Malleable tets coil with improved anatomical fit

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

0001This application claims the benefit of <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US61794045A"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/794,045, filed on March 15, 2013</text></patcit>, titled "Malleable TETS Coil with Improved Anatomical Fit", the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

0002All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

FIELD

0003The field relates generally to resonant wireless power transfer systems, and more specifically to implantable resonant wireless power transfer systems.

BACKGROUND

0004Many implantable medical devices require electrical systems to power the implant. Typically, this is achieved using percutaneous wiring to connect a power source to the implant.

0005More recently, there has been development into powering an implanted device wirelessly with a Transcutaneous Energy Transfer (TET) system, e.g., through an oscillating magnetic field. For a TET system to be useful, electrical energy storage and processing must be provided when external power is interrupted or not available. This electrical energy processing and storage can be implemented with solid-state electronics and a battery.

0006Typically, implantable medical devices, such as implanted sensors, require very little power to operate. With such low power levels (on the order of milliwatts), power transfer levels and efficiency can be lower. With higher power devices (e.g., on the order of watts and up to 15 W or more), efficient transfer of wireless power is extremely important. Additionally, positions within the body are limited that can accommodate larger implanted devices, some of which are deep below the skin surface. These implant locations require additional attention to position and orientation of both the transmit and receive coils, as well as techniques to improve and maximize transfer efficiency.

0007Previous TET systems for implantable medical devices required the implanted receiver coil to be positioned just under the skin, and typically include a mechanical feature to align the receive and transmit coils and keep them together. By implanting these devices directly under the skin, the size and power requirements of these implanted devices is limited if they are to be powered by a TET system.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

0008A resonator of a wireless power transfer system is provided, comprising a flexible housing, a flexible conductor layer disposed in the housing, and a flexible ferrite layer disposed in the housing.

0009In some embodiments, the resonator is configured to bend to substantially conform to the anatomy of a patient. In some embodiments, the resonator is configured to conform to an abdomen of the patient. In another embodiment, the resonator is configured to conform to a chest of the patient.

0010In some embodiments, the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite beads disposed on a flexible substrate. In another embodiment, the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite tiles disposed on a flexible substrate. In some embodiments, the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite tiles having different shapes and sizes. In another embodiment, the flexible ferrite layer comprises at least two sections, a first section having a first minimum bend radius, and a second section having a second minimum bend radius smaller than the first minimum bend radius.

0011In one embodiment, the flexible conductor layer comprises a resonator coil.

0012In another embodiment, the resonator coil is coupled to a power supply and configured to transmit wireless energy.

0013In some embodiments, the resonator coil is configured to receive wireless energy.

0014In some embodiments, the flexible conductor layer comprises at least one transmit coil and at least one receive coil.

0015In one embodiment, the flexible conductor layer comprises at least one transmit coil, at least one receive coil, and at least one exciter coil.

0016In some embodiments, the housing comprises silicone. In another embodiment, the housing comprises a first section and a second section, the first section having a groove configured to hold the flexible conductor layer and the flexible ferrite layer.

0017In some embodiments, the housing comprises a circular shape, a rectangular shape, an elliptical shape, or a saddle shape.

0018In some embodiments, the resonator is bendable into a non-planar configuration.

0019A system for wireless energy transfer is provided, comprising a transmitter unit comprising a transmitter resonator coil coupled to a power supply and configured to transmit wireless energy, the transmitter resonator coil being malleable so as to be conformable to a patient's anatomy; and a receiver unit comprising a receiver resonator coil coupled to a device load, wherein the receiver unit is configured to receive the wireless energy from the transmitter unit and supply the received energy to the device load.

0020In some embodiments, the system further comprises a flexible ferrite layer disposed in the transmitter unit and configured to prevent magnetic flux from flowing in undesired directions.

0021In one embodiment, the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite beads disposed on a flexible substrate. In another embodiment, the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite tiles disposed on a flexible substrate.

0022In some embodiments, the transmitter resonator coil comprises a plurality of transmit coils. In another embodiment, the transmitter resonator coil comprises at least one transmit coil and at least one receive coil. In some embodiments, the transmitter resonator coil comprises at least one transmit coil, at least one receive coil, and at least one exciter coil.

0023In alternative embodiments, the transmitter resonator coil is bendable into a non-planar configuration.

0024A method of transmitting and receiving wireless energy is provided, comprising conforming a malleable transmitter coil to a patient, transmitting wireless energy from the malleable transmitter coil into the patient, receiving the wireless energy with a receiver coil implanted in the patient, and delivering the received energy to a device load in the patient.

0025A method of transmitting and receiving wireless energy is also provided, comprising transmitting wireless energy from a transmitter coil into a patient, receiving the wireless energy with a malleable receiver coil implanted in the patient, and delivering the received energy to a device load in the patient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0026The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the claims that follow. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> illustrates a basic wireless power transfer system.</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Fig. 2</figref> illustrates the flux generated by a pair of coils.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figs. 3A-3B</figref> illustrate the effect of coil alignment on the coupling coefficient.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figs. 4A-4D</figref> illustrate various embodiments of a non-planar and/or malleable resonator coil.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Fig. 5</figref> shows a non-planar resonator coil conforming to the body of a patient.</li><li><figref idref="f0005 f0006 f0007">Figs. 6A-6C</figref> illustrate various exploded and cross sectional views of a resonator coil.</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Fig. 7</figref> shows one embodiment of a wire coil layer.</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Fig. 8</figref> shows one embodiment of a flexible ferrite layer.</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Fig. 9</figref> illustrates a strain relief coupled to a wire coil layer of a resonator.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0027In the description that follows, like components have been given the same reference numerals, regardless of whether they are shown in different embodiments. To illustrate an embodiment(s) of the present disclosure in a clear and concise manner, the drawings may not necessarily be to scale and certain features may be shown in somewhat schematic form. Features that are described and/or illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be used in the same way or in a similar way in one or more other embodiments and/or in combination with or instead of the features of the other embodiments.

