Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

BACKGROUND

Field of the Disclosure

0001The present disclosure relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Description of the Related Art

0002Some of the electrophotographic photosensitive members used in electrophotographic processes have an electroconductive layer containing metal oxide particles between a support member and a photosensitive layer (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="JP2014160224A"><text>2014-160224</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="JP2005017470A"><text>2005-17470</text></patcit>). The electroconductive layer acts to relieve the increase of residual potential in image formation and keep dark and bright portion potentials from fluctuating. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="JP2014160224A"><text>2014-160224</text></patcit> (Patent family member of <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="EP2703890A1"><text>EP 2703890 A1</text></patcit>) discloses an electrophotographic photosensitive member including an electroconductive layer containing tin oxide particles coated with niobium- or tantalum-doped tin oxide. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="JP2005017470A"><text>2005-17470</text></patcit> discloses an electrophotographic photosensitive member including an intermediate layer containing titanium oxide pigment containing niobium.

0003<patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="EP2317393A1"><text>EP 2317393 A1</text></patcit> discloses an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising an intermediate layer, wherein the intermediate layer contains a metal oxide particle. The metal oxide particle may be coated with a layer of antimony-doped tin oxide or oxygen-deficient tin oxide.

0004In recent years, it has been desired that :electrophotographic processes output high-definition images. Accordingly, an electrophotographic photosensitive member that helps improve the definition of output images is desired.

SUMMARY

0005The present invention in its first aspect provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member as specified in claims 1 to 5.

0006The present invention in its second aspect provides a process cartridge as specified in claim 6.

0007The present invention in its third aspect provides an electrophotographic apparatus as specified in claim 7.

0008The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present disclosure can output high-definition images and, in addition, can reduce potential fluctuation at dark and bright portions in repeated use.

0009Further features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0010<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> is a schematic view of the structure of an electrophotographic apparatus provided with a process cartridge including an electrophotographic photosensitive member, according to one or more aspect of the subject disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> is a top view of an electroconductive layer, illustrating a method for measuring the volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer, according to one or more aspect of the subject disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> is a sectional view of an electroconductive layer, illustrating a method for measuring the volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer, according to one or more aspect of the subject disclosure.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Fig. 4</figref> is an illustrative representation of an image pattern including dots formed by exposure at three-dots intervals, according to one or more aspect of the subject disclosure.</li></ul>

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

0011According to an investigation by the present inventors, the electrophotographic photosensitive member disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="JP2014160224A"><text>2014-160224</text></patcit> improves reducing potential fluctuation at dark and bright portions in repeated use, but further refinement in definition of output images is greatly needed and desired. Also, in the electrophotographic photosensitive member disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="JP2005017470A"><text>2005-17470</text></patcit>, a further refinement is desired in reducing potential fluctuation at dark and bright portions in repeated use.

0012Accordingly, the present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can output high-definition images and, in addition, can reduce potential fluctuation at dark and bright portions in repeated use.

0013The subject matter of the present disclosure will be described in detail in exemplary embodiments.

0014Light that has entered the photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member is reflected at the layer underlying the photosensitive layer (layer that image exposure light reaches after passing through the photosensitive layer) or the interface between the photosensitive layer and the support member, or scattered within the layer underlying the photosensitive layer. The present inventors have found that in the electrophotographic photosensitive member disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="JP2014160224A"><text>2014-160224</text></patcit>, the area of the photosensitive layer to be irradiated with image exposure light is substantially increased by the reflection or scattering just described, consequently reducing the definition of the latent image and resulting in a reduced definition of the output image. This problem occurs notably when a pattern or image having dots at such intervals that image exposure light does not overlap is formed.

0015Also, it has been found that when the electrophotographic photosensitive member disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="JP2005017470A"><text>2005-17470</text></patcit> is repeatedly used, potentials at dark and bright portions fluctuate because an electroconductive layer having an appropriate electric resistance is not formed.

0016From the viewpoint of solving such issues, the present inventors have conducted research into metal oxide particles used in the electroconductive layer and found that metal oxide particles having a core containing titanium oxide, and a coating layer coating the core and containing titanium oxide doped with niobium or tantalum are useful for solving the issues occurring in the know art.

0017The titanium oxide particle used in the present disclosure include a core containing titanium oxide and a coating layer coating the core and containing titanium oxide doped with niobium or tantalum. If particles containing titanium oxide but not coated with such a coating layer are used, a mass of the particles itself has a high powder resistance, and the resistance of the electroconductive layer increases accordingly. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="JP2005017470A"><text>2005-17470</text></patcit> discloses titanium oxide particles containing niobium (but not having a coating layer, unlike the present disclosure). The present inventors have found that, in this instance, the resistance of the electroconductive layer does not decrease satisfactorily even though the particles contain niobium, and that potential fluctuation at the dark and bright portions in repeated use cannot be satisfactorily reduced.

0018On the other hand, the use of specific particles disclosed herein satisfactorily reduces the resistance of the electroconductive layer, and accordingly enables a high level of reduction of potential fluctuation at the dark and bright portions in repeated use.

0019The core and coating layer of the particles disclosed herein each contain titanium oxide. Titanium oxide has a higher refractive index than tin oxide, which is used in the above-cited known art. If particles of a substance having a high refractive index are used in the electroconductive layer, the particles hinder image exposure light that has entered the photosensitive member and passed through the photosensitive layer from entering the electroconductive layer and help the light reflect or scatter at the interface of the electroconductive layer with the photosensitive layer. As light scatters in the electroconductive layer at a larger distance from the interface with photosensitive layer, a larger area of the photosensitive layer is irradiated with image exposure light, and accordingly, the definition of the latent image is reduced, and the definition of the resulting output image is reduced. On the other hand, the specific particles disclosed herein suppress the decrease in definition of the latent image and increase the definition of the output image.

0020Furthermore, the present inventors compared the case of using titanium oxide particles having no coating layer with the case of using the titanium oxide particles disclose herein, each having a coating layer. As a result, the definition of the output image was improved when the coated titanium oxide particles are used. This is probably because the titanium oxide particles disclosed herein include a coating layer and a core that have different refractive indices and, accordingly, the apparent refractive index of the titanium oxide particles varies.

0021Synergistic interaction between components or members of the electrophotographic photosensitive member produces beneficial effects as intended, as described above.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member

0022The electrophotographic photosensitive member disclosed herein includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and a photosensitive layer in this order.

0023The electrophotographic photosensitive member may be manufactured by applying each of the coating liquids prepared for forming the respective layers, which will be described later, in a desired order, and drying the coatings. Each coating liquid may be applied by dip coating, spray coating, ink jet coating, roll coating, die coating, blade coating, curtain coating, wire bar coating, ring coating, or any other method. In an embodiment, dip coating may be employed from the viewpoint of efficiency and productivity. The layers of the electrophotographic photosensitive member will now be described.

