and detector 152410 can detect red 152414 by receiving very little reflected light in the green and blue spectrums while receiving light in the red spectrum in greater intensity.

0310Alternately or additionally, the optical emitter and detector 152410, or another suitable sensor 152408, can interrogate and identify some other symbol or marking on the staple cartridge 152406. The symbol or marking can be any one of a barcode, a shape or character, a color-coded emblem, or any other suitable marking. The information read by the sensor 152408 can be communicated to a microcontroller in the surgical device 150010, such as for instance a microcontroller (e.g., microcontroller 461 (<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>), for example). The microcontroller can be configured to communicate information about the staple cartridge 152406 to the operator of the instrument. For instance, the identified staple cartridge 152406 may not be appropriate for a given application; in such case, the operator of the instrument can be informed, and/or a function of the instrument s inappropriate. In such instance, the microcontroller can optionally be configured to disable a function of surgical instrument can be disabled. Alternatively or additionally, the microcontroller can be configured to inform the operator of the surgical instrument 150010 of the parameters of the identified staple cartridge 152406 type, such as for instance the length of the staple cartridge 152406, or information about the staples, such as the height and length.

0311<figref idref="f0069">FIG. 75</figref> illustrates one aspect of a segmented flexible circuit 153430 configured to fixedly attach to a jaw member 153434 of an end effector. The segmented flexible circuit 153430 comprises a distal segment 153432a and lateral segments 153432b, 153432c that include individually addressable sensors to provide local tissue presence detection. The segments 153432a, 153432b, 153432c are individually addressable to detect tissue and to measure tissue parameters based on individual sensors located within each of the segments 153432a, 153432b, 153432c. The segments 153432a, 153432b, 153432c of the segmented flexible circuit 153430 are mounted to the jaw member 153434 and are electrically coupled to an energy source such as an electrical circuit via electrical conductive elements 153436. A Hall effect sensor 153438, or any suitable magnetic sensor, is located on a distal end of the jaw member 153434. The Hall effect sensor 153438 operates in conjunction with a magnet to provide a measurement of an aperture defined by the jaw member 153434, which otherwise may be referred to as a tissue gap, as shown with particularity in <figref idref="f0070">FIG. 77</figref>. The segmented flexible circuit 153430 may be employed to measure tissue thickness, force, displacement, compression, tissue impedance, and tissue location within an end effector.

0312<figref idref="f0070">FIG. 76</figref> illustrates one aspect of a segmented flexible circuit 153440 configured to mount to a jaw member 153444 of an end effector. The segmented flexible circuit 153440 comprises a distal segment 153442a and lateral segments 153442b, 153442c that include individually addressable sensors for tissue control. The segments 153442a, 153442b, 153442c are individually addressable to treat tissue and to read individual sensors located within each of the segments 153442a, 153442b, 153442c. The segments 153442a, 153442b, 153442c of the segmented flexible circuit 153440 are mounted to the jaw member 153444 and are electrically coupled to an energy source, via electrical conductive elements 153446. A Hall effect sensor 153448, or other suitable magnetic sensor, is provided on a distal end of the jaw member 153444. The Hall effect sensor 153448 operates in conjunction with a magnet to provide a measurement of an aperture defined by the jaw member 153444 of the end effector or tissue gap as shown with particularity in <figref idref="f0070">FIG. 77</figref>. In addition, a plurality of lateral asymmetric temperature sensors 153450a, 153450b are mounted on or formally integrally with the segmented flexible circuit 153440 to provide tissue temperature feedback to the control circuit. The segmented flexible circuit 153440 may be employed to measure tissue thickness, force, displacement, compression, tissue impedance, and tissue location within an end effector.

0313<figref idref="f0070">FIG. 77</figref> illustrates one aspect of an end effector 153460 configured to measure a tissue gap G_T. The end effector 153460 comprises a jaw member 153462 and a jaw member 153444. The flexible circuit 153440 as described in <figref idref="f0070">FIG. 76</figref> is mounted to the jaw member 153444. The flexible circuit 153440 comprises a Hall effect sensor 153448 that operates with a magnet 153464 mounted to the jaw member 153462 to measure the tissue gap G_T. This technique can be employed to measure the aperture defined between the jaw member 153444 and the jaw member 153462. The jaw member 153462 may be a staple cartridge.

0314<figref idref="f0071">FIG. 78</figref> illustrates one aspect of an end effector 153470 comprising a segmented flexible circuit 153468. The end effector 153470 comprises a jaw member 153472 and a staple cartridge 153474. The segmented flexible circuit 153468 is mounted to the jaw member 153472. Each of the sensors disposed within the segments 1-5 are configured to detect the presence of tissue positioned between the jaw member 153472 and the staple cartridge 153474 and represent tissue zones 1-5. In the configuration shown in <figref idref="f0071">FIG. 78</figref>, the end effector 153470 is shown in an open position ready to receive or grasp tissue between the jaw member 153472 and the staple cartridge 153474. The segmented flexible circuit 153468 may be employed to measure tissue thickness, force, displacement, compression, tissue impedance, and tissue location within the end effector 153470.

0315<figref idref="f0071">FIG. 79</figref> illustrates the end effector 153470 shown in <figref idref="f0071">FIG. 78</figref> with the jaw member 153472 clamping tissue 153476 between the jaw members 153472, e.g., the anvil and the staple cartridge. As shown in <figref idref="f0071">FIG. 79</figref>, the tissue 153476 is positioned between segments 1-3 and represents tissue zones 1-3. Accordingly, tissue 153476 is detected by the sensors in segments 1-3 and the absence of tissue (empty) is detected in section 153469 by segments 4-5. The information regarding the presence and absence of tissue 153476 positioned within certain segments 1-3 and 4-5, respectively, is communicated to a control circuit as described herein via interface circuits, for example. The control circuit is configured to detect tissue located in segments 1-3. It will be appreciated that the segments 1-5 may contain any suitable temperature, force/pressure, and/or Hall effect magnetic sensors to measure tissue parameters of tissue located within certain segments 1-5 and electrodes to deliver energy to tissue located in certain segments 1-5. The segmented flexible circuit 153468 may be employed to measure tissue thickness, force, displacement, compression, tissue impedance, and tissue location within the end effector 153470.

0316<figref idref="f0072">FIG. 80</figref> is a diagram of an absolute positioning system 153100 that can be used with a surgical instrument or system in accordance with the present disclosure. The absolute positioning system 153100 comprises a controlled motor drive circuit arrangement comprising a sensor arrangement 153102, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The sensor arrangement 153102 for an absolute positioning system 153100 provides a unique position signal corresponding to the location of a displacement member 153111. In one aspect the displacement member 153111 represents the longitudinally movable drive member coupled to the cutting instrument or knife (e.g., a cutting instrument, an I-beam, and/or I-beam 153514 (<figref idref="f0074">FIG. 82</figref>)). In other aspects, the displacement member 153111 represents a firing member coupled to the cutting instrument or knife, which could be adapted and configured to include a rack of drive teeth. In yet another aspect, the displacement member 153111 represents a firing bar or an I-beam, each of which can be adapted and configured to include a rack of drive teeth.

0317Accordingly, as used herein, the term displacement member is used generically to refer to any movable member of a surgical instrument or system as described herein, such as a drive member, firing member, firing bar, cutting instrument, knife, and/or I-beam, or any element that can be displaced. Accordingly, the absolute positioning system 153100 can, in effect, track the displacement of the cutting instrument I-beam 153514 (<figref idref="f0074">FIG. 82</figref>) by tracking the displacement of a longitudinally movable drive member. In various other aspects, the displacement member 153111 may be coupled to any sensor suitable for measuring displacement. Thus, a longitudinally movable drive member, firing member, the firing bar, or I-beam, or combinations thereof, may be coupled to any suitable displacement sensor. Displacement sensors may include contact or non-contact displacement sensors. Displacement sensors may comprise linear variable differential transformers (LVDT), differential variable reluctance transducers (DVRT), a slide potentiometer, a magnetic sensing system comprising a movable magnet and a series of linearly arranged Hall effect sensors, a magnetic sensing system comprising a fixed magnet and a series of movable linearly arranged Hall effect sensors, an optical sensing system comprising a movable light source and a series of linearly arranged photo diodes or photo detectors, or an optical sensing system comprising a fixed light source and a series of movable linearly arranged photo diodes or photo detectors, or any combination thereof.

0318An electric motor 153120 can include a rotatable shaft 153116 that operably interfaces with a gear assembly 153114 that is mounted in meshing engagement with a set, or rack, of drive teeth on the displacement member 153111. A sensor element 153126 may be operably coupled to the gear assembly 153114 such that a single revolution of the sensor element 153126 corresponds to some linear longitudinal translation of the displacement member 153111. An arrangement of gearing and sensors 153118 can be connected to the linear actuator via a rack and pinion arrangement or a rotary actuator via a spur gear or other connection. A power source 153129 supplies power to the absolute positioning system 153100 and an output indicator 153128 may display the output of the absolute positioning system 153100.

0319A single revolution of the sensor element 153126 associated with the position sensor 153112 is equivalent to a longitudinal displacement d₁ of the of the displacement member 153111, where d₁ is the longitudinal distance that the displacement member 153111 moves from point "a" to point "b" after a single revolution of the sensor element 153126 coupled to the displacement member 153111. The sensor arrangement 153102 may be connected via a gear reduction that results in the position sensor 153112 completing one or more revolutions for the full stroke of the displacement member 153111. The position sensor 153112 may complete multiple revolutions for the full stroke of the displacement member 153111.

0320A series of switches 153122a-153122n, where n is an integer greater than one, may be employed alone or in combination with gear reduction to provide a unique position signal for more than one revolution of the position sensor 153112. The state of the switches 153122a-153122n are fed back to a controller 153110 that applies logic to determine a unique position signal corresponding to the longitudinal displacement d₁ + d₂ + ... d_n of the displacement member 153111. The output 153124 of the position sensor 153112 is provided to the controller 153110. The position sensor 153112 of the sensor arrangement 153102 may comprise a magnetic sensor, an analog rotary sensor like a potentiometer, an array of analog Hall-effect elements, which output a unique combination of position signals or values. The controller 153110 may be contained within a master controller or may be contained within a tool mounting portion housing of a surgical instrument or system in accordance with the present disclosure.

0321The absolute positioning system 153100 provides an absolute position of the displacement member 153111 upon power up of the surgical instrument or system without retracting or advancing the displacement member 153111 to a reset (zero or home) position as may be required with conventional rotary encoders that merely count the number of steps forwards or backwards that the motor 153120 has taken to infer the position of a device actuator, drive bar, knife, and the like.

0322The controller 153110 may be programmed to perform various functions such as precise control over the speed and position of the knife and articulation systems. In one aspect, the controller 153110 includes a processor 153108 and a memory 153106. The electric motor 153120 may be a brushed DC motor with a gearbox and mechanical links to an articulation or knife system. In one aspect, a motor driver 153110 may be an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use in the absolute positioning system 153100.

0323The controller 153110 may be programmed to provide precise control over the speed and position of the displacement member 153111 and articulation systems. The controller 153110 may be configured to compute a response in the software of the controller 153110. The computed response is compared to a measured response of the actual system to obtain an "observed" response, which is used for actual feedback decisions. The observed response is a favorable, tuned, value that balances the smooth, continuous nature of the simulated response with the measured response, which can detect outside influences on the system.

0324The absolute positioning system 153100 may comprise and/or be programmed to implement a feedback controller, such as a PID, state feedback, and adaptive controller. A power source 153129 converts the signal from the feedback controller into a physical input to the system, in this case voltage. Other examples include pulse width modulation (PWM) of the voltage, current, and force. Other sensor(s) 153118 may be provided to measure physical parameters of the physical system in addition to position measured by the position sensor 153112. In a digital signal processing system, absolute positioning system 153100 is coupled to a digital data acquisition system where the output of the absolute positioning system 153100 will have finite resolution and sampling frequency. The absolute positioning system 153100 may comprise a compare and combine circuit to combine a computed response with a measured response using algorithms such as weighted average and theoretical control loop that drives the computed response towards the measured response. The computed response of the physical system takes into account properties like mass, inertial, viscous friction, inductance resistance, etc., to predict what the states and outputs of the physical system will be by knowing the input.

0325The motor driver 153110 may be an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc. The A3941 driver 153110 is a full-bridge controller for use with external N-channel power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) specifically designed for inductive loads, such as brush DC motors. The driver 153110 comprises a unique charge pump regulator provides full (>10 V) gate drive for battery voltages down to 7 V and allows the A3941 to operate with a reduced gate drive, down to 5.5 V. A bootstrap capacitor may be employed to provide the above-battery supply voltage required for N-channel MOSFETs. An internal charge pump for the high-side drive allows DC (100% duty cycle) operation. The full bridge can be driven in fast or slow decay modes using diode or synchronous rectification. In the slow decay mode, current recirculation can be through the high-side or the lowside FETs. The power FETs are protected from shoot-through by resistor adjustable dead time. Integrated diagnostics provide indication of undervoltage, overtemperature, and power bridge faults, and can be configured to protect the power MOSFETs under most short circuit conditions. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use in the absolute positioning system 153100.