0028Various aspects of the invention are similar to those described in International Patent Pub. No. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="WO2012045050A"><text>WO2012045050</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US8140168B"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 8,140,168</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US7865245B"><text>7,865,245</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US7774069B"><text>7,774,069</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US7711433B"><text>7,711,433</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US7650187B"><text>7,650,187</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US7571007B"><text>7,571,007</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US7741734B"><text>7,741,734</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US7825543B"><text>7,825,543</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US6591139B"><text>6,591,139</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US6553263B"><text>6,553,263</text></patcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US5350413A"><text>5,350,413</text></patcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US20130320773A"><text>U.S. Pub. Nos. 2013/0320773</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US20130127253A"><text>2013/0127253</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US20100308939A"><text>2010/0308939</text></patcit>;<patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US2008027293A"><text> 2008/027293</text></patcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="US20100102639A"><text>2010/0102639</text></patcit>, the entire contents of which patents and applications are incorporated herein for all purposes.

<u>Wireless Power Transmission System</u>

0029Power may be transmitted wirelessly by magnetic induction. In various embodiments, the transmitter and receiver are closely coupled.

0030In some cases "closely coupled" or "close coupling" refers to a system that requires the coils to be very near each other in order to operate. In some cases "loosely coupled" or "loose coupling" refers to a system configured to operate even when the coils have a significant spatial and/or axial separation, and in some cases up to distance equal to or less than the diameter of the larger of the coils. In some cases, "loosely coupled" or "loose coupling" refers a system that is relatively insensitive to changes in physical separation and/or orientation of the receiver and transmitter. In some cases, a loosely coupled system is a highly resonant wireless energy transfer system.

0031In various embodiments, the transmitter and receiver are non-resonant coils. For example, a change in current in one coil induces a changing magnetic field. The second coil within the magnetic field picks up the magnetic flux, which in turn induces a current in the second coil. An example of a closely coupled system with non-resonant coils is described in International Pub. No. <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="WO2000074747A"><text>WO2000/074747</text></patcit>, incorporated herein for all purposes by reference. A conventional transformer is another example of a closely coupled, non-resonant system. In various embodiments, the transmitter and receiver are resonant coils. For example, one or both of the coils is connected to a tuning capacitor or other means for controlling the frequency in the respective coil. An example of closely coupled system with resonant coils is described in International Pub. Nos. <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="WO2001037926A"><text>WO2001/037926</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="WO2012087807A"><text>WO2012/087807</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="WO2012087811A"><text>WO2012/087811</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="WO2012087816A"><text>WO2012/087816</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="WO2012087819A"><text>WO2012/087819</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="WO2010030378A"><text>WO2010/030378</text></patcit>; and <patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="WO2012056365A"><text>WO2012/056365</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="US20030171792A"><text>U.S. Pub. No. 2003/0171792</text></patcit>, incorporated herein for all purposes by reference.

0032In various embodiments, the transmitter and receiver are loosely coupled. For example, the transmitter can resonate to propagate magnetic flux that is picked up by the receiver at relatively great distances. In some cases energy can be transmitted over 3cm, over 5 cm, over 7 cm, or over 10 cm. In some cases energy can be transmitted over several meters. In some cases energy can be transmitted to a deep body implant. In a loosely coupled system power transfer may not necessarily depend on a critical distance. Rather, the system may be able to accommodate changes to the coupling coefficient between the transmitter and receiver. An example of a loosely coupled system is described in International Pub. No. <patcit id="pcit0028" dnum="WO2012045050A"><text>WO2012/045050</text></patcit>, incorporated herein for all purposes by reference.

0033In various embodiments, the system is able to accommodate ongoing changes to the coupling coefficient between the transmitter and receiver during operation. In the case of an implantable device receiving wireless energy, for example, the relative orientation of the transmitter and receiver is constantly changing. Indeed, sometimes the components can vibrate or move at a rapid pace, which presents challenges to conventional highly-resonant, loosely-coupled systems.

0034Power may be transmitted wirelessly by radiating energy. In various embodiments, the system comprises antennas. The antennas may be resonant or non-resonant. For example, non-resonant antennas may radiate electromagnetic waves to create a field. The field can be near field or far field. The field can be directional. Generally far field has greater range but a lower power transfer rate. An example of such a system for radiating energy with resonators is described in International Pub. No. <patcit id="pcit0029" dnum="WO2010089354A"><text>WO2010/089354</text></patcit>, incorporated herein for all purposes by reference. An example of such a non-resonant system is described in International Pub. No. <patcit id="pcit0030" dnum="WO2009018271A"><text>WO2009/018271</text></patcit>, incorporated herein for all purposes by reference. Instead of antenna, the system may comprise a high energy light source such as a laser. The system can be configured so photons carry electromagnetic energy in a spatially restricted, direct, coherent path from a transmission point to a receiving point. An example of such a system is described in International Pub. No. <patcit id="pcit0031" dnum="WO2010089354A"><text>WO2010/089354</text></patcit>, incorporated herein for all purposes by reference.

0035Power may also be transmitted by taking advantage of the material or medium through which the energy passes. For example, volume conduction involves transmitting electrical energy through tissue between a transmitting point and a receiving point. An example of such a system is described in International Pub. No. <patcit id="pcit0032" dnum="WO2008066941A"><text>WO2008/066941</text></patcit>, incorporated herein for all purposes by reference.