Support Member

0024The electrophotographic photosensitive member disclosed herein includes a support member. Beneficially, the support member is electrically conductive. The support member may be in the form of a cylinder, a belt, a sheet, or the like. A cylindrical support member is beneficial. The support member may be surface-treated by electrochemical treatment, such as anodization, or blasting, centerless polishing, or cutting.

0025The support member may be made of a metal, a resin, or glass. For a metal support member, the metal may be selected from among aluminum, iron, nickel, copper, gold, stainless steel, and alloys thereof. An aluminum support member is beneficial. If the support member is made of a resin or glass, an electrically conductive material may be added into or applied over the support member to impart an electrical conductivity. Electroconductive Layer

0026The electroconductive layer is disposed over the support member and contains a binder and particles having a core containing titanium oxide, and a coating layer coating the core and containing titanium oxide doped with niobium or tantalum.

0027The core may be spherical, polyhedral, elliptical, flaky, needle-like, or the like. From the viewpoint of reducing image defects such as black spots, a spherical, polyhedral, or elliptical core is beneficial. More beneficially, the core has a spherical shape or a polyhedral shape close to a sphere.

0028The core of the particles disclosed herein may contain anatase or rutile titanium oxide. Beneficially, the core contains anatase titanium oxide. More beneficially, the core is made of anatase titanium oxide. Anatase titanium oxide reduces the potential fluctuation at dark and bright portions.

0029The particles may have an average primary particle size in the range of 50 nm to 500 nm. Particles having an average primary particle size of 50 nm or more are unlikely to aggregate in the coating liquid prepared for forming the electroconductive layer (hereinafter may be referred to as electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid). Aggregates of the particles in the coating liquid reduce the stability of the coating liquid and cause the resulting electroconductive layer to crack in the surface thereof. If particles having an average primary particle size of 50 nm or less are used, the surface of the resulting electroconductive layer is unlikely to become rough. A rough surface of the electroconductive layer easily causes local charge injection into the photosensitive layer. Consequently, black spots are likely to become noticeable in a white or blank area in the output image. More beneficially, the average primary particle size of the particles is in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm.

0030The average particle size (D1) mentioned herein is a value measured as below with a scanning electron microscope. Particles to be measured are observed under a scanning electron microscope S-4800 (manufactured by Hitachi), and the particle sizes of 100 particles randomly selected from an image obtained by the observation are averaged as the primary average particle size D1 of the particles. The particle size of each primary particle having a longest edge length a and a smallest edge length b is defined by (a + b)/2. For needle-like or flaky metal oxide particles, the average particle size is defined by each of the longer axis length and the shorter axis length.

0031The content of dopant, or niobium or tantalum, added to the titanium oxide in the coating layer is in the range of 0.5% by mass to 10.0% by mass relative to the total mass of the coating layer. If the dopant content is less than 0.5% by mass, the potential fluctuation at dark and bright portions may not be sufficiently reduced in some cases. In contrast, if the dopant content is higher than 10.0% by mass, leak current may often occur in the electrophotographic photosensitive member. In an embodiment, the dopant content may be in the range of 1.0% by mass to 7.0% by mass relative to the total mass of the coating layer.

0032The average diameter of the core may be 1 time to 50 times, beneficially 5 times to 20 times, as large as the average thickness of the coating layer. Such particles are beneficial for producing still higher-definition images. In an embodiment, the average thickness of the coating layer may be 5 nm or more.

0033In an embodiment, the particles may be surface-treated with a silane coupling agent or the like.

0034In some embodiments, the particle content in the electroconductive layer may be in the range of 20% by volume to 50% by volume relative to the total volume of the electroconductive layer. When the particle content is less than 20% by volume, the distance between the particles increases and, accordingly, the volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer tends to increase. In contrast, when the particle content is more than 50% by volume, the distance between the particles decreases and, accordingly, the particles become likely to come into contact with each other. In this instance, particles in contact with each other locally reduce the volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer, tending to cause leakage in the electrophotographic photosensitive member. In some embodiments, the particle content in the electroconductive layer may be in the range of 30% by volume to 45% by volume relative to the total volume of the electroconductive layer.

0035In an embodiment, the electroconductive layer may further contain a different type of electrically conductive particles. The material of the further added electrically conductive particles may be a metal oxide, a metal, carbon black, or the like.

0036Examples of the metal oxide include zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide. Examples of the metal include aluminum, nickel, iron, nichrome, copper, zinc, and silver.

0037If metal oxide particles are used as the further added electrically conductive particles, these particles may be surface-treated with a silane coupling agent or the like or doped with an element such as phosphorus or aluminum or oxide thereof.

0038The further added electrically conductive particles may have a core and a coating layer coating the core. The core may be made of titanium oxide, barium sulfate, zinc oxide, or the like. The coating layer may be made of a metal oxide, such as tin oxide.

0039If metal oxide particles are used as the further added electrically conductive particles other than the specific particles disclosed herein, the metal oxide particles may have a volume average particle size in the range of 1 nm to 500 nm, such as in the range of 3 nm to 400 nm.

0040The binder resin contained in the electroconductive layer may be of polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, or alkyd resin. In an embodiment, the binder may be of a thermosetting phenol resin or a thermosetting polyurethane resin. If a thermosetting resin is used as the binder, the binder added in the coating liquid for forming the electroconductive layer is in the form of a monomer and/or an oligomer of the thermosetting resin.

0041The electroconductive layer may further contain silicone oil, resin particles, or the like.

0042The average thickness of the electroconductive layer may be in the range of 0.5 µm to 50 µm, such as 1 µm to 40 µm or 5 µm to 35 µm.

0043In some embodiments, the volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer may be in the range of 1.0 × 10⁷ Ω·cm to 5.0 × 10¹² Ω·cm. The electroconductive layer having a volume resistivity of 5.0 × 10¹² Ω·cm or less can help charge to flow smoothly and suppress increase in residual resistance and potential fluctuation at dark and bright portions when an image is formed. Also, the electroconductive layer having a volume resistivity of 1.0 × 10⁷ Ω·cm or more can suppress excessive flow of charge in the electroconductive layer and leakage in the electrophotographic photosensitive member when the electrophotographic photosensitive member is charged. In an embodiment, the volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer may be in the range of 1.0 × 10⁷ Ω·cm to 1.0 × 10¹¹ Ω·cm.

0044A method for measuring the volume resistivity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member will be described with reference to <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>. <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> is a top view of an electroconductive layer, illustrating a method for measuring the volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer, and <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> is a sectional view of the electroconductive layer, illustrating the method.

0045The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer is measured at normal temperature and normal humidity (temperature: 23°C, relative humidity: 50%). A copper tape 203 (product code No. 1181, manufactured by 3M) is stuck to the surface of the electroconductive layer 202. This tape is used as the front side electrode of the electroconductive layer 202. The support member 201 is used as the rear side electrode of the electroconductive layer 202. A power supply 206 from which a voltage is applied between the copper tape 203 and the support member 201 and a current measuring device 207 for measuring the current flowing between the copper tape 203 and the support member 201 are provided. For applying a voltage to the copper tape 203, a copper wire 204 is put on the copper tape 203 and fixed so as not to come off from the copper tape 203 by sticking another copper tape 205 onto the copper tape 203. A voltage is applied to the copper tape 203 through the copper wire 204.