0326<figref idref="f0073">FIG. 81</figref> is a diagram of a position sensor 153200 for an absolute positioning system 153100' comprising a magnetic rotary absolute positioning system, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The absolute positioning system 153100' is similar in many respects to the absolute positioning system 153100. The position sensor 153200 may be implemented as an AS5055EQFT single-chip magnetic rotary position sensor available from Austria Microsystems, AG. The position sensor 153200 is interfaced with the controller 153110 to provide the absolute positioning system 153100'. The position sensor 153200 is a low-voltage and low-power component and includes four Hall-effect elements 153228A, 153228B, 153228C, 153228D in an area 153230 of the position sensor 153200 that is located above a magnet positioned on a rotating element associated with a displacement member such as, for example, a knife drive gear and/or a closure drive gear such that the displacement of a firing member and/or a closure member can be precisely tracked. A high-resolution ADC 153232 and a smart power management controller 153238 are also provided on the chip. A CORDIC processor 153236 (for Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer), also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder's algorithm, is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate hyperbolic and trigonometric functions that require only addition, subtraction, bitshift, and table lookup operations. The angle position, alarm bits, and magnetic field information are transmitted over a standard serial communication interface such as an SPI interface 153234 to the controller 153110. The position sensor 153200 provides 12 or 14 bits of resolution. The position sensor 153200 may be an AS5055 chip provided in a small QFN 16-pin 4x4x0.85mm package.

0327The Hall-effect elements 153228A, 153228B, 153228C, 153228D are located directly above the rotating magnet. The Hall-effect is a well-known effect and for expediency will not be described in detail herein, however, generally, the Hall-effect produces a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current. A Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric field to the product of the current density and the applied magnetic field. It is a characteristic of the material from which the conductor is made, since its value depends on the type, number, and properties of the charge carriers that constitute the current. In the AS5055 position sensor 153200, the Hall-effect elements 153228A, 153228B, 153228C, 153228D are capable producing a voltage signal that is indicative of the absolute position of the magnet in terms of the angle over a single revolution of the magnet. This value of the angle, which is unique position signal, is calculated by the CORDIC processor 153236 is stored onboard the AS5055 position sensor 153200 in a register or memory. The value of the angle that is indicative of the position of the magnet over one revolution is provided to the controller 153110 in a variety of techniques, e.g., upon power up or upon request by the controller 153110.

0328The AS5055 position sensor 153200 requires only a few external components to operate when connected to the controller 153110. Six wires are needed for a simple application using a single power supply: two wires for power and four wires 153240 for the SPI interface 153234 with the controller 153110. A seventh connection can be added in order to send an interrupt to the controller 153110 to inform that a new valid angle can be read. Upon power-up, the AS5055 position sensor 153200 performs a full power-up sequence including one angle measurement. The completion of this cycle is indicated as an INT output 153242, and the angle value is stored in an internal register. Once this output is set, the AS5055 position sensor 153200 suspends to sleep mode. The controller 153110 can respond to the INT request at the INT output 153242 by reading the angle value from the AS5055 position sensor 153200 over the SPI interface 153234. Once the angle value is read by the controller 153110, the INT output 153242 is cleared again. Sending a "read angle" command by the SPI interface 153234 by the controller 153110 to the position sensor 153200 also automatically powers up the chip and starts another angle measurement. As soon as the controller 153110 has completed reading of the angle value, the INT output 153242 is cleared and a new result is stored in the angle register. The completion of the angle measurement is again indicated by setting the INT output 153242 and a corresponding flag in the status register.

0329Due to the measurement principle of the AS5055 position sensor 153200, only a single angle measurement is performed in very short time (∼600µs) after each power-up sequence. As soon as the measurement of one angle is completed, the AS5055 position sensor 153200 suspends to power-down state. An on-chip filtering of the angle value by digital averaging is not implemented, as this would require more than one angle measurement and, consequently, a longer power-up time that is not desired in low-power applications. The angle jitter can be reduced by averaging of several angle samples in the controller 153110. For example, an averaging of four samples reduces the jitter by 6dB (50%).

0330<figref idref="f0074">FIG. 82</figref> is a section view of an end effector 153502 showing an I-beam 153514 firing stroke relative to tissue 153526 grasped within the end effector 153502, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The end effector 153502 is configured to operate with any of the surgical instruments or systems in accordance with the present disclosure. The end effector 153502 comprises an anvil 153516 and an elongated channel 153503 with a staple cartridge 153518 positioned in the elongated channel 153503. A firing bar 153520 is translatable distally and proximally along a longitudinal axis 153515 of the end effector 153502. When the end effector 153502 is not articulated, the end effector 153502 is in line with the shaft of the instrument. An I-beam 153514 comprising a cutting edge 153509 is illustrated at a distal portion of the firing bar 153520. A wedge sled 153513 is positioned in the staple cartridge 153518. As the I-beam 153514 translates distally, the cutting edge 153509 contacts and may cut tissue 153526 positioned between the anvil 153516 and the staple cartridge 153518. Also, the I-beam 153514 contacts the wedge sled 153513 and pushes it distally, causing the wedge sled 153513 to contact staple drivers 153511. The staple drivers 153511 may be driven up into staples 153505, causing the staples 153505 to advance through tissue and into pockets 153507 defined in the anvil 153516, which shape the staples 153505.

0331An example I-beam 153514 firing stroke is illustrated by a chart 153529 aligned with the end effector 153502. Example tissue 153526 is also shown aligned with the end effector 153502. The firing member stroke may comprise a stroke begin position 153527 and a stroke end position 153528. During an I-beam 153514 firing stroke, the I-beam 153514 may be advanced distally from the stroke begin position 153527 to the stroke end position 153528. The I-beam 153514 is shown at one example location of a stroke begin position 153527. The I-beam 153514 firing member stroke chart 153529 illustrates five firing member stroke regions 153517, 153519, 153521, 153523, 153525. In a first firing stroke region 153517, the I-beam 153514 may begin to advance distally. In the first firing stroke region 153517, the I-beam 153514 may contact the wedge sled 153513 and begin to move it distally. While in the first region, however, the cutting edge 153509 may not contact tissue and the wedge sled 153513 may not contact a staple driver 153511. After static friction is overcome, the force to drive the I-beam 153514 in the first region 153517 may be substantially constant.

0332In the second firing member stroke region 153519, the cutting edge 153509 may begin to contact and cut tissue 153526. Also, the wedge sled 153513 may begin to contact staple drivers 153511 to drive staples 153505. Force to drive the I-beam 153514 may begin to ramp up. As shown, tissue encountered initially may be compressed and/or thinner because of the way that the anvil 153516 pivots relative to the staple cartridge 153518. In the third firing member stroke region 153521, the cutting edge 153509 may continuously contact and cut tissue 153526 and the wedge sled 153513 may repeatedly contact staple drivers 153511. Force to drive the I-beam 153514 may plateau in the third region 153521. By the fourth firing stroke region 153523, force to drive the I-beam 153514 may begin to decline. For example, tissue in the portion of the end effector 153502 corresponding to the fourth firing region 153523 may be less compressed than tissue closer to the pivot point of the anvil 153516, requiring less force to cut. Also, the cutting edge 153509 and wedge sled 153513 may reach the end of the tissue 153526 while in the fourth region 153523. When the I-beam 153514 reaches the fifth region 153525, the tissue 153526 may be completely severed. The wedge sled 153513 may contact one or more staple drivers 153511 at or near the end of the tissue. Force to advance the I-beam 153514 through the fifth region 153525 may be reduced and, in some examples, may be similar to the force to drive the I-beam 153514 in the first region 153517. At the conclusion of the firing member stroke, the I-beam 153514 may reach the stroke end position 153528. The positioning of firing member stroke regions 153517, 153519, 153521, 153523, 153525 in <figref idref="f0074">FIG. 82</figref> is just one example. In some examples, different regions may begin at different positions along the end effector longitudinal axis 153515, for example, based on the positioning of tissue between the anvil 153516 and the staple cartridge 153518.

0333As discussed above and with reference now to <figref idref="f0072 f0073 f0074">FIGS. 80 to 82</figref>, the electric motor 153120 positioned within a master controller of the surgical instrument and can be utilized to advance and/or retract the firing system of the shaft assembly, including the I-beam 153514, relative to the end effector 153502 of the shaft assembly in order to staple and/or incise tissue captured within the end effector 153502. The I-beam 153514 may be advanced or retracted at a desired speed, or within a range of desired speeds. The controller 153110 may be configured to control the speed of the I-beam 153514. The controller 153110 may be configured to predict the speed of the I-beam 153514 based on various parameters of the power supplied to the electric motor 153120, such as voltage and/or current, for example, and/or other operating parameters of the electric motor 153120 or external influences. The controller 153110 may be configured to predict the current speed of the I-beam 153514 based on the previous values of the current and/or voltage supplied to the electric motor 153120, and/or previous states of the system like velocity, acceleration, and/or position. The controller 153110 may be configured to sense the speed of the I-beam 153514 utilizing the absolute positioning sensor system described herein. The controller can be configured to compare the predicted speed of the I-beam 153514 and the sensed speed of the I-beam 153514 to determine whether the power to the electric motor 153120 should be increased in order to increase the speed of the I-beam 153514 and/or decreased in order to decrease the speed of the I-beam 153514.

0334Force acting on the I-beam 153514 may be determined using various techniques. The I-beam 153514 force may be determined by measuring the motor 153120 current, where the motor 153120 current is based on the load experienced by the I-beam 153514 as it advances distally. The I-beam 153514 force may be determined by positioning a strain gauge on the drive member, the firing member, I-beam 153514, the firing bar, and/or on a proximal end of the cutting edge 153509. The I-beam 153514 force may be determined by monitoring the actual position of the I-beam 153514 moving at an expected velocity based on the current set velocity of the motor 153120 after a predetermined elapsed period T₁ and comparing the actual position of the I-beam 153514 relative to the expected position of the I-beam 153514 based on the current set velocity of the motor 153120 at the end of the period T₁. Thus, if the actual position of the I-beam 153514 is less than the expected position of the I-beam 153514, the force on the I-beam 153514 is greater than a nominal force. Conversely, if the actual position of the I-beam 153514 is greater than the expected position of the I-beam 153514, the force on the I-beam 153514 is less than the nominal force. The difference between the actual and expected positions of the I-beam 153514 is proportional to the deviation of the force on the I-beam 153514 from the nominal force.

0335Prior to turning to a description of closed loop control techniques of the closure tube and firing member, the description turns briefly to <figref idref="f0075">FIG. 83. FIG. 83</figref> is a graph 153600 depicting two closure force (FTC) plots 153606, 153608 depicting the force applied to a closure member to close on thick and thin tissue during a closure phase and a graph 153601 depicting two firing force (FTF) plots 153622, 153624 depicting the force applied to a firing member to fire through thick and thin tissue during a firing phase. Referring to <figref idref="f0075">FIG. 83</figref>, the graph 153600 depicts an example of the force applied to thick and thin tissue during a closure stroke to close the end effector 153502 relative to tissue grasped between the anvil 153516 and the staple cartridge 153518, where the closure force is plotted as a function of time. The closure force plots 153606, 153608 are plotted on two axes. A vertical axis 153602 indicates the closure force (FTC) the end effector 153502 in Newtons (N). A horizontal axis 153604 indicates time in seconds and labeled t₀ to t₁₃ for clarity of description. The first closure force plot 153606 is an example of the force applied to thick tissue during a closure stroke to close the end effector 153502 relative to tissue grasped between the anvil 153516 and the staple cartridge 153518 and a second plot 153608 is an example of the force applied to thin tissue during a closure stroke to close the end effector 153502 relative to tissue grasped between the anvil 153516 and the staple cartridge 153518. The first and second closure force plots 153606, 153608 are divided into three phases, a close stroke (CLOSE), a waiting period (WAIT), and a firing stroke (FIRE). During the closure stroke, a closure tube is translated distally (direction "DD") to move the anvil 153516, for example, relative to the staple cartridge 153518 in response to the actuation of the closure stroke by a closure motor. In other instances, the closure stroke involves moving the staple cartridge 153518 relative to an anvil 153516 in response to the actuation of the closure motor and in other instances the closure stroke involves moving the staple cartridge 153518 and the anvil 153516 in response to the actuation of the closure motor. With reference to the first closure force plot 153606, during the closure stroke the closure force 153610 increases from 0 up to a maximum force F₁ from time t₀ to t₁. With reference to the second closure force graph 153608, during the closure stroke the closure force 153616 increases from 0 up to a maximum force F₃ from time t₀ to t₁. The relative difference between the maximum forces F₁ and F₃ is due to the difference in closure force necessary for thick tissue relative to thin tissue, where greater force is required to close the anvil onto thick tissue versus thin tissue.

0336The first and second closure force plots 153606, 153608 indicate that the closure force in the end effector 153502 increases during an initial clamping time period ending at a time (ti). The closure force reaches a maximum force (F₁, F₃) at the time (t₁). The initial clamping time period can be about one second, for example. A waiting period can be applied prior to initiating a firing stroke. The waiting period allows fluid egress from tissue compressed by the end effector 153502, which reduces the thickness of the compressed tissue yielding a smaller gap between the anvil 153516 and the staple cartridge 153518 and a reduced closure force at the end of the waiting period. With reference to the first closure force plot 153606, there is a nominal drop in closure force 153612 from F₁ to F₂ during the waiting period between t₁ to t₄. Similarly, with reference to the second closure force plot 153608, the closure force 153618 drops nominally from F₃ to F₄ during the waiting period between t₁ to t₄. In some examples, a waiting period (t₁ to t₄) selected from a range of about 10 seconds to about 20 seconds is typically employed. In the example first and second closure force plots 153606, 153608, a period of time of about 15 seconds is employed. The waiting period is followed by the firing stroke, which typically lasts a period of time selected from a range of about 3 seconds, for example, to about 5 seconds, for example. The closure force decreases as the I-beam 153514 is advanced relative to the end effector through the firing stroke. As indicated by the closure force 153614, 153620 of the first and second closure force plots 153606, 153608, respectively, the closure force 153614, 153620 exerted on the closure tube drops precipitously from about time t₄ to about time t₅. Time t₄ represents the moment where the I-beam 153514 couples into the anvil 153516 and begins to take over the closing load. Accordingly, the closure force decreases as the firing force increases as shown by the first and second firing force plots 153622, 153624.