0036Power may also be transferred using a capacitor charging technique. The system can be resonant or non-resonant. Exemplars of capacitor charging for wireless energy transfer are described in International Pub. No. <patcit id="pcit0033" dnum="WO2012056365A"><text>WO2012/056365</text></patcit>, incorporated herein for all purposes by reference.

0037The system in accordance with various aspects of the invention will now be described in more detail in connection with a system for wireless energy transfer by magnetic induction. The exemplary system utilizes resonant power transfer. The system works by transmitting power between the two inductively coupled coils. In contrast to a transformer, however, the exemplary coils are not coupled together closely. A transformer generally requires the coils to be aligned and positioned directly adjacent each other. The exemplary system accommodates looser coupling of the coils.

0038While described in terms of one receiver coil and one transmitter coil, one will appreciate from the description herein that the system may use two or more receiver coils and two or more transmitter coils. For example, the transmitter may be configured with two coils-a first coil to resonate flux and a second coil to excite the first coil. In various embodiments, the system uses a plurality of coils with at least one of the coils configured as a repeater. One will further appreciate from the description herein that usage of "resonator" and "coil" may be used somewhat interchangeably. In various respects, "resonator" refers to a coil and a capacitor connected together. In various respects, "transmitter" and "receiver" refer to coils.

0039In accordance with various embodiments of this disclosure, the system comprises one or more transmitters configured to transmit power wirelessly to one or more receivers. In various embodiments, the system includes a transmitter and more than one receiver in a multiplexed arrangement. A frequency generator may be electrically coupled to the transmitter to drive the transmitter to transmit power at a particular frequency or range of frequencies. The frequency generator can include a voltage controlled oscillator and one or more switchable arrays of capacitors, a voltage controlled oscillator and one or more varactors, a phase-locked-loop, a direct digital synthesizer, or combinations thereof. The transmitter can be configured to transmit power at multiple frequencies simultaneously. The frequency generator can include two or more phase-locked-loops electrically coupled to a common reference oscillator, two or more independent voltage controlled oscillators, or combinations thereof. The transmitter can be arranged to simultaneously delivery power to multiple receivers at a common frequency.

0040In various embodiments, the transmitter is configured to transmit a low power signal at a particular frequency. The transmitter may transmit the low power signal for a particular time and/or interval. In various embodiments, the transmitter is configured to transmit a high power signal wirelessly at a particular frequency. The transmitter may transmit the high power signal for a particular time and/or interval.

0041In various embodiments, the receiver includes a frequency selection mechanism electrically coupled to the receiver coil and arranged to allow the resonator to change a frequency or a range of frequencies that the receiver can receive. The frequency selection mechanism can include a switchable array of discrete capacitors, a variable capacitance, one or more inductors electrically coupled to the receiving antenna, additional turns of a coil of the receiving antenna, or combinations thereof. An example of a suitable switching mechanism is a field effect transistor (FET). FETs can be advantageous because of their low power losses.

0042In general, most of the flux from the transmitter coil does not reach the receiver coil. The amount of flux generated by the transmitter coil that reaches the receiver coil is described by "k" and referred to as the "coupling coefficient."

0043In various embodiments, the system is configured to maintain a value of k in the range of between about 0.2 to about 0.01. In various embodiments, the system is configured to maintain a value of k of at least 0.01, at least 0.02, at least 0.03, at least 0.04, or at least 0.05. Even though the coupling coefficient (k) may be small, the exemplary system provides adequate, useful energy transfer through strong coupling and other energy transfer efficiencies. In one example, the system uses highly resonant structures to overcome the small coupling coefficient.

0044In various embodiments, the coils are physically separated. In various embodiments, the separation is greater than a thickness of the receiver coil. In various embodiments, the separation distance is equal to or less than the diameter of the larger of the receiver and transmitter coil.

0045Because most of the flux does not reach the receiver, the transmitter coil must generate a much larger field than what is coupled to the receiver. In various embodiments, this is accomplished by configuring the transmitter with a large number of amp-turns in the coil.

0046Since only the flux coupled to the receiver gets coupled to a real load, most of the energy in the field is reactive. The current in the coil can be sustained with a capacitor connected to the coil to create a resonator. The power source thus only needs to supply the energy absorbed by the receiver. The resonant capacitor maintains the excess flux that is not coupled to the receiver.

0047In various embodiments, the impedance of the receiver is matched to the transmitter. This allows efficient transfer of energy out of the receiver. In this case the receiver coil may not need to have a resonant capacitor.

0048Turning now to <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, a simplified circuit for wireless energy transmission is shown. The exemplary system shows a series connection, but the system can be connected as either series or parallel on either the transmitter or receiver side.

0049The exemplary transmitter includes a coil Lx connected to a power source Vs by a capacitor Cx. The exemplary receiver includes a coil Ly connected to a load by a capacitor Cy. Capacitor Cx may be configured to make Lx resonate at a desired frequency. Capacitance Cx of the transmitter coil may be defined by its geometry. Inductors Lx and Ly are connected by coupling coefficient k. Mxy is the mutual inductance between the two coils. The mutual inductance, Mxy, is related to coupling coefficient, k. <maths id="math0001"><math display="block"><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Mxy</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><msqrt><mrow><mi mathvariant="italic">Lx</mi><mo>⋅</mo><mi mathvariant="italic">Ly</mi></mrow></msqrt></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0001.tif" /></maths>

0050In the exemplary system the power source Vs is in series with the transmitter coil Lx so it may have to carry all the reactive current. This puts a larger burden on the current rating of the power source and any resistance in the source will add to losses.