0046The volume resistivity p (Ω·cm) of the electroconductive layer 202 is defined by the equation: p = 1/(I - I₀) × S/d, wherein I₀ represents the background current (A) when no current is applied between the copper tape 203 and the support member 201, I represents the current (A) when only a direct voltage (direct component) of -1 V is applied between the copper tape 203 and the support member 201, d represents the thickness (cm) of the electroconductive layer 202, and S represents the area (cm²) of the front side electrode or copper tape 203 on the front side of the electroconductive layer 202.

0047The current measuring device 207 used for this measurement is beneficially capable of measuring very small current. In this measurement, a current as small as 1 × 10^-6 A or less in terms of absolute value is measured. Such a current measuring device may be, for example, pA meter 4140B manufactured by Hewlett-Packard. The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer may be measured in a state where only the electroconductive layer is formed on the support member, or in a state where only the electroconductive layer is left after the overlying layers (including the photosensitive layer) have been removed from the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Either case obtains the same measurement value.

0048In an embodiment, a mass of the particles may have a volume resistivity (powder resistivity) in the range of 1.0 × 10¹ Ω·cm to 1.0 × 10⁶ Ω·cm. When the powder resistivity is in this range, the electroconductive layer is likely to have a volume resistivity in the above-described range. In an embodiment, the powder resistivity of the particles may be in the range of 1.0 × 10² Ω·cm to 1.0 × 10⁵ Ω·cm. The powder resistivity of the particles is measured at normal temperature and normal humidity (temperature: 23°C, relative humidity: 50%). Powder resistivity mentioned herein is the value measured with a resistivity meter Loresta GP manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech. For this measurement, particles to be measured are pressed into a pellet at a pressure of 500 kg/cm², and the pellet is measured at an applied voltage of 100 V.

0049The electroconductive layer may be formed by applying an electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid containing the above-described ingredients and a solvent to form a coating film, followed by drying. The solvent of the coating liquid may be an alcohol-based solvent, a sulfoxide-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, an ether-based solvent, an ester-based solvent, or an aromatic hydrocarbon. The metal oxide particles are dispersed in the coating liquid by using, for example, a paint shaker, a sand mill, a ball mill, or a high-speed liquid collision disperser. The thus prepared coating liquid may be filtered to remove unnecessary impurities.

Undercoat Layer

0050In an embodiment, an undercoat layer may be disposed on the electroconductive layer. The undercoat layer enhances the adhesion between layers and blocks charge injection.

0051The undercoat layer may contain a resin. The undercoat layer may be a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable functional group.

0052Examples of the resin contained in the undercoat layer include polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, polyvinylphenol resin, alkyd resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyethylene oxide resin, polypropylene oxide resin, polyamide resin, polyamide acid resin, polyimide resin, poly(amide-imide) resin, and cellulose resin.

0053Examples of the polymerizable functional group of the monomer include an isocyanate group, blocked isocyanate groups, a methylol group, alkylated methylol groups, and an epoxy group, metal alkoxide groups, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a carboxy group, a thiol group, a carboxy anhydride group, and a carbon-carbon double bond.

0054The undercoat layer may further contain an electron transporting material, a metal oxide, a metal, or an electrically conductive polymer from the viewpoint of increasing the electrical properties thereof. In an embodiment, an electron transporting material or a metal oxide may be added.

0055Examples of the electron transporting material include quinone compounds, imide compounds, benzimidazole compounds, cyclopentadienylidene compounds, fluorenone compounds, xanthone compounds, benzophenone compounds, cyanovinyl compounds, halogenated aryl compounds, silole compounds, and boron-containing compounds. The undercoat layer may be a cured film formed by polymerizing an electron transporting material having a polymerizable functional group with any of the above-cited monomers having a polymerizable functional group.

0056Examples of the metal oxide added into the undercoat layer include indium tin oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, and silicon dioxide. The metal added into the undercoat layer may be gold, silver, or aluminum. The undercoat layer may further contain an additive.

0057The average thickness of the undercoat layer may be in the range of 0.1 µm to 50 µm, such as 0.2 µm to 40 µm or 0.3 µm to 30 µm.

0058The undercoat layer may be formed by applying an undercoat layer-forming coating liquid containing the above-described ingredients and a solvent to form a coating film, followed by drying and/or curing. The solvent of the undercoat layer-forming coating liquid may be an alcohol-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, an ether-based solvent, an ester-based solvent, or an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Photosensitive Layer

0059The photosensitive layer may be: (1) a multilayer photosensitive layer; or (2) a single-layer photosensitive layer. (1) The multilayer photosensitive layer includes a charge generating layer containing a charge generating material, and a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material. (2) The single-layer photosensitive layer is a photosensitive layer containing a charge generating material and a charge transporting material together.

(1) Multilayer Photosensitive Layer

0060The multilayer photosensitive layer includes a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer.

(1-1) Charge Generating Layer

0061The charge generating layer may contain a charge generating material and a resin.

0062Examples of the charge generating material include azo pigments, perylene pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, indigo pigments, and phthalocyanine pigments. Among these, azo pigments and phthalocyanine pigments are beneficial. An oxytitanium phthalocyanine pigment, a chlorogallium phthalocyanine pigment, or a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigment may be used as the phthalocyanine pigment.

0063The charge generating material content in the charge generating layer may be in the range of 40% by mass to 85% by mass, such as in the range of 60% by mass to 80% by mass, relative to the total mass of the charge generating layer.

0064Examples of the resin contained in the charge generating layer include polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, cellulose resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, and polyvinyl chloride resin. Among these, polyvinyl butyral resin is beneficial.

0065The charge generating layer may further contain an antioxidant, a UV absorbent, or any other additive. Examples of such an additive include hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, and benzophenone compounds.

0066The thickness of the charge generating layer may be in the range of 0.1 µm to 1 µm, such as in the range of 0.15 µm to 0.4 µm.

0067The charge generating layer may be formed by applying a coating liquid containing the above-described ingredients and a solvent to form a coating film, followed by drying. The solvent of the coating liquid for the charge generating layer may be an alcohol-based solvent, a sulfoxide-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, an ether-based solvent, an ester-based solvent, or an aromatic hydrocarbon.

(1-2) Charge Transport Layer

0068The charge transport layer may contain a charge transporting material and a resin.

0069Examples of the charge transporting material include polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, enamine compounds, benzidine compounds, triarylamine compounds, and resins having a group derived from these compounds. Triarylamine compounds and benzidine compounds are beneficial.

0070The charge transporting material content in the charge transport layer may be in the range of 25% by mass to 70% by mass, such as in the range of 30% by mass to 55% by mass, relative to the total mass of the charge transport layer.

