Integrated multiplex target analysis

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0001One major challenge in the area of clinical and molecular diagnostics is the ability to have a "sample to answer" system that allows minimal sample handling and preparation, rapid assays as well as no requirement for highly trained laboratory personnel. While many systems have been proposed, to date there are virtually no such commercial systems. The present invention provides such an integrated, multiplex system.

0002<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="WO2009105711A"><text>WO2009/105711</text></patcit> describes assays based on liquid flow arrays.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0003The aspects and embodiments of the present invention are set forth in the claims.

0004The present disclosure provides biochip cartridges and instrument devices for the detection and/or analysis of target analytes from patient samples.

0005Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides biochip cartridges generally comprising a bottom substrate and a top plate. The bottom substrate comprises a printed circuit board (PCB) comprising an electrowetting grid of electrodes forming a droplet pathway, an array of detection electrodes accessible to the droplet pathway, each comprising a self-assembled monolayer and a capture probe, and a plurality of interconnections from the electrowetting grid and the detection electrodes. The top plate comprises a conductive surface substantially parallel to the bottom substrate and mated thereto to form a reaction chamber. In a further aspect, the bottom substrate further comprises a plurality of amplification pathways of electrowetting pads. In an additional aspect, some of the pads of the electrowetting grid comprise dried assay reagents. These can include, but are not limited to, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs; usually a mixture of dCTP, dTTP, dGTP and dATP); sets of PCR primers, label probes, enzymes (reverse transcriptase (in the case where the target nucleic acid is RNA), exonucleases, polymerases (particularly heat stable enzymes such as Taq polymerase and variants thereof, as well as "Hot Start" embodiments).

0006In a further aspect, the array of detection electrodes in is fluid communication with the droplet pathway.

0007In a further aspect, the top plate can comprise fluid passageways spatially corresponding to the intended receiving pads of the electrowetting grid.

0008In an additional aspect, the cartridge further comprises a liquid regent module (LRM) comprising a plurality of blisters comprising assay reagents, fluid passageways connecting each of said blisters to one of the fluid holes of the top plate, and a sample inlet port in fluid connection with the reaction chamber. In some aspects, the LRM further comprises an aliquot of capture beads, particularly magnetic capture beads. In an additional aspect, the fluid passageways of the LRM allow the assay reagents stored in the blisters to be dispensed at a location remote from the blister upon rupture of the blister. In a further aspect, the blisters of the LRM can contain an immiscible fluid, particularly immiscible oil, lysis buffer, binding buffer and/ or elution buffer.

0009In a further aspect, the biochip cartridge further comprises an external housing comprising a latched cover for irreversibly sealing the sample inlet port. In some aspects, the external housing further comprises electronic connections from the edge interconnectors of the bottom substrate and/or from the thermal zone connections. In an additional aspect, the external housing is asymmetrically shaped to facilitate only one insertion orientation into the bays of the devices herein. In a further aspect, the external housing can further comprise a barcode.

0010The present disclosure further provides methods of using the biochips of the disclosure. Thus, in one aspect, the disclosure provides methods of detecting a plurality of target nucleic acids in a sample comprising adding sample to the biochips of the invention, executing steps to lyse the cells of the sample, purify the sample, amplify the sample, and detect the sample, with optional washing steps at any or all operations.

0011In one aspect, the methods provide adding the sample to a biochip cartridge and executing assay operations comprising mixing the sample with lysis buffer, adding binding buffer and capture beads to the sample, mixing the beads and sample, optionally washing the beads, eluting the target nucleic acids from the beads, adding amplification reagents to the target nucleic acids to amplifying the target nucleic acids to form amplicons, optionally digesting one strand of the amplicon using exonuclease, adding signaling probes to the amplicons to form hybridization complexes, binding the hybridization complexes to the capture probes on the detection electrodes to form assay complexes, optionally washing the detection electrodes, and electrochemically detecting the assay complexes.

0012In a further aspect, the disclosure provides an apparatus for the detection of target analytes comprising: a) an instrument bank comprising a plurality of biochip cartridge bays for insertion and analysis of a biochip cartridge; b) a touch screen display having a plurality of bay icons, each icon uniquely corresponding to one of the plurality of bays; wherein when a biochip cartridge is inserted into one of said bays the corresponding icon is enlarged and/ or exhibited.

0013In an additional aspect, the disclosure provides an apparatus for the detection of target analytes comprising: a) an instrument bank comprising a plurality ofbiochip cartridge bays for insertion and analysis of a biochip cartridge; b) a touch screen display having a plurality of bay icons, each bay icon uniquely corresponding to one of the plurality of bays; wherein when one of said bay icons is touched a panel of first options about the corresponding bay is enlarged and/or exhibited.

0014In a further aspect the plurality of biochip cartridge bays are arranged in at least one vertically disclosed bank of bays, and the bay icons arc similarly displayed. Similarly, the plurality of biochip cartridge bays can be arranged in at least two vertically disclosed banks of bays, and the bay icons are similarly displayed. Additionally, the plurality of biochip cartridge bays can be arranged in at least three vertically disclosed banks of bays, and the bay icons are similarly displayed. Similarly, the plurality of biochip cartridge bays can be arranged in at least four vertically disclosed banks of bays, and the bay icons are similarly displayed.

0015In an additional aspect, the panel of first options comprises a plurality of secondary icons each selected from the group consisting of: an icon to review biochip cartridge data; an icon for status of a biochip cartridge assay; an icon depicting the time remaining in a biochip cartridge assay; an icon to generate a data report of biochip cartridge data; an icon to print a data report ofbiochip cartridge data; an icon to email a data report ofbiochip cartridge data; an icon to export a data report ofbiochip cartridge data to another computer device; and an icon to display a virtual keyboard.

0016In a further aspect, the apparatus further comprises a lighting component associated with each biochip cartridge bays. The lighting component indicates the status of the bay, which status can independently and optionally be selected from the group consisting of empty, cartridge present, cartridge assay underway, cartridge assay complete, and error.

0017In an additional aspect, the apparatus further comprises a barcode reader and/ or one or more USB ports. In some cases a barcode scanner is attached via a USB port.

0018In a further aspect, each biochip cartridge bay is independently controlled.

0019In an additional aspect, each biochip cartridge is ejected upon completion of the assay protocol.

0020In a further aspect, the touch screen display further comprises a row of function icons. These function icons can independently and optionally be selected from the group consisting of: a function icon to display a virtual keyboard, a preventative maintenance icon; a dashboard icon, a print icon; an email icon, and an icon to export data to a remote device. The preventative maintenance icon can be a dashboard icon, which, when pressed will display a plurality of graphs each selected from the group consisting of [number of assays run], [number of assays for one or more bays], [number and/ or type of assays run for each bay], [time since last maintenance for each bay] and [number of errors per bay]. The graphs can be selected from bar graphs and pie chart graphs.

0021In an additional aspect, each bay comprises at least a first off resistive chip heater and/or a second off chip Peltier heater. In some cases, each bay comprises three resistive heaters configured to facilitate PCR reactions on the chip. In some cases, the Peltier heater services the detection electrodes.

0022In a further aspect, the memory of the apparatus stores user profiles, which can optionally include the retention of the preferred height of the virtual keyboard display.

0023In an additional aspect, the disclosure provides biochip cartridges comprising: a housing comprising a plurality of physical force contacts; a first bottom substrate comprising printed circuit board (PCB) comprising: a plurality of detection electrodes comprising capture binding ligands; a plurality of electrowetting electrodes; interconnects for the detection and electrowetting electrodes; a second top substrate comprising plastic comprising: a plurality of reactant wells, optionally containing reagent well inlet ports; at least one sample inlet port; wherein the first and second substrate form at least one chamber (which can be varying heights in different locations due to the top plate configuration).

0024In a further aspect, the detection electrodes each comprise a capture binding ligand (including nucleic acids and proteins).

0025In an additional aspect, the detection electrodes further comprise a self-assembled monolayer (SAM).

0026In a further aspect, one of the reagent wells/locations contains a solution binding ligand comprising at least one electron transfer moiety (ETM), which can be a metallocene, including ferrocenes, which includes ferrocene derivative.

0027In an additional aspect, the target analytes are target nucleic acids and at least one of the reagent wells comprises a set ofPCR primers for a plurality of the target nucleic acids.

0028In a further aspect, the first substrate comprises at least a first identification tag such as an EPROM, an EEPROM, an RFID, a barcode, a 2D barcode, etc., that identifies the biochip and/or the assay on the biochip.

0029In an additional aspect, the housing comprises a location to add a patient barcode. The housing can be asymmetrically configured such that it can only be inserted into the bays in one direction.

0030In a further aspect, the inlet port has an associated sealable lid, which can be reversibly or irreversibly sealable.

0031In an additional aspect, the disclosure provides methods of diagnosis based on detecting at least one target analyte of a plurality of target analytes comprising: providing an apparatus according to any claim herein, providing a patient sample; providing a biochip cartridge according to any of the cartridge claims herein; adding the patient sample to the inlet port; sealing said inlet port; adding a patient barcode to said housing; scanning said patient barcode into said apparatus; inserting said cartridge into one of said bays; initiating the appropriate assay; and generating a report showing the diagnosis.

0032As described herein, in one aspect the disclosure provides an apparatus for processing a fluid module including a collapsible vessel supported on a planar substrate by applying a force compressing the vessel against the substrate, said apparatus comprising: a first actuator component configured to be movable in a first direction that is generally parallel to the plane of the substrate; a second actuator component configured to be movable in a second direction having a component that is generally normal to the plane of the substrate; and a motion conversion mechanism coupling the first actuator component with the second actuator component and constructed and arranged to convert movement of the first actuator component in the first direction into movement of the second actuator component in the second direction.

0033In one aspect, the first actuator component comprises an actuator plate configured to be movable in the first direction and including a cam follower element; the second actuator component comprises a platen configured to be movable in the second direction; and the motion conversion mechanism comprises a cam body having a cam surface, said cam body being coupled to said platen and being configured such that the cam follower element of the actuator plate engages the cam surface of the cam body as the actuator plate moves in the first direction thereby causing movement of the cam body that results in movement of the platen in the second direction.

0034In an additional aspect, the cam follower element of the actuator plate comprises a roller configured to rotate about an axis of rotation that is parallel to the actuator plate and normal to the first direction; and the motion conversion mechanism further comprises a chassis, and the cam body is pivotally attached at one portion thereof to the chassis and at another portion thereof to the platen.

0035In a further aspect, the cam surface of the cam body comprises an initial flat portion and a convexly-curved portion, and movement of the roller from the initial flat portion to the convexly-curved portion causes the movement of the cam body that results in movement of the platen in the second direction.

0036In an additional aspect, the first actuator component comprises a cam rail configured to be movable in the first direction; the second actuator component comprises a platen configured to be movable in the second direction; and the motion conversion mechanism comprises a cam surface and a cam follower coupling the cam rail to the platen and configured to convert motion of the cam rail in the first direction into movement of the platen in the second direction.

0037In a further aspect, the cam surface comprises a cam profile slot formed in the cam rail; and the cam follower comprises a follower element coupling the platen to the cam profile slot such that movement of the cam rail in the first direction causes movement of the cam follower within the cam profile slot that results in the movement of the platen in the second direction.

0038In an additional aspect, the disclosure provides an apparatus for displacing fluid from a fluid container including a first vessel and a second vessel connected or connectable to the first vessel and including a sealing partition preventing fluid flow from the second vessel, wherein the fluid container further includes an opening device configured to be contacted with the sealing partition to open the sealing partition and permit fluid flow from the second vessel, said apparatus comprising: a first actuator configured to be movable with respect to the first vessel to compress the first vessel and displace fluid contents thereof; and a second actuator movable with respect to the opening device and configured to contact the opening device and cause the opening device to open the sealing partition, wherein the second actuator is releasably coupled to the first actuator such that the second actuator moves with the first actuator until the second actuator contacts the opening device and causes the opening device to open the sealing partition, after which the second actuator is released from the first actuator and the first actuator moves independently of the second actuator to displace fluid from the first vessel.

0039In a further aspect, the disclosure provides a fluid container comprising: a first vessel; a second vessel connected or connectable to the first vessel; a scaling partition preventing fluid flow from the second vessel; and a spherical opening element initially supported within the second vessel by the scaling partition and configured to be contacted with the sealing partition to open the sealing partition and perm it fluid flow from the second vessel.

0040In an additional aspect, the apparatus further comprises a fluid channel extending between the first and second vessels.

0041In a further aspect, the apparatus further comprises a seal within the fluid channel, the seal being configured to be breakable upon application of sufficient force to the seal to thereby connect the first and second vessels via the fluid channel.

0042In an additional aspect, the disclosure provides a fluid container comprising: a first vessel; a second vessel connected or connectable to the first vessel; a sealing partition preventing fluid flow from the second vessel; and a cantilevered lance having a piercing point and disposed with the piercing point adjacent to the sealing partition and configured to be deflected until the piercing point pierces the sealing partition to permit fluid flow from the second vessel.

0043In a further aspect, the fluid container further comprises a fluid channel extending between the first and second vessels.

0044In a further aspect, the apparatus further comprises a seal within the fluid channel, the seal being configured to be breakable upon application of sufficient force to the seal to thereby connect the first and second vessels via the fluid channel.

0045In an additional aspect, the disclosure provides a fluid container comprising: a first vessel; a second vessel connected or connectable to the first vessel; a sealing partition preventing fluid flow from the second vessel; and a cantilevered lance having a piercing point and being fixed at an end thereof opposite the piercing point, said cantilevered lance being disposed with the piercing point adjacent to the sealing partition and configured to be deflected until the piercing point pierces the sealing partition to permit fluid flow from the second vessel.

0046In a further aspect, the fluid container further comprises a substrate on which the first and second vessels are supported and which includes a chamber formed therein adjacent said sealing partition, wherein an end of the cantilevered lance is secured to the substrate and the piercing point of the lance is disposed within the chamber.

0047In an additional aspect, the fluid container further comprises a fluid channel extending between the first and second vessels.

0048In a further aspect, the fluid container further comprises a seal within the fluid channel, the seal being configured to be breakable upon application of sufficient force to the seal to thereby connect the first and second vessels via the fluid channel.

0049In an additional aspect, the disclosure provides a fluid container comprising: a first vessel; a second vessel connected or connectable to the first vessel; a scaling partition preventing fluid flow from the second vessel; and a lancing pin having a piercing point and disposed with the piercing point adjacent to the sealing partition and configured to be moved with respect to the sealing partition until the piercing point pierces the sealing partition to permit fluid flow from the second vessel.

0050In a further aspect, the lancing pin has a fluid port formed therethrough to permit fluid to flow through the lancing pin after the sealing partition is pierced by the piercing point.

0051In an additional aspect, the fluid container further comprises a substrate on which the first and second vessels are supported and which includes a chamber formed therein adjacent said sealing partition within which the lancing pin is disposed.

0052In a further aspect, the chamber comprises a segmented bore defining a hard stop within the chamber and said lancing pin includes a shoulder that contacts the hard stop to prevent further movement of the lancing pin after the piercing point pierces the sealing partition.

0053In an additional aspect, the fluid container further comprises a fluid channel extending between the first and second vessels.

0054In an additional aspect, the fluid container further comprises a seal within the fluid channel, the seal being configured to be breakable upon application of sufficient force to the seal to thereby connect the first and second vessels via the fluid channel.

0055In a further aspect, the disclosure provides a fluid container comprising: a first vessel; a second vessel disposed within the first vessel; a substrate on which the first and second vessels are supported and having a cavity formed therein adjacent said second vessel; a fixed spike formed within the cavity; and a fluid exit port extending from the cavity, wherein said first and second vessels are configured such that external pressure applied to the first vessel will collapse the second vessel and cause the second vessel to contact and be pierced by the fixed spike, thereby allowing fluid to flow from the first vessel through the cavity and the fluid exit port.