0337<figref idref="f0075">FIG. 83</figref> also depicts a graph 153601 of first and second firing force plots 153622, 153624 that plot the force applied to advance the I-beam 153514 during the firing stroke of a surgical instrument or system in accordance with the present disclosure. The firing force plots 153622, 153624 are plotted on two axes. A vertical axis 153626 indicates the firing force, in Newtons (N), applied to advance the I-beam 153514 during the firing stroke. The I-beam 153514 is configured to advance a knife or cutting element and motivate drivers to deploy staples during the firing stroke. A horizontal axis 153605 indicates the time in seconds on the same time scale as the horizontal axis 153604 of the upper graph 153600.

0338As previously described, the closure tube force drops precipitously from time t₄ to about time t₅, which represents the moment the I-beam 153514 couples into the anvil 153516 and begins to take load and the closure force decreases as the firing force increases as shown by the first and second firing force plots 153622, 153624. The I-beam 153514 is advanced from the stroke begin position at time t₄ to the stroke end positions between t₈ and t₉ for the firing force plot 153624 for thin tissue and at t₁₃ for the firing force plot 153622 for thick tissue. As the I-beam 153514 is advanced distally during the firing stroke, the closure assembly surrenders control of the staple cartridge 153518 and the anvil 153516 to the firing assembly, which causes the firing force to increase and the closure force to decrease.

0339In the thick tissue firing force plot 153622, during the firing period (FIRE) the plot 153622 is divided into three distinct segments. A first segment 153628 indicates the firing force as it increases from 0 at t₄ to a peak force F₁' just prior to t₅. The first segment 153628 is the firing force during the initial phase of the firing stroke where the I-beam 153514 advances distally from the top of the closure ramp until the I-beam 153514 contacts tissue. A second segment 153630 indicates the firing force during a second phase of the firing stroke where the I-beam 153514 is advancing distally deploying staples and cutting the tissue. During the second phase of the firing stroke the firing force drops from F₁' to F₂' at about t₁₂. A third segment 153632 indicates the firing force during the third and final phase of the firing stroke where the I-beam 153514 leaves the tissue and advances to the end of stroke in a tissue free zone. During the third phase of the firing stroke the firing force drops to from F₂' to zero (0) at about t₁₃ where the I-beam 153514 reaches the end of stroke. In summary, during the firing stroke, the firing force rises dramatically as the I-beam 153514 enters a tissue zone, decrease steadily in the tissue zone during the stapling and cutting operation, and drops dramatically as the I-beam 153514 exits the tissue zone and enters a tissue free zone at the end of stroke.

0340The thin tissue firing force plot 153624 follows a similar pattern as the thick tissue firing force plot 153622. Thus, during the first phase of the firing stroke the firing force 153634 increases dramatically from 0 to F₃' at about t₅. During the second phase of the firing stroke, the firing force 153636 drops steadily from F₃' to F₄' at about t₈. During the final phase of the firing stroke the firing force 153638 drops dramatically from F'₄ to 0 between t₈ and tg.

0341To overcome the precipitous drop in closure force from time t₄ to about time t₅, which represents the moment the I-beam 153514 couples into the anvil 153516 and begins to take load and the closure force decreases as the firing force increases, as shown by the first and second firing force plots 153622, 153624, the closure tube may be advanced distally while the firing member such as the I-beam 153514 is advancing distally. The closure tube is represented as a transmission element that applies a closure force to the anvil 153516. As described herein, a control circuit applies motor set points to the motor control which applies a motor control signal to the motor to drive the transmission element and advance the closure tube distally to apply a closing force to the anvil 153516. A torque sensor coupled to an output shaft of the motor can be used to measure the force applied to the closure tube. In other aspects, the closure force can be measured with a strain gauge, load cell, or other suitable force sensor.

0342<figref idref="f0076">FIG. 84</figref> is a diagram of a control system 153950 configured to provide progressive closure of a closure member (e.g., a closure tube) when the firing member (e.g., I-beam 153514) advances distally and couples into a clamp arm (e.g., anvil 153516) to lower the closure force load on the closure member at a desired rate and decrease the firing force load on the firing member, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. In one aspect, the control system 153950 may be implemented as a nested PID feedback controller. A PID controller is a control loop feedback mechanism (controller) to continuously calculate an error value as the difference between a desired set point and a measured process variable and applies a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms (sometimes denoted P, I, and D respectively). The nested PID controller feedback control system 153950 includes a primary controller 153952, in a primary (outer) feedback loop 153954 and a secondary controller 153955 in a secondary (inner) feedback loop 153956. The primary controller 153952 may be a PID controller 153972 as shown in <figref idref="f0076">FIG. 84</figref>, and the secondary controller 153955 also may be a PID controller 153972 as shown in <figref idref="f0076">FIG. 85</figref>. The primary controller 153952 controls a primary process 153958 and the secondary controller 153955 controls a secondary process 153960. The output 153966 of the primary process 153958 (OUTPUT) is subtracted from a primary set point SP₁ by a first summer 153962. The firt summer 153962 produces a single sum output signal which is applied to the primary controller 153952. The output of the primary controller 153952 is the secondary set point SP₂. The output 153968 of the secondary process 153960 is subtracted from the secondary set point SP₂ by a second summer 153964.

0343In the context of controlling the displacement of the closure tube, the control system 153950 may be configured such that the primary set point SP₁ is a desired closure force value and the primary controller 153952 is configured to receive the closure force from the torque sensor coupled to the output of the closure motor and determine a set point SP₂ motor velocity for the closure motor. In other aspects, the closure force may be measured with strain gauges, load cells, or other suitable force sensors. The closure motor velocity set point SP₂ is compared to the actual velocity of the closure tube, which is determined by the secondary controller 153955. The actual velocity of the closure tube may be measured by comparing the displacement of the closure tube with the position sensor and measuring elapsed time with the timer/counter. Other techniques, such as linear or rotary encoders may be employed to measure displacement of the closure tube. The output 153968 of the secondary process 153960 is the actual velocity of the closure tube. This closure tube velocity output 153968 is provided to the primary process 153958 which determines the force acting on the closure tube and is fed back to the adder 153962, which subtracts the measured closure force from the primary set point SP₁. The primary set point SP₁ may be an upper threshold or a lower threshold. Based on the output of the adder 153962, the primary controller 153952 controls the velocity and direction of the closure tube motor as described herein. The secondary controller 153955 controls the velocity of the closure motor based on the actual velocity of closure tube measured by the secondary process 153960 and the secondary set point SP₂, which is based on a comparison of the actual firing force and the firing force upper and lower thresholds.

0344<figref idref="f0076">FIG. 85</figref> illustrates a PID feedback control system 153970, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. The primary controller 153952 or the secondary controller 153955, or both, may be implemented as a PID controller 153972. In one aspect, the PID controller 153972 may comprise a proportional element 153974 (P), an integral element 153976 (I), and a derivative element 153978 (D). The outputs of the P, I, D elements 153974, 153976, 153978 are summed by a summer 153986, which provides the control variable <i>u(t)</i> to the process 153980. The output of the process 153980 is the process variable <i>y(t)</i>. The summer 153984 calculates the difference between a desired set point <i>r(t)</i> and a measured process variable <i>y(t)</i>. The PID controller 153972 continuously calculates an error value <i>e(t)</i> (e.g., difference between closure force threshold and measured closure force) as the difference between a desired set point <i>r(t)</i> (e.g., closure force threshold) and a measured process variable <i>y(t)</i> (e.g., velocity and direction of closure tube) and applies a correction based on the proportional, integral, and derivative terms calculated by the proportional element 153974 (P), integral element 153976 (I), and derivative element 153978 (D), respectively. The PID controller 153972 attempts to minimize the error <i>e(t)</i> over time by adjustment of the control variable <i>u(t)</i> (e.g., velocity and direction of the closure tube).

0345In accordance with the PID algorithm, the "P" element 153974 accounts for present values of the error. For example, if the error is large and positive, the control output will also be large and positive. In accordance with the present disclosure, the error term <i>e(t)</i> is the different between the desired closure force and the measured closure force of the closure tube. The "I" element 153976 accounts for past values of the error. For example, if the current output is not sufficiently strong, the integral of the error will accumulate over time, and the controller will respond by applying a stronger action. The "D" element 153978 accounts for possible future trends of the error, based on its current rate of change. For example, continuing the P example above, when the large positive control output succeeds in bringing the error closer to zero, it also puts the process on a path to large negative error in the near future. In this case, the derivative turns negative and the D module reduces the strength of the action to prevent this overshoot.

0346It will be appreciated that other variables and set points may be monitored and controlled in accordance with the feedback control systems 153950, 153970. For example, the adaptive closure member velocity control algorithm described herein may measure at least two of the following parameters: firing member stroke location, firing member load, displacement of cutting element, velocity of cutting element, closure tube stroke location, closure tube load, among others.

0347<figref idref="f0077">FIG. 86</figref> is a logic flow diagram depicting a process 153990 of a control program or a logic configuration for determining the velocity of a closure member, in accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure. A control circuit of a surgical instrument or system in accordance with the present disclosure is configured to determine 153992 the actual closure force of a closure member. The control circuit compares 153994 the actual closure force to a threshold closure force and determines 153996 a set point velocity to displace the closure member based on the comparison. The control circuit controls 153998 the actual velocity of the closure member based on the set point velocity.

0348With reference now also to <figref idref="f0076">FIGS. 84 and 85</figref>, in one aspect, the control circuit comprises a proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) feedback control system 153950, 153970. The PID feedback control system 153950, 153970 comprises a primary PID feedback loop 153954 and a secondary PID feedback loop 153956. The primary feedback loop 153954 determines a first error between the actual closure force of the closure member and a threshold closure force SP₁ and sets the closure member velocity set point SP₂ based on the first error. The secondary feedback loop 153956 determines a second error between the actual velocity of the closure member and the set point velocity of the closure member an sets the closure member velocity based on the second error.

0349In one aspect, the threshold closure force SP₁ comprises an upper threshold and a lower threshold. The set point velocity SP₂ is configured to advance the closure member distally when the actual closure force is less than the lower threshold and the set point velocity is configured to retract the closure member proximally when the actual closure force is greater than the lower threshold. In one aspect, the set point velocity is configured to hold the closure member in place when the actual closure force is between the upper and lower thresholds.

0350In one aspect, the control system further comprises a force sensor (e.g., any of sensors 472, 474, 476 (<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 12</figref>), for example) coupled to the control circuit. The force sensor is configured measure the closure force. In one aspect, the force sensor comprises a torque sensor coupled to an output shaft of a motor coupled to the closure member. In one aspect, the force sensor comprises a strain gauge coupled to the closure member. In one aspect, the force sensor comprises a load cell coupled to the closure member. In one aspect, the control system comprises a position sensor coupled to the closure member, wherein the position sensor is configured to measure the position of the closure member.

0351In one aspect, the control system comprises a first motor configured to couple to the closure member and the control circuit is configured to advance the closure member during at least a portion of a firing stroke.

0352The functions or processes 153990 described herein may be executed by any of the processing circuits described herein. Aspects of the motorized surgical instrument may be practiced without the specific details disclosed herein. Some aspects have been shown as block diagrams rather than detail.

0353Parts of this disclosure may be presented in terms of instructions that operate on data stored in a computer memory. An algorithm refers to a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result, where a "step" refers to a manipulation of physical quantities which may take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. These signals may be referred to as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers. These and similar terms may be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities.

0354Generally, aspects described herein which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various types of "electrical circuitry." Consequently, "electrical circuitry" includes electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer or processor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). These aspects may be implemented in analog or digital form, or combinations thereof.

0355The foregoing description has set forth aspects of devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples, which may contain one or more functions and/or operation. Each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one aspect, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), circuits, registers and/or software components, e.g., programs, subroutines, logic and/or combinations of hardware and software components. Logic gates, or other integrated formats. Some aspects disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure.

0356The mechanisms of the disclosed subject matter are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative aspect of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link (e.g., transmitter, receiver, transmission logic, reception logic, etc.).

0357The foregoing description of these aspects has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. These aspects were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the aspects and with modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope.

Situational Awareness

0358Situational awareness is the ability of some aspects of a surgical system to determine or infer information related to a surgical procedure from data received from databases and/or instruments. The information can include the type of procedure being undertaken, the type of tissue being operated on, or the body cavity that is the subject of the procedure. With the contextual information related to the surgical procedure, the surgical system can, for example, improve the manner in which it controls the modular devices (e.g. a robotic arm and/or robotic surgical tool) that are connected to it and provide contextualized information or suggestions to the surgeon during the course of the surgical procedure.