0051The exemplary system includes a receiver configured to receive energy wirelessly transmitted by the transmitter. The exemplary receiver is connected to a load. The receiver and load may be connected electrically with a controllable switch.

0052In various embodiments, the receiver includes a circuit element configured to be connected or disconnected from the receiver coil by an electronically controllable switch. The electrical coupling can include both a serial and parallel arrangement. The circuit element can include a resistor, capacitor, inductor, lengths of an antenna structure, or combinations thereof. The system can be configured such that power is transmitted by the transmitter and can be received by the receiver in predetermined time increments.

0053In various embodiments, the transmitter coil and/or the receiver coil is a substantially two-dimensional structure. In various embodiments, the transmitter coil may be coupled to a transmitter impedance-matching structure. Similarly, the receiver coil may be coupled to a receiver impedance-matching structure. Examples of suitable impedance-matching structures include, but are not limited to, a coil, a loop, a transformer, and/or any impedance-matching network. An impedance-matching network may include inductors or capacitors configured to connect a signal source to the resonator structure.

0054In various embodiments, the transmitter is controlled by a controller (not shown) and driving circuit. The controller and/or driving circuit may include a directional coupler, a signal generator, and/or an amplifier. The controller may be configured to adjust the transmitter frequency or amplifier gain to compensate for changes to the coupling between the receiver and transmitter.

0055In various embodiments, the transmitter coil is connected to an impedance-matched coil loop. The loop is connected to a power source and is configured to excite the transmitter coil. The first coil loop may have finite output impedance. A signal generator output may be amplified and fed to the transmitter coil. In use power is transferred magnetically between the first coil loop and the main transmitter coil, which in turns transmits flux to the receiver. Energy received by the receiver coil is delivered by Ohmic connection to the load.

0056One of the challenges to a practical circuit is how to get energy in and out of the resonators. Simply putting the power source and load in series or parallel with the resonators is difficult because of the voltage and current required. In various embodiments, the system is configured to adjust the power delivery at the transmitter side based on feedback from the receiver side received. In various embodiments, the system is configured to achieve an approximate energy balance by analyzing the system characteristics, estimating voltages and currents involved, and controlling circuit elements to deliver the power needed by the receiver.

0057In an exemplary embodiment, the system load power, P_L, is assumed to be up to 15 Watts and the operating frequency of the system,<i>f</i>, is 250 kHz. Then, for each cycle the load removes a certain amount of energy from the resonance: <maths id="math0002"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>L</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>L</mi></msub></mrow><mi>f</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>60</mn><mi mathvariant="italic">µJ</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mi mathvariant="normal">Energy the load removes in one cycle</mi></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0002.tif" /></maths>

0058It has been found that the energy in the receiver resonance is typically several times larger than the energy removed by the load for operative, implantable medical devices. In various embodiments, the system assumes a ratio 7:1 for energy at the receiver versus the load removed. Under this assumption, the instantaneous energy in the exemplary receiver resonance is 420 µJ.

0059The exemplary circuit was analyzed and the self inductance of the receiver coil was found to be 60 uH. From the energy and the inductance, the voltage and current in the resonator could be calculated. <maths id="math0003"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><msup><mi mathvariant="italic">Li</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0003.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0004"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi>i</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>y</mi></msub></mrow><mi>L</mi></mfrac></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>3.74</mn><mi mathvariant="italic">A peak</mi></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0004.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0005"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ωL</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><msub><mi>i</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>352</mn><mi mathvariant="italic">V peak</mi></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0005.tif" /></maths>

0060The voltage and current can be traded off against each other. The inductor may couple the same amount of flux regardless of the number of turns. The Amp-turns of the coil needs to stay the same in this example, so more turns means the current is reduced. The coil voltage, however, will need to increase. Likewise, the voltage can be reduced at the expense of a higher current. The transmitter coil needs to have much more flux. The transmitter flux is related to the receiver flux by the coupling coefficient. Accordingly, the energy in the field from the transmitter coil is scaled by k. <maths id="math0006"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>y</mi></msub></mrow><mi>k</mi></mfrac></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0006.tif" /></maths>

0061Given that k is 0.05: <maths id="math0007"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>420</mn><mi mathvariant="italic">µJ</mi></mrow><mn>0.05</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>8.4</mn><mi mathvariant="italic">mJ</mi></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0007.tif" /></maths>

0062For the same circuit the self inductance of the transmitter coil was 146uH as mentioned above. This results in: <maths id="math0008"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi>i</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></msub></mrow><mi>L</mi></mfrac></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>10.7</mn><mi mathvariant="italic">A peak</mi></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0008.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0009"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">ωL</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><msub><mi>i</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2460</mn><mi mathvariant="italic">V peak</mi></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0009.tif" /></maths>

0063From this example one can appreciate the competing factors and how to balance voltage, current, and inductance to suit the circumstance and achieve the desired outcome. Like the receiver, the voltage and current can be traded off against each other. In this example, the voltages and currents in the system are relatively high. One can adjust the tuning to lower the voltage and/or current at the receiver if the load is lower.

<u>Estimation of Coupling Coefficient and Mutual Inductance</u>

0064As explained above, the coupling coefficient, k, may be useful for a number of reasons. In one example, the coupling coefficient can be used to understand the arrangement of the coils relative to each other so tuning adjustments can be made to ensure adequate performance. If the receiver coil moves away from the transmitter coil, the mutual inductance will decrease, and ceteris paribus, less power will be transferred. In various embodiments, the system is configured to make tuning adjustments to compensate for the drop in coupling efficiency.