0056In an additional aspect, the disclosure provides a fluid container comprising: a collapsible vessel configured to be collapsed upon application of sufficient external pressure to displace fluid from the vessel; a housing surrounding at least a portion of the collapsible vessel; and a floating compression plate movably disposed within said housing, wherein said housing includes an opening configured to permit an external actuator to contact the floating compression plate within the housing and press the compression plate into the collapsible vessel to collapse the vessel and displace the fluid contents therefrom.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0057<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1A</figref> is a top plan view of a liquid reagent module, according to one of the embodiments of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1B</figref> is a side view of the liquid reagent module shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1A</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> is a perspective view of a blister compressing actuator mechanism embodying aspects of the present disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 3A</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional perspective view of the articulated blister actuator platen assembly in an initial, unactuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 3B</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional side view of the articulated blister actuator platen assembly in the initial unactuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 4A</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional perspective view of the articulated blister actuator platen assembly as the platen is about to be actuated.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 4B</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional side view of the articulated blister actuator platen assembly as the platen is about to be actuated.</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 5A</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional perspective view of the articulated blister actuator platen assembly with the platen in a fully actuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 5B</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional side view of the articulated blister actuator platen assembly with the platen in a fully actuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 6A</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional perspective view of the articulated blister actuator platen assembly with the platen returned to the unactuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 6B</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional side view of the articulated blister actuator platen assembly with the platen returned to the unactuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 7A</figref> is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a blister compressing actuator mechanism in an unactuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 7B</figref> is a perspective view of the blister compressing actuator mechanism of <figref idref="f0007">Figure 7A</figref> in the fully actuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 8A</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional side view of a collapsible fluid vessel configured to facilitate opening of the vessel.</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 8B</figref> is an enlarged partial, cross-sectional side view of a vessel opening feature of the collapsible fluid vessel.</li><li><figref idref="f0009 f0010">Figures 9A-9D</figref> are side views showing an apparatus for opening a collapsible vessel configured to facilitate opening of the vessel in various states.</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 10</figref> is a side view of an alternative embodiment of an apparatus for opening a collapsible vessel configured to facilitate opening of the vessel.</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figure 11</figref> is a bar graph showing exemplary burst forces for fluid-containing blisters of varying volumes.</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figure 12</figref> is a load versus time plot of the compression load versus time during a blister compression.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 13A</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional side view of an alternative apparatus for opening a collapsible vessel configured to facilitate opening of the vessel.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 13B</figref> is a perspective view of a cantilever lance used in the embodiment of <figref idref="f0012">Figure 13A</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 14</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional side view of an alternative apparatus for opening a collapsible vessel configured to facilitate opening of the vessel.</li><li><figref idref="f0013">Figure 15A</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional side view of an alternative apparatus for opening a collapsible vessel configured to facilitate opening of the vessel.</li><li><figref idref="f0013">Figure 15B</figref> is a perspective view of a lancing pin used in the apparatus of <figref idref="f0013">Figure 15A</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0014">Figure 16A</figref> is a partial, cross-sectional side view of an alternative apparatus for opening a collapsible vessel configured to facilitate opening of the vessel.</li><li><figref idref="f0014">Figure 16B</figref> is a perspective view of a lacing pin used in the apparatus of <figref idref="f0014">Figure 16A</figref>.</li><li><figref idref="f0015">Figure 17</figref> is an exploded, cross-sectional, perspective view of an apparatus for protecting and interfacing with a collapsible vessel.</li><li><figref idref="f0016">Figure 18</figref> is a cross-sectional, side view of the apparatus for protecting and interfacing with a collapsible vessel in an unactuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0017">Figure 19</figref> is a cross-sectional, perspective view of the apparatus for protecting and interfacing with a collapsible vessel in fully actuated state.</li><li><figref idref="f0018">Figure 20</figref> depicts one embodiment of the cartridge as it would be viewed by the lab technician running the assay, with appropriate annotations.</li><li><figref idref="f0019">Figure 21</figref> shows the PCB layout of one biochip first substrate of the disclosure, depicting the four general "zones" of this embodiment, on an overlay of <figref idref="f0019">Figures 21</figref> and <figref idref="f0020">22</figref> . The sample preparation zone is connected to the housing inlet port to allow the introduction of sample. The sample preparation zone optionally includes lysis buffer for the lysis of cells and/or viruses in the patient sample, or the lysis buffer can be contained in the LRM, described therein. Magnetic beads are optionally included (again in the LRM), optionally coated such that the target analytes adsorb to the beads. For example, in the case of nucleic acids, the beads arc coated such that the negatively charged nucleic acids absorb, and then can be optionally washed (e.g. by holding the beads in place using a magnetic actuator as described herein and flowing wash buffer past this holding zone) and optionally eluted (again, generally by holding the beads in place and flowing a high salt concentration buffer past the beads). Optionally, the washed beads can just be flowed into the system to be included in droplets. The Reagent zone is where reagents (enzymes, binding ligands, labels, primers, probes, buffers, wash buffers, etc.) are stored, either as dried reagents or as confined liquids or in blister packages above the surface, which, when burst, release the reagents into these zones, or both. The processing zone (labeled herein as the amplification zone as the target analytes are nucleic acids in this particular embodiment) is where the electrowetting fluidic technology allows the microdroplets to travel over different thermal zones (in this case, provided by resistive heaters in the bottom bay where the chip contacts the bay, although in some embodiments, on-chip heaters and sensors, such as resistive copper traces or thin-film thermocouples, could be utilized) to facilitate PCR. The eSensor™ zone is where the detection occurs as described herein. In some embodiments, as described herein, a Peltier element or a resistive heater is included (again, preferably within the bay, but in some embodiments could on-chip as well).</li><li><figref idref="f0020">Figure 22</figref> is another rendering of one of the embodiments of the present biochip disclosure. Several optional manual reagent introduction ports are shown, as discussed herein that may have blister packages (or other methods of storing reagents) above the zones, resident in the LRM and accessible to the chamber formed by the substrate and the top plate using holes or vias in the top plate, which optionally include one way valves to prevent sample from entering the LRM. The amplification area is divided into three zones, that can be used individually (e.g. three droplets arc processed essentially simultaneously) or together (e.g. one droplet is processed on the three tracks). This can allow, for example, one 21-plex reaction to be run as a group, or as 3 X 7-plex reactions; in some cases, particularly when multiplex PCR reactions are done, lowering the multiplexity of the reactions (e.g. primer sets, etc.) can give better results. It will also be appreciated by those in the art that multiple droplets may be used in each PCR track, e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more droplets per track (for example which may be combined together either prior to or during dispersement on the detection zone. In addition, as noted herein, these amplification areas need not be PCR reactions, isothermal amplification techniques can also be used.</li><li><figref idref="f0021 f0022">Figure 23</figref> depicts a general schematic of one configuration the bottom substrate of the cartridges of the invention. The substrate is divided into the sample reservoir, showing the larger pads of the electrowetting electrode grid that are used in sample preparation, based on the volume of the sample and the amount of lysis buffer, binding buffer and elution buffers needed for sample preparation. <figref idref="f0021 f0022">Figure 23</figref> depicts a magnet area, where the capture beads are mixed with lysed sample (usually with the addition of binding buffer), washed, and eluted (using elution buffer). From there, in <figref idref="f0021 f0022">Figure 23</figref>, the drops are loaded onto the Center Transport Lane, and moved into the reagent storage and delivery area. Moving through this area (as more fully described below), the droplet(s) move to the PCR reagent staging area, where they pick up the required reagents, primers, probes, enzymes, etc. for PCR. This figure depicts two amplification pad pathways and three heat zones for the PCR thermocycling. The drops travel back and forth through these thermal zones for an appropriate number of cycles, and then move back along the center transport lane to pick up detection reagents, signaling probes, etc., to be moved onto the detection electrode array. Also shown are a plurality of reservoirs, including the reconstitution reservoir (for use when the dried reagents are to be reconstituted by buffer and not by using the sample droplet to resuspend the reagents), a wash reservoir, and three additional reservoirs for the storage of buffers, etc. as needed.</li><li><figref idref="f0023">Figure 24</figref> shows the optional addition of dry reagents in the embodiment of nucleic acids and amplification on the overlay of one general embodiment of the bottom substrate configuration. These can be used alone or in combination with liquid reagents as described herein, and the placement of either type of reagent should not be considered limiting. The bottom substrate of <figref idref="f0021 f0022">Figure 23</figref> depicts three amplification tracks, which as described herein can be used for three separate PCR reactions or for one reaction done along multiple pad pathways. The three amplification tracks are shown on the right, with three perpendicular thermal zones, depicted as 95C, 72C and 64C (although these can be adjusted based on the individual primer/probe PCR reactions as is well known in the art). The interconnects (herein shown as pin connectors) are at the edges of some sides of the substrate. The electrowetting electrode grid on the right are larger pads, allowing for sample handling, including lysis, capture bead mixing (in binding buffer), etc. The electrowetting grid on the left hand side contains smaller pads for smaller droplet size.</li><li><figref idref="f0024">Figures 25A</figref>, <figref idref="f0025">25B</figref>, <figref idref="f0026">25C</figref>, <figref idref="f0027">25D</figref> and <figref idref="f0028">25E</figref> show a number of possible configurations of the electrowetting electrode grid, the dried reagent pad locations and the reagent pathways. "XT-1" and "XT-2" refer to solutions comprising the appropriate label ligands (e.g. signal probes) for the detection of the analytes.</li><li><figref idref="f0029">Figure 26</figref> depicts one schematic of an apparatus, including a depiction of several biochip cartridges. The apparatus shows the base station with a touch screen display with biochip icons with a one-to-one spatial correspondence to the biochip cartridge bays (shown here in two towers, one on each side of the display). As discussed herein, the apparatus can e made with one back of bays, two (as shown or both on one side), three (two on one side and one on the other, or three on one side), four (two on each side), etc. In addition to the biochip icons, there are optional function icons on the bottom of the screen as described herein, along with an optional display of the time and date. Each bay has an insertion slot, configured to only allow asymmetric insertion (both requiring "right side up" insertion as depicted here by the half-moon shape, e.g. the bottom of the biochip is rounded in this embodiment although other such shapes can be used) as well as a groove/protrusion system in both the chip and the bay that allows only one end of the cartridge to be inserted into the bay ("right end in"; depicted herein where the groove is in the cartridge and the protrusion is in the bay, although this can be reversed and/or other well-known techniques for asymmetrical insertion can be used). Above the insertion slot is a curved light display, configured to show the status of the bay using any combination of colors, flashing lights or the absence of light to depict the status of the individual bay (e.g. empty, ready to load, assay underway, assay complete, cartridge ready to remove, error, etc.). A USB port is depicted with an attached barcode reader (although as will be appreciated, more than one USB port can be included). A power button is shown. In addition, the bottom of the middle component shows a cover, which conceals a built-in barcode scanner if a hand held design is not preferred. In addition, several biochip cartridges are shown, with the housing with the blister actuator sites covered by a label (optionally including one or more trademarks, barcodes, identifying labels, etc.) for example or in one case with the housing on one side removed (as described herein, in some cases the housing does not completely cover the components, for example being only on the sides and the top (this finds particular utility for the heating elements of the bottom bay, to reduce the amount of layers between the heater and the PCB board).</li><li><figref idref="f0030">Figures 27A, 27B and 27C</figref> depict an additional schematic of the systems of the disclosure, with an integral barcode scanner and two biochips. <figref idref="f0030">Figure 27A</figref> shows the two instrument bays and the base station with user interface.</li><li><figref idref="f0031">Figure 28</figref> depicts another view of one embodiment of some of the thermal and electrical connections between the bay and the chip. The cartridge has electrode pads that connect with pogo pins in the bay (see <figref idref="f0032">Figure 29</figref>). The three thermal zones are shown as well as the thermal zone for uniform control of the detection zone, depicted herein as the Peltier zone; the resistive heating elements and the actual Peltier arc contained in the bottom bay as shown in <figref idref="f0032">Figure 29</figref> . One embodiment for a lock in mechanism for the insertion of the cartridge is also depicted.</li><li><figref idref="f0032">Figure 29</figref> shows an embodiment of the electrical and thermal connections of the bottom bay. There are pogo pin connectors for the PCR amplification zone heaters, pogo pin connectors for the optional heating of the sample zone, pogo pin connectors for the Peltier heater of the detection zone (again, detection is optionally and preferably done at a uniform temperature), and the edge connector pogo pins to connect the electrowetting grid electrodes and the detection electrodes.</li><li><figref idref="f0033">Figure 30</figref> depicts a side view of one embodiment of a biochip; in this case the LRM does not completely cover the top plate.</li><li><figref idref="f0034">Figure 31</figref> depicts another schematic of an embodiment of the apparatus.</li><li><figref idref="f0035">Figures 32A</figref> and <figref idref="f0036">32B</figref> depict several suitable latching mechanisms for locking the chip into the bay. <figref idref="f0035">Figures 32A</figref> and <figref idref="f0036">32B</figref> show two views of an embodiment comprising alignment pin holes in a biochip cartridge to "lock in' the electrode/pogo connectors.</li><li><figref idref="f0037 f0038 f0039 f0040">Figure 33</figref> depicts an overview of the operation steps for an exemplary assay run on the system.</li><li><figref idref="f0041">Figure 34</figref> depicts a schematic a three pathway amplification zone for use in "tandem amplification" as described below.</li><li><figref idref="f0042">Figures 35A, 35B and 35C</figref> show a schematic of one embodiment of the PCB, the top plate, and the two mated together. <figref idref="f0042">Figure 35B</figref> shows that the top plate has ridges such that the chamber height is different at different locations on the substrate.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

I. INTRODUCTION

0058One major challenge in the area of clinical and molecular diagnostics is the ability to have a "sample to answer" system that allows minimal sample handling and preparation as well as no requirement for trained clinical lab personnel. While many systems have been proposed, to date there are virtually no such commercial systems. The present invention provides such an integrated, multiplex system. One of the significant benefits of the present system is that in many embodiments, the chip itself needs no moving parts, such as valves or pumps, due to the unique transport properties of the electrowetting system described below.

0059The present disclosure provides molecular diagnostic methods and compositions based on the detection of target analytes, including nucleic acids. The systems described herein arc complete integrated "sample to answer" systems, in contrast with current commercial systems that require some off chip handling of the sample, generally including sample extraction (cell lysis, for example), and sample preparation prior to detection. Thus, in the current system, a patient sample is loaded onto the cartridges and the target analyte sample is extracted, amplified as necessary (for example, when the target analyte is a nucleic acid using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, although isothermal amplification methods can be utilized as well), and then detected using electrochemical detection, all on a microfluidic platform, generally referred to herein as an "integrated biochip cartridge", "biochip" or "cartridge".

0060In general, the system relies on two components: the cartridge, into which the sample is loaded and processed, and the apparatus into which the cartridge is inserted to result in the sample processing and final detection of the target analytes and the generation of a report to such.

0061The basic microfluidic platform used herein is based on systems developed by Advanced Liquid Logic (ALL, currently a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc.), as more fully described below. In general, these technologies rely on the formation of microdroplets and the ability to independently transport, merge, mix and/ or process the droplets, using electrical control of surface tension (i.e., electrowetting). In general, liquid samples are contained within a microfluidic device between two parallel plates. One plate contains etched drive electrodes on its surface while the other plate contains either etched electrodes or a single, continuous plane electrode that is grounded or set to a reference potential ("biplanar electrowetting"). Hydrophobic insulation covers the electrodes and an electric field is generated between electrodes on opposing plates. This electric field creates a surface-tension gradient that causes a droplet overlapping the energized electrode to move towards that electrode. In some embodiments, the active electrowetting electrodes may be adjacent and on the same plane as the neighboring ground reference electrode, which is referred to as "coplanar electrowetting"). Through proper arrangement and control of the electrodes, a droplet can be transported by successively transferring it between adjacent electrodes. The patterned electrodes can be arranged in a two dimensional array so as to allow transport of a droplet to any location covered by that array. The space surrounding the droplets may be filled with a gas such as air or an immiscible fluid such as oil, with immiscible oils being preferred in many embodiments.

0062As the droplets containing the target analytes move across the surface, they can pick up reagents and buffers. For example, when dried reagents are placed on the bottom substrate (generally described herein as printed circuit board, although as will be appreciated by those in the art, additional substrates can be used), a droplet moving through that zone will pick up and dissolve the reagent for use in a biological process such as PCR amplification. In addition, as more fully described below, addition from the liquid reagent module ("LRM"), positioned above the substrate, allows for specific addition of buffers and other reagents such as wash buffers, etc. to drops captured at specific locations.

0063One of the significant benefits of the present system is that in many embodiments, the chip itself needs no moving parts, such as valves or pumps, due to the unique transport properties of the electrowetting system.

0064The electrowetting technology integrates well with the electrochemical detection of target analytes as the addition of electrodes for detection and the lack of any optical requirements allows for superior and less expensive results. Suitable electrochemical detection systems are described in <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US4887455A"><text>US Patent Nos. 4,887,455</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US5591578A"><text>5,591,578</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5705348A"><text>5,705,348</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US5770365A"><text>5,770,365</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US5807701A"><text>5,807,701</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US5824473A"><text>5,824,473</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US5882497A"><text>5,882,497</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US6413170B"><text>6,413,170</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US6013459A"><text>6,013,459</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US6033601A"><text>6,033,601</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US6063573A"><text>6,063,573</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US6090933A"><text>6,090,933</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US6096273A"><text>6,096,273</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US6180064B"><text>6,180,064</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US6190858B"><text>6,190,858</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US6192351B"><text>6,192,351</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="US6221583B"><text>6,221,583</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="US6232062B"><text>6,232,062</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="US6236951B"><text>6,236,951</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="US6248229B"><text>6,248,229</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="US6264825B"><text>6,264,825</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="US6265155B"><text>6,265,155</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="US6290839B"><text>6,290,839</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="US6361958B"><text>6,361,958</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="US6376232B"><text>6,376,232</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="US6431016B"><text>6,431,016</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0028" dnum="US6432723B"><text>6,432,723</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0029" dnum="US6479240B"><text>6,479,240</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0030" dnum="US6495323B"><text>6,495,323</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0031" dnum="US6518024B"><text>6,518,024</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0032" dnum="US6541617B"><text>6,541,617</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0033" dnum="US6596483B"><text>6,596,483</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0034" dnum="US6600026B"><text>6,600,026</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0035" dnum="US6602400B"><text>6,602,400</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0036" dnum="US6627412B"><text>6,627,412</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0037" dnum="US6642046B"><text>6,642,046</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0038" dnum="US6655010B"><text>6,655,010</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0039" dnum="US6686150B"><text>6,686,150</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0040" dnum="US6740518B"><text>6,740,518</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0041" dnum="US6753143B"><text>6.753,143</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0042" dnum="US6761816B"><text>6,761,816</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0043" dnum="US6824669B"><text>6,824,669</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0044" dnum="US6833267B"><text>6,833,267</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0045" dnum="US6875619B"><text>6,875,619</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0046" dnum="US6942771B"><text>6,942,771</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0047" dnum="US6951759B"><text>6,951,759</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0048" dnum="US6960467B"><text>6,960,467</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0049" dnum="US6977151B"><text>6,977,151</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0050" dnum="US7014992B"><text>7,014,992</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0051" dnum="US7018523B"><text>7,018,523</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0052" dnum="US7045285B"><text>7,045,285</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0053" dnum="US7056669B"><text>7,056,669</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0054" dnum="US7087148B"><text>7,087,148</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0055" dnum="US7090804B"><text>7,090,804</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0056" dnum="US7125668B"><text>7,125,668</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0057" dnum="US7160678B"><text>7,160,678</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0058" dnum="US7172897B"><text>7,172,897</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0059" dnum="US7267939B"><text>7,267,939</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0060" dnum="US7312087B"><text>7,312,087</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0061" dnum="US7381525B"><text>7,381,525</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0062" dnum="US7381533B"><text>7,381,533</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0063" dnum="US7384749B"><text>7,384,749</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0064" dnum="US7393645B"><text>7,393,645</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0065" dnum="US7514228B"><text>7,514,228</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0066" dnum="US7534331B"><text>7,534,331</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0067" dnum="US7560237B"><text>7,560,237</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0068" dnum="US7566534B"><text>7,566,534</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0069" dnum="US7579145B"><text>7,579,145</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0070" dnum="US7582419B"><text>7,582,419</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0071" dnum="US7595153B"><text>7,595,153</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0072" dnum="US7601507B"><text>7,601,507</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0073" dnum="US7655129B"><text>7,655,129</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0074" dnum="US7713711B"><text>7,713,711</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0075" dnum="US7759073B"><text>7,759,073</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0076" dnum="US7820391B"><text>7,820,391</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0077" dnum="US7863035B"><text>7,863,035</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0078" dnum="US7935481B"><text>7,935,481</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0079" dnum="US8012743B"><text>8,012,743</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0080" dnum="US8114661B"><text>8,114,661</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0081" dnum="US20120181186A"><text>U.S. Pub. No. 2012/0181186</text></patcit>. Specific reference is made to the structure and synthesis of the ETMs, the different assay methods and assay components (particularly the structure and synthesis of label probes), the methods of making the PCB component and detection electrodes, etc.