0359Referring now to <figref idref="f0078">FIG. 87</figref>, a timeline 5200 depicting situational awareness of a hub, such as the surgical hub 106 or 206, for example, is depicted. The timeline 5200 is an illustrative surgical procedure and the contextual information that the surgical hub 106, 206 can derive from the data received from the data sources at each step in the surgical procedure. The timeline 5200 depicts the typical steps that would be taken by the nurses, surgeons, and other medical personnel during the course of a lung segmentectomy procedure, beginning with setting up the operating theater and ending with transferring the patient to a post-operative recovery room.

0360The situationally aware surgical hub 106, 206 receives data from the data sources throughout the course of the surgical procedure, including data generated each time medical personnel utilize a modular device that is paired with the surgical hub 106, 206. The surgical hub 106, 206 can receive this data from the paired modular devices and other data sources and continually derive inferences (i.e., contextual information) about the ongoing procedure as new data is received, such as which step of the procedure is being performed at any given time. The situational awareness system of the surgical hub 106, 206 is able to, for example, record data pertaining to the procedure for generating reports, verify the steps being taken by the medical personnel, provide data or prompts (e.g., via a display screen) that may be pertinent for the particular procedural step, adjust modular devices based on the context (e.g., activate monitors, adjust the field of view (FOV) of the medical imaging device, or change the energy level of an ultrasonic surgical instrument or RF electrosurgical instrument), and take any other such action described above.

0361As the first step 5202 in this illustrative procedure, the hospital staff members retrieve the patient's EMR from the hospital's EMR database. Based on select patient data in the EMR, the surgical hub 106, 206 determines that the procedure to be performed is a thoracic procedure.

0362Second step 5204, the staff members scan the incoming medical supplies for the procedure. The surgical hub 106, 206 cross-references the scanned supplies with a list of supplies that are utilized in various types of procedures and confirms that the mix of supplies corresponds to a thoracic procedure. Further, the surgical hub 106, 206 is also able to determine that the procedure is not a wedge procedure (because the incoming supplies either lack certain supplies that are necessary for a thoracic wedge procedure or do not otherwise correspond to a thoracic wedge procedure).

0363Third step 5206, the medical personnel scan the patient band via a scanner that is communicably connected to the surgical hub 106, 206. The surgical hub 106, 206 can then confirm the patient's identity based on the scanned data.

0364Fourth step 5208, the medical staff turns on the auxiliary equipment. The auxiliary equipment being utilized can vary according to the type of surgical procedure and the techniques to be used by the surgeon, but in this illustrative case they include a smoke evacuator, insufflator, and medical imaging device. When activated, the auxiliary equipment that are modular devices can automatically pair with the surgical hub 106, 206 that is located within a particular vicinity of the modular devices as part of their initialization process. The surgical hub 106, 206 can then derive contextual information about the surgical procedure by detecting the types of modular devices that pair with it during this pre-operative or initialization phase. In this particular example, the surgical hub 106, 206 determines that the surgical procedure is a VATS procedure based on this particular combination of paired modular devices. Based on the combination of the data from the patient's EMR, the list of medical supplies to be used in the procedure, and the type of modular devices that connect to the hub, the surgical hub 106, 206 can generally infer the specific procedure that the surgical team will be performing. Once the surgical hub 106, 206 knows what specific procedure is being performed, the surgical hub 106, 206 can then retrieve the steps of that procedure from a memory or from the cloud and then cross-reference the data it subsequently receives from the connected data sources (e.g., modular devices and patient monitoring devices) to infer what step of the surgical procedure the surgical team is performing.

0365Fifth step 5210, the staff members attach the EKG electrodes and other patient monitoring devices to the patient. The EKG electrodes and other patient monitoring devices are able to pair with the surgical hub 106, 206. As the surgical hub 106, 206 begins receiving data from the patient monitoring devices, the surgical hub 106, 206 thus confirms that the patient is in the operating theater.

0366Sixth step 5212, the medical personnel induce anesthesia in the patient. The surgical hub 106, 206 can infer that the patient is under anesthesia based on data from the modular devices and/or patient monitoring devices, including EKG data, blood pressure data, ventilator data, or combinations thereof, for example. Upon completion of the sixth step 5212, the pre-operative portion of the lung segmentectomy procedure is completed and the operative portion begins.

0367Seventh step 5214, the patient's lung that is being operated on is collapsed (while ventilation is switched to the contralateral lung). The surgical hub 106, 206 can infer from the ventilator data that the patient's lung has been collapsed, for example. The surgical hub 106, 206 can infer that the operative portion of the procedure has commenced as it can compare the detection of the patient's lung collapsing to the expected steps of the procedure (which can be accessed or retrieved previously) and thereby determine that collapsing the lung is the first operative step in this particular procedure.

0368Eighth step 5216, the medical imaging device (e.g., a scope) is inserted and video from the medical imaging device is initiated. The surgical hub 106, 206 receives the medical imaging device data (i.e., video or image data) through its connection to the medical imaging device. Upon receipt of the medical imaging device data, the surgical hub 106, 206 can determine that the laparoscopic portion of the surgical procedure has commenced. Further, the surgical hub 106, 206 can determine that the particular procedure being performed is a segmentectomy, as opposed to a lobectomy (note that a wedge procedure has already been discounted by the surgical hub 106, 206 based on data received at the second step 5204 of the procedure). The data from the medical imaging device 124 (<figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>) can be utilized to determine contextual information regarding the type of procedure being performed in a number of different ways, including by determining the angle at which the medical imaging device is oriented with respect to the visualization of the patient's anatomy, monitoring the number or medical imaging devices being utilized (i.e., that are activated and paired with the surgical hub 106, 206), and monitoring the types of visualization devices utilized. For example, one technique for performing a VATS lobectomy places the camera in the lower anterior corner of the patient's chest cavity above the diaphragm, whereas one technique for performing a VATS segmentectomy places the camera in an anterior intercostal position relative to the segmental fissure. Using pattern recognition or machine learning techniques, for example, the situational awareness system can be trained to recognize the positioning of the medical imaging device according to the visualization of the patient's anatomy. As another example, one technique for performing a VATS lobectomy utilizes a single medical imaging device, whereas another technique for performing a VATS segmentectomy utilizes multiple cameras. As yet another example, one technique for performing a VATS segmentectomy utilizes an infrared light source (which can be communicably coupled to the surgical hub as part of the visualization system) to visualize the segmental fissure, which is not utilized in a VATS lobectomy. By tracking any or all of this data from the medical imaging device, the surgical hub 106, 206 can thereby determine the specific type of surgical procedure being performed and/or the technique being used for a particular type of surgical procedure.

0369Ninth step 5218, the surgical team begins the dissection step of the procedure. The surgical hub 106, 206 can infer that the surgeon is in the process of dissecting to mobilize the patient's lung because it receives data from the RF or ultrasonic generator indicating that an energy instrument is being fired. The surgical hub 106, 206 can cross-reference the received data with the retrieved steps of the surgical procedure to determine that an energy instrument being fired at this point in the process (i.e., after the completion of the previously discussed steps of the procedure) corresponds to the dissection step. In certain instances, the energy instrument can be an energy tool mounted to a robotic arm of a robotic surgical system.

0370Tenth step 5220, the surgical team proceeds to the ligation step of the procedure. The surgical hub 106, 206 can infer that the surgeon is ligating arteries and veins because it receives data from the surgical stapling and cutting instrument indicating that the instrument is being fired. Similarly to the prior step, the surgical hub 106, 206 can derive this inference by cross-referencing the receipt of data from the surgical stapling and cutting instrument with the retrieved steps in the process. In certain instances, the surgical instrument can be a surgical tool mounted to a robotic arm of a robotic surgical system.

0371Eleventh step 5222, the segmentectomy portion of the procedure is performed. The surgical hub 106, 206 can infer that the surgeon is transecting the parenchyma based on data from the surgical stapling and cutting instrument, including data from its cartridge. The cartridge data can correspond to the size or type of staple being fired by the instrument, for example. As different types of staples are utilized for different types of tissues, the cartridge data can thus indicate the type of tissue being stapled and/or transected. In this case, the type of staple being fired is utilized for parenchyma (or other similar tissue types), which allows the surgical hub 106, 206 to infer that the segmentectomy portion of the procedure is being performed.

0372Twelfth step 5224, the node dissection step is then performed. The surgical hub 106, 206 can infer that the surgical team is dissecting the node and performing a leak test based on data received from the generator indicating that an RF or ultrasonic instrument is being fired. For this particular procedure, an RF or ultrasonic instrument being utilized after parenchyma was transected corresponds to the node dissection step, which allows the surgical hub 106, 206 to make this inference. It should be noted that surgeons regularly switch back and forth between surgical stapling/cutting instruments and surgical energy (i.e., RF or ultrasonic) instruments depending upon the particular step in the procedure because different instruments are better adapted for particular tasks. Therefore, the particular sequence in which the stapling/cutting instruments and surgical energy instruments are used can indicate what step of the procedure the surgeon is performing. Moreover, in certain instances, robotic tools can be utilized for one or more steps in a surgical procedure and/or handheld surgical instruments can be utilized for one or more steps in the surgical procedure. The surgeon(s) can alternate between robotic tools and handheld surgical instruments and/or can use the devices concurrently, for example. Upon completion of the twelfth step 5224, the incisions are closed up and the post-operative portion of the procedure begins.

0373Thirteenth step 5226, the patient's anesthesia is reversed. The surgical hub 106, 206 can infer that the patient is emerging from the anesthesia based on the ventilator data (i.e., the patient's breathing rate begins increasing), for example.

0374Lastly, the fourteenth step 5228 is that the medical personnel remove the various patient monitoring devices from the patient. The surgical hub 106, 206 can thus infer that the patient is being transferred to a recovery room when the hub loses EKG, BP, and other data from the patient monitoring devices. As can be seen from the description of this illustrative procedure, the surgical hub 106, 206 can determine or infer when each step of a given surgical procedure is taking place according to data received from the various data sources that are communicably coupled to the surgical hub 106, 206.

0375Situational awareness is further described in <patcit id="pcit0107" dnum="US94065418A"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 15/940,654</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, filed March 29, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In certain instances, operation of a robotic surgical system, including the various robotic surgical systems disclosed herein, for example, can be controlled by the hub 106, 206 based on its situational awareness and/or feedback from the components thereof and/or based on information from the cloud 104.

SURGICAL INSTRUMENT CARTRIDGE SENSOR ASSEMBLIES

Cartridge Sensor Assemblies

0376Typical sensor assemblies utilized in surgical instruments are only able to passively detect tissue and physical environmental conditions, which can limit the amount, type, and detail of the data that they are able to detect. Aspects of the present disclosure present a solution, wherein the cartridges for use with the surgical instruments include active sensors that can be utilized to dynamically evaluate the tissue by stimulating or perturbing the tissue during the course of a surgical procedure and then detecting the corresponding response in the tissue. By applying a stimulus to the tissue through an active sensor incorporated with the cartridge, the surgical instrument can sense additional or different information than could have been detected using passive sensors.

0377<figref idref="f0079">FIG. 88</figref> illustrates a perspective view of a staple cartridge 27000 including an active sensor 27006, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The staple cartridge 27000 can be received within an end effector 150300 of a surgical instrument 150010, such as the surgical instrument 150010 described with respect to <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>. In one aspect, the staple cartridge 27006 includes an active sensor 27006, which in turn includes an active element 27002 and a sensor 27004. The active sensor 27006 is configured to actively perturb or stimulate its environment, via the active element 27002, and then measure the corresponding environmental response, via the sensor 27004. The active sensor 27006 differs from passive sensors, which are configured to passively measure their environment.

0378The active element 27002 is configured to provide a stimulus to a tissue clamped by the end effector 150300 in which the staple cartridge 27000 is inserted (i.e., a tissue positioned or secured between the cartridge deck 27008 and the anvil 150306 of the end effector 150300). The sensor 27004 is configured to sense a tissue parameter associated with the perturbation or stimulus applied to the tissue and thereby determine the change in the tissue parameter resulting from the stimulus. In one aspect, the active element 27002 and the sensor 27004 are incorporated together or otherwise associated with each other to form an active sensor 27006 as single integral unit. In another aspect, the active element 27002 and the sensor 27004 are positioned separately from each other on or in the cartridge or otherwise disassociated with each other to form an active sensor 27006 as a distributed unit.

0379<figref idref="f0080">FIG. 89</figref> illustrates a block diagram of a circuit 27010, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the cartridge 27000 includes a circuit 27010, which includes an active element 27002, a sensor 27004, a control circuit 27012 that is communicably connected to each of the active element 27002 and the sensor 27004, and a power source 27014 that is connected to the control circuit 27012 for supplying power thereto. The circuit 27010 and/or control circuit 27012 can include, for example, hardwired circuitry, programmable circuitry, state machine circuitry, firmware that stores instructions executed by programmable circuitry, and any combination thereof. In one aspect, the control circuit 27012 can be configured to activate the active element 27002, cause the active element 27002 to discharge or supply the stimulus to a tissue clamped by the end effector, or otherwise control the state of the active element 27002. The control circuit 27014 can be configured to activate the sensor 27004, receive data or an electrical signal indicative of a tissue property from the sensor 27004, or otherwise control the sensor 27004. In various aspects, either or both of the active element 27002 and the sensor 27004 can be exposed or positioned on the deck 27008 of the cartridge 27000 to contact a tissue positioned against the cartridge deck 27008, such as is illustrated in <figref idref="f0079">FIG. 88</figref>. In one aspect, the circuit 27010 illustrated in <figref idref="f0080">FIG. 89</figref> can be embodied as a flex circuit. In one aspect, the circuit 27010 is a separate circuit from a cartridge circuit and/or a channel circuit, such as the cartridge circuit and channel circuit disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0108" dnum="US63609617A"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 15/636,096, filed June 28, 2017</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL SYSTEM COUPLABLE WITH STAPLE CARTRIDGE AND RADIO FREQUENCY CARTRIDGE, AND METHOD OF USING SAME, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In such aspects, the circuit 27010 may or may not be communicably coupled to the cartridge circuit and/or channel circuit. In another aspect, the circuit 27010 is integrated into the cartridge circuit and/or channel circuit.