0065The exemplary system described above often has imperfect information. For various reasons as would be understood by one of skill in the art, the system does not collect data for all parameters. Moreover, because of the physical gap between coils and without an external means of communications between the two resonators, the transmitter may have information that the receiver does not have and vice versa. These limitations make it difficult to directly measure and derive the coupling coefficient, k, in real time.

0066Described below are several principles for estimating the coupling coefficient, k, for two coils of a given geometry. The approaches may make use of techniques such as Biot-Savart calculations or finite element methods. Certain assumptions and generalizations, based on how the coils interact in specific orientations, are made for the sake of simplicity of understanding. From an electric circuit point of view, all the physical geometry permutations can generally lead to the coupling coefficient.

0067If two coils are arranged so they are in the same plane, with one coil circumscribing the other, then the coupling coefficient can be estimated to be roughly proportional to the ratio of the area of the two coils. This assumes the flux generated by coil 1 is roughly uniform over the area it encloses as shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 2</figref>.

0068If the coils are out of alignment such that the coils are at a relative angle, the coupling coefficient will decrease. The amount of the decrease is estimated to be about equal to the cosine of the angle as shown in <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 3A</figref>. If the coils are orthogonal to each other such that theta (θ) is 90 degrees, the flux will not be received by the receiver and the coupling coefficient will be zero.

0069If the coils are arraigned such that half the flux from one coil is in one direction and the other half is in the other direction, the flux cancels out and the coupling coefficient is zero, as shown in <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 3B</figref>.

0070A final principle relies on symmetry of the coils. The coupling coefficient and mutual inductance from one coil to the other is assumed to be the same regardless of which coil is being energized. <maths id="math0010"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mi>M</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">xy</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>M</mi><mi mathvariant="italic">yx</mi></msub></mrow></math><img file="EP3490102A1_D0010.tif" /></maths>

<u>Transmit and Receive Coils</u>

0071Transmit and receive coils in conventional wireless power systems typically utilize a rigid, planar design. These rigid and flat coils can be relatively simple and cheap to manufacture. Use of flat coils with fixed shapes also makes tuning the system easier. These advantages, however, can come at the expense of usability in some applications. In the example of an implanted medical device, rigid and flat coils are uncomfortable to wear during use, particularly the transmit coils which must be held against the skin to transmit energy into the patient. The ability to shape the coil based on the anatomy, rather than based on the wireless energy principles as is conventionally done, can greatly improve system performance, usability, and quality of life (QoL) for the patient. With long-term medical devices like a ventricular assist device (VAD), the QoL improvements can be the difference between adoption of the technology or not.

0072In this disclosure, various coil designs can be implemented in a TET system to improve patient comfort and convenience during use. The embodiments disclosed herein can apply to either transmit resonator coils or receive resonator coils of a TET system, where non-planar and/or malleable/flexible coil designs can advantageously conform to a patient's skin (transmit coil) or to an implantable location within the body (receive coil).

0073<figref idref="f0003">Figs. 4A-4D</figref> illustrate various embodiments of malleable and/or non-planar resonator coils for use in a TET system. In some embodiments, the resonator coil can be a circular coil 400a (<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 4A</figref>), a rectangular coil 400b (<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 4B</figref>), or oval/elliptical coils 400c/d (<figref idref="f0003">Figs. 4C-4D</figref>). As shown, the embodiments of <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 4A-4C</figref> are non-planar, since portions of the coil resonators bow or bend away from a plane defined by the rest of the coil. In various embodiments, the non-planar resonator spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface having at least one concave portion. In various embodiments, the resonator has a saddle shape. In various embodiments, the resonator has a curved shape corresponding to the curvature of the lateral abdomen or external oblique abdominal muscles of a patient. Various aspects of the coil shape may be similar to those shown and described in <patcit id="pcit0034" dnum="WO20130127253A"><text>2013/0127253 to Stark et al.</text></patcit>, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein for all purposes.

0074The coil resonators of <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 4A-4D</figref> may be rigid and configured to hold a pre-formed shape, or alternatively, the coil resonators may be substantially flexible and malleable and configured to be bendable and formable into any desired shape while still maintaining the ability to transmit/receive wireless energy.

0075In some embodiments, the coil resonators can be pre-bent or pre-formed to have a particular shape or radius of curvature. For example, if the coil resonator is used as a transmit resonator in a TET system, the coil resonator can be pre-formed to conform to a specific portion of a patient's anatomy. This pre-formed shape can vary depending on the specific application or intended position on the patient's body, or depending on where the receive coil is implanted in the patient. For example, a transmit coil shaped to be placed on a chest of a patient to access an implanted receive coil near the chest may have less pre-formed curvature than a transmit coil shaped to be placed on a side or oblique of the patient to access a receive coil implanted in that area of the patient's body. The exemplary coil in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 4D</figref> is shaped to fit to a patient's side, and more specifically, the external oblique muscle area.

0076In other embodiments, the coil resonators of <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 4A-4D</figref> may not have a pre-formed or pre-bent shape, but instead may be flexible and malleable so as to be bent or conformed into any desired shape. For example, the planar or flat coil of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 4D</figref> may be bent into the shape of the coil of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 4C</figref>. By designing a malleable or shapeable coil for use in a TET system, the individual transmitter and/or receiver coils of the system can be infinitely customizable and conformable to each unique patient. A manufacturer would not need to design an optimal curvature or non-planar coil for each unique application and coil placement, but instead the coil resonators can be easily bent or pressed against a patient's body to perfectly conform to that individual patient's shape.