0065Accordingly, the processed target analyte drops arc transported to a detection zone on the substrate, where they are specifically captured on individual detection electrodes, using systems described in numerous patents above with specific reference to <patcit id="pcit0082" dnum="US7935418B"><text>US Patent No. 7,935,418</text></patcit> , hereby expressly incorporated by reference and more fully described below. This detection system relies on the use of label probes (in the case of nucleic acids) containing electrochemically active labels, such that the presence of the target analyte results in a positive signal, allowing detection of the pathogen, disease state, etc.

0066The cartridge is then inserted into an apparatus, more fully described below, that receives the cartridge(s) and detects the presence or absence of the labels at each electrode, allowing the detection of the target analytes of interest, and reporting on the disease state, etc.

0067A particular utility of the present system is the ease and rapidity of this integrated system. For example, there are no more than 2 operations required before introduction of the sample to the system, which allows for both ease of use and no requirement for highly trained lab personnel. A significant benefit to the present system is also the speed from sample to answer, which is generally no more than about 45-90 minutes from sample introduction to reporting of assay results, with most results being reported in roughly 60-70 minutes or less. This represents a significant advantage to both labs and doctors relying on quick analyses for diagnosis and start of appropriate treatments. In addition, as outlined below, the ability of running not only multiple tests which are highly multiplexed on a single cartridge but the ability to analyze multiple cartridges in a completely random access way is a significant advantage in a clinical lab setting. A further advantage of the present system is that it can be used for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Each bay can be autonomously operated with minimal user operations, power requirements, and easy portability. A single bay can run multiple cartridge and assay combinations. Furthermore, some of the components (e.g., heaters and sensors) can be incorporated into the cartridge at minimal cost, thus allowing for easy and rapid assay development without altering the bay structure.

0068It should be noted that any and all components of the apparatus, biochip cartridge, methods, etc., can be individually included or excluded in each composition or method. That is, biochip cartridges without liquid reagents can be made, without heaters, etc.

0069Accordingly, the present disclosure is directed to integrated biochip systems that allow for the detection of target analytes from samples.

Samples

0070The invention provides apparatus (also referred to herein as "devices" or "systems") for the detection of target analytes in samples to diagnose disease, infection by pathogens (e.g. bacteria, virus, fungi, etc.). As will be appreciated by those in the art, the sample solution may comprise any number of things, including, but not limited to, bodily fluids (including, but not limited to, blood, urine, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, saliva, nasopharyngeal samples, anal and vaginal secretions, feces, tissue samples including tissues suspected of containing cancerous cells, perspiration and semen of virtually any organism, with mammalian samples being preferred and human samples being particularly preferred); environmental samples (including, but not limited to, air, agricultural, water and soil samples, environmental swabs and other collection kits); biological warfare agent samples; food and beverage samples, research samples (i.e. in the case of nucleic acids, the sample may be the products of an amplification reaction, including both target and signal amplification as is generally described in <patcit id="pcit0083" dnum="US9901705W" dnum-type="L"><text>PCT/US99/01705</text></patcit> , such as PCR amplification reaction); purified samples, such as purified genomic DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.; raw samples (bacteria, virus, genomic DNA, etc.); as will be appreciated by those in the art, virtually any experimental manipulation may have been done on the sample.

0071The biochip cartridges are used to detect target analytes in patient samples. By "target analyte" or "analyte" or grammatical equivalents herein is meant any molecule or compound to be detected and that can bind to a binding species, defined below. Suitable analytes include, but not limited to, small chemical molecules such as environmental or clinical chemical or pollutant or biomolecule, including, but not limited to, pesticides, insecticides, toxins, therapeutic and abused drugs, hormones, antibiotics, antibodies, organic materials, etc. Suitable biomolecules include, but are not limited to, proteins (including enzymes, immunoglobulins and glycoproteins), nucleic acids, lipids, lectins, carbohydrates, hormones, whole cells (including prokaryotic (such as pathogenic bacteria) and eukaryotic cells, including mammalian tumor cells), viruses, spores, etc.

0072In one embodiment, the target analyte is a protein ("target protein"). As will be appreciated by those in the art, there are a large number of possible proteinaceous target analytes that may be detected using the present invention. By "proteins" or grammatical equivalents herein is meant proteins, oligopeptides and peptides, derivatives and analogs, including proteins containing non-naturally occurring amino acids and amino acid analogs, and peptidomimetic structures. The side chains maybe in either the (R) or the (S) configuration. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acids are in the (S) or L-configuration. As discussed below, when the protein is used as a binding ligand, it may be desirable to utilize protein analogs to retard degradation by sample contaminants. Particularly preferred target proteins include enzymes; drugs, cells; antibodies; antigens; cellular membrane antigens and receptors (neural, hormonal, nutrient, and cell surface receptors) or their ligands.

0073In a preferred embodiment, the target analyte is a nucleic acid ("target nucleic acid"). The present system finds use in the diagnosis of specific pathogens exogenous to a patient such as bacteria and viruses, as well as the diagnosis of genetic disease, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cause disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis) or are present in disease (e.g. tumor mutations).

0074As will be appreciated by those in the art, the present invention relies on both target nucleic acids and other nucleic acid components like capture probes and label probes used in the detection of the target nucleic acids. By "nucleic acid" or "oligonucleotide" or grammatical equivalents herein means at least two nucleotides covalently linked together. A nucleic acid will generally contain phosphodiester bonds, although in some cases, as outlined below, nucleic acid analogs can be included as primers or probes that may have alternate backbones, comprising, for example, phosphoramide (<nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>Beaucage et al., Tetrahedron 49(10):1925 (1993</text></nplcit>) and references therein; <nplcit id="ncit0002" npl-type="s"><text>Letsinger, J. Org. Chem. 35:3800 (1970</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0003" npl-type="s"><text>Sprinzl et al., Eur. J. Biochcm. 81:579 (1977</text></nplcit>);<nplcit id="ncit0004" npl-type="s"><text> Letsinger et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 14:3487 (1986</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0005" npl-type="s"><text>Sawai et al, Chem. Left. 805 (1984</text></nplcit>), <nplcit id="ncit0006" npl-type="s"><text>Letsinger et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:4470 (1988</text></nplcit>); and <nplcit id="ncit0007" npl-type="s"><text>Pauwels et al., Chemica Scripta 26:141 91986</text></nplcit>)), phosphorothioate (<nplcit id="ncit0008" npl-type="s"><text>Mag et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19:1437 (1991</text></nplcit>); and <patcit id="pcit0084" dnum="US5644048A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,048</text></patcit>), phosphorodithioate (<nplcit id="ncit0009" npl-type="s"><text>Briu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:2321 (1989</text></nplcit>), O-methylphophoroamidite linkages (see <nplcit id="ncit0010" npl-type="b"><text>Eckstein, Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press</text></nplcit>), and peptide nucleic acid backbones and linkages (see <nplcit id="ncit0011" npl-type="s"><text>Egholm, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:1895 (1992</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0012" npl-type="s"><text>Meier et al., Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 31:1008 (1992</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0013" npl-type="s"><text>Nielsen, Nature, 365:566 (1993</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0014" npl-type="s"><text>Carlsson et al., Nature 380:207 (1996</text></nplcit>). Other analog nucleic acids include those with positive backbones (<nplcit id="ncit0015" npl-type="s"><text>Denpcy et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA92:6097 (1995</text></nplcit>); those with bicyclic structures including locked nucleic acids, <nplcit id="ncit0016" npl-type="s"><text>Koshkin et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:13252-3 (1998</text></nplcit>); non-ionic backbones (<patcit id="pcit0085" dnum="US5386023A"><text>U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,386,023</text></patcit> , <patcit id="pcit0086" dnum="US5637684A"><text>5,637,684</text></patcit> , <patcit id="pcit0087" dnum="US5602240A"><text>5,602,240</text></patcit> , <patcit id="pcit0088" dnum="US5216141A"><text>5,216,141</text></patcit> and<patcit id="pcit0089" dnum="US4469863A"><text> 4,469,863</text></patcit> ; <nplcit id="ncit0017" npl-type="s"><text>Kiedrowshi et al., Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. English 30:423 (1991</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0018" npl-type="s"><text>Letsinger et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:4470 (1988</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0019" npl-type="s"><text>Letsinger et al., Nucleoside &amp;Nucleotide 13:1597 (1994</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0020" npl-type="b"><text>Chapters 2 and 3, ASC Symposium Series 580, "Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research", Ed. Y. S. Sanghui and P. Dan Cook</text></nplcit> ; <nplcit id="ncit0021" npl-type="s"><text>Mesmaeker et al., Bioorganic &amp;Medicinal Chem. Lett. 4:395 (1994</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0022" npl-type="s"><text>Jeffs et al., J. Biomolecular NMR 34:17 (1994</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0023" npl-type="s"><text>Tetrahedron Lett. 37:743 (1996</text></nplcit>)) and non-ribose backbones, including those described in <patcit id="pcit0090" dnum="US5235033A"><text>U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,235,033</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0091" dnum="US5034506A"><text>5,034,506</text></patcit> , and <nplcit id="ncit0024" npl-type="b"><text>Chapters 6 and 7, ASC Symposium Series 580, "Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research", Ed. Y. S. Sanghui and P. Dan Cook</text></nplcit> . Nucleic acids containing one or more carbocyclic sugars are also included within the definition of nucleic acids (see<nplcit id="ncit0025" npl-type="s"><text> Jenkins et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. (1995) pp169-176</text></nplcit>). Several nucleic acid analogs arc described in<nplcit id="ncit0026" npl-type="s"><text> Rawls, C &amp; E News Jun. 2, 1997 page 35</text></nplcit>. These modifications of the ribose-phosphate backbone may be done to facilitate the addition of ETMs, or to increase the stability and half-life of such molecules in physiological environments.

0075As will be appreciated by those in the art, all of these nucleic acid analogs may find use in the present disclosure, in general for use as capture and label probes. In addition, mixtures of naturally occurring nucleic acids and analogs can be made (e.g. in general, the label probes contain a mixture of naturally occurring and synthetic nucleotides).

0076The nucleic acids may be single stranded or double stranded, as specified, or contain portions of both double stranded or single stranded sequence. The nucleic acids (particularly in the case of the target nucleic acids) may be DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid contains any combination of deoxyribo- and ribonucleotides, and any combination of bases, including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xathanine hypoxathanine, isocytosine, isoguaninc, etc. A preferred embodiment utilizes isocytosine and isoguanine in nucleic acids designed to be complementary to other probes, rather than target sequences, as this reduces nonspecific hybridization, as is generally described in <patcit id="pcit0092" dnum="US5681702A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,702</text></patcit>. As used herein, the term "nucleoside" includes nucleotides as well as nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, and modified nucleosides such as amino modified nucleosides. In addition, "nucleoside" includes non-naturally occurring analog structures. Thus for example the individual units of a peptide nucleic acid, each containing a base, are referred to herein as a nucleoside.

0077As will be appreciated by those in the art, a large number of analytes may be detected using the present methods; basically, any target analyte for which a binding ligand, described below, may be made may be detected using the methods of the disclosure.

0078Thus, the systems are used in assays of target analytes that then allow the diagnosis, prognosis or treatment options of disease based on the presence or absence of the target analytes. For example, the systems find use in the diagnosis or characterization of pathogen infection (including bacteria (both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and/ or the ability to distinguish between them), viruses (including the presence or absence of viral nucleic acid as well as the isotypes of the virus, for example in the case of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or respiratory viruses), fungal infection, genetic diseases (including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, etc.). Included in the definition of genetic disease for the purposes of this invention arc genetic conditions that do not necessarily cause disease but can result in an alternative treatment options. For example, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in many cytochrome p450 enzymes cause different therapeutic drug processing, such as in the case of warfarin testing, where a patient may be diagnosed as a "slow", "normal" or "fast" processor, leading to different dosage regimes, or where a drug may be contraindicated for a particular patient based on the patient's genetics, or where selection between two or more drugs is aided by the knowledge of patient's genetics.

0079The present disclosure provides cartridges comprising several components, including a bottom substrate, a top plate, a liquid reagent module (LRM), and a housing that keeps the components together.

II. BIOCHIP CARTRIDGES

Bottom Substrate

0080The biochip cartridges include a solid substrate containing a number of functionalities. By "substrate" or "solid support" or other grammatical equivalents herein is meant any material that can be modified to contain discrete individual sites appropriate or the attachment or association of capture ligands. Suitable substrates include metal surfaces such as gold, electrodes as defined below, glass and modified or functionalized glass, fiberglass, ceramics, mica, plastic (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyimide, polycarbonate, polyurethanes, Teflon® , and derivatives thereof, etc.), GETEK (a blend of polypropylene oxide and fiberglass), etc., polysaccharides, nylon or nitrocellulose, resins, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses and a variety of other polymers, with printed circuit board (PCB) materials being particularly preferred. This substrate is referred to herein as a "bottom substrate", although as will be appreciated in the art, in some embodiments this substrate could be on "top" or the "side", relative to the ground.

0081The substrate is divided into a number of distinct functional areas or zones, which can be both spatially overlapping and spatially distinct, as outlined herein. As will be appreciated by those in the art, some of these zones, for example the sample preparation zone, may be optionally included or excluded depending on the assay and/or sample.

0082In general, as discussed above, the microfluidic platform used herein is based on the use of electrowetting techniques to form microdroplets that can be manipulated both spatially and biochemically as further described below.

0083Electrowetting techniques are the basis of the microfluidic cartridges herein. Electrowetting is the modification of the wetting properties of a hydrophobic surface (such as PCB) with an applied electric field. In an electrowetting system, the change in the substrate-electrolyte contact angle due to an applied potential difference results in the ability to move the electrolyte on the surface. Essentially, as described in <patcit id="pcit0093" dnum="US6565727B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,565,727</text></patcit> in the Summary of the Invention, by applying an electric potential to an electrode (or group of electrodes) adjacent to a drop of polar liquid (e.g. one containing a target analyte), the surface on these electrodes becomes more hydrophilic and the drop is pulled by the surface tension gradient to increase the area overlap with the charged electrodes. This causes the drop to spread on the surface, and by subsequently removing the potential, or activating different electrodes, the substrate returns to a hydrophobic state, resulting in the drop moving to a new hydrophilic area on the substrate. In this way, the drops can be physically and discretely moved on the planar surface of the substrate to different zones, for processing, handling and detection. The drops can be moved at varied speeds, split (e.g. a single drop can be split into two or more drops), pulsed and/or mixed (two or more drops merged onto the same location and then either split or moved as one). In addition, electrowetting can instigate mixing within a single droplet. As described in more detail below, drops can also be used to rehydrate dry reagents stored at different locations on the PCB substrate. A key advantage of electrowetting is precise manipulation of very small volumes. For example, isolated target nucleic acid can be eluted at a very high concentration in less than 10 µl prior to PCR amplification, compared to 100 µl elution volumes and much lower target analyte concentrations featured in other systems. In addition, electrowetting allows altering fluid paths in development and in the product via software, without the need to make any changes to the physical interface (e.g., new valves, fluid paths, etc.).

0084Microfluidic systems utilizing these techniques have been pioneered by Advanced Liquid Logic, and are described in <patcit id="pcit0094" dnum="US20130252262A"><text>U.S. Patent Pub. 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0085Thus, the substrates contain a grid of electrodes such that discrete processing zones are created, including pathways or routes for the drops as appropriate for the assays being run. In general, a "spot" or "location" or "pad" (sometimes referred to as an "electrowetting pad" or (EWP") is generally depicted in the present figures and those of the incorporated ALL patents as a square surrounded by electrodes, such that a drop moves along a path in discrete steps, from pad to pad, similar to game pieces on a game board. By manipulating the electronic grid, the drops can move in four directions as needed, forward (north), backward (south), left (west) and right (east), relative to a starting position.