0380In one aspect, the active element 27002 comprises a heating element and the sensor 27004 comprises a temperature sensor (e.g., a temperature measuring array). In this aspect, the active element 27002 is configured to provide a stimulus (perturbation) in the form of heat or thermal energy to a tissue grasped by the end effector 150300 and/or positioned against the cartridge deck 27008. Further, the sensor 27004 is configured to sense the physiologic response of the tissue to which the thermal energy from the active element 27002 is applied. The control circuit 27012 can thus be configured to evaluate the physiologic response of the tissue via data and/or signals received from the sensor 27004.

0381In one aspect, the active element 27002 is configured to apply thermal energy to a predetermined or localized area of a tissue grasped by the end effector 150300 and/or positioned against the cartridge deck 27008. For example, the heating element can comprise a heat sink (e.g., constructed from aluminum and/or copper) that is configured to convert electrical energy (e.g., from the power source 27014) into heat to apply thermal energy to a predetermined or localized area of a tissue adjacent or localized to the heat sink. In another aspect, the active element 27002 is configured to apply thermal energy across the entirety of or a larger portion of the surface of the cartridge deck 27008. For example, the heating element can comprise a flexible heating grid built into one or more of the layers of the cartridge circuit. In such aspects, the heating grid can be configured to enable the entirety or a large portion of the cartridge 27000 to emit thermal energy. Alternatively or additionally, the heating grid can be configured such that various regions of the heating grid can be activated to produce thermal energy. In this example, the heating grid can likewise be utilized to apply thermal energy at localized or predefined heating areas with a specified amount of thermal energy output to apply to a tissue.

0382Applying thermal energy to a tissue can be utilized to derive a variety of physiological information regarding the tissue. For example, the rate at which the temperature of a tissue rises is a function of its water content. Accordingly, applying thermal energy to a tissue can be utilized to determine the overall water content of the tissue by sensing the rate at which the temperature of the tissue increases in response to applied thermal energy. The water content of a tissue in turn corresponds to, for example, the tissue type. Further, applying thermal energy to different portions of a tissue can be utilized to determine the location(s) of high or low water content tissue by comparing the rates at which the temperatures of the different portions of the tissue increase in response to applied thermal energy.

0383In one aspect, the active element 27002 comprises a pressure-applying element and the sensor 27004 comprises a tissue compression sensor. The pressure-applying element can include, for example, a magnetic or electroactive polymer that, when energized, is configured to deform in shape and thereby apply a local pressure to a specific area of tissue situated thereagainst. The pressure-applying element can be disposed on, for example, the cartridge deck 27008 such that the pressure-applying element contacts and applies pressure to a tissue situated thereagainst. The tissue compression sensor can include, for example, an impedance sensor configured to measure an impedance of the tissue. As the impedance of the tissue can correspond to the thickness of the tissue (i.e., tissue compression), monitoring the time rate change of the tissue impedance can be utilized to monitor the change in the viscoelastic properties of the tissue over time in response to the pressure stimulus. Such viscoelastic properties of the tissue can include, for example, tissue creep and stability. The tissue compression sensor can also include, for example, a force sensor (e.g., a load cell or force-sensitive resistor) configured to sense a force or pressure exerted on the tissue or a gap sensor (e.g., a Hall effect sensor) configured to sense the gap or distance between the jaws (e.g., the anvil 150306 and/or channel 150302 of the surgical instrument 150010 depicted in <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>) of the end effector 150300, which in turn corresponds to the degree to which a tissue grasped by the end effector 150300 is being compressed.

0384The magnetic or electroactive polymers can be configured to deform in a predetermined manner according to the manner in which they are manufactured. In one aspect, the control circuit 27012 can be configured to receive measurements from the sensor 27004 regarding the tissue compression while the added pressure is applied to determine accelerated creep aspects of the tissue. In one aspect, the control circuit 27012 can be configured to receive measurements from the sensor 27004 regarding the tissue pressure after the added pressure is relieved to evaluate the tissue recovery characteristics of the tissue.

0385Applying pressure to a tissue can be utilized to derive a variety of physiological information regarding the tissue. For example, the viscoelastic properties exhibited by a tissue correspond to its tissue type. In other words, different types of tissue each exhibit consistent viscoelastic properties. Accordingly, applying a pressure to a tissue can be utilized to determine the viscoelastic properties of a tissue by sensing the rate at which the tissue compresses, the rate at which the tissue returns to its prior shape when the pressure is removed, and other viscoelastic properties. Additional details regarding monitoring the viscoelastic properties of tissue can be found under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware" and in <patcit id="pcit0109" dnum="US20160256156A"><text>U.S. Patent Publication No. 2016/0256156, filed September 14, 2015</text></patcit>, titled TIME DEPENDENT EVALUATION OF SENSOR DATA TO DETERMINE STABILITY, CREEP, AND VISCOELASTIC ELEMENTS OF MEASURES, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

0386<figref idref="f0081">FIG. 90</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process 27050 for determining a tissue type. In the following description of the process 27050, reference should also be made for <figref idref="f0080">FIG. 89</figref>. The illustrated process can be executed by, for example, a control circuit 27012. Accordingly, the control circuit 27012 executing the process 27050 causes the active element 27002 to apply 27052 a stimulus to a tissue clamped at or by the end effector 150300. The stimulus can include, for example, heat or pressure. Accordingly, the control circuit 27012 detects 27054 a change in the tissue property sensed by the sensor 27004, wherein the tissue property sensed by the sensor 27004 corresponds to the stimulus imparted upon the tissue by the active element 27002. The tissue property sensed by the sensor 27004 can include, for example, the tissue temperature or the viscoelastic properties of the tissue. Accordingly, the control circuit 27012 determines 27056 the tissue type of the clamped tissue by characterizing the resulting change in the sensed property of the tissue in response to the application of the stimulus. The tissue type can include, for example, the physiological tissue type (e.g., lung tissue or stomach tissue) or the tissue type exhibiting particular tissue characteristics (e.g., tissue having a particular water content).

0387In aspects wherein the cartridge circuit is a flex circuit, the flex circuit can include reinforced sections for fixation of sensors, chips, and other electronics. In one aspect, the control circuitry can be disposed on a rigid substrate having positive attachment points within the molded cartridge. In another aspect, the control chips or circuitry could be disposed on a reinforced semi-rigid section of the flex circuit where the circuit is designed to be fixated to the cartridge (e.g., via adhesion by being sandwiched between layers of the cartridge or between the end effector channel and the cartridge). In another aspect, distal portions of the flex circuit could include the sensors 27004 or sensing arrays for use with the control circuits 27012 (which may or may not likewise be disposed on reinforced or semi-rigid sections of the circuit).

0388<figref idref="f0082">FIG. 91</figref> illustrates a perspective view of a cartridge 27100 including hydrophobic areas 27102, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, a cartridge (e.g., a stapling cartridge or an RF energy cartridge) can include hydrophobic areas 27102 disposed on the cartridge deck 27104. The hydrophobic areas 27102 can be configured to exclude liquid contact, unless a direct pressure of a tissue is forced into contact with the hydrophobic areas 27102. The hydrophobic areas 27102 can include, for example, regions constructed from one or more hydrophobic materials that are disposed along the cartridge deck 27104. Further, it should be noted that although the cartridge 27200 is depicted as a staple cartridge, the cartridge 27200 also includes RF cartridges and any other such cartridges.

0389In one aspect, the location of the hydrophobic area(s) 27102 can be positioned adjacent to, positioned around, or otherwise correspond to the locations of the various cartridge sensors. For example, a cartridge 27100 can include hydrophobic areas 27102 that correspond to the locations of a first electrode disposed on the end effector 150300 that is configured to receive an RF signal from a corresponding second electrode, such as in aspects discussed with respect to <figref idref="f0033 f0034 f0035 f0036 f0037 f0038 f0039 f0040">FIGS. 36-43</figref>. As the positions of the hydrophobic areas 27102 correspond to the positions of the electrodes illustrated in <figref idref="f0033 f0034 f0035">FIGS. 36-38</figref> (i.e., RF electrodes 151038, 151048 and/or electrical contacts 151040, 151044, 151050, 151052), the hydrophobic areas 27102 thus prevent liquid contact against the electrodes unless a tissue is directly forced into contact therewith. As the electrodes utilize the liquid to transmit the RF signal, the control circuit coupled to the electrodes, such as circuit 151250 (<figref idref="f0037">FIG. 40</figref>), is configured to measure only the pressurized areas of the tissue.

0390In another aspect, the hydrophobic areas 27012 disposed on or otherwise integrated with RF or other energy cartridges that are configured to drive fluids out of a tissue in order to cut and/ coagulate the tissue. In this aspect, the cartridge sensors can be positioned on, in, or adjacent to hydrophobic regions 27102. In aspects where the cartridge sensors include impedance sensors configured to sense an impedance of the tissue, the hydrophobic regions 27102 can make the impedance sensors more likely to sense resistive aspects of the tissue as it melts, as opposed to sensing the fluid being driven from the tissue.

0391In one aspect, the cartridge flex circuits and/or end effector flex circuits can include graphical overlays (e.g., printed pictures or icons) positioned on or at various locations of the cartridge 27100 and/or end effector 150300. The graphical overlays could be positioned to indicate, for example, where the sensing occurs on the flex circuit or where the tissue should be located with respect to the flex circuit to be sensed.

0392In one aspect, the cartridge flex circuits and/or end effector flex circuits can include floating flex circuit sensing arrays that are configured to allow the sensors to stay in contact with the tissue during tissue movement relative to the cartridge 27100, rather than the tissue moving relative to the sensing array. The floating flex circuit arrays can include, for example, a floating or movable layer that is configured to move relative to a fixed layer to maintain contact with the tissue. The floating layer and the fixed layer can be electrically connected such that movement of the floating layer does not break the electrical connection to the fixed layer. Additional detail regarding floating circuit sensing arrays can be found under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware."

0393In one aspect, the cartridge circuit can include an impedance circuit that is configured to apply a non-therapeutic level of electrical energy to the tissue (i.e., a degree of electrical energy that has no or minimal therapeutic effect) and then correspondingly sense the compression of the tissue, such as is discussed with respect to <figref idref="f0033 f0034 f0035 f0036 f0037 f0038 f0039 f0040">FIGS. 36-43</figref>. The cartridge circuit and/or a control circuit of the surgical instrument can be configured to monitor the force to close (FTC) the end effector and correlate the FTC to impedance changes in the tissue to determine the tissue configuration, tissue type, and/or tissue characteristics. The tissue configuration, tissue type, and/or tissue characteristics can then be utilized to determine the thresholds appropriate for force to fire (FTF), advancement speed, and/or creep rate to indicate stability.

0394The techniques described hereabove increase the amount and detail of data that is detectable by the surgical instrument's sensor assemblies and improved the surgical instrument's ability to differentiate between tissue types based on the tissues' responses to the applied stimulus.

Cartridge Identification and Status Detection

0395Surgical instrument cartridges may have multiple and/or duplicative means for storing or relaying data (i.e., data elements) associated with the cartridge. The data associated with the cartridge can include, for example, the cartridge type, characteristics of the cartridge, and whether the cartridge has been fired previously. Data redundancy is beneficial in avoiding total data loss if there is an error with one of the data elements or one of the data elements is destroyed. However, if one of the data elements incorrectly stores data, fails to store data, or has an error in transmitting the data, then an unresolvable conflict between the data elements may be created. When the surgical instrument or another system attempts to retrieve the data from the cartridge, the data conflict may cause errors in the surgical instrument or other system retrieving the data. Aspects of the present disclosure present a solution, wherein the surgical instruments are configured to resolve conflicts between data storage elements by prioritizing one of the data elements over the other data elements. In that way, the prioritized data element will supersede the other data elements, avoiding conflicts in attempting to select the proper cartridge data for use by the control circuit of the surgical instrument or another system.

0396<figref idref="f0083">FIG. 92</figref> illustrates a perspective view of a cartridge 27200 including a pair of data elements, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the data elements include features, characteristics, and/or devices that are associated with the cartridge 27200 and are capable of storing, representing, and/or relaying data associated with the cartridge. The data elements can include, for example, a data storage element 27202 that is configured to store data related to the cartridge and a data-representative feature 27204 that is configured to represent data related to the cartridge. In some aspects, the data elements can be broadly characterized as automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technologies. Although the cartridge depicted in <figref idref="f0083">FIG. 92</figref> includes two data elements, in alternative aspects the cartridge can include one or more than two data elements in various combinations of data storage elements and data-representative features of the cartridge. Further, it should be noted that although the cartridge 27200 is depicted as a staple cartridge, the cartridge 27200 also includes RF cartridges and any other such cartridges.