0077In various embodiments, the coil is formed to a desired shape before application to the patient. The coil can be shaped by the manufacturer. Alternatively, the coil may be configured so the clinician can set the shape. For example, the coil can includes mechanism to lock in the shape. The coil may include mechanisms (e.g., a relatively stiff member or indexed slide attached to the coil) to set an intermediate shape before final locking. For example, a mechanism can be used for gross adjustment. Thereafter, the clinician can make fine adjustments on the patient.

0078The coil resonators can be shaped into an elliptical paraboloid or bowl-shape, as shown. The density of the wire windings can be tailored to achieve a particular resonant frequency. In some embodiments, the non-planar coil resonator spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface that has at least two concave portions, such as a hyperbolic paraboloid surface. A hyperbolic paraboloid surface is a surface that is shaped like a saddle, with the top of the saddle being one concave portion and the bottom of the saddle being another concave portion. In one embodiment, the concave curvature of one concave portion can be orthogonal to the concave curvature of the other concave portion. It should be noted that in a hyperbolic paraboloid surface, when the concave portions of the surface are extended along the hyperbolic paraboloid surface, the concave portions can extend out to infinite space. In other words, the concavities of the hyperbolic paraboloid surface do not wrap around and do not enclose on themselves.

0079Surfaces defined by these embodiments are sometimes referred to as non-degenerate quadric surfaces. In addition to the elliptical paraboloid and hyperbolic paraboloid surfaces described above, another exemplary embodiment of a non-planar resonator that spans a surface defined by one of the above equations includes a non-planar resonator that spans a hyperboloid surface. One feature of such surfaces is that these surfaces have a parabolic cross section.

0080As indicated by the embodiments described above, the phrase that "a resonator spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface," and similar derivatives, do not necessary require the resonator to have a solid surface. Instead, as used herein, the phrase that a resonator spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface can mean that the resonator forms an outline of such a surface, or mean that the resonator has such a surface. Furthermore, it should be noted that the phrase that "a resonator spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface," and similar derivatives, also mean that the shape of the resonator may have minor features or deformalities that may deviate from such a surface, without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, with respect to the embodiment with the elliptical paraboloid bowl-shaped surface, the resonator may have a flat bottom instead of a curved bottom, or the sidewall may have one or more minor dimple indentations. It should be understood that such minor features or deformalities do not detract away from the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiments.

0081While resonators have been used in wireless energy transfer systems to extend the communication/transfer range of the systems, the systems that use planar resonators are susceptible to changes in the relative orientation of the resonators with respect to each other. A comparison of a system that uses a non-planar resonator to a system that uses a planar resonator with both systems having the same separation distance and rated for the same output power may be as follows. The amount of energy that is received at the receiver in the non-planar resonator system in a particular direction can potentially be less than the amount of energy that is received at the receiver in a planar resonator system when the transmitter and receiver resonators are parallel to each other. In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of energy that is received in the non-planar resonator system can be about 25% of the amount of energy that is received in the planar resonator system when the planar resonator system is arranged in its preferred orientation (when the transmitter and receiver resonators are parallel to each other). However, although a planar resonator may be able to transfer more power in a single preferred orientation, the amount of energy that a planar resonator system can transfer drops off dramatically when the system is arranged in other orientations and can drop to zero when the orientation of the transmitter and receiver resonators are arranged orthogonal to each other.

0082By using a non-planar resonator that spans a surface area occupying three spatial dimensions, the same transmitter resonator is able to couple or transfer energy to a non-planar receiver resonator over a wider range of spatial orientations as compared to a receiver unit having a planar resonator. Similarly a non-planar transmitter resonator is able to couple or transfer more energy to a receiver unit compared to a transmitter unit with a planar resonator. Hence, at a given separation distance D that is within an operating range of an omni-orientational wireless energy transfer system, there is no requirement that the resonators have to be placed in any particular orientation with respect to each other in order to transfer a meaningful amount of power required to power or recharge the device load. In one exemplary embodiment, the system is able to achieve a power transfer between the transmitter resonator and the receiver resonator at a given separation distance D that is at least 25% of a maximum power transfer (compared to a planar receiver resonator) at that given separation distance D, regardless of the orientation of the transmitter resonator relative to the receiver resonator.

0083<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 5</figref> illustrates one embodiment of a transmit resonator coil 500 positioned on an exterior portion of a patient. In <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 5</figref>, the transmit coil can be either a pre-bent or pre-shaped resonator coil configured to conform to the anatomy of the patient, or alternatively, the transmit coil can be a malleable or flexible resonator coil configured to be bendable to conform to the anatomy of the patient.

0084The transmit resonator coil 500 can be coupled to a power supply 501, such as a frequency generator, and can be configured to transmit wireless energy to an implanted receive resonator coil 502 in the patient. In some embodiments, the receive resonator coil can be electrically coupled to a load, such as an implanted medical device 504 (e.g., a heart pump), to provide energy for the operation of the medical device. In some embodiments, the receive resonator coil can also be either pre-bent or malleable, so as to conform to the portion of the anatomy in which it is implanted.