0086As will be appreciated by those in the art, there are a wide number of electrode grid configurations that can be used to generate the multiplex cartridges. Exemplary of an embodiment of particular use arc <figref idref="f0018 f0019">Figures 20-21</figref>, which depict a system a system with a three track amplification pathway and 5 detection subarrays in the detection zone. <figref idref="f0024 f0025 f0026 f0027 f0028">Figure 25</figref> depicts a similar embodiment with a two track amplification pathway. In some alternative embodiments, a four or five track amplification pathway can be employed. As noted above, each amplification track can accommodate more than one droplet (e.g., 2, 3 or more), resulting in enhanced multiplexing. In particularly preferred embodiments, three or four tracks will handle six to eight different amplification reactions (two droplets per track).

0087However, there are a wide variety of other useful configurations for different utilities. For example the Figures of <patcit id="pcit0199" dnum="US8541176B"><text>US 8,541,176</text></patcit> shows a variety of ways the electrowetting electrode grid and top plates can be arranged to allow movement of samples (depicted as "slugs") past a location that contains magnetic beads for example.

0088Thus, the bottom substrate contains a grid of etched electrodes forming a network of pads for moving sample droplets from sample preparation through detection of target analytes.

0089In general, preferred materials include printed circuit board materials. Circuit board materials are those that comprise an insulating substrate that is coated with a conducting layer and processed using lithography techniques, particularly photolithography techniques, to form the patterns of electrodes and interconnects (sometimes referred to in the art as interconnections or leads). The insulating substrate is generally, but not always, a polymer. As is known in the art, one or a plurality of layers may be used, to make either "two dimensional" (e.g. all electrodes and interconnections In a plane, "edge card connectors") or "three dimensional" (wherein the electrodes are on one surface and the interconnects may go through the board to the other side or wherein electrodes are on a plurality of surfaces) boards. Three dimensional systems frequently rely on the use of drilling or etching, followed by electroplating with a metal such as copper, such that the "through board" interconnections are made. Circuit board materials are often provided with a foil already attached to the substrate, such as a copper foil, with additional copper added as needed (for example for interconnections), for example by electroplating. The copper surface may then need to be roughened, for example through etching, surface allow attachment of the adhesion layer.

0090In one embodiment, as depicted in the Figures, the connections from the both the electrowetting electrode grids and the detection electrodes, described below, are made by passing through the substrate to produce a so called land grid array that can interface to a pogo pin or like connector to make connections from the chip to the instrument.

0091In some embodiments, the surface of the electrowetting substrate (e.g. the PCB with the electrode grids) is coated with a film of chemical functionality to facilitate the electrowetting mechanism and clean transport from pad to pad. In a particularly useful embodiment, the surface is coated with a polyimide film electrowetting as KAPTON® from DuPont (e.g., black or yellow Kapton®), which forms a dielectric layer. The surface properties of the dielectric layer are important to facilitate electrowetting and to attenuate the voltage being used in order to prevent electrolysis in the aqueous droplet. In addition, the Kapton® or similar surface such as a solder mask must be coated with a hydrophobic coating to render the surface hydrophobic, which is required for electrowetting to function.

Sample Preparation Zone

0092Sample preparation is a key component of a "sample to answer" system, to reduce exposure of lab technicians to biological materials, particular those containing pathogens, as well as avoiding the use of highly trained lab personnel. In general, the cartridges arc designed to receive either liquid or solid samples.

0093The sample is loaded through a sample entry port in the housing, which ports down onto the bottom substrate (as will be appreciated by those in the art, this is through the top plate, and, depending on the configuration of the LRM, through this layer as well). Once loaded, the sample entry port is then sealed, for example with a hinge top as shown in the figures. In some embodiments, the sealing mechanism includes a clip, lock or tab that, once closed, will permanently prevent accidental reopening without compromising the integrity of the cartridge. In other embodiments, the cap can be re-opened, allowing shipment of the cap in the closed state and subsequent opening by the operator. Once loaded and sealed, cartridge is inserted into the apparatus and all subsequent steps are done in the assay run in a completely contained system that does not require additional user handling.

0094Liquid samples are generally blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, cerebral spinal fluid, lymph, perspiration, semen or epithelial samples such as cheek, nasopharyngeal, anal or vaginal swabs to which lysis buffer has been added to resuspend the cells. Solid samples, such as feces or tissue samples (e.g. tumor biopsies) generally need to be resuspended and diluted in a buffer, e.g., the Cary Blair medium. Some organisms, such as viruses and most bacteria, can be lysed chemically by the addition of a lysis buffer with or without elevated temperature or proteolytic enzymes. Some organisms are difficult to lyse by chemical and/or enzymatic methods and require mechanical disruption or shearing of the cell membranes. As such, an optional component of the sample preparation zone is a impeller component, wherein the solid sample is added to the impeller component, buffer added (for example, lysis buffer) and the impeller activated to grind or break up the solid sample such that individual cells are more accessible to lysis buffer such that more target analytes are released. The impeller imparts turbulent action to the fluid, wherein beads are contained. The primary lysis action is due to bead collisions with target organisms, which are thereby lysed, breaking them open and exposing the target nucleic acids. The presence of the lysis buffer inhibits the DNases or RNases which may destroy the RNA or DNA targets once the cells are disrupted. The impeller is like a paddle wheel that rotates very fast.

0095In some embodiments, rather than lysis buffer being added as a liquid, lysis reagents can be dried onto certain pads as is generally described below for other assay reagents.

0096Thus, the sample preparation zone optionally includes an impeller component and/or paddle mixer. The paddle mixer can be used to mix the sample with resuspension buffer without lysing the cells prior to addition of the lysis buffer. The sample is loaded into the sample entry port, mixed with lysis buffer in either a paddle mixer or an impeller, resulting in high levels of sample cells being lysed.

0097Once the cells are lysed, it is desirable to do at least a crude purification, to remove other cellular and sample debris from the sample to facilitate the downstream handling and processing. Research samples in buffer do not necessarily require purification, but even there purification is typically performed. A well-known technique relies on the use of capture beads, which capture the desired target analytes away from the cellular and sample debris. Thus, the sample preparation zone optionally includes sample capture beads to facilitate this first purification of the desired target with fluid access to binding buffer, used in conjunction with the capture beads. In this embodiment, capture beads and binding buffer are mixed with the sample in lysis buffer after the cells or viruses are disrupted by mechanical and/or chemical means. In general, the capture beads are magnetic to facilitate handling, although as will be appreciated by those in the art, other systems may use non-magnetic beads, such as polystyrene or silica beads (for example, beads may be captured in a zone by size or on an affinity column).

0098The capture beads are coated with a functionality that facilitates capture of the target analytes. For example, for the capture of nucleic acids, the beads can be coated with a negatively charged coating to facilitate the adsorption of positively charged nucleic acids to the surface, which are then washed with buffer, optionally transported on the substrate and then treated with elution buffer to remove the purified nucleic acids for further handling. As will be appreciated by those in the art, there are a number of commercially available bead systems, such as MagaZorb® Beads from Promega, MagMax from Life Tech, or beads from Qiagen, MoBio, BioRad, etc.

0099Alternatively, capture beads may be functionalized with capture nucleic acid probes in order to either specifically or non-specifically pull out nucleic acids. For example, the beads may be functionalized with random 6-mers, to generally pull out nucleic acids, or with capture probes specific to the desired target nucleic acids. In some cases, for example when mRNA is the target, beads coated with poly-T capture probes can be used.

0100As described below, the beads with the captured target analytes are generally mixed and washed prior to elution of the target analytes from the beads to begin the assay process. As part of this process, beads bound with the target analytes are manipulated using magnets and electrowetting to remove residual fluids and/or amplification inhibitors prior to target elution.

Reagent Zone

0101Once the target analytes have been eluted and thus released from the beads, the sample containing the target analytes is then ready for amplification (in the case of nucleic acid assays, or other reactions as necessary for other analytes such as proteins).

0102Droplets of sample are dispensed into the reagent zone, which optionally have dry or solid reagents at specific locations on the grid. No particular dispenser structure is required in this step, as the elution volume is split into a desired number of droplets using electrowetting. For instance, if the elution volume is 6 µl and each PCR reaction requires a 1 µl droplet, then three 1 µl droplets can be "pinched off" in a consecutive fashion. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the form of the reagent will depend on the reagent. Some reagents can be dried or in solid form (for example when particular buffers are to be used), others can be lyophilized, etc. Particularly useful embodiments utilize dried reagents with added stabilizers, such as salts, sugars, polysaccharides, polymers or proteins such as gelatins, etc. as will be appreciated by those in the art. For example, Biomatrica produces commercial stabilizers for use in the present system.

0103As will be appreciated by those in the art, if used, the dried reagents can be rehydrated in one of two general ways. Either liquid from the LRM is introduced at the appropriate pad or the sample itself serves as an aqueous solvent to put the solid reagents into solution. For example, the appropriate resuspension buffer (which can be water, in some cases) can be added through the top plate from the LRM to a particular pad to rehydrate the reagent(s), and then the reagent droplet can be merged with the sample droplet. Alternatively, the drops containing the target analyte (for example, in elution buffer used to liberate the target analytes from the capture beads) may be transported to a pad containing the dried reagent(s), which are then suspended in the drop itself. One benefit of this embodiment is that the ultimate volume of a droplet does not increase significantly, as it does when a drop of reagent is merged with a drop of sample. This may be particularly useful in situations where multiple reagent additions are required.

0104As shown in the Figures, a number of embodiments for nucleic acid amplification and detection include a plurality of pads containing dried reagents. See for example <figref idref="f0037 f0038 f0039 f0040">Figure 33</figref>.

0105The number, type and quantity of the different reagents will depend on sample, the target analyte and the desired reaction. For example, for nucleic acid target sequences in a standard PCR reaction, when the starting sample is DNA, the on-board dried reagents include RT-PCR buffer, PCR enzyme (e.g. a Taq polymerase), dNTPs, PCR primers, exonuclease, signal probes, signal buffer and detection buffers (with the lysis buffer, the binding buffer, the elution buffer, the (optional) reconstitution buffer(s), , and magnetic bead suspension all being contained in the LRM rather than dried on the substrate). Several specific embodiments are outlined below. However, as will be appreciated by those in the art, any number of configurations of dried reagents and liquid reagents in the LRM can be used.

0106The chamber formed from the "bottom" substrate and the top plate, more fully described below, is generally filled with a fluid in which the target analyte drops (usually aqueous solutions) are immiscible, and this immiscible fluid is generally less polar than the solution of the drop. As described in <patcit id="pcit0200" dnum="US8541177B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 8,541,177</text></patcit> , columns 60-63, there are two general ways of isolating drops on pads including filling the chamber with an immiscible fluid including immiscible liquids and immiscible gases, or by using the immiscible liquid as a droplet cncapsulant, for example giving the droplet a shell of oil by passing the droplet through an air/oil interface, with the former generally being preferred.

0107Particularly suitable immiscible fluids for use in the nucleic acid detection assays described herein include, but are not limited to, silicone oils, mineral oil, fluorosilicone oils; hydrocarbons, including for example, alkanes, such as decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane; aliphatic and aromatic alkanes such as dodecane, hexadecane, and cyclohexane, hydrocarbon oils, mineral oils, paraffin oils; halogenated oils, such as fluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons (e.g. 3M Fluorinert liquids) as well as mixtures of the above. Examples of suitable gas filler fluids include, without limitation, air, argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, humidified air, any inert gases. In one embodiment, the primary phase is an aqueous solution, and the secondary phase is air or oil, which is relatively immiscible with water. In another embodiment, the filler fluid includes a gas that fills the space between the plates surrounding the droplets. A preferred filler fluid is low-viscosity oil, such as silicone oil. Other suitable fluids are described in <patcit id="pcit0201" dnum="US73639905" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application No. 60/736,399</text></patcit>, entitled "Filler Fluids for Droplet-Based Microfluidics" filed on Nov. 14, 2005. The fluid may be selected to prevent any significant evaporation of the droplets.

Sample Manipulation Zone

0108As will be understood by those in the art, the movement of droplets from pad to pad, with the addition of reagents as needed, can be used for any number of sample manipulations. In the case of the nucleic acid manipulations for nucleic acid detection, these manipulations generally include the addition of reagents such as PCR enzymes, PCR buffer, primers, exonuclease, reverse transcriptase (RT) enzymes, RT-PCR buffers, signal buffers, signal probes, etc.

0109In one embodiment, on-chip thermal components, e.g. resistive heaters for PCR thermocycling, are used. In this embodiment, resistive heater(s) can be placed underneath the electrode grid pathway of pads to result in thermal zones for amplification, exonuclease digestion, reverse transcription, target elution, and the electrochemical detection. As will be appreciated by those in the art, some manipulations such as PCR amplification requires from 2 to 3 different temperatures (primer binding, extension and denaturation), while others require a uniform temperature for best results, e.g. enzymatic processes such as the use of exonuclease and reverse transcriptase, specific temperature(s) for improved elution and/or reagent resuspension, or binding/assay temperatures in the case of the electrochemical detection. Isothermal amplification techniques and other PCR alternatives typically require precise temperature control.

0110Alternatively, these thermal components such as heaters are found off-chip in the bays of the instrument into which the cartridge is placed.

0111In one embodiment, the sample manipulation zones on the substrate can optionally include sensors, for example to monitor and control thermal zone temperatures, particularly in the case where specific temperatures are desirable. These sensors can include, but are not limited to, thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). Again, for many embodiments, as for the thermal elements, these can also be "off chip" in the bays.

Amplification Zone

0112As shown in the figures, in the embodiments for detecting nucleic acid targets, the substrate comprises one or more amplification pathways. As shown in a number of the figures, a bottom substrate can contain 1, 2, 3 or more amplification pathways of pads. These can be used for individual PCR reactions (e.g. one droplet is moved up one path and down another, etc.) or for multiplexing (e.g. for three pathways, three different droplets can be moved up and down a single pathway).

0113As will be appreciated by those in the art, each PCR reaction can additionally be multiplexed. That is, for target specific amplification, the use of multiple primer sets in a single PCR reaction can be unwieldy, and thus the present invention allows multiple reactions to achieve higher levels of multiplexing. For example, for the evaluation of 21 different target sequences (for example, in screening of respiratory viruses), it may be desirable to run 3 different reactions of seven primer sets; e.g. a first PCR sample droplet (e.g. the bottom pathway) picks up a first set of 7 primer pairs (e.g. "Primer Mix A"), a second droplet picks up a second set of 7 primer pairs ("Primer Mix B"), and a third droplet picks up a third set ("Primer Mix C"). In some embodiments, the primers will be completely different in each set; in others, redundancy and/or internal controls are built into the system by adding the same primer sets to different tracks. The multiplexing flexibility represents one of the key advantageous and distinguishing features of the present invention. The number of multiplexes can vary easily through software without the need to modify any physical components of the system. Traditional channel based microfluidic devices lack such flexibility.

0114In general, the amplification reactions (as more fully described below) for use in the present systems use sets of primers wherein one primer of each set has a blocked end that is impervious to standard exonucleases. That is, it is desirable to remove one strand of the double stranded amplicons that are generated in the PCR reaction, so as to simplify the detection reactions and remove background signal. Thus, by running a first PCR reaction and then adding exonuclease, one strand of the double stranded amplicon is digested, leaving only the detection strand.

0115The use of heating zones perpendicular to the amplification pathway, as generally depicted in <figref idref="f0021 f0022">Figure 23</figref>, allows the droplets to travel through the appropriate thermal zones. As shown in <figref idref="f0021 f0022">Figure 23</figref>, three amplification pathways are shown with three perpendicular thermal zones (in this case, the thermal elements are off chip Peltier heaters and show desired temperatures of 95C, 72C and 64C for use in PCR thermocycling). In some embodiments, two different temperature zones (e.g., about 95C for denaturation and about 60C for annealing and extension) can be used for a two-step PCR reaction. In other embodiments, a three-zone, two-temperature configuration may be employed, wherein a middle heater controls the denaturation temperature (e.g., about 95C), and additional heaters on each side of the denaturation heater provide substantially the same annealing and extension temperature (e.g., about 60C) as shown in <figref idref="f0041">Figure 34</figref>. In this configuration, two-step amplification cycles can be performed with more than one droplet in each PCR track, sometimes referred to herein as "tandem amplification" or "typewriter amplification". For example, two droplets may be positioned in each PCR track and spaced in such a way that when one droplet is in the denaturation zone, the other is in one of combined annealing and extension zones, and vice versa. By shuttling the droplets in tandem back and forth between the denaturation and annealing/extension zones, one can amplify both of them in the same amount of time it would normally take to amplify a single droplet. In a three-track PCR configuration, this means that six droplet can be amplified simultaneously instead of three.

Detection Zones

0116The biochips rely on the use of electrodes and electrochemical labels for the detection of target analytes. Generally, the electrode surface (optionally coated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM), as outlined below) has capture ligands which bind the target. A second label ligand, which also binds to the target, is included, such that in the presence of the target, the label ligand is bound near the surface of the electrode, and can be detected electronically.

0117Thus, the detection zone of the bottom substrate comprises one or more separate arrays of detection electrodes. By "electrode" herein is meant a composition, which, when connected to an electronic device, is able to sense a current or charge and convert it to a signal. Alternatively an electrode can be defined as a composition which can apply a potential to and/or pass electrons to or from species in the solution. Preferred electrodes are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, certain metals and their oxides, including gold; platinum; palladium; silicon; aluminum; metal oxide electrodes including platinum oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, palladium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, molybdenum oxide (Mo2O6), tungsten oxide (WO3) and ruthenium oxides; and carbon (including glassy carbon electrodes, graphite and carbon paste). Preferred electrodes include gold, silicon, carbon and metal oxide electrodes, with gold being particularly preferred. In a particularly useful embodiment, both the electrowetting electrode grid and the detection electrodes are gold, and are fabricated simultaneously on the PCB.

0118The present system finds particular utility in array formats, i.e. wherein there is a matrix of addressable detection electrodes (herein generally referred to "pads", "addresses" or "micro-locations"). By "array" herein is meant a plurality of capture ligands on electrodes in an array format; the size of the array will depend on the composition and end use of the array. Arrays containing from about 2 different capture ligands to about 50 to 100 can be made. In some preferred embodiments, 80 or 100 working detection electrodes are split into four or five distinct zones of 20, with each zone having up to 60 capture probes (three different capture probes per electrode).

0119The detection zone of the substrate comprises one or more arrays of electrodes that is in fluid communication with the droplet pathway. That is, the droplets containing the amplicons will pick up necessary detection reagents such as label probes and then be dispersed on the detection zone. In general, each detection zone receives one or more sample droplets which are generally dispersed on the array of electrodes, which is considered one larger "pad".

0120Each detection electrode comprises an independent lead (interconnect) to transmit input and electronic response signals for each electrode of the array. In contrast to previous systems which require the ability to independently alter only input signals to each electrode but not electronic response signals, it is important that both input and electronic response signals be independently monitorable for each electrode; that is, each electrode is independently addressable.

Additional Components

0121In addition to the components of the bottom substrate described above, the bottom substrate can also optionally comprise an EPROM, EEPROM or RFID to identify the cartridge, for example containing information about the batch, treatment or contents of the biochip. This can include information about the identification of the assay, for example.

Top Plate

0122The bottom substrate, described above, together with a top plate form a chamber or chambers for the reactions and processing described herein. In most embodiments, the top plate is substantially parallel to the bottom plate, to form a reaction chamber of uniform depth. In some embodiments the top plate may be optionally slanted, for example to drive air bubbles to the highest point of the chamber to avoid interference with the reactions on the surface or for access to an air vent as discussed herein. As outlined herein, and as will be appreciated by those in the art, the top plate can take on a number of configurations and can be made of a variety of materials. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, fiberglass, Teflon®, ceramics, glass, silicon, mica, plastic (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polycarbonate, polyurethanes, Teflon® , and derivatives thereof, etc.), etc. A particularly preferred top plate material is polycarbonate.

0123In one embodiment, the top plate and bottom substrate mated together form a single chamber that is filled with the immiscible fluid and through which the droplets are moved, merged, split, etc. Generally, this is accomplished by three dimensional ridges formed on the top plate to form the sides of the chamber(s). In alternate embodiments, the top plate and the bottom substrate can be separated into more than one chamber as needed. For example, the top plate can define two chambers, one for general sample handling and purification, and a second chamber, connected through a fluid passageway in the top plate, for the reagent loading, amplification reactions and detection. This approach could be valuable for keeping different parts of the reaction separated. In addition, top plate design can include varied gap heights to allow for expected fluid volumes within different areas of the cartridge, i.e. higher gap heights where a larger volume of fluid is present (e.g. over the sample handling zone) and lower gap heights where smaller volumes of fluid are present (e.g. over the amplification and/or detection zones).

0124The top plate generally includes a seal to confine liquids (and particularly any biological samples) to the chamber(s). This can also be used to mate the top and bottom plates together, and can include gaskets (e.g. silicone, rubber, etc.), adhesives and glues, etc. The seal comprises an epoxy polymer that is curable by ultraviolet (UV) light. The present inventors discovered that plasma treatment of the PCB helps to improve the sealing and reduce leakage of the immiscible liquid from the chamber.

0125The top plate is designed with a plurality of entry ports to the bottom substrate that define delivery locations for sample, reagents, and the immiscible fluids (e.g. oil(s)). These entry ports, also referred to herein as "fluid passages", "fluid passageways" or "fluid ports" are in fluid connection with the pads which they serve. That is, whether abutting or remote, two elements will have a fluid passageway between them; in some cases this is the droplet pathway of the electrowetting grid, while in others it is a fluidic channel between two components of the system. In many embodiments, these entry ports are perpendicular to the bottom substrate, allowing the fluids to flow downward onto the pads (via either gravity or the pressure used for the blister pack delivery discussed below). This can be referred to as a type of "one-to-one spatial correspondence". Alternatively, some ports may be channels within the top plate such that delivery of the fluid can occur remotely, e.g. at a location distant from the actual reagent storage blister, such that the blister exit port is connected to a fluid channel whose exit vents at the desired corresponding pad location for delivery of the fluid (that is, the blister volume (once ruptured) and the pad are in "fluid communication").

0126In optional embodiments, passive one way valves can be used to prevent backflow.

0127In addition, the top plate may optionally include one or more vents to reduce air bubble formation and/or remove any air bubbles that do form. In some embodiments featuring three heater zones, the vents can span a distance from the outermost 95C denaturation heater to the middle heater, with an individual vent for each amplification track. However, those skilled in the art that positioning of the vents is flexible and will depend on the particular layout of the amplification zone.

0128In some embodiments, all or part of the top plate can be coated with a hydrophilic, oteophobic material to absorb excess aqueous reagents while excluding oil, such that the oil in the chamber stays evenly distributed through the chamber(s). In some embodiments, this hydrophilic and olcophobic material prevents oil from flowing into select regions but allows passage of aqueous fluids and air, for example surrounding the entry ports, such that oil is prevented from venting up through the entry ports.

0129While in most cases, the top and bottom plates are electronically insulated from each other, in some optional embodiments, materials, such as one or more conductive sponges, can be used to electrically connect the top plate to the bottom PCB substrate.

0130The contacts between the bottom and top plates are generally bonded together with an oil and temperature resistant adhesive as is generally known in the art. That is, the bottom surface of all or part of the top plate is bonded with the edges and dividers of the PCB bottom plate. Similarly an adhesive on the top surface of the top plate is used to bond the top plate with the LRM.

Liquid Reagent Modules

0131In addition to the bottom substrate and the top plate, the cartridges additionally comprise a liquid reagent module (LRM) for the delivery of liquid reagents to the reaction chamber(s) of the cartridge. This fits on top of the top plate for delivery down through the entry ports in the top plate to delivery fluids to the bottom substrate, with the housing covering some or all of these three layers. As is generally described herein, the present systems rely on a combination of dried reagents on the bottom substrate combined with liquid buffers that are dispensed by the activation of deformable storage compartments, generally referred to herein as "blisters", "blister packs" or "blister vessels". The activation of the blisters is generally done using actuators that exert pressure (e.g. mechanical pressure, air pressure, etc.) on the blisters to force liquid out of the blister, through the top plate and onto one or more locations (e.g. one or more electrowetting pads) on the bottom substrate as is more fully outlined below. In some embodiments, the actuators for blister activation are contained in the bays of the instrument into which the cartridges fit, e.g. a mechanical actuator or an air pump that puts pressure on the deformable blisters. The instant Figures shows a biochip cartridge with the blister zones exposed, as well as one with a trademark label (which can include a barcode) on the top that hides the blister pressure zones. In general, the blisters can be either sealed at a specific location, generally at the site of the fluid channel leading to the holes in the top plate, such that the seal can be broken. Other embodiments use a uniform blister material that can only rupture in a particular location (e.g. above a hole in the top plate, for example). The blisters can also be ruptured using contained lances that are triggered by the external mechanism. In addition, the blisters can be ruptured and the reagents held in place as needed until dispensing; e.g. the release of the reagents can be time separated from dispensing the reagents.

0132Air motivation of fluid can be supplied by an air pump external to the consumable, or alternately supplied by an air blister within the consumable. In either configuration, air or an inert gas is used to push fluid through the system.

0133In general, the LRM contains a plurality of blisters that are made of a deformable material that preferentially collapses upon the application of suitable pressure; that is, the materials used to form blisters do not return to their starting shape when the pressure is removed, as this could cause backflow of the applied reagents. In addition, the blisters may be used once (a single application of pressure is done during the assay) or a number of times (e.g. multiple aliquots of reagent are delivered to either a single location or multiple locations during the assay run). For example, one of the blisters contains the immiscible fluid(s), as described herein, which is applied generally as a first step after the sample has been loaded and the cartridge has been inserted into the instrument. In some embodiments, the cartridge can be fabricated with the oil already dispersed on the surface, although this may not be preferable for storage considerations. Alternatively, some blisters are actuated repeatedly for dispensing of the suitable liquid reagent to different pads on the substrate; for example, when the sample droplet is not used to suspend the dried reagents, reconstitution buffer can be added to the different dried reagent pads prior to merging the reagent droplet with the sample droplet. Alternatively multiple blisters containing the same liquid reagent can be used, although this is not generally preferred. This redundancy may be used to deliver the same reagent to multiple locations in the rest of the disposable.

0134In addition to the immiscible fluid blister, other blisters are used as generally depicted in the Figures. For example, lysis buffer (which in some cases can be water for hypotonic lysis, or can be a commercially available lysis buffer, such as those containing chiatropic salts such as guanidinium salts, and or high/low pH, and/or surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 20, Triton-X, etc. is contained within a blister that is activated to add lysis buffer to the sample. In some cases, the lysis buffer optionally comprises reagents to disrupt undesired enzymatic activity, such as DNase and RNase activity, which are then removed during the bead capture/elution process (although these can be separate reagents, either dried or liquid, that can be added as needed depending on the target analytes and the assay).Other suitable blister vessels include, but are not limited to, blister(s) containing binding buffer for binding of nucleic acids or other target analytes to capture beads, blister(s) containing wash buffer, blister(s) containing the elution buffer (again, which can be water in some embodiments) to elute the adsorbed nucleic acids off the beads, blister(s) containing appropriate reconstitution buffer(s), etc. Air blisters (e.g. containing air or other gases) can also be used to exert pressure on either other blisters or down through ports to facilitate free liquid movement (e.g. liquid not subjected to electronic movement such as electrowetting). In some embodiments, blisters can dispense liquid reagents into other blisters, as one method of mixing reagents, or to recover the vast majority of a valuable reagent by flushing it out of a blister.

0135In some embodiments, the blisters of the LRM are located directly above the location for dispensing, where the exit port of the blister is aligned with the ports of the top plate such that the fluid is dispensed directly below the exit port of the blister. Alternatively, the LRM may include one or more channels to allow multiple aliquots of reagent liquid to be dispensed simultaneously or sequentially to different locations on the bottom substrate (again, through the ports in the top plate). That is, the channels put the exit port of the blister (however configured, as outlined below) in fluid communication with the appropriate electrowetting location on the substrate.

0136In addition to the blisters of the LRM, the LRM comprises a sample entry port to introduce a sample into the cartridge. This generally is configured to receive a standard pipette tip, used to add the appropriate volume of sample to the cartridge. Either the LRM or the housing, discussed below, contains a sealing mechanism such as a latched cover to both seal the cartridge so as not to introduce any contaminants as well as prevent the escape of biological materials. In general, as depicted in the figures, it is the housing that comprises the latched sealing cover.

0137The LRM optionally includes capture beads (e.g. magnetic capture beads) which can be dispensed into the chamber within the electrowetting grid. The beads are the preferred mechanism of transfer between the LRM and the PCB. Typically, beads bind DNA/RNA in the LRM, are washed in the LRM, and then transferred to the PCB with a volume of wash buffer (e.g., 100-200 µl), where electrowetting facilitates elution of the DNA/RNA in a small volume. Once delivered to the cartridge, the beads are collected over an area of the electrowetting grid which has a magnet applied underneath from the bottom part of the bay. Beads with elution buffer are subsequently subjected to electrowetting to mix for elution. The elution volume of a few microliters would be difficult to achieve on the LRM or in any other non-electrowetting setup.

0138In some embodiments, the LRM can contain pumps to facilitate movement of the reagents and/or sample from the LRM to the bottom substrate, although in general the "no moving parts" principle dictates that these pumps, if necessary, would be off chip. A number of microfluidic pumps are known. In a typical embodiment, however, the pump is not contained in the consumable. A notable exception is where a pump, such as a pair of umbrella valves or other type of one-way valve, is contained in the LRM but driven by an external mechanism.

0139In some optional embodiments, some of the ports and/or channels comprise one or more valve(s) to control the flow of reagents and/or samples. In many cases, one way valves find use, such that a fluid is moved from the LRM into the chamber volume and cannot backflow or return to the LRM. Generically, these include normally-open valves and normally-closed valves. There are a variety of one way valves known, e.g., duck bill valves.

0140In some optional embodiments, the LRM/top plate components contain one or more vent(s) to reduce air bubbles, which are particularly undesirable in the detection zone, and can be formed in some instances during the thermocycling. In these embodiments, the vent(s) can simply be holes or vias that connect certain areas of the reaction chamber with a reservoir in the LRM. Alternatively, the vents may use valves (particularly one way valves), or can be coated or filled with materials that allow air to pass but prevent liquid exit (such as GORTEX® or other hydrophobic materials). In a typical embodiment, a Teflon® membrane with about 0.2 µm pores can be used. Generally, any sufficiently hydrophobic material with pores roughly in the 0.1-1 micron range could be used.

0141In addition to the deformable blisters used to dispense liquids during the assay protocols, the LRM can also comprise one or more chambers that are generally not deformable but are used for specific sample or reagent handling. For example, as outlined herein, the LRM can also optionally comprise one or more mixing chambers that facilitate mixing of the sample with reagents. For example, as described herein, chamber(s) containing impeller(s) can be used, particularly to grind up solid samples, maximize exposure of sample to capture beads, mix sample with chemical lysis buffer, mix magnetic beads with binding buffer (typically magnetic beads cannot be stored in their binding buffer), etc. Alternatively, mixing can be done within the reaction chamber by moving the sample droplets back and forth between pads, and/or splitting and merging sample droplets to maximize mixing. In some embodiments, one or more chambers of the LRM. Similarly, the LRM can comprise one or more waste chambers in which to place excess or used fluids.

0142In some optional embodiments, the LRM comprises one or more opening(s) that allow one or more optical sensor(s) to monitor the progress of reagents and sample through the LRM, e.g., to detect a transition point between air and liquid when air is employed to motivate the sample and/ or a liquid reagent. The sensor itself is preferably located in the bay. The openings provide the sensor with optical access to "see" into the LRM. Other fluid sensors could be used, notable inductive, capacitive, resistive, or other electrical sensors.

0143In some embodiments, the LRM can include one or more porous filters to remove particulates from the sample prior to downstream processing. For example, there may be a filter between the capture beads and the elution chamber, such that the eluent flows through a filter to remove particulates prior to the amplification step. The filter is preferably located as early as possible in the process flow to keep particulate matter out of system, or immediately after lysis to remove anything that did not get lysed.

0144Particular and specific embodiments of the LRM utilize deformable fluid vessels, or blisters, as described in more detail below.

Manipulation of Deformable Fluid Vessels

0145One LRM embodiment that finds use in a variety of systems and assays relies on the use of deformable fluid vessels, sometimes referred to herein as "blisters" or "blister packs". There are a number of configurations and embodiments, as generally outlined in <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012 f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016 f0017">Figures 1-19</figref>.

0146An actuator mechanism for compressing deformable fluid vessels - such as blisters on a liquid reagent module - is shown at reference number 50 in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>. The actuator mechanism 50 will reside in the top part of the bay and may include an articulated blister actuator platen assembly 52 and a sliding actuator plate 66. The sliding actuator plate 66 is configured to be movable in a direction that is generally parallel to the plane of the liquid reagent module - horizontally in the illustrated embodiment - and may be driven by a linear actuator, a rack and pinion, a belt drive, or other suitable motive means. Sliding actuator plate 66, in the illustrated embodiment, has V-shaped edges 76 that are supported in four V-rollers 74 to accommodate movement of the plate 66 in opposite rectilinear directions, while holding the sliding actuator plate 66 at a fixed spacing from the actuator platen assembly 52. Other features may be provided to guide the actuator plate 66, such as rails and cooperating grooves. A component 40 - which may comprise liquid reagent module 10 described above - having one or more deformable fluid vessels, such as blisters 36 and 38, is positioned within the actuator mechanism 50 beneath the articulated blister actuator platen assembly 52.

0147Further details of the configuration of the articulated blister actuator platen assembly 52 and the operation thereof are shown in <figref idref="f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006">Figures 3A-6B</figref>.

0148As shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figures 3A and 3B</figref> , the actuator platen assembly 52 includes a chassis 54. A cam body 56 is disposed within a slot 57 of the chassis 54 and is attached to the chassis 54 by a first pivot 58. A platen 64 is pivotally attached to the cam body 56 by means of a second pivot 60. The cam body 56 is held in a horizontal, unactuated position within the slot 57 by means of a torsional spring 55 coupled around the first pivot 58.

0149Cam body 56 further includes a cam surface 65 along one edge thereof (top edge in the figure) which, in the exemplary embodiment shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3B</figref>, comprises an initial flat portion 61, a convexly-curved portion 62, and a second flat portion 63. The sliding actuator plate 66 includes a cam follow 68 (a roller in the illustrated embodiment) rotatably mounted within a slot 72 formed in the actuator plate 66. In an embodiment, one cam body 56 and associated platen 64 and cam follower 68 are associated with each deformable vessel (e.g. blister 36) of the liquid reagent module 40.

0150The actuator platen assembly 52 and the sliding actuator plate 66 are configured to be movable relative to each other. In one embodiment, the actuator platen assembly 52 is fixed, and the actuator plate 66 is configured to move laterally relative to the platen assembly 52, supported by the V-rollers 74. Lateral movement of the sliding actuator plate 66, e.g., in the direction "A", causes the cam follower 68 to translate along the cam surface 65 of the cam body 56, thereby actuating the cam body 56 and the platen 64 attached thereto.

0151In <figref idref="f0003">Figures 3A and 3B</figref>, before the sliding actuator plate 66 has begun to move relative to the actuator platen assembly 52, the cam follower 68 is disposed on the initial flat portion 61 of the cam surface 65 of the cam body 56. In <figref idref="f0004">Figures 4A and 4B</figref>, the sliding actuator plate 66 has moved relative to the actuator platen assembly 52 in the direction "A" so that the cam follower 68 has moved across the initial flat portion 61 of the cam surface 65 and has just begun to engage the upwardly curved contour of the convexly-curved portion 62 of the cam surface 65 of the cam body 56.

0152In <figref idref="f0005">Figures 5A and 5B</figref>, the sliding actuator plate 66 has proceeded in the direction "A" to a point such that the cam follower 68 is at the topmost point of the convexly-curved portion 62 of the cam surface 65, thereby causing the cam body 56 to rotate about the first pivot 58. The platen 64 is lowered by the downwardly pivoting cam body 56 and pivots relative to the cam body 56 about the second pivot 60 and thereby compresses the blister 36.

0153In <figref idref="f0006">Figures 6A and 6B</figref>, sliding actuator plate 66 has moved to a position in the direction "A" relative to the actuator platen assembly 52 such that the cam follower 68 has progressed to the second flat portion 63 of the cam surface 65. Accordingly, the cam body 56, urged by the torsion spring 55, pivots about the first pivot 58 back to the unactuated position, thereby retracting the platen 64.

0154Thus, the articulated blister actuator platen assembly 52 is constructed and arranged to convert the horizontal movement actuator plate 66 into vertical movement of the platen 64 to compress a blister, and movement of the platen does not require pneumatic, electromechanical, or other components at larger distances above and/or below the liquid module.

0155An alternative embodiment of a blister compression actuator mechanism is indicated by reference number 80 in <figref idref="f0007">Figures 7A and 7B</figref>. Actuator 80 includes a linear actuator 82 that is coupled to a cam rail 84. Cam rail 84 is supported for longitudinal movement by a first support rod 96 extending transversely through slot 86 and a second support rod 98 extending transversely through a second slot 88 formed in the cam rail 84. The first support rod 96 and/or the second support rod 98 may include an annular groove within which portions of the cam rail 84 surrounding slot 86 or slot 88 may be supported, or cylindrical spacers may be placed over the first support rod 96 and/or the second support rod 98 on opposite sides of the cam rail 84 to prevent the cam rail 84 from twisting or sliding axially along the first support rail 96 and/or the second support rail 98.

0156Cam rail 84 includes one or more cam profile slots. In the illustrated embodiment, cam rail 84 includes three cam profile slots 90, 92, and 94. Referring to cam profile slot 90, in the illustrated embodiment, slot 90 includes, progressing from left to right in the figure, an initial horizontal portion, a downwardly sloped portion, and a second horizontal portion. The shapes of the cam profile slots are exemplary, and other shapes may be effectively implemented. The actuator mechanism 80 also includes a platen associated with each cam profile slot. In the illustrated embodiment, actuator 80 includes three platens 100, 102, 104 associated with cam profile slots 90, 92, 94, respectively. First platen 100 is coupled to the cam profile slot 90 by a cam follower pin 106 extending transversely from the platen 100 into the cam profile slot 90. Similarly, second platen 102 is coupled to the second cam profile slot 92 by a cam follower pin 108, and the third platen 104 is coupled to the third cam profile slot 94 by a cam follower pin 110. Platens 100, 102, 104 are supported and guided by a guide 112, which may comprise a panel having openings formed therein conforming to the shape of each of the platens.

0157In <figref idref="f0007">Figure 7A</figref>, cam rail 84 is in its furthest leftmost position, and the platens 100, 102, 104 are in their unactuated positions. Each of the cam follower pins 106, 108, 110 is in the initial upper horizontal portion of the respective cam profile slot 90, 92, 94. As the cam rail 84 is moved longitudinally to the right, in the direction "A" shown in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 7B</figref>, by the linear actuator 82, each cam follower pin 106, 108, 110 moves within its respective cam profile slot 90, 92, 94 until the cam follower pin is in the lower, second horizontal portion of the respective cam profile slot. Movement of each of the pins 106, 108, 110 downwardly within its respective cam profile slot 90, 92, 94 causes a corresponding downward movement of the associated platen 100, 102, 104. This movement of the platens thereby compresses a fluid vessel (or blister) located under each platen. Each platen may compress a vessel directly in contact with the platen or it may contact the vessel through one or more intermediate components located between the vessel and the corresponding platen.

0158Thus, the blister compression actuator mechanism 80 is constructed and arranged to convert the horizontal movement cam rail 84, driven by the linear actuator 82, into vertical movement of the platens 100, 102, 104 to compress blisters, and movement of the platens does not require pneumatic, electromechanical, or other components at larger distances above and/ or below the liquid module.

0159When compressing a fluid vessel, or blister, to displace the fluid contents thereof, sufficient compressive force must be applied to the blister to break, or otherwise open, a breakable seal that is holding the fluid within the vessel. The amount of force required to break the seal and displace the fluid contents of a vessel typically increases as the volume of the vessel increases. This is illustrated in the bar graph shown in <figref idref="f0011">Figure 11</figref>, which shows the minimum, maximum, and average blister burst forces required for blisters having volumes of 100, 200, 400, and 3000 microliters. The average force required to burst a blister of 400 or less microliters is relatively small, ranging from an average of 10.7 lbf to 11.5 lbf. On the other hand, the force required to burst a blister of 3000 microliters is substantially larger, with an average burst force of 43.4 lbf and a maximum required burst force of greater than 65 lbf. Generating such large forces can be difficult, especially in low profile actuator mechanisms, such as those described above, in which horizontal displacement of an actuator is converted into vertical, blister-compressing movement of a platen.

0160Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure are embodied in methods and apparatus for opening a fluid vessel, or blister, in a manner that reduces the amount of force required to burst the vessel and displace the fluid contents of the vessel.

0161Such aspects are illustrated in <figref idref="f0008">Figures 8A and 8B</figref> . As shown in <figref idref="f0008">Figure 8A</figref>, a fluid vessel (or blister) 122 is mounted on a substrate 124 and is connected by means of a channel 130 to a sphere blister 128. In certain embodiments, channel 130 may be initially blocked by a breakable seal. A film layer 129 may be disposed on the bottom of the substrate 124 to cover one or more channels formed in the bottom of the substrate 124 to form fluid conduits. An opening device, comprising a sphere 126 (e.g., a steel ball bearing) is enclosed within the sphere blister 128 and is supported, as shown in <figref idref="f0008">Figure 8A</figref>, within the sphere blister 128 by a foil partition or septum 125. The foil partition 125 prevents fluid from flowing from the vessel 122 through a recess 127 and fluid exit port 123. Upon applying downward force to the sphere 126, however, a large local compressive stress is generated due to the relatively small surface size of the sphere 126, and the foil partition 125 can be broken with relatively little force to push the sphere 126 through the partition 125 and into the recess 127, as shown in <figref idref="f0008">Figure 8B</figref>. With the foil partition 125 broken, a relatively small additional force is required to break a seal within channel 130 and force the fluid to flow from the vessel 122 through the fluid exit port 123.

0162In <figref idref="f0008">Figure 8B</figref>, the sphere blister 128 is shown intact. In some embodiments, a force applied to the sphere 126 to push it through the foil partition 125 would also collapse the sphere blister 128.

0163An apparatus for opening a vessel by pushing a sphere 126 through foil partition 125 is indicated by reference number 120 in <figref idref="f0009">Figures 9A, 9B</figref>, <figref idref="f0010">9C, 9D</figref>. In the illustrated embodiment, the apparatus 120 includes a ball actuator 140 extending through an opening formed through a blister plate, or platen, 132. With the blister plate 132 and an actuator 138 configured for moving the blister plate 132 disposed above the vessel 122, the ball actuator 140 is secured in a first position, shown in <figref idref="f0009">Figure 9A</figref>, by a detent 136 that engages a detent collar 144 formed in the ball actuator 140.

0164As shown in <figref idref="f0009">Figure 9B</figref>, the blister plate 132 is moved by the actuator 138 down to a position in which a contact end 142 of the ball actuator 140 contacts the top of the of the sphere blister 128. Actuator 138 may comprise a low profile actuator, such as actuator mechanisms 50 or 80 described above.

0165As shown in <figref idref="f0010">Figure 9C</figref>, continued downward movement of the blister plate 132 by the actuator 138 causes the ball actuator 140 to collapse the sphere blister 128, thereby pushing the opening device, e.g., sphere 126, through a partition blocking fluid flow from the vessel 122. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the detent must provide a holding force sufficient to prevent the ball actuator 140 from sliding relative to the blister plate 132 until after the sphere 126 has pierced the partition. Thus, the detent must provide a holding force sufficient to collapse the sphere blister 128 and push the sphere 126 through a partition.

0166As shown in <figref idref="f0010">Figure 9D</figref>, continued downward movement of the blister plate 132 by the actuator 138 eventually overcomes the holding force provided by the detent 136, and the ball actuator 140 is then released to move relative to the blister plate 132, so that the blister plate can continue to move down and collapse the vessel 122.

0167After the vessel 122 is collapsed, the blister plate 132 can be raised by the actuator 138 to the position shown in <figref idref="f0009">Figure 9A</figref>. As the blister plate 132 is being raised from the position shown in <figref idref="f0010">Figure 9D</figref> to the position shown in 9A, a hard stop 146 contacts a top end of the ball actuator 140 to prevent its continued upward movement, thereby sliding the ball actuator 140 relative to the blister plate 132 until the detent 136 contacts the detent collar 144 to reset the ball actuator 140.

0168An alternative embodiment of an apparatus for opening a vessel is indicated by reference number 150 in <figref idref="f0010">Figure 10</figref>. Apparatus 150 includes a pivoting ball actuator 152 configured to pivot about a pivot pin 154. Atop surface 156 of the pivoting ball actuator 152 comprises a cam surface, and a cam follower 158, comprising a roller, moving in the direction "A" along the cam surface 156 pivots the actuator 152 down in the direction "B" to collapse the sphere blister 128 and force the sphere 126 through the foil partition 125. Pivoting actuator 152 may further include a torsional spring (not shown) or other means for restoring the actuator to an up position disengaged with the sphere blister 128 when the cam follower 158 is withdrawn.

0169<figref idref="f0011">Figure 12</figref> is a plot of compressive load versus time showing an exemplary load versus time curve for an apparatus for opening a vessel. As the apparatus contacts and begins to compress the sphere blister 128, the load experiences an initial increase as shown at portion (a) of the graph. A plateau shown at portion (b) of the graph occurs after the sphere 126 penetrates the foil partition 125. A second increase in the force load occurs when the blister plate 132 makes contact with and begins compressing the vessel 122. A peak, as shown at part (c) of the plot, is reached as a breakable seal within channel 130 between the vessel 122 and the sphere blister 128 is broken. After the seal has been broken, the pressure drops dramatically, as shown at part (d) of the plot, as the vessel 122 is collapsed and the fluid contained therein is forced through the exit port 123 (See <figref idref="f0008">Figs. 8A, 8B</figref>) supporting the sphere 126.

0170An alternative apparatus for opening a vessel is indicated by reference number 160 in <figref idref="f0012">Figure 13A</figref>. As shown in <figref idref="f0012">Figure 13A</figref>, a fluid vessel (or blister) 162 is mounted on a substrate 172 and is connected by means of a channel - which may or may not be initially blocked by a breakable seal - to a dimple 161. A film layer 164 may be disposed on the bottom of the substrate 172 to cover one or more channels formed in the bottom of the substrate 172 to form fluid conduits. An opening device comprising a cantilevered lance 166 is positioned within a lance chamber 170 formed in the substrate 172 where it is anchored at an end thereof by a screw attachment 168.

0171A foil partition or septum 165 seals the interior of the dimple 161 from the lance chamber 170. An actuator pushes the lance 170 up in the direction "A" into the dimple 161, thereby piercing the foil partition 165 and permitting fluid to flow from the blister 162 out of the lance chamber 170 and a fluid exit port. The spring force resilience of the lance 166 returns it to its initial position after the upward force is removed. In one embodiment, the lance 166 is made of metal. Alternatively, a plastic lance could be part of a molded plastic substrate on which the blister 162 is formed. Alternatively, a metallic lance could be heat staked onto a male plastic post. A further option is to employ a formed metal wire as a lance.

0172A further alternative embodiment of an apparatus for opening a vessel is indicated by reference number 180 in <figref idref="f0012">Figure 14</figref>. A component having one or more deformable vessels includes at least one blister 182 formed on a substrate 194. In the arrangement shown in <figref idref="f0012">Figure 14</figref>, an internal dimple 184 is formed inside the blister 182. Internal dimple 184 encloses an opening device comprising a fixed spike 186 projecting upwardly from a spike cavity 188 formed in the substrate 194. A film layer 192 is disposed on an opposite side of the substrate 194. As an actuator presses down on the blister 182, internal pressure within the blister 182 causes the internal dimple 184 to collapse and invert. The inverted dimple is punctured by the fixed spike 186, thereby permitting fluid within the blister 182 to flow through an exit port 190.

0173An alternative apparatus for opening a vessel is indicated by reference number 200 in <figref idref="f0013">Figure 15A</figref>. As shown in <figref idref="f0013">Figure 15A</figref>, a fluid vessel (or blister) 202 is mounted on a substrate 216 and is connected by means of a channel - which may or may not be initially blocked by a breakable seal - to a dimple 204. An opening device comprising a lancing pin 206 having a fluid port 208 formed through the center thereof (see <figref idref="f0013">Figure 15B</figref>) is disposed within a segmented bore 220 formed in the substrate 216 beneath the dimple 204. A partition or septum 205 separates the dimple 204 from the bore 246, thereby preventing fluid from exiting the blister 202 and dimple 204. An actuator (not shown) presses on a film layer 212 disposed on a bottom portion of the substrate 216 in the direction "A" forcing the lancing pin 206 up within the segmented bore 220 until a shoulder 210 formed on the lancing pin 206 encounters a hard stop 222 formed in the segmented bore 246. A lancing point of the pin 206 pierces the partition 205 thereby permitting fluid to flow through the fluid port 214 in the lancing pin 206 and out of a fluid exit channel 214.

0174An alternative embodiment of an apparatus for opening a vessel is indicated by reference number 230 in <figref idref="f0014">Figures 16A and 16B</figref>. As shown in <figref idref="f0014">Figure 16A</figref>, a fluid vessel (or blister) 232 is mounted on a substrate 244 and is connected by means of a channel - which may or may not be initially blocked by a breakable seal - to a dimple 234. An opening device comprising a lancing pin 236 is disposed within a segmented board 246 formed in the substrate 244 beneath the dimple 234. A partition or septum 235 separates the dimple 234 from the segmented bore 246. The upper surface of the substrate 244 is sealed with a film 240 before the blister 232 and dimple 234 are adhered. An actuator (not shown) pushes up on the lancing pin 236 in the direction "A" until a shoulder 238 formed on the lancing pin 236 encounters hard stop 248 within the bore 246. The pin 236 thereby pierces the partition 235 and remains in the upper position as fluid flows out along an exit channel 242 formed on an upper surface of the substrate 244. A fluid tight seal is maintained between the pin 238 and the bore 246 by a slight interference fit.

0175As the collapsible fluid vessels of a liquid reagent module are configured to be compressed and collapsed to displace the fluid contents from the vessel(s), such vessels are susceptible to damage or fluid leakage due to inadvertent exposures to contacts that impart a compressing force to the vessel. Accordingly, when storing, handling, or transporting a component having one or more collapsible fluid vessels, it is desirable to protect the fluid vessel and avoid such inadvertent contact. The liquid reagent module could be stored within a rigid casing to protect the collapsible vessel(s) from unintended external forces, but such a casing would inhibit or prevent collapsing of the vessel by application of an external force. Thus, the liquid reagent module would have to be removed from the casing prior to use, thereby leaving the collapsible vessel(s) of the module vulnerable to unintended external forces.

0176An apparatus for protecting and interfacing with a collapsible vessel is indicated by reference number 260 in <figref idref="f0015">Figures 17</figref>, <figref idref="f0016">18</figref>, and <figref idref="f0017">19</figref>. A component with one or more collapsible vessels includes a collapsible blister 262 formed on a substrate 264. A dispensing channel 266 extends from the blister 262 to a frangible seal 268. It is understood that, in some alternative embodiments, the dispensing channel 266 may be substituted with a breakable seal, providing an additional safeguard against an accidental reagent release.

0177Frangible seal 268 may comprise one of the apparatuses for opening a vessel described above and shown in any of <figref idref="f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012 f0013 f0014">Figures 8-16</figref>.

0178A rigid or semi-rigid housing is provided over the blister 262 and, optionally, the dispensing channel 266 as well, and comprises a blister housing cover 270 covering the blister 262 and a blister housing extension 280 covering and protecting the dispensing channel 266 and the area of the frangible seal 268.

0179A floating actuator plate 276 is disposed within the blister housing cover 270. In the illustrated embodiments, both the blister housing cover 270 and the floating actuator plate 276 are circular, but the housing 270 and the actuator plate 276 could be of any shape, preferably generally conforming to the shape of the blister 262.

0180The apparatus 260 further includes a plunger 274 having a plunger point 275 at one end thereof. Plunger 274 is disposed above the blister housing cover 270 generally at a center portion thereof and disposed above an aperture 272 formed in the housing 270.

0181The floating actuator plate 276 includes a plunger receiver recess 278, which, in an embodiment, generally conforms to the shape of the plunger point 275.

0182The blister 262 is collapsed by actuating the plunger 274 downwardly into the aperture 272. Plunger 274 may be actuated by any suitable mechanism, including one of the actuator mechanisms 50, 80 described above. Plunger 274 passes into the aperture 272 where the plunger point 275 nests within the plunger receiver recess 278 of the floating actuator plate 276. Continued downward movement by the plunger 274 presses the actuator plate 276 against the blister 262, thereby collapsing the blister 262 and displacing fluid from the blister 262 through the dispensing channel 266 to a fluid egress. Continued pressure will cause the frangible seal at 268 to break, or an apparatus for opening the vessel as described above may be employed to open the frangible seal. The plunger point 275 nested within the plunger point recess 278 helps to keep the plunger 274 centered with respect to the actuator plate 276 and prevents the actuator plate 276 from sliding laterally relative to the plunger 274. When the blister is fully collapsed, as shown in <figref idref="f0017">Figure 19</figref>, a convex side of the plunger receiver recess 278 of the floating actuator plate 276 nests within a plunger recess 282 formed in the substrate 264.

0183Accordingly, the blister housing cover 270 protects the blister 262 from inadvertent damage or collapse, while the floating actuator plate inside the blister housing cover 270 permits and facilitates the collapsing of the blister 262 without having to remove or otherwise alter the blister housing cover 270. In components having more than one collapsible vessel and dispensing channel, a blister housing cover may be provided for all of the vessels and dispensing channels or for some, but less than all vessels and dispensing channels.

0184In addition to the bottom substrate, the top plate and the LRM, the cartridges comprise an external housing that holds these three components in appropriate fluid communication with each other as applicable as well as provide interconnects to the instrument bays.

External Housing

0185Thus, the cartridges include an external housing, which is essentially a protective shell or casing to completely or partially enclose the PCB, top plate, and LRM assembly, yet allow access to functional components such as the electronic connections and the sample port. In general, the external housing is made of a molded material, including, but not limited to, acrylics and plastics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyimide, polycarbonate, polyurethanes, etc.

0186The external housing (and thus the corresponding bays of the devices) is optionally configured to allow only asymmetrical insertion into the apparatus, preferably both "top up" as well as "correct end in". That is, the cartridges can only be inserted in one direction and in one orientation (due to physical design, for example any or all of a housing curved only on one side (depicted in the Figures as curved on the bottom, for example, which allows the insertion only in a "top up" fashion), grooves or fittings in either or both of the cartridge and the bay such that the cartridge can only be inserted in one orientation, e.g. "front to back". See for example the Figures for cartridge and bay grooving. A variety of such techniques are well known in the art.

0187The external housing can completely encase the other three components or can provide physical access to parts of the LRM, as is generally shown in <figref idref="f0018">Figure 20</figref> , depicting general open areas over the blisters. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the access to the blisters, depending on the mechanism to deform the blisters, can also be a smaller access area, for example just a general hole in the housing. In some preferred embodiments, the blister area of the housing will be scaled with a protective cover comprising an easily breakable material (e.g., paper or equivalent) that contains perforated traces corresponding to the outline of each blister. Such a cover will generally protect the cartridge against accidental damage to the blisters during transportation and handling, yet it is not sufficiently resilient to impede efficient reagent dispensing by the blister actuation mechanism as described herein. The housing generally comprises a sealing, latch cover for the sample entry port. In some embodiments, this cover is irreversibly engaged such that once a biological sample has been put in the cartridge and closed no further user access to the cartridge is possible.

0188In one optional embodiment, the housing comprises a unique cartridge identifier tag, such as an optically readable barcode, that contains information about such things as the specific assay type of the cartridge, lot, batch or manufacturing information, date of manufacturing, storage conditions, etc.

0189In one optional embodiment, the housing comprises a surface suitable for the attachment of a unique sample identification tag (again, generally an optically readable barcode) to identify the patient that is affixed by the user. As will be appreciated by those in the art, while this could be specific patient information, in general this will be an identifying number or code to preserve patient confidentiality.

III. Devices

0190The devices have a number of functionalities, including the cartridge bays (optionally organized into instrument banks), a processor with an appropriate user interface, all of which are further described below.

0191As described herein, the disclosure includes cartridges that are inserted into a device containing a plurality of bays (formed from a top bay and a bottom bay) into which the cartridges fit. The devices include a least one instrument bank comprising a plurality of biochip cartridge bays for insertion and analysis of biochip cartridge(s). These instrument banks can be configured in a variety of ways, as will be appreciated by those in the art. Exemplary con figurations are shown in the accompanying figures, with banks of 6 or 8 being preferred, arranged in a linear vertical fashion. As outlined herein, apparatus can include more than one instrument bank, with 1, 2, 3 or 4 banks all finding use. In some cases, more instrument banks are used.

The Cartridge Bays

0192The individual bays are configured to allow asymmetrical access to the biochip cartridges. That is, the cartridges can only be inserted in one direction and in one orientation (due to physical design as outlined herein, for example any or all of a housing curved only on one side (depicted in the Figures as curved on the bottom, for example, which allows the insertion only in a "top up" fashion), grooves or fittings in either or both of the cartridge and the bay such that the cartridge can only be inserted in one orientation, e.g. "front to back". See, for example, <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref> for cartridge and bay grooving. A variety of such techniques are well known in the art.

0193The bays each include a processor with memory with at least one program stored in the memory and executable by the processor comprising instructions for steps of the assay including, but not limited to, blister package actuators, heating programs, electrowetting transport steps, mixing steps, magnetic bead capture steps, washing steps, detection steps, reporting steps, exporting data steps, etc.

0194One important embodiment is that each bay is individually controlled and can be used to run any assay. For example, rather than have a user load a plurality of chips and then insert them sequentially into a bay, the present system allows the user to load a cartridge, scan and insert it into the instrument, start the assay and then load the next sample.

0195When an optional EPROM, EEPROM or RFID tag is contained within the cartridge, for example on the bottom substrate, which encodes the identification of the assay, the bays can optionally include an EPROM, EEPROM or RFID reader, such that the instrument reads the tag and loads the appropriate assay protocol for that particular assay. In some embodiments, some or all of the executable step program is stored on the EPROM and not on the bay processor.

0196This may also be accomplished using a barcode reader and barcode on the cartridge itself.

0197The bays optionally include a lighting indicator system as well that is associated with bay status. That is, the lighting indicator system will indicate any number of optional steps, including but not limited to, whether the bay is empty, the presence or absence of a cartridge, whether the cartridge assay is underway, assay complete, and a process error. The lighting system can be different colored lights and/or flashing lights and/or absence of light or any combination thereof (e.g. "error in processing" could be red, or no light; "ready to load cartridge" could be green, "assay underway" could be flashing green, etc.).

0198The bays optionally include one or more "off chip" heaters for reactions such as PCR amplification reactions, isothermal amplification reactions, enzymatic reactions (e.g. the generation of enzyme substrates that are redox active), etc. These thermal elements can be positioned in a variety of ways depending on the assay requirements. Several designs are shown in the figures, including the use of pogo pins to power the thermal element(s).

0199The bays optionally include Peltier heaters that serve all or part of the biochip, to heat and/ or cool reactions, allow isothermal reactions, or allow all the bays to keep a constant temperature no matter their location within a bank.

0200The bays optionally include magnetic actuators, to allow the generation of magnetic fields on all or part of the biochip as needed, for example to collect and wash magnetic beads that have adhered nucleic acid target samples. This technology includes the use of the Boom patents, including <patcit id="pcit0202" dnum="US5234809A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,234,809</text></patcit>, for the use of particles for the purification and/ or isolation of nucleic acids.

0201The bays include individually and optionally include components selected from the group consisting of thermal connections, spacing layers, framing layers, cartridge mechanisms, framing, fans, linear actuators, air flow systems, rotary dampers, spring loaded latches, lock-in mechanisms, etc., as depicted in the Figures. For example, cartridge mechanisms that lock a cartridge in during the assay and eject the cartridge when either an icon is pressed or an automatic ejection when the assay is done all can find use in the present disclosure.

0202The bays include electrical connections to power, monitor, and control various components, such as electrowetting and detection electrodes, heaters, thermometers, and motors, etc. Connections between the electrodes of the biochip and the corresponding electrodes in the bay can be typical "edge connector" configurations as well as pogo pin connectors; see for example <figref idref="f0031">Figures 28</figref> and <figref idref="f0032">29</figref>. In preferred embodiments, it is the bottom bay of the bays that contain the electrical connections. See <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1A</figref>, <figref idref="f0010">10C</figref> and 73 of 7,172,897 and the accompanying discussion in the patent for "edge connectors" and "pogo pins" and the accompanying structure discussions for both the biochip and the bay, for additional components and geometries as well as specifically including the material discussed above.

Top and Bottom Bays

0203"Top" and "bottom" in this sense means relative to ground. In general, as the samples and reagents are liquids, the LRM is at the top of the cartridge, and thus it is the top half of the bays that contain the mechanisms to activate the LRM.

0204The top bays contain the blister actuation mechanism to break open the blisters of the LRM and motivate liquid contents from them, as described above.

0205While one of the advantages of the present system is the lack of moving parts, in some optional embodiments valve systems are used, particularly passive "one way" valves within the LRM, such as "duck billed" one way valves. In some embodiments, active valves are utilized, and thus the bays (usually but not always the top bays) can optionally include valve actuation mechanism(s) to open and close valves as needed during the assay.

0206In some embodiments, for example when impeller mixing chambers are used, the bay (generally the top bay, although it could also be the bottom bay) comprises one or more mixing motor(s) to drive impeller(s) of the mixing chamber(s). The impellers can also be magnetically driven, removing the need to mechanically couple their movement. The rapidly rotating (thousands rpm) "impeller" is associated with a lysis "bead beating" chamber, (in contrast to the mixing chamber which usually employs a slowly rotating (about 100 rpm) "mixing paddle". The mixing paddle will mechanically engage a gear located proximal to the cartridge that is driven by a bay mechanism. In contrast, the impeller is a self-contained miniaturized rotor that is located inside a lysis chamber in the LRM and turned on/off by electric current creating a magnetic field. For clarity, the mixing chamber will be located upstream of the lysis chamber.

0207In the embodiment where magnetic capture beads are used, the bay further comprises one or more magnetic actuators to facilitate the movement or sequestration of the magnetic beads. In general, due to the proximity of the LRM, these magnetic actuator(s) are found in the top bay, although they may also be found in the bottom bays, or both. Thus, for example, the cartridge may mix the sample with lysis buffer and then deliver the lysed sample to a location comprising the magnetic capture beads (held in place either physically or by a magnetic field). The beads and the sample are mixed in the presence of binding buffer, which can utilize physical agitation by oscillating the magnetic field and/or moving the beads from one location to another and back, as needed, optionally using more than one magnetic actuators in more than one location in the top bay. Thus one or more magnetic actuators are resident in the top bay.

0208The bays each optionally comprise a capture and latching mechanism to control both the positioning of the consumable (e.g. the loading of the cartridge in the correct orientation), the insertion of the cartridge into the bay sufficient to line up the LRM and the blister actuators, the electric connections, etc., as well as to prevent premature removal of the cartridge before the assay is complete and the results reported. This mechanism can be located on any part of the external housing (top, bottom, sides).

0209In some embodiments, as outlined herein, the bays can include sensors to monitor and control thermal zone temperatures (e.g., thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors, etc.).

0210The bays may comprise individual fan filters or a manifold with a single fan filter to keep dust and debris from the system, and can also include bay cooling fans in each bay compartment to help, with the aid of the individual bay heating elements to keep the bays and thus the assay at uniform temperature throughout a run.

0211The bays generally comprise a bay PCB to power, monitor, and control the bay, LRM, and the cartridge in general.

The Base Station

0212The base station of the instrument comprises a number of components, including a central processing unit that allows independent bay controllers and electric and network connections to each tower, an optional identification tag reading device as described herein, (e.g., a hand-held bar code scanner) and a touch screen user interface with individual icons corresponding to each bay.

0213The systems include at least one processor, and in many cases, as described herein, each bay of a bank has its own individual processor. The devices also include memory and at least one program stored in the memory and executable by the processor, comprising instructions to execute the assays (including the manipulation of droplets, reagents, blister ruptures, and detection programs).

0214In some embodiments, each bay is independently controlled and processed. That is, after scanning a patient or sample barcode, the operator can choose to put the cartridge into any bay, in no particular order, and start the assay, independently of any other cartridge/bay combination and/ or status. That is, the bays allow optional random and optional continuous access, such that a bank need not be run at the same time, and cartridges can be inserted into a bay at any time after they are loaded with sample.

0215The bays each include a processor with memory with at least one program stored in the memory and executable by the processor comprising instructions for steps of the assay including, but not limited to, blister package actuators, heating programs, electrowetting transport steps, mixing steps, magnetic bead capture steps, washing steps, detection steps, reporting steps, exporting data steps, etc.

0216In some embodiments, the bays optionally include EPROM readers to allow reading the EPROMs on the individual cartridges as discussed below, such that some or all of the executable step program is stored on the EPROM and not on the bay processor.

0217In addition to the processors for bay control, in general the devices have a processor, memory and executable programs to allow the creation and maintenance of operator profiles, such as log-in information, preferences, etc. In addition, one program that is optionally included allows the association of the assay reports to be tied to the operator who loaded the sample, and not the operator who unloads the cartridge. That is, one operator does not need to log off for a second one to log into any particular device.

0218The base station can also include technology to allow remote access, remote control, and remote servicing, such as that sold and distributed by Axeda technology (<u>www.axeda.com</u>).

0219In a preferred embodiment, the base station comprises an identification tag reading component to allow identification and correlation of the patient sample to a result. In some embodiments, this identification tag reader is a barcode reader to read a corresponding barcode on the cartridge. The barcode reader can be a hand held scanner, which can be attached to the base station by use of a processor port, such as a USB port. Alternatively, the base station itself can be configured to contain a barcode reader, for example at the bottom of the base station, where the user can slide the cartridge under the station for reading. As outlined herein, these barcodes may be used for a wide variety of purposes, including, but not limited to, identifying the sample (e.g. patient number or code), the test being done, the batch number of the chip, calibration information, assay protocols including cycle time, signal processing requirements, etc.

0220In addition, in some embodiments the barcodes can be used to control the instrument. For example, instrument control may be through the use of a keyboard, a mouse or a barcode reader. Thus, for example, there may be barcodes on the cartridges to indicate the identity of the chip, but also on a card to scan for starting the assay, stopping the assay, downloading the data, etc. Thus for example a user would scan the cartridge prior to insertion into a bay, and then scan a barcode to start the assay protocol. In a preferred embodiment, the card of barcode commands are found in a drawer or storage compartment of the device, outlined herein.

0221In general, the base station includes a common electric and network hub to simplify cabling and tower connection to the base station.

User Interface

0222The devices further have at least one touch screen display having a plurality of bay icons, each icon uniquely corresponding to one of said plurality of bays. As shown in the figures, the bay icons share a one to one correspondence, including a spatial correspondence, with the biochip cartridge bays where the cartridges are inserted. That is, the upper left hand bay icon corresponds to the upper left hand bay, etc. Thus, depending on whether 1, 2, 3 or 4 banks of 6 bays are used, the touch screen display will have 6, 12, 18 or 24 bay icons, arranged by column and row in the same fashion as the bays.

0223The system optionally uses a launch pad interface that is icon-centric in order to support globalization, e.g. to avoid translation of general operating parameters into multiple languages.

0224In one embodiment, the insertion of a biochip cartridge into one of the bays causes the corresponding bay icon to be enlarged and/ or exhibited, generally causing a panel of options to be exhibited. In general, the panel of options is a plurality of secondary icons that allow different data about the bay and the inserted chip to be shown. Thus, for example, the secondary icons include, but are not limited to, an icon to review biochip cartridge data or report, an icon for status of a biochip cartridge assay, an icon depicting the time remaining in a biochip cartridge assay (for example, as a clock face that when pressed shows a time bar that changes fill color as a result of assay progress); an icon to generate a data report of biochip cartridge data; an icon to print a data report of biochip cartridge data (e.g. a schematic of a printer); an icon to email a data report of biochip cartridge data (e.g. an envelope icon); an icon to export a data report of biochip cartridge data to another computer device; and an icon to display a virtual keyboard. Again, these secondary icons are generally selected to be "language neutral", such that they are easily comprehended by operators that speak different languages.

0225Alternatively, the panel of options is displayed by selecting and touching one of the bay icons without the need to load a cartridge.

0226Once an assay is complete, the bay icon can be pressed to result in the display of an assay report, detailing the results of the assay (which virus present, SNP status, etc.). This report can be printed by icon, emailed by icon, downloaded to an external memory device (e.g. flash memory device), etc.

IV. Assays

General Methods

0227The detection methods are based on capture binding ligands (capture probes when the target is nucleic acid) to bind the target analytes and solution binding ligands (label probes when the target is nucleic acid) that carry electron transfer moiety (ETM) electrochemical labels to form "sandwich hybridization complexes". See for example <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2B</figref> of <patcit id="pcit0203" dnum="US7935481B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 7,935,481</text></patcit>. That is, only in the presence of the target analyte will the ETM(s) be present at the surface of the detection electrode, thus giving rise to a signal. Suitable ETMs are outlined in the cited cases, and all discussions relating to ETMs are specifically incorporated independently and optionally by reference.

0228These techniques are generally described in <patcit id="pcit0204" dnum="US4887455A"><text>4,887,455</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0205" dnum="US5591578A"><text>5,591,578</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0206" dnum="US5705348A"><text>5,705,348 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0207" dnum="US5770365A"><text>5,770,365</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0208" dnum="US5807701A"><text>5,807,701</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0209" dnum="US5824473A"><text>5,824,473</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0210" dnum="US5882497A"><text>5,882,497</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0211" dnum="US6013170A"><text>6,013,170</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0212" dnum="US6013459A"><text>6,013,459</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0213" dnum="US6033601A"><text>6,033,601</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0214" dnum="US6063573A"><text>6,063,573 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0215" dnum="US6090933A"><text>6,090,933</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0216" dnum="US6096273A"><text>6,096,273</text></patcit> ;<patcit id="pcit0217" dnum="US6180064B"><text> 6,180,064</text></patcit> ;<patcit id="pcit0218" dnum="US6190858B"><text> 6,190,858 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0219" dnum="US6192351B"><text>6,192,351</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0220" dnum="US6221583B"><text>6,221,583</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0221" dnum="US6232062B"><text>6,232,062 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0222" dnum="US6236951B"><text>6,236,951</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0223" dnum="US6248229B"><text>6,248,229</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0224" dnum="US6264825B"><text>6,264,825 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0225" dnum="US6265155B"><text>6,265,155 </text></patcit>;<patcit id="pcit0226" dnum="US6290839B"><text> 6,290,839</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0227" dnum="US6361958B"><text>6,361,958 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0228" dnum="US6376232B"><text>6,376,232</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0229" dnum="US6431016B"><text>6,431,016</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0230" dnum="US6432723B"><text>6,432,723</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0231" dnum="US6479240B"><text>6,479,240 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0232" dnum="US6495323B"><text>6,495,323</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0233" dnum="US6518024B"><text>6,518,024</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0234" dnum="US6541617B"><text>6,541,617 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0235" dnum="US6596483B"><text>6,596,483</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0236" dnum="US6600026B"><text>6,600,026</text></patcit> ;<patcit id="pcit0237" dnum="US6602400B"><text> 6,602,400 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0238" dnum="US6627412B"><text>6,627,412</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0239" dnum="US6642046B"><text>6,642,046 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0240" dnum="US6655010B"><text>6,655,010 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0241" dnum="US6686150B"><text>6,686,150</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0242" dnum="US6740518B"><text>6,740,518 </text></patcit>;<patcit id="pcit0243" dnum="US6753143B"><text> 6,753,143 </text></patcit>;<patcit id="pcit0244" dnum="US6761816B"><text> 6,761,816</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0245" dnum="US6824669B"><text>6,824,669 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0246" dnum="US6833267B"><text>6,833,267 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0247" dnum="US6875619B"><text>6,875,619</text></patcit> ;<patcit id="pcit0248" dnum="US6942771B"><text> 6,942,771</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0249" dnum="US6951759B"><text>6,951,759</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0250" dnum="US6960467B"><text>6,960,467</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0251" dnum="US6977151B"><text>6,977,151</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0252" dnum="US7014992B"><text>7,014,992</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0253" dnum="US7018523B"><text>7,018,523 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0254" dnum="US7045285B"><text>7,045,285</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0255" dnum="US7056669B"><text>7,056,669</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0256" dnum="US7087148B"><text>7,087,148</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0257" dnum="US7090804B"><text>7,090,804</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0258" dnum="US7125668B"><text>7,125,668 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0259" dnum="US7160678B"><text>7,160,678</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0260" dnum="US7172897B"><text>7,172,897 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0261" dnum="US7267939B"><text>7,267,939</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0262" dnum="US7312087B"><text>7,312,087 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0263" dnum="US7381525B"><text>7,381,525</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0264" dnum="US7381533B"><text>7,381,533 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0265" dnum="US7384749B"><text>7,384,749 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0266" dnum="US7393645B"><text>7,393,645</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0267" dnum="US7514228B"><text>7,514,228</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0268" dnum="US7534331B"><text>7,534,331</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0269" dnum="US7560237B"><text>7,560,237</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0270" dnum="US7566534B"><text>7,566,534 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0271" dnum="US7579145B"><text>7,579,145</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0272" dnum="US7582419B"><text>7,582,419</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0273" dnum="US7595153B"><text>7,595,153</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0274" dnum="US7601507B"><text>7,601,507</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0275" dnum="US7655129B"><text>7,655,129</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0276" dnum="US7713711B"><text>7,713,711</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0277" dnum="US7759073B"><text>7,759,073</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0278" dnum="US7820391B"><text>7,820,391</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0279" dnum="US7863035B"><text>7,863,035</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0280" dnum="US7935481B"><text>7,935,481</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0281" dnum="US8012743B"><text>8,012,743</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0282" dnum="US8114661B"><text>8,114,661</text></patcit>.

0229As outlined herein, the systems are used to detect the presence or absence of a target (e.g. viruses or bacteria) and/or the elucidation of a specific sequence such as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). As is known in the art, there are a number of techniques that can be used to detect or determine the identity of a base at a particular location in a target nucleic acid, including, but not limited to, the use of temperature, competitive hybridization of perfect and imperfect probes to the target sequence, sequencing by synthesis, for example using single base extension techniques (sometimes referred to as "mini-sequencing"), the oligonucleotide ligase amplification (OLA) reaction, rolling circle amplification (RCA), allelic PCR, competitive hybridization and In vader™ technologies. In addition, the present disclosure is directed to a novel disclosure that capitalizes on novel properties of surface-bound arrays, and uses "competimers" to reduce non-specific binding.

0230These techniques rely on the formation of assay complexes on a detection electrode surface, as a result of hybridization of a target sequence (either the target sequence of the sample or an amplicon sequence generated in the assay) to a capture probe on the surface. As is more fully outlined herein, this may be direct or indirect (e.g. through the use of sandwich type systems) hybridization. The assay complex further comprises at least one electron transfer moiety (ETM) that is also either directly or indirectly attached to the target. Once the assay complexes are formed, the presence or absence of the ETMs are detected as is described below and in <patcit id="pcit0283" dnum="US5591578A"><text>U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,578</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0284" dnum="US5824473A"><text>5,824,473</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0285" dnum="US5770369A"><text>5,770,369</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0286" dnum="US5705348A"><text>5,705,348</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0287" dnum="US5780234A"><text>5,780,234</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0288" dnum="US911589" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Ser. Nos. 08/911,589</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0289" dnum="US09135183B" dnum-type="L"><text>09/ 135,183</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0290" dnum="US09306653B"><text>09/306,653 </text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0291" dnum="US09134058B"><text>09/ 134,058</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0292" dnum="US09295691B"><text>09/295,691</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0293" dnum="US09238351B"><text>09/238,351</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0294" dnum="US09245105B"><text>09/245,105 </text></patcit>and <patcit id="pcit0295" dnum="US09338726B"><text>09/338,726</text></patcit> ; and <patcit id="pcit0296" dnum="WO9820162A"><text>PCT Pub Nos. WO 98/20162</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0297" dnum="WO0016089PCT"><text>WO 00/16089</text></patcit> ; and <patcit id="pcit0298" dnum="US9901705W" dnum-type="L"><text>PCT Application Nos. PCT/US99/01705</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0299" dnum="US9901703W" dnum-type="L"><text>PCT/US99/01703</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0300" dnum="US0010903W" dnum-type="L"><text>PCT/US00/10903</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0301" dnum="US9910104W" dnum-type="L"><text>PCT/US99/10104</text></patcit>. Specific reference is made to the structures of the ETMs, the different assay methods and assay components, the methods of making the PCB component/detection electrodes, etc.

0231Specific SNP detection generally requires one or two primer nucleic acids (which may include the ETM labels as well as the use of nucleic acid analogs) that is hybridized to the target sequence to form a hybridization complex, and an enzyme is added that in some way modifies the primer to form a modified primer; generally, the occurrence of the modification depends on the presence or absence of a particular sequence, thus allowing sequence differentiation. For example, OLA requires two primers that hybridize (either directly adjacently or separated by one or more bases) to the target sequence and a ligase; In vader® requires two primers and a cleavage enzyme; etc. Thus, in general, a target nucleic acid is added to a reaction mixture that comprises the necessary amplification components, and a modified primer is formed, which is then either detected as an indication that the variation is present, or queried to determine the identity of the base at the position of interest.

0232In general, the modified primer (which can be an amplicon in the case of traditional PCR as is generally outlined herein) is incorporated into an assay complex that comprises a label, such as an electron transfer moiety (ETM), which is either incorporated by an enzyme, present on the original primer, or added via a label probe. As required, the unreacted primers can be removed in a variety of ways, as will be appreciated by those in the art, although in many embodiments this is not required. The hybridization complex is then optionally disassociated, and the modified primer is added to an electrode as is generally described herein and in the cited applications. Usually, the electrodes comprise capture probes that will hybridize to the modified primers although as outlined herein, a variety of configurations, including sandwich assays, can be used. Detection proceeds via detection of the ETM label as an indication of the presence, absence or amount of the target sequence.

0233The methods find particular use in genotyping assays, i.e. the detection of particular nucleotides at specific positions, although as will be appreciated by those in the art, amplification and/ or quantification need not necessarily occur to do genotyping. In these embodiments, the assay generally relies on the use of two (or more, in the cases of three base alleles or four base alleles) label probes, each of which has ETMs with different rcdox potentials (E0) that can be distinguished in the assay. In this way homogeneous and heterogeneous alleles can be distinguished (the former being either all first label or all second label, and the latter showing two peaks at each label potential).

0234Thus the present disclosure provides "assay complexes" (referred to herein and in the cited patents as "hybridization complexes" when the targets are nucleic acids) that are formed as "sandwich assay complexes", as depicted in the Figures of many of the cited patents. See for example <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2B</figref> of <patcit id="pcit0302" dnum="US7935481B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 7,935,481</text></patcit>. That is, only in the presence of the target analyte will the ETM(s) be present at the surface of the detection electrode, thus giving rise to a signal. Suitable ETMs are outlined in the cited cases (particularly useful in some embodiments are metallocenes, with ferrocene and ferrocene derivatives as defined in the patents).

0235The detection electrodes comprise capture binding ligands, preferably covalently attached. By "binding ligand" or "binding species" herein is meant a compound that is used to probe for the presence of the target analyte, which will bind to the target analyte. In general, for most of the embodiments described herein, there are at least two binding ligands used per target analyte molecule; a "capture" or "anchor" binding ligand (also referred to herein as a "capture probe", particularly in reference to a nucleic acid binding ligand) that is attached to the detection electrode as described herein, and a soluble binding ligand (frequently referred to herein as a "signaling probe" or a "label probe" when the target is nucleic acid), that binds independently to the target analyte, and either directly or indirectly comprises at least one ETM.

0236Generally, the capture binding ligand allows the attachment of a target analyte to the detection electrode, for the purposes of detection. As is outlined in the cited patent list, attachment of the target analyte to the capture binding ligand may be direct (i.e. the target analyte binds to the capture binding ligand) or indirect (one or more capture extender ligands may be used).

0237In a preferred embodiment, the binding is specific, and the binding ligand is part of a binding pair. By "specifically bind" herein is meant that the ligand binds the analyte, with specificity sufficient to differentiate between the analyte and other components or contaminants of the test sample. However, as will be appreciated by those in the art, it will be possible to detect analytes using binding that is not highly specific; for example, the systems may use different binding ligands, for example an array of different ligands, and detection of any particular analyte is via its "signature" of binding to a panel of binding ligands, similar to the manner in which "electronic noses" work. The binding should be sufficient to allow the analyte to remain bound under the conditions of the assay, including wash steps to remove non-specific binding. In some embodiments, for example in the detection of certain biomolecules, the binding constants of the analyte to the binding ligand will be at least about 10^-4 to 10^-6 M^-1, with at least about 10^-5 to 10^-9 M^-1 being preferred and at least about 10^-7 to 10^-9 M^-1 being particularly preferred.

0238As will be appreciated by those in the art, the composition of the binding ligand will depend on the composition of the target analyte. Binding ligands to a wide variety of analytes are known or can be readily found using known techniques. For example, when the analyte is a single-stranded nucleic acid, the binding ligand is generally a substantially complementary nucleic acid. Alternatively, as is generally described in <patcit id="pcit0303" dnum="US5270163A"><text>U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,270,163</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0304" dnum="US5475096A"><text>5,475,096</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0305" dnum="US5567589A"><text>5,567,589</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0306" dnum="US5595877A"><text>5,595,877</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0307" dnum="US5637459A"><text>5,637,459</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0308" dnum="US5681867A"><text>5,681,867</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0309" dnum="US5705337A"><text>5,705,337</text></patcit>, nucleic acid "aptamers" can be developed for binding to virtually any target analyte. Similarly the analyte may be a nucleic acid binding protein and the capture binding ligand is either a single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid; alternatively, the binding ligand may be a nucleic acid binding protein when the analyte is a single or double-stranded nucleic acid. When the analyte is a protein, the binding ligands include proteins (particularly including antibodies or fragments thereof (FAbs, etc.)), small molecules, oraptamers, described above. Preferred binding ligand proteins include peptides. For example, when the analyte is an enzyme, suitable binding ligands include substrates, inhibitors, and other proteins that bind the enzyme, i.e. components of a multi-enzyme (or protein) complex. As will be appreciated by those in the art, any two molecules that will associate, preferably specifically, may be used, either as the analyte or the binding ligand. Suitable analyte/binding ligand pairs include, but are not limited to, antibodies/antigens, receptors/ligand, proteins/nucleic acids; nucleic acids/ nucleic acids, enzymes/ substrates and/ or inhibitors, carbohydrates (including glycoproteins and glycolipids)/lectins, carbohydrates and other binding partners, proteins/ proteins; and protein/ small molecules. These may be wild-type or derivative sequences.

0239In this embodiment, when the binding ligand is a nucleic acid, preferred compositions and techniques are outlined in <patcit id="pcit0310" dnum="US5591578A"><text>U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,578</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0311" dnum="US5824473A"><text>5,824,473</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0312" dnum="US5705348A"><text>5,705,348</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0313" dnum="US5780234A"><text>5,780,234</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0314" dnum="US5770369A"><text>5,770,369</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0315" dnum="US08873598B"><text>U.S. Ser. Nos. 08/ 873,598</text></patcit><patcit id="pcit0316" dnum="US08911589B"><text>08/911,589</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0317" dnum="WO9820162A"><text>PCT Pub. Nos. WO 98/20162</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0318" dnum="WO9812430PCT"><text>WO 98/12430</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0319" dnum="WO9857158PCT"><text>WO 98/57158</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0320" dnum="WO0016089PCT"><text>WO 00/16089</text></patcit>) <patcit id="pcit0321" dnum="WO9957317PCT"><text>WO 99/57317</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0322" dnum="WO9967425PCT"><text>WO 99/67425</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0323" dnum="WO0024941PCT"><text>WO 00/ 24941</text></patcit>; <patcit id="pcit0324" dnum="WO0038836PCT"><text>WO 00/38836</text></patcit> ; <patcit id="pcit0325" dnum="WO9937819PCT"><text>WO 99/37819</text></patcit> ; and <patcit id="pcit0326" dnum="WO9957319PCT"><text>WO 99/57319</text></patcit> ; PCT Application Nos. <patcit id="pcit0327" dnum="US0010903W" dnum-type="L"><text>PCT/US00/ 10903</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0328" dnum="US0020476W" dnum-type="L"><text>PCT/ US00/20476</text></patcit> ; and related materials.

0240The method of attachment of the capture binding ligands to the attachment linker (either an insulator or conductive oligomer) will generally be done as is known in the art, and will depend on both the composition of the attachment linker and the capture binding ligand. In general, the capture binding ligands are attached to the attachment linker through the use of functional groups on each that can then be used for attachment. Preferred functional groups for attachment are amino groups, carboxy groups, oxo groups and thiol groups. These functional groups can then be attached, either directly or indirectly through the use of a linker as described in the list above.

0241In this way, capture binding ligands comprising proteins, lectins, nucleic acids, small organic molecules, carbohydrates, etc. can be added.

0242A preferred embodiment utilizes proteinaceous capture binding ligands. As is known in the art, any number of techniques may be used to attach a proteinaceous capture binding ligand to an attachment linker. A wide variety of techniques are known to add moieties to proteins.

0243In some embodiments, each detection electrode comprises a single type of capture probe. In others, a plurality of different capture probes (e.g. 2, 3 or 4, generally) can be used (with corresponding label probes with different redox potentials).

0244A preferred embodiment utilizes nucleic acids as the capture binding ligand. While most of the following discussion herein focuses on nucleic acids, as will be appreciated by those in the art, many of the techniques outlined below apply in a similar manner to non-nucleic acid systems as well, and to systems that rely on attachment to surfaces other than metal electrodes.

0245As outlined therein, the detection electrodes generally further include self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as well. By "monolayer" or "self-assembled monolayer" or "SAM" herein is meant a relatively ordered assembly of molecules spontaneously chemisorbed on a surface, in which the molecules arc oriented approximately parallel to each other and roughly perpendicular to the surface. A majority of the molecules includes a functional group that adheres to the surface, and a portion that interacts with neighboring molecules in the monolayer to form the relatively ordered array. A "mixed" monolayer comprises a heterogeneous monolayer, that is, where at least two different molecules make up the monolayer.

0246The present disclosure provides methods of detecting the presence or absence of target analytes in samples used generally for diagnosis of exogenous pathogens, nucleic acid based diseases and/ or drug suitability, dosages, etc.

0247The general methods rely on loading the sample into the cartridge, closing the sample inlet port, and inserting the cartridge into the instrument (optionally adding a patient identifier barcode to the cartridge and scanning it in with a barcode reader). The instrument, comprising a CPU, then executes a number of operational steps to initiate and complete the appropriate assay and generate a patient report. <figref idref="f0037 f0038 f0039 f0040">Figure 33</figref> shows an exemplary process run with the operational steps, also identifying the "actor" that accomplishes the steps. As will be appreciated by those in the art, there are a wide variety of assays that can be run on the systems.