0397In various aspects, the data-representative feature 27204 can include, for example, a physically or visually identifiable feature or structure that is associated with or disposed on the cartridge 27200. In one such aspect, the data-representative feature 27204 can include the material that the cartridge body 27205 is constructed from and/or the thickness of the cartridge body 27205. The cartridge body 27205 material and/or thickness can be different for the various cartridge types in order to create keyed resistance ranges for each cartridge type, which can then be detected by a sensor 27224 (<figref idref="f0084">FIG. 93</figref>) associated with the end effector 150300 of the surgical instrument 150302. The sensor 27224 for detecting the cartridge body 27205 material and/or thickness can be disposed in the channel 150302 of the end effector 150300 for example. In such aspects, the end effector 150300 could be electrically insulated.

0398In another such aspect, the data-representative feature 27204 can include a layer of material or a structure disposed on the cartridge deck 27206 (e.g., at the proximal end of cartridge deck 27206) that is configured to influence the initial phase of clamping force. For example, in <figref idref="f0083">FIG. 92</figref> the data-representative feature 27204 includes a structure that extends generally orthogonally from the proximal end of the cartridge deck 27206 such that the anvil 150306 of the end effector 150300 would contact the structure as the anvil 150306 is clamped shut. The force as the anvil 150306 contacts the data-representative feature 27204 can then be detected by a control circuit 27222 (<figref idref="f0084">FIG. 93</figref>) via, e.g., a current sensor 786 (<figref idref="f0015">FIG. 18</figref>) detecting the motor current (which corresponds to the force exerted by the anvil 150306 as the anvil 150306 is driven closed by the motor 754). The material and/or geometry of the data-representative feature(s) 27204 disposed on the cartridge deck 27206 can be customized for each of the various cartridge types to yield different detectable responses in the force to close (FTC) the anvil 150306. A control circuit 27222 coupled to a sensor capable of detecting the data-representative feature 27204 can thus determine the cartridge type according to the degree or level of the maximum FTC, the characteristics of the FTC response (e.g., the shape of the FTC curve plotted verse time, as depicted in various graphs described under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware," such as <figref idref="f0075">FIG. 83</figref>), and other such characteristics of the FTC detected over time. For example, a first cartridge type can include a data-representative feature 27204 that is constructed from a stiff material and a second cartridge type can include a data-representative feature 27204 that is constructed from a flexible material. According to the type of FTC response detected by the control circuit 27222, the control circuit 27222 can thus determine whether the anvil 150306 is making contact with a stiff or flexible structure as the anvil 150306 is closed and thereby determine whether the cartridge 27200 is the first cartridge type or the second cartridge type, respectively.

0399In various aspects, the data storage element 27202 can, for example, be associated with or disposed on the cartridge 27200 and be configured to transmit data stored by the data storage element 27202 via a wired or wireless connection. In one aspect, the data storage element 27202 comprises a RFID micro-transponder or RFID chip including a digital signature. In another such aspect, the data storage elements comprise a battery-assisted passive RFID tag. A battery-assisted passive RFD tag can exhibit improved range and signal length as compared to RFID micro-transponders and/or RFID chips. In this aspect, the RFID tag can include a writable section that could be used to store data associated with the cartridge 27200, such as whether the cartridge 27200 has been fired. Data can be written to the writable section of the cartridge 27200 via a circuit, such as a control circuit of the cartridge 27200 or the surgical instrument. The writable section could then be read subsequently by a sensor of the surgical instrument so that the surgical instrument can determine, for example, that the cartridge 27200 should not be re-fired.

0400In aspects wherein the data storage element 27202 includes an RFID tag utilizing ultra high-frequencies and higher frequencies, the RFID tag may be more than one radio wavelength away from the reader (sensor) of the surgical instrument. Therefore, simply transmitting the RF signal may not be sufficient to communicate the data from the RFID tag. In these aspects, the RFID tag can be configured to backscatter a signal. The active RFID tags may contain transmitters and receivers that are functionally separated and the RFID tags need not respond on a frequency related to the reader's interrogation signal.

0401In another aspect, the data storage element 27202 can include a one-wire chip configured to store identification data. The data storage element 27202 can be configured to transmit or provide the stored identification data to the surgical instrument, either upon the cartridge 27200 being inserted in the end effector or in response to receiving a query from the surgical instrument. In such aspects, the one-wire chip can include a writable section that could be used to store data associated with the cartridge 27200, such as whether the cartridge 27200 has been fired. In another such aspect, the data storage elements comprise an integrated circuit (IC) executing a particular communication protocol, such as an I-squared-C (i.e., I-two-C), SPI, or other multi-master, multi-slave, packet-switched, single-ended, serial computer bus. Various additional details regarding wired electrical connections between the cartridge 27200 and the surgical instrument can be found in <patcit id="pcit0110" dnum="US63609617A"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 15/636,096, filed June 28, 2017</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL SYSTEM COUPLABLE WITH STAPLE CARTRIDGE AND RADIO FREQUENCY CARTRIDGE, AND METHOD OF USING SAME, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

0402Although <figref idref="f0083">FIG. 92</figref> depicts a cartridge 27200 including a single data-representative feature 27204 and a single data storage element 27202, it should be noted that different aspects of the cartridge 27200 can include various combinations of the aforementioned data elements. In other words, various aspects of the cartridge 27200 can include combinations of multiple data-representative features 27204, multiple data storage elements 27202, different types of data storage elements 27202 and/or data-representative features 27204, and so on.

0403The data storage element 27202 can store or represent a variety of data pertaining to the cartridge 27200, including, for example, data identifying the cartridge type and data identifying characteristics of the cartridge (e.g., the cartridge size). In one aspect, the data storage element 27202 can be configured to store an Electronic Product Code (EPC). In aspects wherein the data storage element is an RFID tag, the EPC can be written into the tag by an RFID printer and can contain, for example, a 96-bit string of data. The string of data can include, for example, a header (e.g., of eight bits) identifying the version of the protocol; an organization number (e.g., of 28 bits) that identifies the organization that manages the data for this tag (which can be assigned by the EPC Global consortium); an object class (e.g., of 24 bits) identifying the kind of product; and a unique serial number (e.g., of 36 bits) for a particular tag. The object class and unique serial number fields can be set by the organization that issued the tag. Similarly to a URL, the EPC number can be used as a key into a global database to uniquely identify a particular product.

0404<figref idref="f0084">FIG. 93</figref> illustrates a block diagram of a sensor assembly 27220 for detecting and/or receiving data from data elements associated with a cartridge 27200, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In the following description of the sensor assembly 27220, reference should also be made to <figref idref="f0083">FIG. 92</figref>. The sensor assembly 27220 can be included in or communicably coupled with a surgical instrument that is configured to receive a cartridge 27200. In one aspect, the sensor assembly 27220 includes a control circuit 27222 communicably connected to a sensor 27224 configured to detect a data-representative feature 27204 representing cartridge data and an I/O interface 27228 that is configured to receive data from a data storage element 27202 storing cartridge data. In one aspect, the sensor assembly 27220 be a component of or integrated with a circuit disposed in the channel 150302 (<figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>) of the end effector 150300, such as the channel circuit disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0111" dnum="US636096A"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 15/636,096</text></patcit>. In another aspect, the sensor assembly 27220 be a distinct or separate from the channel circuit, such as the channel circuit disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0112" dnum="US636096A"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 15/636,096</text></patcit>. The control circuit 27222 is further connected to a power source to draw power therefrom. The sensor 27224 can include any type of sensor that is able to identify a particular physical or visual feature identifying the cartridge 27200. In one aspect, the sensor 27224 can include a current sensor (e.g., current sensor 786 discussed in connection with <figref idref="f0015 f0016">FIGS. 18-19</figref>) that is configured to detect the current drawn by the motor 754 (<figref idref="f0015">FIG. 18</figref>) during at least the initial or clamping portion of the firing member stroke, thereby allowing the control circuit 27222 to determine the FTC and thereby determine whether the anvil 150306 of the end effector 150300 is encountering a physical feature disposed on the cartridge 27200 identifying the cartridge type, as described above. In another aspect, the sensor 27224 can include an optical sensor (e.g., sensor 152408 discussed in connection with <figref idref="f0068">FIGS. 73-74</figref>) configured to detect an icon, color, bar code, or other marking or series of markings disposed on the cartridge 27200 that identify the cartridge type. In one aspect, the I/O interface 27228 can include bus wires (e.g., cartridge and channel electrical contacts disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0113" dnum="US636096A"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 15/636,096</text></patcit>) configured to electrically connect to a data storage element 27202 storing data to receive the data stored thereon utilizing a wired communication protocol (e.g., I-squared-C). In another aspect, the I/O interface 27228 can include a wireless transmitter configured to wirelessly connect to a data storage element 27202 storing data to receive the data stored thereon utilizing a wireless communication protocol (e.g., Bluetooth).

0405Other aspects of the sensor assembly 27220 can include various combinations of sensors 27224 configured to detect data-representative features 27204 and I/O interfaces 27228 configured to receive data from data storage elements 27202 associated with a cartridge 2700, including multiple sensors 27224 (of the same or different types), multiple I/O interfaces 27228 (of the same or different types), no I/O interfaces 27228, no sensors 27224, and all combinations thereof. The particular combination of sensors 27224 and/or I/O interfaces 27228 included in the sensor assembly 27220 to detect data associated with the cartridge 27200 corresponds to the combination of data elements utilized by the cartridge 27200 to store cartridge data.

0406<figref idref="f0085">FIG. 94</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process 27300 for resolving data identification conflicts, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In the following description of the process 27300, reference should also be made to <figref idref="f0083 f0084">FIGS. 92-93</figref>. The illustrated process 27300 can be executed by, for example, the control circuit 27222 of the sensor assembly 27220 depicted in <figref idref="f0084">FIG. 93</figref>.

0407Accordingly, the control circuit 27222 executing the illustrated process 27300 determines 27302, 27304 the cartridge data (i.e., data identifying the cartridge 27200 and/or data regarding characteristics of the cartridge 27200) associated with a first data element and a second data element. In aspects where the first data element is a data-representative feature, such as in <figref idref="f0083">FIG. 92</figref>, the control circuit 27222 determines 27302 the cartridge data by sensing the presence and identity of the data-representative feature 27204 via a sensor 27224, as described above, and then retrieving the appropriate cartridge data corresponding to the identified data-representative feature 27204. The cartridge data can be retrieved from, for example, a look-up table. In aspects where the second data element is a data storage element 27202, such as in <figref idref="f0083">FIG. 92</figref>, the control circuit 27222 determines the cartridge data by receiving the stored cartridge data from the data storage element 27202.

0408Accordingly, the control circuit 27222 determines 27306 whether the cartridge data from the two sources (i.e., the first data element and the second data element) correspond to each other. If the data from the two sources do correspond to each other, then the process 27300 continues along the YES branch and the control circuit 27222 selects one of the two matching data and proceeds accordingly. If the data from the two sources do not correspond to each other, then the process 27300 continues along the NO branch and the control circuit 27222 determines which of the two data elements has a higher priority and accordingly selects 27310 the cartridge data from the higher priority data storage element. The prioritization between different types of data elements can be preprogrammed by the manufacturer or set by a user, for example. The selected data can be, for example, stored in a memory 264 (<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 16</figref>) of the surgical instrument for subsequent use, utilized in a control algorithm for controlling one or more operations of the surgical instrument, or otherwise utilized by a control circuit of the surgical instrument.

0409The techniques described hereabove permit data redundancy in the cartridges without creating unresolvable processing conflicts.

VARIABLE OUTPUT CARTRIDGE SENSOR ASSEMBLY

Backward Compatible Sensor Assembly

0410As new versions of surgical instruments and their associated modular components (e.g., stapler cartridges) are developed, older versions of the surgical instruments may become incompatible with newer versions of the modular components due to additional or alternative features being incorporated into the modular components, the sensor architecture of the modular components being changed, and other such updates being developed for the modular components. Therefore, the release of an updated modular component that is no longer compatible with the prior version(s) of the associated surgical instrument can cut short the effective lifespan of the surgical instrument, even if the surgical instrument is otherwise fully functioning. Aspects of the present disclosure provide a solution, wherein modular components can include sensors configured to output data in two or more different modes or formats. A first data output format from the sensors can be compatible with current versions of the surgical instrument, whereas a second data output format from the sensors can be compatible with prior versions of the surgical instrument (i.e., the second data output format can mimic the data output format of a prior version of the modular device). The modular components can further be configured to determine whether they are connected to an out-of-date or an up-to-date version of the surgical instrument and then cause their sensors to output data in a format that is compatible with the version of the surgical instrument.

0411<figref idref="f0086">FIG. 95</figref> illustrates a block diagram of a circuit 28000 including a variable output sensor 28004, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the circuit 28000 includes a control circuit 28002 that is communicably coupled to a sensor 28004. In one aspect, the sensor 28004 can be configured to output data in a first mode 28006a or a second mode 28006b. The circuit 28000 further includes a power source 28008 connected to the control circuit 28002 for supplying power thereto. In one aspect, when the sensor 28004 is in the first output mode 28006a, the sensor data feed output by the sensor 28004 is configured for use by the current version of a surgical instrument, such as a surgical instrument 150010 described in connection with <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>. In one aspect, when the sensor 28004 is in the second output mode 28006b, the sensor data feed output by the sensor 28004 is configured for use by a prior or older version of a surgical instrument. In various aspects, the sensor data feed of the first output mode 28006a can, for example, provide more complex data, more voluminous data, or data that is in an updated or alternate format suitable for use with the current version of the surgical instrument as compared to the second output mode's 28006b sensor data feed. In various aspects, the sensor data feed of the second output mode 28006b can, for example, provide data that is in a simpler or different format than the sensor data feed of the first output mode 28006a. In various aspects, the sensor data feed of the first output mode 28006a can be incompatible with an older version of the surgical instrument and/or the sensor data feed of the second output mode 28006b can be incompatible with a current or more recent version of the surgical instrument.