0085<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 6A</figref> illustrates an exploded view of one embodiment of a non-planar and/or malleable resonator coil 600. The construction shown in <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 6A</figref> can apply to any of the resonator coils in this disclosure, such as the coils from <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 4A-4D</figref> and <figref idref="f0004">5</figref> above. The malleable resonator coil 600 can also be used as a transmit coil resonator, a receive coil resonator, or both. Resonator coil 600 can include a flexible conductor layer or wire coil 602, a ferrite layer 604, and a housing or shell (shown here in two sections as housing 606a and 606b). In embodiments where the resonator coil is flexible or malleable, the housing can be made from a soft, flexible or bendable material such as silicone, polyurethane, epoxy, foam, or even fabric. In the illustrated embodiment, the housing comprises two sections 606a and 606b, and one of the parts of the housing can include a groove or cutout to provide containment for the wire coil and ferrite layer. In other embodiments, the housing comprises a single section, such as a flexible epoxy, polyurethane, or rubber-like material that is applied to surround the wire coil and ferrite layer.

0086<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 6B</figref> illustrates a close up, cross-sectional view of housing section 606b having groove 608. <figref idref="f0007">Fig. 6C</figref> illustrates a cut-away view of a fully constructed resonator coil 600, including wire coil layer 602, ferrite layer 604, and housing sections 606a and 606b. It should be understood that in other embodiments the housing sections can comprise a single flexible layer that surrounds the coil layer and ferrite layer. In this embodiment, the ferrite layer 604 is shown positioned above the wire coil 602. The ferrite layer is configured to prevent magnetic flux from flowing in undesired directions. Thus, in this example, the ferrite layer would prevent magnetic flux from the wire coil from flowing past the ferrite layer (towards the top of the page, e.g., the center of the patient's body). The ferrite layer can be optionally removed in some embodiments, where preventing magnetic flux from flowing in undesired directions is not needed.

0087<figref idref="f0008">Fig. 7</figref> illustrates an alternate embodiment of a wire coil layer 702. In the embodiment of <figref idref="f0005 f0006">Figs. 6A-6B</figref>, the wire core layer 602 comprises a single conductor or wire layer. However, in this embodiment, the wire coil layer 702 can comprise multiple layers or different types of coils. In one embodiment, the wire coil layer 702 of <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 7</figref> can include a plurality of transmitter coils 710a, 710b, and 710c, and can further comprise an exciter coil 712 and a receive coil 714. Each of the transmitter coils can be configured to operate at different parameters (e.g., different frequencies, power levels, etc.), or alternatively, the plurality of transmitter coils can be driven together. The excitation coil can be used to cause the transmitter coils to resonate. The receive coil can be used to receive wireless power or signals from another resonator coil, for example. It should be understood that any combination or number of layers of coils can be used. For example, other embodiments could include multiple receive coils and/or multiple exciter coils. The wire coil layer 702 of <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 7</figref> can be incorporated into the designs of <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 4A-4D</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 5</figref>, or <figref idref="f0005 f0007">Figs. 6A-6C</figref> above (for example, by substituting wire core layer 702 of <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 7</figref> in for wire coil layer 602 of <figref idref="f0005 f0006 f0007">Fig. 6</figref>).

0088The various resonator constructions described above provide for a conformable lamination of components that can be configured to follow the contours of the human body. In some embodiments, the spaces between individual layers (coil, ferrite, etc.) or between the separate layers of coils can include a "slip sheet" or thin film, such as a PTFE film, to allow for adjacent movement between the different layers and therefore promote and enable formability and malleability of the resonator. In some embodiments, the spaces or gaps between coils and the other resonator components can be filled with silicone or other similar materials to stabilize the resonator in a chosen coil plane or shape. In another embodiment, spacers may be used between the resonator components to improve electrical performance or allow for slippage between adjacent layers. In some embodiments, the spaces or gaps between coils and the other resonator components are filled with air and/or another fluid.

0089Since ferrite materials are typically hard and brittle, the ferrite layer in the resonator (such as ferrite layer 604 in <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 6A</figref>) should be specifically designed to allow for the resonator to take on a non-planar or bendable configuration, if the coil is intended to shaped after manufacture. In some embodiments, where the resonator is pre-formed or pre-shaped to conform to a patient, the ferrite layer can be a solid, machined layer of ferrite cut to achieve the curved shape. However, in other embodiments, such as in the case of a malleable resonator, the ferrite layer must be able to accommodate bending and shaping, so a single rigid layer of ferrite will not suffice. Referring to <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 8</figref>, in one embodiment the ferrite layer 804 can comprise a plurality of ferrite beads or tiles 807 bonded onto a flexible substrate 809. In this embodiment, several small ferrite beads or tiles can be bonded onto a flexible substrate allows the ferrite layer 804 to bend and conform to the body with the rest of the components in the resonator. One will appreciate that the number and shape of the ferrite tiles can be modified based on design requirements, for example, the minimum bend radius. In various embodiments, the coil comprises a plurality of ferrite members with different shapes and sizes. In one embodiment, the flexible substrate can comprise an adhesive film cut to the correct final shape (e.g., acrylic double stick adhesive film). In another embodiment, the flexible substrate can comprise a silicone film. This would allow for bonding to the other silicone potting and molded silicone ring components in the resonator assembly.

0090Referring now to <figref idref="f0010">Fig. 9</figref>, the resonator may include a strain relief 916 that allows a robust and cosmetic transition from the wire coil layer 902 to a cable jacket 918. The strain relief can reduce the incidence of conductor failure due to customer use or abuse. In some embodiments, the cable jacket can be non-silicone (e.g., urethane, LDPE, Teflon, PVC, etc.) so that the silicone potting does not bond to the conductors, thereby allowing some slippage and movement and allowing more flexibility to the TET coil assembly. In another embodiment, the cable jacket can be silicone, so that the silicone potting of the coil assembly does bond to the conductors, thereby reducing any relative motion of the conductors within the assembly. This can make the formed shape less flexible once in its final molded curved shape, reduce wear due to abrasion from relative motion of conductors and silicone encapsulation, reduce any triboelectric effects due to relative motion of conductor and silicone encapsulation, improve fatigue life, and reduce the change of moisture ingress.

0091Methods of using the malleable resonator coils described herein to transmit and receive wireless energy can include conforming a malleable transmitter coil to a patient, transmitting wireless energy from the malleable transmitter coil into the patient, receiving the wireless energy with a receiver coil implanted in the patient, and delivering the received energy to a device load in the patient. In various embodiments, the conforming comprises making a gross adjustment of the coil (e.g. based on the patient's body size) and then fine tuning the coil shape. The conforming can be done by the clinician. Alternatively, the conforming can be done by the manufacturer based on patient information provided by the clinician to the manufacturer (e.g. a patient model). Methods can also include transmitting wireless energy from a transmitter coil into a patient, receiving the wireless energy with a malleable receiver coil implanted in the patient, and delivering the received energy to a device load in the patient.

0092Although this invention has been disclosed in the context of certain preferred embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Various modifications to the above embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above, but should be determined only by a fair reading of the claims that follow.

0093In particular, materials and manufacturing techniques may be employed as within the level of those with skill in the relevant art. Furthermore, reference to a singular item, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same items present. More specifically, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "and," "said," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As used herein, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the term "or" is inclusive of all presented alternatives, and means essentially the same as the commonly used phrase "and/or." It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as "solely," "only" and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a "negative" limitation. Unless defined otherwise herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

0094The 29 claims of the parent application are reproduced immediately below as clauses directed to preferred embodiments. The applicant reserves the right to pursue protection for the combinations of features set out in these clauses, and/or for any other subject-matter contained in the parent application as filed, either in the present divisional application or in a further application divided from the present divisional application. The claims of the parent application are not the claims of this divisional application. The 15 claims of the current divisional application are contained in a subsequent section headed "CLAIMS".

PREFFERED EMBODIMENTS

0095<ol id="ol0001"><li>1. A resonator of a wireless power transfer system, comprising: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a flexible housing;</li><li>a flexible conductor layer disposed in the housing; and</li><li>a flexible ferrite layer disposed in the housing.</li></ul></li><li>2. The resonator of clause 1 being further configured to bend to substantially conform to the anatomy of a patient.</li><li>3. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the resonator is configured to conform to an abdomen of the patient.</li><li>4. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the resonator is configured to conform to a chest of the patient.</li><li>5. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite beads disposed on a flexible substrate.</li><li>6. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite tiles disposed on a flexible substrate.</li><li>7. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite tiles having different shapes and sizes.</li><li>8. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the flexible ferrite layer comprises at least two sections, a first section having a first minimum bend radius, and a second section having a second minimum bend radius smaller than the first minimum bend radius.</li><li>9. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the flexible conductor layer comprises a resonator coil.</li><li>10. The resonator of clause 9, wherein the resonator coil is coupled to a power supply and configured to transmit wireless energy.</li><li>11. The resonator of clause 9, wherein the resonator coil is configured to receive wireless energy.</li><li>12. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the flexible conductor layer comprises at least one transmit coil and at least one receive coil.</li><li>13. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the flexible conductor layer comprises at least one transmit coil, at least one receive coil, and at least one exciter coil.</li><li>14. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the housing comprises silicone.</li><li>15. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the housing comprises a first section and a second section, the first section having a groove configured to hold the flexible conductor layer and the flexible ferrite layer.</li><li>16. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the housing comprises a circular shape.</li><li>17. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the housing comprises a rectangular shape.</li><li>18. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the housing comprises an elliptical shape.</li><li>19. The resonator of clause 1, wherein the resonator is bendable into a non-planar configuration.</li><li>20. A system for wireless energy transfer, comprising: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a transmitter unit comprising a transmitter resonator coil coupled to a power supply and configured to transmit wireless energy, the transmitter resonator coil being malleable so as to be conformable to a patient's anatomy; and</li><li>a receiver unit comprising a receiver resonator coil coupled to a device load, wherein the receiver unit is configured to receive the wireless energy from the transmitter unit and supply the received energy to the device load.</li></ul></li><li>21. The system of clause 20 further comprising a flexible ferrite layer disposed in the transmitter unit and configured to prevent magnetic flux from flowing in undesired directions.</li><li>22. The system of clause 21, wherein the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite beads disposed on a flexible substrate.</li><li>23. The system of clause 21, wherein the flexible ferrite layer comprises a plurality of ferrite tiles disposed on a flexible substrate.</li><li>24. The system of clause 20, wherein the transmitter resonator coil comprises a plurality of transmit coils.</li><li>25. The system of clause 20, wherein the transmitter resonator coil comprises at least one transmit coil and at least one receive coil.</li><li>26. The system of clause 20, wherein the transmitter resonator coil comprises at least one transmit coil, at least one receive coil, and at least one exciter coil.</li><li>27. The system of clause 20, wherein the transmitter resonator coil is bendable into a non-planar configuration.</li><li>28. A method of transmitting and receiving wireless energy, comprising: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>conforming a malleable transmitter coil to a patient;</li><li>transmitting wireless energy from the malleable transmitter coil into the patient;</li><li>receiving the wireless energy with a receiver coil implanted in the patient; and</li><li>delivering the received energy to a device load in the patient.</li></ul></li><li>29. A method of transmitting and receiving wireless energy, comprising: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>transmitting wireless energy from a transmitter coil into a patient;</li><li>receiving the wireless energy with a malleable receiver coil implanted in the patient; and</li><li>delivering the received energy to a device load in the patient.</li></ul></li></ol>