0071The resin contained in the charge transport layer may be a polyester resin, a polycarbonate resin, an acrylic resin, or a polystyrene resin. In an embodiment, a polycarbonate resin or a polyester resin may be used. For example, a polyarylate resin may be used as the polyester resin.

0072The mass ratio of the charge transporting material to the resin may be in the range of 4:10 to 20:10, such as 5:10 to 12:10.

0073The charge transport layer may further contain an antioxidant, a UV absorbent, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, a lubricant, an abrasion resistance improver, and any other additive. More specifically, examples of such an additive include hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, benzophenone compounds, siloxane-modified resin, silicone oil, fluororesin particles, polystyrene resin particles, polyethylene resin particles, silica particles, alumina particles, and boron nitride particles.

0074The average thickness of the charge transport layer may be in the range of 5 µm to 50 µm, such as 8 µm to 40 µm or 9 µm to 30 µm.

0075The charge transport layer may be formed by applying a charge transport layer-forming coating liquid containing the above-described ingredients and a solvent to form a coating film, followed by drying. The solvent of the charge transport layer-forming coating liquid may be an alcohol-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, an ether-based solvent, an ester-based solvent, or an aromatic hydrocarbon. In an embodiment, an ether-based solvent or an aromatic hydrocarbon may be used as the solvent.

(2) Single-layer Photosensitive Layer

0076The single-layer photosensitive layer may be formed by applying a coating liquid containing a charge generating material, a charge transporting material, a resin, and a solvent to form a coating film, followed by drying. The charge generating material, the charge transporting material, and the resin may be selected from among the same materials cited in "(1) Multilayer Photosensitive Layer".

Protective Layer

0077The photosensitive layer may be covered with a protective layer. The protective layer enhances durability.

0078The protective layer may contain electrically conductive particles and/or a charge transporting material and a resin.

0079The electrically conductive particles may be those of a metal oxide, such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, or indium oxide.

0080Examples of the charge transporting material include polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, enamine compounds, benzidine compounds, triarylamine compounds, and resins having a group derived from these compounds. Triarylamine compounds and benzidine compounds are beneficial.

0081Examples of the resin contained in the protective layer include polyester resin, acrylic resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, and epoxy resin. In an embodiment, a polycarbonate resin, a polyester resin, or an acrylic resin may be used.

0082The protective layer may be a cured film formed by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable functional group. In this instance, a thermal polymerization reaction, a photopolymerization reaction, a radiation polymerization reaction, or the like may be conducted. The polymerizable functional group of the monomer may be an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group. The monomer having a polymerizable functional group may have a charge transporting function.

0083The protective layer may further contain an antioxidant, a UV absorbent, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, a lubricant, an abrasion resistance improver, and any other additive. More specifically, examples of such an additive include hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, benzophenone compounds, siloxane-modified resin, silicone oil, fluororesin particles, polystyrene resin particles, polyethylene resin particles, silica particles, alumina particles, and boron nitride particles.

0084The thickness of the protective layer may be in the range of 0.5 µm to 10 µm, such as in the range of 1 µm to 7 µm.

0085The protective layer may be formed by applying a coating liquid containing the above-described ingredients and a solvent to form a coating film, followed by drying and/or curing. The solvent of the coating liquid for the protective layer may be an alcohol-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, an ether-based solvent, a sulfoxide-based solvent, an ester-based solvent, or an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Process Cartridge and Electrophotographic Apparatus

0086The process cartridge according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is removably mounted to an electrophotographic apparatus and includes the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member and at least one device selected from the group consisting of a charging device, a developing device, a transfer device, and a cleaning device. The electrophotographic photosensitive member and these devices are held in one body.

0087Also, the electrophotographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging device, an exposure device, a developing device, and a transfer device.

0088<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> is a schematic view of the structure of an electrophotographic apparatus provided with a process cartridge including an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

0089The electrophotographic photosensitive member designated by reference numeral 1 is cylindrical and is driven for rotation on an axis 2 in the direction indicated by an arrow at a predetermined peripheral speed. The surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 is charged to a predetermined positive potential or negative potential with a charging device 3. Although the charging device 3 is of roller type for roller charging in the embodiment shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, the charging device may be a type for corona charging, proximity charging, injection charging, or the like in another embodiment. An electrostatic latent image corresponding to targeted image information is formed on the surface of the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 by irradiation with exposure light 4 from an exposure device (not shown). The electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 is developed into a toner image with a toner contained in a developing device 5. The toner image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 is transferred to a transfer medium 7 by a transfer device 6. The transfer medium 7 to which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed to a fixing device 8 for fixing the toner image, thus being ejected as an output image from the electrophotographic apparatus. The electrophotographic apparatus may include a cleaning device 9 for removing toner or the like remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 after transfer. Alternatively, what is called a cleanerless system in which the developing device or the like acts to remove the toner or the like may be implemented without using a cleaning device. The electrophotographic apparatus may include a static elimination mechanism operable to remove static electricity from the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 with pre-exposure light 10 from a pre-exposure device (not shown). Also, the electrophotographic apparatus may have a guide 12, such as a rail, that guides the removal or attachment of the process cartridge.

0090The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present disclosure may be used in a laser beam printer, an LED printer, a copy machine, a facsimile, or a multifunctional machine having functions of those apparatuses.

EXAMPLES

0091The subject matter of the present disclosure will be further described in detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples. The subject matter is however not limited to the following Examples. In the following Examples, "part(s)" is on a mass basis unless otherwise specified.

Preparation of Metal Oxide Particles

Metal Oxide Particles 1

0092Anatase titanium dioxide that is the material of the cores of the particles may be prepared by a known sulfate method. More specifically, a solution containing titanium sulfate and titanyl sulfate may be heated for hydrolysis to prepare metatitanic acid slurry. The slurry is dehydrated and fired to yield anatase titanium dioxide. The resulting anatase titanium oxide contains niobium. This niobium is derived from ilmenite ore or the like used as the raw material of titanyl sulfate. The niobium content may be adjusted by adding niobium sulfate or any other niobium compound into an aqueous solution of hydrous titanium dioxide slurry prepared by hydrolysis of a titanyl sulfate aqueous solution. In the Example disclosed here, anatase titanium dioxide whose niobium content had been adjusted as just described was used.

0093Substantially spherical anatase titanium dioxide particles containing 0.20% by weight of niobium having an average primary particle size of 150 nm were used as the cores. The core particles (100 g) was dispersed in water to prepare 1 L of aqueous suspension, followed by heating to 60°C. To this aqueous suspension were simultaneously dropped (parallelly added) a titanium-niobium acid solution, which was prepared by mixing a niobium solution prepared by dissolving 3 g of niobium pentachloride (NbCl₅) in 100 mL of 11.4 mol/L hydrochloric acid with 600 mL of titanium sulfate solution containing 33.7 g of Ti, and 10.7 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution over a period of 3 hours so that the suspension had a pH of 2 to 3. After dropping, the suspension was filtered, and the product was rinsed and dried at 110°C for 8 hours. The dried product was heated at 800°C in air for 1 hour to yield metal oxide particles 1 having a core containing titanium oxide, and a coating layer containing niobium-doped titanium oxide.

Metal Oxide Particles 2 to 9 and 12 to 16

0094Metal oxide particles 2 to 9 and 12 to 16 as shown in Table 1 were prepared in the same manner as metal oxide particles 1 except that the average primary particle size of the cores and the conditions for forming the coating layer were changed.

Metal Oxide Particles 10

0095Metal oxide particles 10 were prepared in the same manner as metal oxide particles 1 except that substantially spherical rutile titanium dioxide containing 0.20% by weight of niobium was used as the core material. Metal Oxide Particles 11

0096Metal oxide particles 11 were prepared in the same manner as metal oxide particles 1 except that needle-like anatase titanium dioxide particles having a longer axis length of 300 nm and a shorter axis length of 20 nm were used as the core material.

Metal Oxide Particles 17

0097Metal oxide particles 17 were prepared in the same manner as metal oxide particles 1 except that substantially spherical anatase titanium dioxide containing 0.05% by weight of niobium was used as the core material. Metal Oxide Particles 18

0098The powder of metal oxide particles 1 in a proportion of 100 parts was mixed with 500 parts of toluene with stirring, and 1.25 parts of N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethoxysilane KBM603 (produced by Shin-Etsu Chemical) was added into the mixture, followed by stirring for 2 hours. After removing toluene by vacuum distillation, the product was fired at 120°C for 3 hours to yield metal oxide particles 18 surface-treated with a silane coupling agent.

Metal Oxide Particles C1

0099Metal oxide particles C1 were prepared in the same manner as metal oxide particles 1 except that substantially spherical anatase titanium dioxide particles were not coated with a coating layer. The niobium content in the particles was 0.2% by mass relative to the total mass of the particles. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1</title><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="30mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="31mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Core</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col4" align="center" valign="middle">Coating layer</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col6" align="center" valign="middle">Particles in a mass</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Crystalline form of core material</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Dopant of coating layer</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Dopant content in coating layer (mass%)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Powder resistivity (Ω·cm)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Average primary particle size D1 (nm)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10³</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10³</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">180</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2 × 10³</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">190</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10⁴</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">158</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10⁵</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">155</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4 × 10⁴</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2 × 10⁵</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2 × 10³</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10²</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Rutile</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10⁴</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry></row><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 11</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10³</entry><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 340</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Shorter axis: 30</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10³</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">220</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10³</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">320</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9 × 10³</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">110</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2 × 10⁴</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">60</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Tantalum</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9 × 10³</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10³</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Niobium</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4 × 10⁵</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles C1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Anatase</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10⁸</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Preparation of Coating Liquid for Electroconductive Layer Electroconductive Layer-Forming Coating Liquid 1

0100In a mixed solution of 45 parts of methyl ethyl ketone and 85 parts of 1-butanol were dissolved binder materials: 15 parts of a butyral resin BM-1 (produced by Sekisui Chemical) and 15 parts of a blocked isocyanate resin TPA-B80E (80% solution, produced by Asahi Kasei). Into the resulting solution was added 70 parts of metal oxide particles 1, and the particles were dispersed in the solution in a vertical sand mill with 120 parts of glass beads of 1.0 mm in average diameter at a dispersion medium temperature of 23°C ± 3°C and a rotational speed of 1500 rpm (peripheral speed of 5.5 m/s) for 4 hours. The glass beads were removed from the resulting dispersion liquid by using a mesh. Then, 0.01 part of silicone oil SH28 PAINT ADDITIVE (produced by Dow Corning Toray) as a leveling agent and 5 parts of crosslinked polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) particles Techpolymer SSX-102 (produced by Sekisui Plastics, average primary particle size: 2.5 µm, density: 1.2 g/cm²) as a surface roughness agent were added into the dispersion liquid, followed by stirring. The mixture was subjected to pressure filtration through a PTFE filter PF060 (manufactured by ADVANTEC) to yield electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 1.

Electroconductive Layer-Forming Coating Liquids 2 to 23, 25, 26, and C1

0101Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquids 2 to 23, 25, 26, and C1 were prepared in the same manner as electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 1 except that the metal oxide particles and the proportion (parts) thereof were changed as shown in Table 2. For electroconductive layer-forming liquid 23, in addition, the dispersion conditions were changed such that the metal oxide particles were dispersed at a rotational speed of 2000 rpm for 10 hours.

Electroconductive Layer-Forming Coating Liquid C2

0102Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid C2 was prepared in the same manner as electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 1 except that the metal oxide particles were replaced with particles of the anatase titanium oxide A1 containing 0.5% by mass of niobium (primary particle size: 35 nm, surface-treated with ethyltrimethoxysilane fluoride) used in the intermediate layer of photosensitive member 1 in Examples disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="JP2005017470A"><text>2005-17470</text></patcit>.

Electroconductive Layer-Forming Coating Liquid C3

0103Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid C3 was prepared in the same manner as electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 1 except that the metal oxide particles were replaced with flaky tin oxide particles coated with antimony-doped tin oxide (Sample U) described in Example 21 disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="JP2010030886A"><text>2010-30886</text></patcit>.

Electroconductive Layer-Forming Coating Liquid 24

0104In 60 parts of solvent 1-methoxy-2-propanol was dissolved 80 parts of binder that is phenol resin (phenol resin monomer / oligomer) Plyophen J-325 (produced by DIC, resin solids content: 60%, density after being cured: 1.3 g/cm²) .

0105Into the resulting solution was added 100 parts of metal oxide particles 1, and the particles were dispersed in the solution in a vertical sand mill with 200 parts of glass beads of 1.0 mm in average diameter at a dispersion medium temperature of 23°C ± 3°C and a rotational speed of 1500 rpm (peripheral speed of 5.5 m/s) for 4 hours. The glass beads were removed from the resulting dispersion liquid by using a mesh. Then, 0.015 part of silicone oil SH28 PAINT ADDITIVE (produced by Dow Corning Toray) as a leveling agent and 15 parts of silicone resin particles Tospearl 120 (manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials, average primary particle size: 2 µm, density: 1.3 g/cm²) as a surface roughness agent were added into the dispersion liquid, followed by stirring. The mixture was subjected to pressure filtration through a PTFE filter PF060 (manufactured by ADVANTEC) to yield electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 24. Electroconductive Layer-Forming Coating Liquids 27 to 30.

0106Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquids 27 to 30 were prepared in the same manner as electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 24 except that the metal oxide particles and the proportion (parts) thereof were changed as shown in Table 2. For electroconductive layer-forming liquid 29, in addition, the dispersion conditions were changed such that the metal oxide particles were dispersed at a rotational speed of 1000 rpm for 2 hours.

Electroconductive Layer-Forming Coating Liquid C5

0107Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid C5 was prepared in the same manner as electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 24 except that the metal oxide particles were replaced with particles of the anatase titanium oxide A1 containing 0.5% by mass of niobium (primary particle size: 35 nm, surface-treated with ethyltrimethoxysilane fluoride) used in the intermediate layer of photosensitive member 1 in Examples disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="JP2005017470A"><text>2005-17470</text></patcit>.

Electroconductive Layer-Forming Coating Liquid C6

0108Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid C6 was prepared in the same manner as electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 24 except that the metal oxide particles were replaced with flaky tin oxide particles coated with antimony-doped tin oxide (Sample U) described in Example 21 disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="JP2010030886A"><text>2010-30886</text></patcit>. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table 2</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="68mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="38mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="45mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Proportion of particles (Parts)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">45</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">26</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">18</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">85</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">105</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">115</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 19</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 22</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">80</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 28</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">120</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 29</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles 16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Metal oxide particles C1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Described in the text</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Described in the text</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Described in the text</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Described in the text</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Preparation of Electrophotographic Photosensitive Members Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 1

0109An aluminum (aluminum alloy, JIS A3003) cylinder of 257 mm in length and 24 mm in diameter manufactured in a process including extrusion and drawing was used as a support member.

0110Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 1 was applied to the surface of the support member by dip coating at normal temperature and normal humidity (23°C and 50% RH). The resulting coating film was dried and cured by heating at 170°C for 30 minutes to yield a 20 µm-thick electroconductive layer. The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was 8 × 10⁹ Ω·cm.

0111Subsequently, 4.5 parts of N-methoxymethylated nylon resin Tresin EF-30T (produced by Nagase Chemtex) and 1.5 parts of a copolymerized nylon resin Amilan CM8000 (produced by Toray) were dissolved in a mixed solvent of 65 parts of methanol and 30 parts of n-butanol to yield an undercoat layer-forming coating liquid 1. Undercoat layer-forming coating liquid 1 was applied to the surface of the electroconductive layer by dip coating. The resulting coating film was dried at 70°C for 6 minutes to yield a 0.85 µm-thick undercoat layer.

0112Subsequently, 10 parts of a crystalline hydroxygallium phthalocyanine (charge generating material) whose CuKα X-ray diffraction spectrum has peaks at Bragg angles 2θ (± 0.2°) of 7.5°, 9.9°, 16.3°, 18.6°, 25.1° and 28.3°, 5 parts of polyvinyl butyral S-LEC BX-1 (produced by Sekisui Chemical), and 250 parts of cyclohexanone were added into a sand mill containing glass beads of 0.8 mm in diameter. The contents in the sand mill were dispersed in each other for 3 hours. Into the resulting dispersion was added 250 parts of ethyl acetate to yield a coating liquid for forming a charge generating layer. This coating liquid was applied onto the undercoat layer by dip coating. The resulting coating film was dried at 100°C for 10 minutes to yield a 0.15 µm-thick charge generating layer.

0113Then, a coating liquid for forming a charge transport layer was prepared by dissolving 6.0 parts of the amine compound (charge transporting material) represented by the following formula (CT-1), 2.0 parts of the amine compound (charge transporting material) represented by the following formula (CT-2), 10 parts of bisphenol Z polycarbonate Z400 (produced by Mitsubishi Engineering-Plastics), and 0.36 part of siloxane-modified polycarbonate having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (B-1) and a repeating unit represented by the following formula (B-2) with a mole ratio of (B-1):(B-2) = 95:5 and having a terminal structure represented by the following formula (B-3) in a mixed solvent of 60 parts of o-xylene, 40 parts of dimethoxymethane, and 2.7 parts of methyl benzoate. The coating liquid for the charge transport layer was applied onto the surface of the charge generating layer by dip coating. The resulting coating film was dried at 125°C for 30 minutes to yield a 12.0 µm-thick charge transport layer. <chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0001.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0002.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0003.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0004.tif" /></chemistry>

0114Thus, electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was completed.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 2 to 27, 29, 30, and C1 to C3

0115Electrophotographic photosensitive members 2 to 27, 29, 30, and C1 to C3, each having a charge transport layer as the surface layer, were prepared in the same manner as electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 except that the electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 1 was replaced with the corresponding one of electroconductive layer-forming coating liquids 2 to 23, 25, 26, and C1 to C3, and that the thickness of the electroconductive layer was changed as shown in Table 3. The volume resistivity of each electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 28

0116Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 1 used in the preparation of electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 was replaced with electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 24. The coating film was dried and cured by heating at 150°C. Furthermore, the thickness of the electroconductive layer was changed as shown in Table 3. Other operation was performed in the same manner as in the preparation process of electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. Thus, electrophotographic photosensitive member 28 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was prepared. The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Members 31 to 36

0117Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid 1 was replaced with corresponding one of electroconductive layer-forming coating liquids 24 and 27 to 30. Furthermore, the thickness of the electroconductive layer was changed as shown in Table 3. Other operation was performed in the same manner as in the preparation process of electrophotographic photosensitive member 28. Thus, electrophotographic photosensitive members 31 to 36 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer were prepared. The volume resistivity of each electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 37

0118Electrophotographic photosensitive member 37 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was prepared in the same manner as electrophotographic photosensitive member 28 except that the charge transport layer was formed as below.

0119An acid halide solution was prepared by dissolving the following ingredients in dichloromethane: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li>41.3 g of dicarboxylic acid halide represented by the following formula: <chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0005.tif" /></chemistry> and</li><li>12.2 g of carboxylic acid halide represented by the following formula: <chemistry id="chem0006" num="0006"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0006.tif" /></chemistry></li></ul>

0120The following diols were dissolved in 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>24.2 g of diol represented by the following formula: <chemistry id="chem0007" num="0007"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0007.tif" /></chemistry> and</li><li>27 g of diol represented by the following formula: <chemistry id="chem0008" num="0008"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0008.tif" /></chemistry></li></ul>

0121To this solution was added tributylbenzylammonium chloride as a polymerization catalyst to yield a diol compound solution.

0122Then, the acid halide solution was added to the diol compound solution with stirring to start a polymerization. The polymerization was made at a reaction temperature kept at 25°C or less for 3 hours with stirring.

0123During the polymerization reaction, p-tertbutylphenol was added as a polymerization regulator. Then, acetic acid was added to terminate the polymerization reaction, and the reaction solution was repeatedly washed with water until the aqueous phase was turned neutral.

0124After washing, the dichloromethane phase was dropped into methanol to precipitate the polymerization product. The polymerization product was vacuum-dried to yield 72.3 g of polyester resin A.

0125The resulting polyester resin A had the structural unit represented by formula (C-1) and the structural unit represented by formula (C-2) with a mole ratio of 70:30, and the structural unit represented by formula (D-1) and the structural unit represented by formula (D-2) with a mole ratio of 50:50. The weight average molecular weight of polyester resin A was 85,000. <chemistry id="chem0009" num="0009"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0009.tif" /></chemistry>

0126The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 38

0127Electrophotographic photosensitive member 38 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was prepared in the same manner as electrophotographic photosensitive member 28 except that the charge transport layer was formed as below.

0128A coating liquid for forming a charge transport layer was prepared by dissolving 7.2 parts of the amine compound (charge transporting material) represented by formula (CT-1), 0.8 parts of the amine compound (charge transporting material) represented by formula (CT-3), 10 parts of a polyester resin represented by the following formula (E), and 0.36 part of siloxane-modified polycarbonate having the repeating unit represented by formula (B-1) and the repeating unit represented by formula (B-2) with a mole ratio of (B-1):(B-2) = 95:5 and having the terminal structure represented by formula (B-3) in a mixed solvent of 60 parts of o-xylene, 40 parts of dimethoxymethane, and 2.7 parts of methyl benzoate. In the polyester resin having the structural unit represented by formula (E), the mole ratio of the terephthalic structure to isophthalic structure was 5:5. The coating liquid for the charge transport layer was applied onto the surface of the charge generating layer by dip coating. The resulting coating film was dried at 125°C for 30 minutes to yield a 12.0 µm-thick charge transport layer. <chemistry id="chem0010" num="0010"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0010.tif" /></chemistry>

0129The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 39

0130Electrophotographic photosensitive member 39 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was prepared in the same manner as electrophotographic photosensitive member 28 except that 0.36 part of the siloxane-modified polycarbonate used in the charge transport layer was replaced with 0.18 part of silicone compound GS-101 (produced by Toagosei).

0131The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 40

0132Electrophotographic photosensitive member 40 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was prepared in the same manner as electrophotographic photosensitive member 28 except that 0.36 part of the siloxane-modified polycarbonate used in the charge transport layer was replaced with 0.54 part of siloxane-modified polycarbonate represented by the following formula (F) : <chemistry id="chem0011" num="0011"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0011.tif" /></chemistry>

0133The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 41

0134Electrophotographic photosensitive member 41 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was prepared in the same manner as electrophotographic photosensitive member 40 except that the undercoat layer was formed as below.

0135With 500 parts of toluene was mixed 100 parts of rutile titanium oxide particles having an average primary particle size of 50 nm with stirring. After adding 3 parts of vinyltrimethoxysilane, the mixture was stirred for 8 hours. Then, after removing toluene by vacuum distillation, the product was fired at 120°C for 3 hours to yield rutile titanium oxide particles surface-treated with vinyltrimethoxysilane.

0136A mixture of 4.5 parts of N-methoxymethylated nylon Tresin EF-30T (produced by Nagase Chemtex), 1.5 parts of a copolymerized nylon resin Amilan CM8000 (produced by Toray), 18 parts of the above-prepared rutile titanium oxide particles surface-treated with vinyltrimethoxysilane, 65 parts of methanol, and 30 parts of n-butanol was subjected to dispersion with 120 parts of glass beads of 1 mm in diameter with a paint shaker for 6 hours to yield a dispersion liquid. After removing the glass beads from the dispersion liquid by using a mesh, the dispersion liquid was subjected to pressure filtration through a PTFE filter PF060 (manufactured by ADVANTEC) to yield undercoat layer-forming coating liquid 2. Undercoat layer-forming coating liquid 2 was applied to the surface of the electroconductive layer by dip coating. The resulting coating film was dried at 100°C for 10 minutes to yield a 2.0 µm-thick undercoat layer.

0137The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 42

0138Electrophotographic photosensitive member 42 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was prepared in the same manner as electrophotographic photosensitive member 40 except that the undercoat layer was formed as below.

0139A solution was prepared by dissolving 8.5 parts of the compound represented by the following formula as the charge transporting material: <chemistry id="chem0012" num="0012"><img file="EP3367167B1_D0012.tif" /></chemistry> and 5 parts of a blocked isocyanate compound SBN-70D (produced by Asahi Kasei Chemicals), 0.97 part of polyvinyl alcohol resin KS-5Z (produced by Sekisui Chemical) as a resin, and 0.15 part of zinc (II) hexanoate (produced by Mitsuwa Chemicals) as a solvent in a mixed solvent of 88 parts of 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 88 parts of tetrahydrofuran. Into this solution was added 1.8 pats of a silica slurry IPA-ST-UP (produced by Nissan Chemical Industries, solids content: 15% by mass, viscosity: 9 mPa·s) containing silica particles of 9 nm to 15 nm in average primary particle size dispersed in isopropyl alcohol through a nylon screen mesh sheet N-No. 150T (manufactured by Tokyo Screen). After being stirred for 1 hour, the mixture was subjected to pressure filtration through a PTFE filter PF020 (manufactured by ADVANTEC) to yield undercoat layer-forming coating liquid 3.

0140Undercoat layer-forming coating liquid 3 was applied to the surface of the electroconductive layer by dip coating. The resulting coating film was heated for curing (polymerization) at 170°C for 20 minutes to yield a 0.7 µm-thick undercoat layer.

0141The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 43

0142Electrophotographic photosensitive member 43 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was prepared in the same manner as electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 except that the undercoat layer was not formed.

0143The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

Electrophotographic Photosensitive Member 44

0144Electrophotographic photosensitive member 44 having a charge transport layer as the surface layer was prepared in the same manner as electrophotographic photosensitive member 28 except that the undercoat layer was not formed.

0145The volume resistivity of the electroconductive layer was measured in the same manner as that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

EXAMPLES 1 to 44, COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 to 3, 5 and 6 Analysis of Electrophotographic Photosensitive Members

0146Five 5 mm square pieces were cut out from each of the above-prepared electrophotographic photosensitive members, and the charge transport layer and charge generating layer of each piece were removed by using chlorobenzene, methyl ethyl ketone, and methanol to expose the electroconductive layer. Thus, five samples for observation test were prepared for each electrophotographic photosensitive member.

0147First, for each electrophotographic photosensitive member, the electroconductive layer of one of the samples was processed to a thickness of 150 nm by FIB-µ sampling using a focused ion beam processing and observation system FB-2000A (manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Manufacturing &amp; Service) and was subjected to compositional analysis with a field emission electron microscope (HRTEM) JEM-2100F (manufactured by JEOL) and an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) JED-2300T (manufactured by JEOL). The EDX analysis was performed at a voltage of 200 kV and a beam diameter of 1.0 nm.

0148It was confirmed that the electroconductive layers of electrophotographic photosensitive members 1 to 25 and 27 to 30 contained particles having a titanium oxide core coated with a niobium-doped titanium oxide coating layer. Also, it was confirmed that the electroconductive layer of electrophotographic photosensitive member 26 contained particles having a titanium oxide core coated with a tantalum-doped titanium oxide coating layer. It was also confirmed that the electroconductive layer of electrophotographic photosensitive member C1 contained uncoated titanium oxide particles. It was confirmed that the electroconductive layer of electrophotographic photosensitive member C2 contained uncoated titanium oxide particles containing niobium. It was confirmed that the electroconductive layer of electrophotographic photosensitive member C3 contained particles having a tin oxide core coated with a niobium-doped tin oxide coating layer.

0149The diameter of the cores and the thickness of the coating layers were measured for 100 particles in the EDX image of each sample, and the average diameter Dc of the cores and the average thickness Tc of the coating layers were arithmetically calculated.

0150Next, the rest four samples of each electrophotographic photosensitive member were subjected to FIB-SEM Slice &amp; View for 2 µm × 2 µm × 2 µm three-dimensionalization. The particle content in the electroconductive layer was determined based on contrast difference in FIB-SEM Slice &amp; View. The Slice &amp; View was conducted under the following conditions: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Sample processing for analysis: FIB method</li><li>Processing and observation system: NVision 40 manufactured by SII/Zeiss</li><li>Slice intervals: 10 nm</li></ul>

Observation conditions:

0151<ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Acceleration voltage: 1.0 kV</li><li>Sample tilt: 54°</li><li>WD: 5 mm</li><li>Detector: BSE detector</li><li>Aperture: 60 µm, high current</li><li>ABC: ON</li><li>Image resolution: 1.25 nm/pixel</li></ul>

0152An area of 2 µm × 2 µm of the sample was analyzed, and the volume of the particles per unit volume of 2 µm × 2 µm × 2 µm (V_T = 8 µm³) was determined by integrating information of each section. The measurement was conducted at a temperature of 23°C and a pressure of 1 × 10^-4 Pa. For processing and observation, Strata 400S (sample tilt: 52°) manufactured by FEI may be used. The information of each section was obtained by image analysis of a specific area of the corresponding titanium oxide particles or electrically conductive particles. For the image analysis, an image processing software program Image-Pro Plus produced by Media Cybernetics was used.

0153From the obtained information, the volume (V µm³) of titanium oxide particles (for Examples) or electrically conductive particles (for Comparative Examples) per unit volume of 2 µm × 2 µm × 2 µm (8 µm³) was obtained for each of the four samples, and (V (µm³) /8 (µm³)) × 100 was calculated. The ((V/8) × 100) values of the four samples were averaged as the content (percent by volume) of titanium oxide particle or electrically conductive particle in the electroconductive layer. The results are shown in Table 3. <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title>Table 3</title><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="40mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="26mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="19mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">Example No.</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">Electrophotographic photosensitive member</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col9" align="center" valign="middle">Electroconductive layer</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Electroconductive layer-forming coating liquid</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Thickness (µm)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Particle content (vol%) in electroconductive layer</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Average core diameter D_C (nm)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating layer thickness T_C (nm)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">D_C/T_C</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Volume resistivity [Ω·cm]</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10¹¹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10¹¹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10¹¹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10¹²</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">45</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">53</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10⁸</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 300 Shorter axis: 20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 20 Shorter axis: 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 15 Shorter axis: 4.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10⁸</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 19</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 19</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 22</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 22</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">200</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 19</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">300</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">100</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 22</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 28</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 28</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 29</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 29</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 31</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 31</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 33</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 33</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10¹¹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 34</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 34</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 28</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">39</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 29</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 36</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 36</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 37</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 37</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 38</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 38</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 39</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 39</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 41</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 41</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 42</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 42</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 43</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 43</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 44</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member 44</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹⁰</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member C1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1 × 10¹⁴</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member C2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">180</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5 × 10¹³</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member C3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 200 Shorter axis: 10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 20 Shorter axis: 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 10 Shorter axis: 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2 × 10⁹</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member C5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">180</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">-</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10¹³</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Photosensitive member C6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Coating liquid C6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 200 Shorter axis: 10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 20 Shorter axis: 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Longer axis: 10 Shorter axis: 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7 × 10⁹</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Examinations

Effect of Reducing Potential Fluctuation at Dark and Bright Portions in Repeated Use

0154Each electrophotographic photosensitive member was mounted to a laser beam printer Color LaserJet Enterprise M552 manufactured by Hewlett-Packard and subjected to durability test using printing paper at a temperature of 23°C and a relative humidity of 50%. In this durability test, character patterns were printed with a print coverage of 2% on 5000 letter sheets in an intermittent mode in which printed sheets were outputted one by one. The charged potential (dark portion potential) and the potential when exposed to light (bright portion) were measured before starting durability test and after 5000-sheet output. For the potential measurement, a white solid pattern sheet and a black solid pattern sheet were used. From the initial dark portion potential Vd (at the beginning of durability test), the initial bright portion potential Vl (at the beginning of durability test), the dark portion potential Vd' after 5000-sheet output, and the bright portion potential Vl' after 5000-sheet output, the difference between the initial dark portion potential Vd and the dark portion potential Vd' after 5000-sheet output, ΔVd (= |Vd| - |Vd'|), and the difference between the initial bright portion potential Vl and the bright portion potential Vl' after 5000-sheet output, ΔVl (= |Vl'| - |Vl|), were obtained. The results are shown in Table 4. Definition of Output Image

0155For this evaluation, a laser beam printer Color LaserJet Enterprise M552 (manufactured by Hewlett-Packard) modified as below was used as the testing electrophotographic apparatus. More specifically, the printer was modified so that the charging conditions and the amount of laser exposure could be varied. Also, the printer was modified so as to be operable in a state where the black process cartridge to which any of the above-prepared electrophotographic photosensitive members was mounted was attached to the station of the black process cartridge of the printer while the process cartridges for the other colors (cyan, magenta, and yellow) were not attached. For outputting images, only the black process cartridge was mounted to the laser beam printer, and black single-color images were output. The laser beam intensity was adjusted so that the dark portion potential Vd would be -600 V; the bright portion potential Vl would be -250 V; and the developing bias Vdc applied to the charging member would be -450 V.

0156The definition of output images was evaluated based on the density of an output image (pattern of separated dots), as shown in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 4</figref>, formed by exposure at three-dots intervals at a temperature of 23°C and a relative humidity of 50%. If a latent image of the separated dot pattern has been formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the separated dots are clearly output on a paper sheet, and thus, a high-density image is outputted. If a latent image of the separated dot pattern has not been formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the separated dots are not clearly output on a paper sheet, and thus, a low-density image is outputted. The definition of output images can be evaluated based on how high or low the density of output image is.

0157The density of an output image was calculated from the difference in whiteness of the output image between the exposed dot portions and the unexposed dot portions (white portions). The density of output images was measured with a white light photometer (TC-6DS/A, manufactured by Tokyo Denshoku, using an umber filter). When the density of an output image was 8.0% or more, the definition of the output image was determined to be high. The results are shown in Table 4. <tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><title>Table 4</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="38mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="40mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="middle">Example No.</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="center" valign="middle">Effect of reducing potential fluctuation in repeated use</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Definition of output image</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">ΔVD (V)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">ΔVL (V)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">Output image density (%)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">80</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">60</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">80</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.2</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.4</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 19</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 22</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 28</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 29</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 31</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 33</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.8</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 34</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.1</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 36</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 37</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 38</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 39</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 41</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 42</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 43</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">110</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Example 44</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">120</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">200</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">250</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">200</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">200</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">Comparative Example 6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.0</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0158While the present disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.