0412In one aspect, the circuit 28000 can be included with a cartridge 150304 (<figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>), such as a stapler cartridge or an RF cartridge, that is configured to be received by an end effector 150300 (<figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>) of a surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>). The circuit 28000 and/or control circuit 28002 can be communicably coupled to a control circuit 760 (<figref idref="f0015 f0016">FIGS. 18-19</figref>) of the surgical instrument 150010 upon the cartridge 150304 being inserted into the end effector 15300 or otherwise connected to the surgical instrument 150010. In one aspect, the circuit 28000 and/or control circuit 28002 of the cartridge 150304 can be communicably connected to the control circuit 760 of the surgical instrument 150010 via corresponding electrical contacts that communicably couple the cartridge 150304 and the surgical instrument 150010 upon the cartridge 150304 being received within the end effector 150300, such as is disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0114" dnum="US63609617A"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 15/636,096, filed June 28, 2017</text></patcit>, titled SURGICAL SYSTEM COUPLABLE WITH STAPLE CARTRIDGE AND RADIO FREQUENCY CARTRIDGE, AND METHOD OF USING SAME, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

0413In one aspect, the sensor 28004 can comprise a magnetoresistance and impedance combo array that is configured to provide better accuracy in measuring the magnetic field being sensed, as well as some tissue contact related data, as compared to a Hall effect sensor. In this example, the sensor 28004 comprises a first output mode 28006a that can output the magnetoresistance and impedance data feeds to provide a smart gap sensing metric. The magnetoresistance and impedance data feeds of the first output mode 28006a of the sensor 28004 could, for example, be combined using an algorithm (e.g., executed by the control circuit 28002 of the cartridge 150304) as an output signal. The sensor 28004 can further comprise a second output mode 28006b that can output a signal equivalent to a Hall effect sensor output. However, when the circuit 28000 of the modular component (e.g., a cartridge 150304) comprising the sensor 28004 detects that it is being utilized with an older generation surgical instrument, the circuit 28000 can be configured to cause the sensor 28004 to calculate and output the sensor data feed of the second output mode 28006b, which mimics the output of a Hall effect sensor for the gap measurement being sensed. Thus, the circuit 28000 can allow the sensor 28004 to also be compatible with older generation surgical instruments that are programmed to receive a data feed and/or signal from a Hall effect sensor.

0414In another aspect, the sensor 28004 can comprise a smaller Hall effect or other type of proximity sensor that is configured to replace a position or limit switch. Similarly as described above, when the circuit 28000 of the modular component (e.g., a cartridge 150304) detects that it is being utilized with an older generation surgical instrument, the circuit 28000 can be configured to cause the sensor 28004 to calculate and output a sensor data feed mimicking the output of a simulated switch closure, thereby allowing the sensor 28004 to also be compatible with older generation surgical instruments that are programmed to receive a data feed and/or signal from a position or limit switch.

0415<figref idref="f0087">FIG. 96</figref> illustrates a logic flow diagram of a process 28050 for controlling an output mode of a sensor 28004, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In the following description of the process 28050, reference should also be made to <figref idref="f0086">FIG. 95</figref>. The illustrated process 28050 can be executed by, for example, the control circuit 28002. The sensor 28004 controlled by the process 28050 can be included with a modular component intended to be connected or otherwise associated with a surgical instrument 150010, such as a stapler cartridge.

0416Accordingly, the control circuit 28002 executing the illustrated process 28050 determines 28052 whether the version of the modular component corresponds to or is otherwise compatible with the version of the surgical instrument 150010. The control circuit 28002 can determine whether the modular device and the surgical instrument 150010 are compatible by, for example, retrieving a version number, EPC, or other identifier from the surgical instrument 150010 (e.g., when the modular device is connected to the surgical instrument) and then retrieving a look-up table (e.g., stored in a memory of the modular component) listing versions of the surgical instrument 150010 that are compatible with the modular component. If the modular component and the surgical instrument 150010 are compatible, then the process 28050 continues along the YES branch and the control circuit 280002 causes the sensor 28004 to output data in a first data mode 28006a. If the modular component and the surgical instrument 150010 are not compatible, then the process 28050 continues along the NO branch and the control circuit 28002 causes the sensor 28004 to output data in a second data mode 28006b.

0417In one aspect, sensor data stream output by the sensor 28004 when the sensor 28004 is in the first output mode 28006a may only be incompatible with the older versions of the surgical instruments when the data moves outside of certain tolerances or thresholds. In this aspect, the control circuit 28002 can be configured to cause the sensor 28004 to output data in the second output mode 28006b only when the sensor data stream moves outside of the acceptable thresholds for the older version of the surgical instrument.

0418The techniques described hereabove permit out-of-date versions of surgical instruments to utilize newer or current versions of modular components without losing any functionality and provide surgical instruments with a longer effective lifespan by not forcing users to upgrade to newer versions of the surgical instruments when new versions of the corresponding modular components are released.

Circuit Fabrication

0419In one aspect, all of the circuits (e.g., flex circuits) for the modular components (e.g., cartridges) are fabricated with all the sensor technology utilized by the various types and versions of the modular components. Once fabricated, laser trimming techniques can then be utilized to enable/disable sensors and features, as well as calibrate the sensors.

0420In one aspect, the circuits are fabricated utilizing selective etching and deposition of nonconductive coating techniques, including, for example, metal oxide nonconductive coatings as described in <patcit id="pcit0115" dnum="US5942333A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,942,333, filed March 27, 1995</text></patcit>, titled NON-CONDUCTIVE COATINGS FOR UNDERWATER CONNECTOR BACKSHELLS, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein; polyurethane and other polymer coatings; and plasma sprayed ceramic coatings.

0421In one aspect, the circuits are fabricated utilizing techniques of 3D printing conductive pathways into the cartridges and other modular components. Such techniques can include, for example, 3D printing dissolvable channels that can be impregnated with conductive epoxy or vapor deposition or utilizing graphene.

0422In one aspect, the circuits are fabricated by laser skiving openings within the circuit that have a known or predetermined dimension. For example, the laser skiving could create through holes or partial deep holes that only penetrate one of more layers of the circuit. As another example, the laser skiving could create a number of small openings in surface of the circuit to allow only certain amounts of fluid or certain size particles to permeate the surface. Circuits fabricated in such a manner can be useful for various sensor or detection arrangements described herein.

Sensing Internal Instrument Parameters

0423In one aspect, the surgical instrument 150010 and/or a system communicably coupled to the surgical instrument 150010 (e.g., a surgical hub 106 with which the surgical instrument 150010 is paired, as described above with respect to <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010">FIGS. 1-11</figref>) can be configured to sense internal parameters of the surgical instrument 150010. The sensed internal parameters of the surgical instrument 150010 can be utilized to better understand how the instrument is operating to adjust parameters during operation. For example, the surgical instrument 150010 can be configured to sense closure actuation (e.g., motor current and FTC), firing actuation (e.g., motor current and FTF), articulation (e.g., the angular position of the end effector), rotation of the shaft or the end effector, closed loop actuation strokes of the drive components, and local loading of drive components (resulting in the ability to run the drive system in load control without accounting for backlash and tolerances).

Device Feedback Display Capabilities

0424Surgical instruments described herein, such as the surgical instruments described under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware," can further be configured to detect and display tissue-specific data, such as margin perimeter, adhesions, tissue fragility, perfusion level, and vascularization.

0425In one aspect, a surgical instrument 150010 (<figref idref="f0021">FIG. 25</figref>) can be configured to display collateral contact of the jaws with anatomy and tissues around the perimeter of the device. In other words, the surgical instrument can be configured to display the position of the jaws or provide feedback when the jaws have made inadvertent contact with tissue surrounding the intended operating site. Various aspects of the surgical instrument can be configured to detect collateral tissue contact, and tissue contact more generally, via piezoelectric sensors, thin conductive films, impedance sensors, and/or photoacoustic sensors, as will be discussed in more detail below.

0426In one aspect, a surgical instrument can be configured to assess the viability of the grasped tissue utilizing one or more sensors. FIG. D10 illustrates an end effector 28100 comprising a first sensor 28102 and a second sensor 28104, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The end effector 28100 can include one or more sensors 28102, 28104 configured to sense pCO2, blood flow, and/or pathology of a tissue clamped by the end effector 3000, such as optical sensors, piezoacoustic sensors, impedance sensors, and/or photoacoustic sensors. Additional detail regarding various such sensors and sensor assemblies can be found under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware."

0427In one aspect, a surgical instrument is configured to assess the ventilation or pCO2 content of the grasped tissue via, for example, capnography. In this aspect, the surgical instrument includes an infrared (IR) emitting source (e.g., an LED), such as the light sources 28106 depicted in <figref idref="f0089">FIG. 98</figref>, and a sensor (photodetector), such as one or more of the sensors 28102, 28104 depicted in <figref idref="f0088">FIG. 97</figref>, that receives the IR light transmitted through the grasped tissue to measure the absorbance of the IR light in the tissue. The degree of absorbance of the IR light indicates the proportion of CO2 that is present in the tissue (more absorbance equates to more CO2). In one aspect, the IR light source can be disposed on the anvil 28108 and the photodetector can be disposed on the cartridge 28110. In another aspect, the IR light source can be disposed on the cartridge 28110 and the photodetector can be disposed on the anvil 28108 (as depicted in <figref idref="f0088 f0089">FIGS. 97-98</figref>).

0428In one aspect, a surgical instrument is configured to assess the perfusion of or blood flow in the grasped tissue via, for example, pulse oximetry. In this aspect, the surgical instrument includes one or more light sources, for example an LED, that are configured to emit light of two different wavelengths, such as, for example, IR and red. Such light sources can be, for example, the light sources 28106 depicted in <figref idref="f0089">FIG. 98</figref>. In various instances, the surgical instrument further includes a sensor, for example a photosensor, such as one or more of the sensors 28102, 28104 depicted in <figref idref="f0088">FIG. 97</figref>, that receives the light transmitted through the grasped tissue to measure the absorbance of the light in the tissue. As the two wavelengths of light, for example red and IR, are passed through the tissue, the change in absorbance of both wavelengths correlates to the oxygen saturation in the tissue. This is due to the fact that oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more IR light and deoxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more red light. In one aspect, the surgical instrument can utilize a reflective pulse oximetry technique for measuring oxygen saturation, wherein, for example, the light sources 28106 are disposed on the anvil 28108 and the sensors are disposed on either the anvil 28108 or the cartridge 28110. In such instances where the sensors 28102, 28104 are disposed on the anvil 28108, a reflective cartridge can be used. In various instances, the reflective cartridge comprises a cartridge 28110 having a reflective layer or material disposed on the cartridge deck 28112. In another aspect, the surgical instrument can utilize a transmission pulse oximetry technique, wherein, for example, the light sources 28106 are disposed on the anvil 28108 and the sensors 28102, 28104 are disposed on the cartridge 28110. These aspects provide the ability to detect local oxygen saturation, such as, for example, if the tissue is losing oxygen and can indicate if tissue is being overcompressed. In various instances, these aspects can be used to help identify the ideal compressive force for staple firing if staple firing is able to occur at non-fixed tissue gaps and/or or provide go/no-go data on firing.

0429In one aspect, a surgical instrument is configured to assess the perfusion of or blood flow in the grasped tissue via, for example, general photoplethysmography. In this aspect, the surgical instrument includes one or more light sources, such as, for example, an LED, that are configured to emit light, such as the light sources 28106 depicted in <figref idref="f0089">FIG. 98</figref>. In various instances, the surgical instrument further includes a sensor, such as, for example a photodetector. Such sensors can include, for example, the one or more of the sensors 28102, 28104 depicted in <figref idref="f0088">FIG. 97</figref>. The sensors 28102, 28104 can be configured to receive the light transmitted through the grasped tissue by the light sources 28106 to measure the absorbance of the light in the tissue. As the light is transmitted through the tissue by the light sources 28106, pulsing blood in the tissue will cause a change in the amount or degree of absorbed light, which can then be detected by the sensor(s) 28102, 28104. The waveform frequency of the received light correlates to pulse and the amplitude correlates to pulse pressure. In one aspect, the surgical instrument can utilize a reflective photoplethysmography technique for measuring blood flow, wherein, for example, the light sources 28106 are disposed on the anvil 28108 and the sensors 28102, 28104 are disposed on either the anvil 28108 or the cartridge 28110. In instances where the sensors 28102, 28104 are disposed on the anvil 28108, a reflective cartridge can be used. The reflective cartridge can comprise a cartridge 28110 having a reflective layer or material disposed on the cartridge deck 28112. In another aspect, the surgical instrument can utilize a transmission photoplethysmography technique, wherein, for example, the light sources 28106 are disposed on the anvil 28108 and the sensors 28102, 28104 are disposed on the cartridge 28110. These aspects provide a sense of local perfusion, such as if the blood is flowing across a major vessel, prior to performing a staple firing stroke, and can indicate if tissue is being undercompressed. Further, these aspects could provide go/no-go data on firing.

0430In one aspect, a surgical instrument is configured to assess the tissue pathology or location of the grasped tissue via, for example, piezoacoustic sensors or a thin film coating. The surgical instrument can include piezoacoustic sensors, such as the one or more of the sensors 28102, 28104 depicted in <figref idref="f0088">FIG. 97</figref>, or a thin film coating (e.g., of a conductive material) that is disposed on, for example, the cartridge 28110. An example of a thin film coating can include, for example, a conductive material. The piezoacoustic sensors and thin film coating are configured to measure changes in tissue properties to determine content/characteristics and/or pathology of tissue prior to a staple firing stroke. Utilizing a conductive material to assess tissue conditions is discussed in more detail under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware," such as in connection with <figref idref="f0061 f0062">FIGS. 66-67</figref>, for example. The piezoacoustic sensors and/or thin film coating can be utilized to measure and/or distinguish between calcifications and non-calcifications in the tissue, plaques and non-plaques in the tissue, and/or fibrous ad non-fibrous tissue.

0431In one aspect, a surgical instrument is configured to assess the tissue pathology or location of the grasped tissue via, for example, electrical impedance sensors. The surgical instrument can include impedance sensors, such as one or more of the sensors 28102, 28104 depicted in <figref idref="f0088">FIG. 97</figref>. In one aspect, the impedance sensors can be located at a discrete location or discrete locations along the anvil 28108 and/or cartridge 28110. In this aspect, the impedance sensors can be utilized to determine whether there is tissue positioned at or against that discrete location(s) of the anvil 28108 and/or cartridge 28110. In another aspect, the impedance sensors can be located at multiple locations along the length of the anvil 28108 and/or cartridge 28110. In this aspect, the impedance sensors can be utilized to determine the presence of tissue at any one of the points along the anvil 28108 and/or cartridge 28110. In one aspect, the multiple locations of the impedance sensors can each be comprise a region of insulation and conduction. Further detail regarding impedance sensors can be found under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware," such as in connection with <figref idref="f0033 f0034 f0035 f0036 f0037 f0038 f0039 f0040">FIGS. 36-43</figref>, for example.

0432In one aspect, a surgical instrument is configured to assess the tissue pathology and/or location of the grasped tissue via, for example, photoacoustic sensors and/or a thin film coating. The surgical instrument can include photoacoustic sensors, such as the one or more of the sensors 28102, 28104 depicted in <figref idref="f0088">FIG. 97</figref>, or a thin film coating that is disposed on, for example, the cartridge 28110. The thin film coating can include, for example, a conductive material. The surgical instrument can include a tunable optical parametric oscillator based laser system with a broadband ultrasound detector. In this aspect, the surgical instrument can include fiber optics to transmit the light. The handle unit can include a control and/or analysis unit attached thereto or integral therewith. The photoacoustic sensors and thin film coating are configured to measure changes in tissue properties resulting from the parametric oscillator to determine characteristics and/or pathology of tissue prior to a staple firing stroke. Utilizing a conductive material to assess tissue conditions is discussed in more detail under the heading "Surgical Instrument Hardware," such as in connection with <figref idref="f0061 f0062">FIGS. 66-67</figref>, for example. The photoacoustic sensors or thin film coating can be utilized to measure and/or distinguish between calcifications and non-calcifications in the tissue, plaques and non-plaques in the tissue, and/or fibrous and non-fibrous tissue.

0433In various aspects, the sensors of a sensor array, in accordance with the present disclosure, can be placed on a staple cartridge. An adhesive mask can be embedded with the sensors at predetermined locations. In various aspects, the sensors are attached to bumps on the staple cartridge so that the sensors are positioned higher than a cartridge deck of the staple cartridge to ensure contact with the tissue. The adhesive mask could be created in bulk using screen-printing technology on a polyester substrate, for example. Conducting pads can be printed to a common location.

0434In various examples, in addition to detection of proximity to cancerous tissue, an end effector of the present disclosure can also be configured to target specific cancer types in specific tissues. As indicated in the journal publication to <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>Altenberg B and Greulich KO, Genomics 84(2004) pp. 1014-1020</text></nplcit>, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, certain cancers are characterized by an overexpression of glycolysis genes while other cancers are not characterized by an overexpression of glycolysis genes. Accordingly, an end effector of the present disclosure can be equipped with a sensor array with a high specificity for cancerous tissue characterized by an overexpression of glycolysis genes such as lung cancer or liver cancer.

0435In various aspects, the sensor readings of a sensor array, in accordance with the present disclosure, are communicated by the surgical instrument to a surgical hub (e.g., surgical hub 106, 206) for additional analysis and/or for situational awareness.

EXAMPLES

0436Various aspects of the subject matter described herein are set out in the following numbered examples, which may or may not be claimed: <ul id="ul0012" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Example 1. A cartridge for a surgical instrument configured to grasp a tissue, the cartridge comprising a circuit, comprising: an active element configured to stimulate the tissue; and a sensor configured to take measurements corresponding to a tissue parameter associated with the tissue; wherein the circuit is configured to determine a tissue type of the tissue according to a change in the tissue parameter detected by the sensor resulting from a stimulus from the active element.</li><li>Example 2. The cartridge of Example 1, wherein the active element comprises a heating element and the stimulus comprises thermal energy.</li><li>Example 3. The cartridge of Example 2, wherein the sensor is configured to measure a change in a temperature of the tissue resulting from the thermal energy applied by the heating element.</li><li>Example 4. The cartridge of Example 1, wherein the active element comprises a pressure-applying element and the stimulus comprises pressure.</li><li>Example 5. The cartridge of Example 4, wherein the pressure-applying element comprises an electroactive polymer.</li><li>Example 6. The cartridge of Example 4 or 5, wherein the sensor is configured to measure a viscoelastic response of the tissue resulting from the pressure applied by the pressure-applying element.</li><li>Example 7. The cartridge of any one of Examples 1-6, wherein the circuit comprises a flex circuit.</li><li>Example 8. The cartridge of any one of Examples 1-7, wherein the cartridge comprises a stapler cartridge.</li><li>Example 9. A surgical instrument for use with a cartridge comprising a data-representative feature representing a first cartridge data and a data storage element storing a second cartridge data, the surgical instrument comprising: an end effector configured to receive the cartridge; a sensor configured to take measurements associated with the data-representative feature that are representative of the first cartridge data; and a control circuit coupled to the sensor, the control circuit configured to: determine the first cartridge data according to measurements taken by the sensor; receive the second cartridge data from the data storage element; determine whether the first cartridge data corresponds to the second cartridge data; and select one of the first cartridge data or the second cartridge data in response to the first cartridge data not corresponding to the second cartridge data.</li><li>Example 10. The surgical instrument of Example 9, wherein the cartridge comprises an RFID tag and the sensor comprises an RFID reader.</li><li>Example 11. The surgical instrument of Example 9, wherein the data storage element comprises a chip coupled to a first electrical contact, wherein the control circuit comprises a second electrical contact, and wherein the control circuit is configured to receive the second cartridge data through contact between the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact.</li><li>Example 12. The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 9-11, wherein the data-representative feature comprises a deformable structure disposed at a proximal end of the cartridge, wherein the deformable structure is configured to deform when the end effector transitions from an open configuration to a closed configuration, and wherein the sensor is configured to detect a force exerted on the deformable structure by a jaw of the end effector as the jaw closes.</li><li>Example 13. The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 9-11, wherein the data-representative feature comprises a bar code and the sensor is configured to optically scan the bar code.</li><li>Example 14. The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 9-13, wherein the first cartridge data and the second cartridge data correspond to a cartridge type.</li><li>Example 15. The surgical instrument of any one of Examples 9-13, wherein the first cartridge data and the second cartridge data correspond to a cartridge characteristic.</li><li>Example 16. A cartridge for a surgical instrument, the cartridge comprising: a data-representative feature comprising one or more physical characteristics, the one or more physical characteristics indicative of a first cartridge data; and a data storage element comprising a memory, the memory storing a second cartridge data.</li><li>Example 17. The cartridge of Example 16, comprising an RFID tag that is readable by an RFID reader.</li><li>Example 18. The cartridge of Example 16, wherein the data storage element comprises a chip coupled to a first electrical contact, the first electrical contact configured to electrically couple to a second electrical contact to define a wired connection therebetween.</li><li>Example 19. The cartridge of any one of Examples 16-18, wherein the data-representative feature comprises a deformable structure disposed at a proximal end of the cartridge, the deformable structure configured to deform when an end effector of the surgical instrument transitions from an open configuration to a closed configuration.</li><li>Example 20. The cartridge of any one of Examples 16-18, wherein the data-representative feature comprises a bar code optically scannable by a sensor.</li></ul>

0437The foregoing detailed description has set forth various forms of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. Those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the forms disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as one or more program products in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative form of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution.

0438Instructions used to program logic to perform various disclosed aspects can be stored within a memory in the system, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), cache, flash memory, or other storage. Furthermore, the instructions can be distributed via a network or by way of other computer readable media. Thus a machine-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer), but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, compact disc, read-only memory (CD-ROMs), and magneto-optical disks, read-only memory (ROMs), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or a tangible, machine-readable storage used in the transmission of information over the Internet via electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.). Accordingly, the non-transitory computer-readable medium includes any type of tangible machine-readable medium suitable for storing or transmitting electronic instructions or information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).

0439As used in any aspect herein, the term "control circuit" may refer to, for example, hardwired circuitry, programmable circuitry (e.g., a computer processor comprising one or more individual instruction processing cores, processing unit, processor, microcontroller, microcontroller unit, controller, digital signal processor (DSP), programmable logic device (PLD), programmable logic array (PLA), or field programmable gate array (FPGA)), state machine circuitry, firmware that stores instructions executed by programmable circuitry, and any combination thereof. The control circuit may, collectively or individually, be embodied as circuitry that forms part of a larger system, for example, an integrated circuit (IC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system on-chip (SoC), desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, servers, smart phones, etc. Accordingly, as used herein "control circuit" includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof.

0440As used in any aspect herein, the term "logic" may refer to an app, software, firmware and/or circuitry configured to perform any of the aforementioned operations. Software may be embodied as a software package, code, instructions, instruction sets and/or data recorded on non-transitory computer readable storage medium. Firmware may be embodied as code, instructions or instruction sets and/or data that are hard-coded (e.g., nonvolatile) in memory devices.

0441As used in any aspect herein, the terms "component," "system," "module" and the like can refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution.

0442As used in any aspect herein, an "algorithm" refers to a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result, where a "step" refers to a manipulation of physical quantities and/or logic states which may, though need not necessarily, take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It is common usage to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. These and similar terms may be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities and/or states.

0443A network may include a packet switched network. The communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using a selected packet switched network communications protocol. One example communications protocol may include an Ethernet communications protocol which may be capable permitting communication using a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The Ethernet protocol may comply or be compatible with the Ethernet standard published by the <nplcit id="ncit0002" npl-type="b"><text>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) titled "IEEE 802.3 Standard", published in December, 2008</text></nplcit> and/or later versions of this standard. Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using an X.25 communications protocol. The X.25 communications protocol may comply or be compatible with a standard promulgated by the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using a frame relay communications protocol. The frame relay communications protocol may comply or be compatible with a standard promulgated by Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT) and/or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Alternatively or additionally, the transceivers may be capable of communicating with each other using an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) communications protocol. The ATM communications protocol may comply or be compatible with an ATM standard published by the<nplcit id="ncit0003" npl-type="b"><text> ATM Forum titled "ATM-MPLS Network Interworking 2.0" published August 2001</text></nplcit>, and/or later versions of this standard. Of course, different and/or after-developed connection-oriented network communication protocols are equally contemplated herein.

0444Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the foregoing disclosure, it is appreciated that, throughout the foregoing disclosure, discussions using terms such as "processing," "computing," "calculating," "determining," "displaying," or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.

0445One or more components may be referred to herein as "configured to," "configurable to," "operable/operative to," "adapted/adaptable," "able to," "conformable/conformed to," etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that "configured to" can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise.

0446The terms "proximal" and "distal" are used herein with reference to a clinician manipulating the handle portion of the surgical instrument. The term "proximal" refers to the portion closest to the clinician and the term "distal" refers to the portion located away from the clinician. It will be further appreciated that, for convenience and clarity, spatial terms such as "vertical", "horizontal", "up", and "down" may be used herein with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and/or absolute.

0447Those skilled in the art will recognize that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should typically be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations.

0448The terms "comprise" (and any form of comprise, such as "comprises" and "comprising"), "have" (and any form of have, such as "has" and "having"), "include" (and any form of include, such as "includes" and "including") and "contain" (and any form of contain, such as "contains" and "containing") are open-ended linking verbs. As a result, a surgical system, device, or apparatus that "comprises," "has," "includes" or "contains" one or more elements possesses those one or more elements, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more elements. Likewise, an element of a system, device, or apparatus that "comprises," "has," "includes" or "contains" one or more features possesses those one or more features, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more features.

0449In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be typically understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."

0450With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flow diagrams are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like "responsive to," "related to," or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise.

0451It is worthy to note that any reference to "one aspect," "an aspect," "an exemplification," "one exemplification," and the like means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one aspect. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in one aspect," "in an aspect," "in an exemplification," and "in one exemplification" in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same aspect. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more aspects.

0452Any patent application, patent, non-patent publication, or other disclosure material referred to in this specification and/or listed in any Application Data Sheet is incorporated by reference herein, to the extent that the incorporated materials is not inconsistent herewith. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.

0453In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing the concepts described herein. The foregoing description of the one or more forms has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more forms were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the various forms and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope.