Ziegler-natta-metallocene dual catalyst systems with activator-supports

0001This application is being filed on 28 June 2016, as a PCT International application, and claims the benefit of priority to <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US62189770" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/189,770, filed on July 8, 2015</text></patcit>.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0002Polyolefins such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) homopolymer and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) copolymer can be produced using various combinations of catalyst systems and polymerization processes. In some end-use applications, it can be beneficial to use a catalyst system having both a Ziegler-type catalyst component and a metallocene catalyst component to produce polymers having high molecular weights and broad molecular weight distributions. Accordingly, it is to these ends that the present invention is directed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0003This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify required or essential features of the claimed subject matter. Nor is this summary intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

0004The present invention generally relates to methods for preparing catalyst compositions, methods for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins, the polymer resins produced using such catalyst compositions, and articles produced using these polymer resins. In particular, the present invention relates to methods for preparing dual catalyst compositions. Catalyst compositions produced by the present invention can be used to produce, for example, ethylene-based homopolymers and copolymers for a variety of end-use applications.

0005Various processes and methods related to the preparation of catalyst compositions are disclosed herein.

0006In another aspect, a process for producing a catalyst composition is disclosed, and in this aspect, the process can comprise (a) contacting an activator-support and an organoaluminum compound for a first period of time to form a precontacted mixture, and (b) contacting the precontacted mixture with a metallocene compound and a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂ for a second period of time to form the catalyst composition.

0007Catalyst compositions also are disclosed. The catalyst composition can comprise (i) a metallocene compound, (ii) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂, (iii) an activator-support, and (iv) an organoaluminum compound. The catalyst composition can comprise (A) a precontacted mixture comprising an activator-support and an organoaluminum compound, (B) a metallocene compound, and (C) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂.

0008The present invention also contemplates and encompasses olefin polymerization processes. Such processes can comprise contacting a catalyst composition with an olefin monomer and an olefin comonomer in a polymerization reactor system under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer. The catalyst composition employed comprise any of the multicomponent catalyst systems disclosed herein, for instance, any of the metallocene compounds, any of the Ziegler-Natta components, any of activator-supports, and any of the organoaluminum compounds disclosed herein.

0009Polymers produced from the polymerization of olefins, resulting in copolymers, can be used to produce various articles of manufacture.

0010The subject matter of the invention is set out in the appended claims.

0011Both the foregoing summary and the following detailed description provide examples and are explanatory only. Accordingly, the foregoing summary and the following detailed description should not be considered to be restrictive. Further, features or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, certain aspects may be directed to various feature combinations and subcombinations described in the detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

0012<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1</b></figref> presents a plot of the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 1-2 and 8.</li><li><figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2</b></figref> presents a plot of the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 10, 12, and 17.</li><li><figref idref="f0003"><b>FIG. 3</b></figref> presents a plot of the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 19-20 and 26.</li><li><figref idref="f0004"><b>FIG. 4</b></figref> presents a plot of the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 33-34 and 39.</li><li><figref idref="f0005"><b>FIG. 5</b></figref> presents a plot of the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 40-41 and 43.</li><li><figref idref="f0006"><b>FIG. 6</b></figref> presents a plot of the ATREF profiles of the polymers of Examples 7, 10, and 44.</li><li><figref idref="f0007"><b>FIG. 7</b></figref> presents a plot of the ATREF profile of the polymer of Example 45.</li><li><figref idref="f0008"><b>FIG. 8</b></figref> presents a plot of the ATREF profile of the polymer of Example 46.</li><li><figref idref="f0009"><b>FIG. 9</b></figref> presents a plot of the ATREF profile of the polymer of Example 47.</li></ul>

DEFINITIONS

0013To define more clearly the terms used herein, the following definitions are provided. Unless otherwise indicated, the following definitions are applicable to this disclosure. If a term is used in this disclosure but is not specifically defined herein, the definition from the <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="b"><text>IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd Ed (1997</text></nplcit>), can be applied, as long as that definition does not conflict with any other disclosure or definition applied herein, or render indefinite or non-enabled any claim to which that definition is applied. To the extent that any definition or usage provided by any document incorporated herein by reference conflicts with the definition or usage provided herein, the definition or usage provided herein controls.

0014Herein, features of the subject matter can be described such that, within particular aspects, a combination of different features can be envisioned. For each and every aspect and each and every feature disclosed herein, all combinations that do not detrimentally affect the designs, compositions, processes, and/or methods described herein are contemplated with or without explicit description of the particular combination. Additionally, unless explicitly recited otherwise, any aspect and/or feature disclosed herein can be combined to describe inventive polymers, processes, and compositions consistent with the present disclosure.

0015While compositions and methods are described herein in terms of "comprising" various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also "consist essentially of' or "consist of' the various components or steps, unless stated otherwise. For example, a catalyst composition can comprise; alternatively, can consist essentially of; or alternatively, can consist of; (i) a metallocene compound, (ii) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂, (iii) an activator-support, and (iv) an organoaluminum compound.

0016The terms "a," "an," "the," etc., are intended to include plural alternatives, e.g., at least one, unless otherwise specified. For instance, the disclosure of "an activator-support" or "a metallocene compound" is meant to encompass one, or mixtures or combinations of more than one, activator-support or metallocene compound, respectively, unless otherwise specified.

0017Generally, groups of elements are indicated using the numbering scheme indicated in the version of the periodic table of elements published in <nplcit id="ncit0002" npl-type="s"><text>Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985</text></nplcit>. In some instances, a group of elements can be indicated using a common name assigned to the group; for example, alkali metals for Group 1 elements, alkaline earth metals for Group 2 elements, transition metals for Group 3-12 elements, and halogens or halides for Group 17 elements.

0018For any particular compound disclosed herein, the general structure or name presented is also intended to encompass all structural isomers, conformational isomers, and stereoisomers that can arise from a particular set of substituents, unless indicated otherwise. Thus, a general reference to a compound includes all structural isomers unless explicitly indicated otherwise; e.g., a general reference to pentane includes n-pentane, 2-methyl-butane, and 2,2-dimethylpropane, while a general reference to a butyl group includes an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group. Additionally, the reference to a general structure or name encompasses all enantiomers, diastereomers, and other optical isomers whether in enantiomeric or racemic forms, as well as mixtures of stereoisomers, as the context permits or requires. For any particular formula or name that is presented, any general formula or name presented also encompasses all conformational isomers, regioisomers, and stereoisomers that can arise from a particular set of substituents.

0019Unless otherwise specified, the term "substituted" when used to describe a group, for example, when referring to a substituted analog of a particular group, is intended to describe any non-hydrogen moiety that formally replaces a hydrogen in that group, and is intended to be non-limiting. Also, unless otherwise specified, a group or groups can also be referred to herein as "unsubstituted" or by equivalent terms such as "non-substituted," which refers to the original group in which a non-hydrogen moiety does not replace a hydrogen within that group. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, "substituted" is intended to be non-limiting and include inorganic substituents or organic substituents as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

0020The term "hydrocarbon" whenever used in this specification and claims refers to a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen, whether saturated or unsaturated. Other identifiers can be utilized to indicate the presence of particular groups in the hydrocarbon (e.g., halogenated hydrocarbon indicates the presence of one or more halogen atoms replacing an equivalent number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon). The term "hydrocarbyl group" is used herein in accordance with the definition specified by IUPAC: a univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon (that is, a group containing only carbon and hydrogen). Non-limiting examples of hydrocarbyl groups include alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups, amongst other groups.

0021The term "polymer" is used herein generically to include olefin homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, and so forth, as well as alloys and blends thereof. The term "polymer" also includes all possible geometrical configurations, unless stated otherwise, and such configurations can include isotactic, syndiotactic, and random symmetries. The term "polymer" also includes impact, block, graft, random, and alternating copolymers. A copolymer is derived from an olefin monomer and one olefin comonomer, while a terpolymer is derived from an olefin monomer and two olefin comonomers. Accordingly, "polymer" encompasses copolymers, terpolymers, etc., derived from any olefin monomer and comonomer(s) disclosed herein. Similarly, an ethylene polymer would include ethylene homopolymers, ethylene copolymers, ethylene terpolymers, and the like. As an example, an olefin copolymer, such as an ethylene copolymer, can be derived from ethylene and a comonomer, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene. If the monomer and comonomer were ethylene and 1-hexene, respectively, the resulting polymer can be categorized an as ethylene/1-hexene copolymer.

0022In like manner, the scope of the term "polymerization" includes homopolymerization, copolymerization, terpolymerization, etc. Therefore, a copolymerization process can involve contacting one olefin monomer (e.g., ethylene) and one olefin comonomer (e.g., 1-hexene) to produce a copolymer.

0023The term "metallocene" as used herein describes compounds comprising at least one η³ to η⁵-cycloalkadienyl-type moiety, wherein η³ to η⁵-cycloalkadienyl moieties include cyclopentadienyl ligands, indenyl ligands, fluorenyl ligands, and the like, including partially saturated or substituted derivatives or analogs of any of these. Possible substituents on these ligands can include H, therefore this invention comprises ligands such as tetrahydroindenyl, tetrahydrofluorenyl, octahydrofluorenyl, partially saturated indenyl, partially saturated fluorenyl, substituted partially saturated indenyl, substituted partially saturated fluorenyl, and the like. In some contexts, the metallocene may be referred to simply as the "catalyst," in much the same way the term "co-catalyst" may be used herein to refer to, for example, an organoaluminum compound.

0024The terms "catalyst composition," "catalyst mixture," "catalyst system," and the like, do not depend upon the actual product or composition resulting from the contact or reaction of the initial components of the disclosed or claimed catalyst composition/mixture/system, the nature of the active catalytic sites, or the fate of the organoaluminum compound, the metallocene compound, the Ziegler-Natta component, or the activator-support, after combining these components. Therefore, the terms "catalyst composition," "catalyst mixture," "catalyst system," and the like, encompass the initial starting components of the composition, as well as whatever product(s) may result from contacting these initial starting components, and this is inclusive of both heterogeneous and homogenous catalyst systems or compositions. The terms "catalyst composition," "catalyst mixture," "catalyst system," and the like, may be used interchangeably throughout this disclosure.

0025The terms "contact product," "contacting," and the like, are used herein to describe methods and compositions wherein the components are combined or contacted together in any order, in any manner, and for any length of time, unless otherwise specified. For example, the components can be contacted by blending or mixing. Further, unless otherwise specified, the contacting of any component can occur in the presence or absence of any other component of the methods and compositions described herein. Combining additional materials or components can be done by any suitable method. A contact product encompasses mixtures, blends, solutions, slurries, reaction products, and the like, as well as combinations thereof. Similarly, the contacting of components refers to materials which can be blended, mixed, slurried, dissolved, reacted, treated, or otherwise contacted in some other manner.

0026A "precontacted mixture" describes a mixture of catalyst components that are combined or contacted for a period of time prior to being contacted with other catalyst components. According to this description, it is possible for the components of the precontacted mixture, once contacted, to have reacted to form at least one chemical compound, formulation, species, or structure different from the distinct initial compounds or components used to prepare the precontacted mixture.

0027Although any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the typical methods, devices and materials are herein described.

0028Applicants disclose several types of ranges in the present invention. When Applicants disclose or claim a range of any type, Applicants' intent is to disclose or claim individually each possible number that such a range could reasonably encompass, including end points of the range as well as any sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges encompassed therein. For example, when the Applicants disclose or claim a chemical moiety having a certain number of carbon atoms, Applicants' intent is to disclose or claim individually every possible number that such a range could encompass, consistent with the disclosure herein. For example, the disclosure that a moiety is a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group, or in alternative language, a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, as used herein, refers to a moiety that can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 carbon atoms, as well as any range between these two numbers (for example, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group), and also including any combination of ranges between these two numbers (for example, a C₂ to C₄ and a C₁₂ to C₁₆ hydrocarbyl group).

0029Similarly, another representative example follows for the ratio of Mw/Mn of an olefin polymer produced in an aspect of this invention. By a disclosure that the Mw/Mn can be in a range from about 3 to about 12, Applicants intend to recite that the Mw/Mn can be any ratio in the range and, for example, can be equal to about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, or about 12. Additionally, the Mw/Mn can be within any range from about 3 to about 12 (for example, from about 3.5 to about 10.5), and this also includes any combination of ranges between about 3 and about 12 (for example, the Mw/Mn can be in a range from about 3 to about 8, or from about 9 to about 12). Likewise, all other ranges disclosed herein should be interpreted in a manner similar to these examples.

0030Applicants reserve the right to proviso out or exclude any individual members of any such group, including any sub-ranges or combinations of sub-ranges within the group, that can be claimed according to a range or in any similar manner, if for any reason Applicants choose to claim less than the full measure of the disclosure, for example, to account for a reference that Applicants may be unaware of at the time of the filing of the application. Further, Applicants reserve the right to proviso out or exclude any individual substituents, analogs, compounds, ligands, structures, or groups thereof, or any members of a claimed group, if for any reason Applicants choose to claim less than the full measure of the disclosure, for example, to account for a reference that Applicants may be unaware of at the time of the filing of the application.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0031The present invention is directed generally to methods for preparing catalyst compositions, methods for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins, the polymer resins produced using such catalyst compositions, and articles produced using these polymer resins. In particular, catalyst compositions are disclosed containing a Ziegler-Natta component and a metallocene component, and the present invention relates to polymerization processes utilizing such catalyst compositions, and to the resulting olefin polymers produced from the polymerization processes. While not wishing to be bound by the following theory, it is believed that the polymers disclosed herein, due to a specific combination of polymer characteristics (e.g., density, melt flow, molecular weight, and ATREF features), have improved toughness and tear resistance, making them particularly suitable for film, sheet, and other demanding end-use applications.

ACTIVATOR-SUPPORTS

0032Disclosed herein are various catalyst compositions containing an activator-support, and various methods of preparing catalyst compositions using an activator-support. The activator-support can comprise a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion. Alternatively, the activator-support can comprise a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, the solid oxide containing a Lewis-acidic metal ion. Non-limiting examples of suitable activator-supports are disclosed in, for instance, <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US7294599B"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 7,294,599</text></patcit>,<patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US7601665B"><text> 7,601,665</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US7884163B"><text>7,884,163</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US8309485B"><text>8,309,485</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US9023959B"><text>9,023,959</text></patcit>.

0033The solid oxide can encompass oxide materials such as alumina, "mixed oxides" thereof such as silica-alumina, coatings of one oxide on another, and combinations and mixtures thereof. The mixed oxides such as silica-alumina can be single or multiple chemical phases with more than one metal combined with oxygen to form the solid oxide. Examples of mixed oxides that can be used to form an activator-support, either singly or in combination, can include, but are not limited to, silica-alumina, silica-titania, silica-zirconia, alumina-titania, alumina-zirconia, zinc-aluminate, alumina-boria, silica-boria, aluminophosphate-silica, titania-zirconia, and the like. The solid oxide used herein also can encompass oxide materials such as silica-coated alumina.

0034Accordingly, the solid oxide can comprise silica, alumina, silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina, aluminum phosphate, aluminophosphate, heteropolytungstate, titania, silica-titania, zirconia, silica-zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, any mixed oxide thereof, or any combination thereof. The solid oxide can comprise alumina, silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina, aluminum phosphate, aluminophosphate, heteropolytungstate, titania, silica-titania, zirconia, silica-zirconia, magnesia, boria, or zinc oxide, as well as any mixed oxide thereof, or any mixture thereof. The solid oxide can comprise silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, any mixed oxide thereof, or any combination thereof. The solid oxide can comprise silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina, silica-titania, silica-zirconia, alumina-boria, or any combination thereof. The solid oxide can comprise alumina, silica-alumina, silica-coated alumina, or any mixture thereof; alternatively, alumina; alternatively, silica-alumina; or alternatively, silica-coated alumina.

0035The silica-alumina or silica-coated alumina solid oxide materials which can be used can have a silica content from about 5 to about 95% by weight. The silica content of these solid oxides can be from about 10 to about 80%, or from about 20% to about 70%, silica by weight. Such materials can have silica contents ranging from about 15% to about 60%, or from about 25% to about 50%, silica by weight. The solid oxides contemplated herein can have any suitable surface area, pore volume, and particle size, as would be recognized by those of skill in the art.

0036The electron-withdrawing component used to treat the solid oxide can be any component that increases the Lewis or Bronsted acidity of the solid oxide upon treatment (as compared to the solid oxide that is not treated with at least one electron-withdrawing anion). The electron-withdrawing component can be an electron-withdrawing anion derived from a salt, an acid, or other compound, such as a volatile organic compound, that serves as a source or precursor for that anion. Examples of electron-withdrawing anions can include, but are not limited to, sulfate, bisulfate, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, fluorosulfate, fluoroborate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, trifluoroacetate, triflate, fluorozirconate, fluorotitanate, phospho-tungstate, tungstate, molybdate, and the like, including mixtures and combinations thereof. In addition, other ionic or non-ionic compounds that serve as sources for these electron-withdrawing anions also can be employed. It is contemplated that the electron-withdrawing anion can be, or can comprise, fluoride, chloride, bromide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, or sulfate, and the like, or any combination thereof, in some aspects provided herein. In other aspects, the electron-withdrawing anion can comprise sulfate, bisulfate, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, fluorosulfate, fluoroborate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, trifluoroacetate, triflate, fluorozirconate, fluorotitanate, and the like, or combinations thereof. The electron-withdrawing anion can comprise fluoride and/or sulfate.

0037The activator-support generally can contain from about 1 to about 25 wt. % of the electron-withdrawing anion, based on the weight of the activator-support. As disclosed herein, the activator-support can contain from about 1 to about 20 wt. %, from about 2 to about 20 wt. %, from about 3 to about 20 wt. %, from about 2 to about 15 wt. %, from about 3 to about 15 wt. %, from about 3 to about 12 wt. %, or from about 4 to about 10 wt. %, of the electron-withdrawing anion, based on the total weight of the activator-support.

0038The activator-support can comprise fluorided alumina, chlorided alumina, bromided alumina, sulfated alumina, phosphated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, chlorided silica-alumina, bromided silica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, phosphated silica-alumina, fluorided silica-zirconia, chlorided silica-zirconia, bromided silica-zirconia, sulfated silica-zirconia, fluorided silica-titania, fluorided silica-coated alumina, fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina, sulfated silica-coated alumina, phosphated silica-coated alumina, and the like, as well as any mixture or combination thereof. The activator-support employed in the processes and catalyst systems described herein can be, or can comprise, a fluorided solid oxide and/or a sulfated solid oxide and/or a phosphated solid oxide, non-limiting examples of which can include fluorided alumina, sulfated alumina, phosphated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, phosphated silica-alumina, fluorided silica-zirconia, fluorided silica-coated alumina, fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina, sulfated silica-coated alumina, phosphated silica-coated alumina, and the like, as well as combinations thereof. The activator-support can comprise fluorided alumina; alternatively, chlorided alumina; alternatively, sulfated alumina; alternatively, phosphated alumina; alternatively, fluorided silica-alumina; alternatively, sulfated silica-alumina; alternatively, phosphated silica-alumina; alternatively, fluorided silica-zirconia; alternatively, chlorided silica-zirconia; alternatively, sulfated silica-coated alumina; alternatively, phosphated silica-coated alumina; alternatively, fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina; or alternatively, fluorided silica-coated alumina.

0039Various processes can be used to form activator-supports useful in the present invention. Methods of contacting the solid oxide with the electron-withdrawing component, suitable electron withdrawing components and addition amounts, impregnation with metals or metal ions (e.g., zinc, nickel, vanadium, titanium, silver, copper, gallium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium, and the like, or combinations thereof), and various calcining procedures and conditions are disclosed in, for example, <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US6107230A"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 6,107,230</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US6165929A"><text>6,165,929</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US6294494B"><text>6,294,494</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US6300271B"><text>6,300,271</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US6316553B"><text>6,316,553</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US6355594B"><text>6,355,594</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US6376415B"><text>6,376,415</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US6388017B"><text>6,388,017</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US6391816B"><text>6,391,816</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US6395666B"><text>6,395,666</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US6524987B"><text>6,524,987</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="US6548441B"><text>6,548,441</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="US6548442B"><text>6,548,442</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="US6576583B"><text>6,576,583</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="US6613712B"><text>6,613,712</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="US6632894B"><text>6,632,894</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0023" dnum="US6667274B"><text>6,667,274</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0024" dnum="US6750302B"><text>6,750,302</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0025" dnum="US7294599B"><text>7,294,599</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0026" dnum="US7601665B"><text>7,601,665</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0027" dnum="US7884163B"><text>7,884,163</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0028" dnum="US8309485B"><text>8,309,485</text></patcit>. Other suitable processes and procedures for preparing activator-supports (e.g., fluorided solid oxides, sulfated solid oxides, or phosphated solid oxides) are well known to those of skill in the art.

ORGANOALUMINUM COMPOUNDS

0040The present disclosure encompasses various catalyst compositions containing an organoaluminum compound, and various methods of preparing catalyst compositions using an organoaluminum compound. More than one organoaluminum compound can be used. For instance, a mixture or combination of two suitable organoaluminum compounds can be used in the processes and catalyst systems disclosed herein.

0041Suitable organoaluminum compounds can have the formula, (R^Z)₃Al, wherein each R^Z independently can be an aliphatic group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. For example, each R^Z independently can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, or isobutyl. Suitable organoaluminum compounds can have the formula, Al(X⁷)_m(X⁸)_3-m, wherein each X⁷ independently can be a hydrocarbyl; each X⁸ independently can be an alkoxide or an aryloxide, a halide, or a hydride; and m can be from 1 to 3, inclusive. Hydrocarbyl is used herein to specify a hydrocarbon radical group and includes, for instance, aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkadienyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, and aralkynyl groups. Each X⁷ independently can be any hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, or from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, or an alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. For example, each X⁷ independently can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, or hexyl, and the like, in certain aspects of the present invention. According to another aspect of the present disclosure, each X⁸ independently can be an alkoxide or an aryloxide, any one of which has from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a halide, or a hydride. In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, each X⁸ can be selected independently from fluorine and chlorine. In the formula, Al(X⁷)_m(X⁸)_3-m, m can be a number from 1 to 3 (inclusive) and typically, m can be 3. The value of m is not restricted to be an integer; therefore, this formula can include sesquihalide compounds or other organoaluminum cluster compounds.

0042Examples of organoaluminum compounds suitable for use in accordance with the present invention can include, but are not limited to, trialkylaluminum compounds, dialkylaluminum halide compounds, dialkylaluminum alkoxide compounds, dialkylaluminum hydride compounds, and combinations thereof. Specific non-limiting examples of suitable organoaluminum compounds can include trimethylaluminum (TMA), triethylaluminum (TEA), tri-n-propylaluminum (TNPA), tri-n-butylaluminum (TNBA), triisobutylaluminum (TIBA), tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diethylaluminum chloride, and the like, or combinations thereof. In one aspect, an organoaluminum compound used in the processes and catalyst systems disclosed herein can comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) triethylaluminum (TEA), while in another aspect, an organoaluminum compound used in the processes and catalyst systems disclosed herein can comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) triisobutylaluminum (TIBA). Yet, in another aspect, a mixture of TEA and TIBA can be used as the organoaluminum component in the processes described herein (or as the organoaluminum component in the catalyst systems disclosed herein).

METALLOCENE COMPOUNDS

0043Catalyst compositions consistent with this disclosure can contain a bridged metallocene compound or an unbridged metallocene compound. The metallocene compound can comprise, for example, a transition metal (one or more than one) from Groups 3-12 of the Periodic Table of the Elements. In one aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise a Group 3, 4, 5, or 6 transition metal, or a combination of two or more transition metals. The metallocene compound can comprise chromium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, or a combination thereof, or can comprise titanium, zirconium, hafnium, or a combination thereof, in other aspects. Accordingly, the metallocene compound can comprise titanium, or zirconium, or hafnium, either singly or in combination.

0044In some aspects of this invention, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged metallocene compound, for instance, an unbridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound and/or an unbridged zirconium and/or hafnium based dinuclear metallocene compound. In one aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound containing two cyclopentadienyl groups, two indenyl groups, or a cyclopentadienyl and an indenyl group. In another aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound containing two cyclopentadienyl groups. In yet another aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound containing two indenyl groups. In still another aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound containing a cyclopentadienyl and an indenyl group.

0045In some aspects, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged zirconium based metallocene compound containing two cyclopentadienyl groups, two indenyl groups, or a cyclopentadienyl and an indenyl group, while in other aspects, the metallocene compound can comprise a dinuclear unbridged metallocene compound with an alkenyl linking group.

0046The metallocene compound can comprise, in particular aspects of this invention, an unbridged metallocene compound having formula (<b>I</b>): <chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0001.tif" /></chemistry>

0047Within formula (<b>I</b>), M, Cp^A, Cp^B, and each X are independent elements of the unbridged metallocene compound. Accordingly, the unbridged metallocene compound having formula (<b>I</b>) can be described using any combination of M, Cp^A, Cp^B, and X disclosed herein.

0048Unless otherwise specified, formula (<b>I</b>) above, any other structural formulas disclosed herein, and any metallocene complex, compound, or species disclosed herein are not designed to show stereochemistry or isomeric positioning of the different moieties (e.g., these formulas are not intended to display cis or trans isomers, or R or S diastereoisomers), although such compounds are contemplated and encompassed by these formulas and/or structures.

0049In accordance with aspects of this invention, the metal in formula (<b>I</b>), M, can be Ti, Zr, or Hf. In one aspect, for instance, M can be Zr or Hf, while in another aspect, M can be Ti; alternatively, M can be Zr; or alternatively, M can be Hf.

0050Each X in formula (<b>I</b>) independently can be a monoanionic ligand. In some aspects, suitable monoanionic ligands can include, but are not limited to, H (hydride), BH₄, a halide, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, -OBR¹₂, or -OSO₂R¹, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group. It is contemplated that each X can be either the same or a different monoanionic ligand.

0051In one aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide (e.g., F, Cl, Br, etc.), a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group, or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group. Alternatively, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, OBR¹₂, or OSO₂R¹, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group. In another aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylsilyl group, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, OBR¹₂, or OSO₂R¹, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group. In another aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylsilyl group, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, OBR¹₂, or OSO₂R¹, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group. In yet another aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, OBR¹₂, or OSO₂R¹, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group. In still another aspect, each X independently can be a halide or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group. For example, each X can be Cl.

0052The hydrocarbyl group which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can be a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, including, but not limited to, a C₁ to C₃₆ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₃₆ alkenyl group, a C₄ to C₃₆ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₃₆ aryl group, or a C₇ to C₃₆ aralkyl group. For instance, each X independently can be a C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₁₈ alkenyl group, a C₄ to C₁₈ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₁₈ aryl group, or a C₇ to C₁₈ aralkyl group; alternatively, each X independently can be a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₁₂ alkenyl group, a C₄ to C₁₂ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₁₂ aryl group, or a C₇ to C₁₂ aralkyl group; alternatively, each X independently can be a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl group, a C₄ to C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₁₀ aryl group, or a C₇ to C₁₀ aralkyl group; or alternatively, each X independently can be a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₅ alkenyl group, a C₅ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, or a C₇ to C₈ aralkyl group.

0053Accordingly, in some aspects, the alkyl group which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, a undecyl group, a dodecyl group, a tridecyl group, a tetradecyl group, a pentadecyl group, a hexadecyl group, a heptadecyl group, or an octadecyl group; or alternatively, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, or a decyl group. In some aspects, the alkyl group which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, a n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, or a neopentyl group; alternatively, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an iso-propyl group, a tert-butyl group, or a neopentyl group; alternatively, a methyl group; alternatively, an ethyl group; alternatively, a n-propyl group; alternatively, an iso-propyl group; alternatively, a tert-butyl group; or alternatively, a neopentyl group.

0054Suitable alkenyl groups which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can include, but are not limited to, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a undecenyl group, a dodecenyl group, a tridecenyl group, a tetradecenyl group, a pentadecenyl group, a hexadecenyl group, a heptadecenyl group, or an octadecenyl group. Such alkenyl groups can be linear or branched, and the double bond can be located anywhere in the chain. In one aspect, each X in formula (<b>I</b>) independently can be an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, or a decenyl group, while in another aspect, each X in formula (<b>I</b>) independently can be an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, or a hexenyl group. For example, an X can be an ethenyl group; alternatively, a propenyl group; alternatively, a butenyl group; alternatively, a pentenyl group; or alternatively, a hexenyl group. In yet another aspect, an X can be a terminal alkenyl group, such as a C₃ to C₁₈ terminal alkenyl group, a C₃ to C₁₂ terminal alkenyl group, or a C₃ to C₈ terminal alkenyl group. Illustrative terminal alkenyl groups can include, but are not limited to, a prop-2-en-1-yl group, a bute-3-en-1-yl group, a pent-4-en-1-yl group, a hex-5-en-1-yl group, a hept-6-en-1-yl group, an octe-7-en-1-yl group, a non-8-en-1-yl group, a dece-9-en-1-yl group, and so forth.

0055Each X in formula (<b>I</b>) can be a cycloalkyl group, including, but not limited to, a cyclobutyl group, a substituted cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a substituted cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a substituted cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a substituted cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, or a substituted cyclooctyl group. For example, an X in formula <b>(I)</b> can be a cyclopentyl group, a substituted cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, or a substituted cyclohexyl group. Moreover, each X in formula <b>(I)</b> independently can be a cyclobutyl group or a substituted cyclobutyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group or a substituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group or a substituted cyclohexyl group; alternatively, a cycloheptyl group or a substituted cycloheptyl group; alternatively, a cyclooctyl group or a substituted cyclooctyl group; alternatively, a cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a substituted cyclopentyl group; alternatively, a cyclohexyl group; or alternatively, a substituted cyclohexyl group. Substituents which can be utilized for the substituted cycloalkyl group are independently disclosed herein and can be utilized without limitation to further describe the substituted cycloalkyl group which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>).

0056In some aspects, the aryl group which can be an X in formula <b>(I)</b> can be a phenyl group, a substituted phenyl group, a naphthyl group, or a substituted naphthyl group. In an aspect, the aryl group can be a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a naphthyl group or a substituted naphthyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group or a naphthyl group; alternatively, a substituted phenyl group or a substituted naphthyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group; or alternatively, a naphthyl group. Substituents which can be utilized for the substituted phenyl groups or substituted naphthyl groups are independently disclosed herein and can be utilized without limitation to further describe the substituted phenyl groups or substituted naphthyl groups which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>).

0057In an aspect, the substituted phenyl group which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can be a 2-substituted phenyl group, a 3-substituted phenyl group, a 4-substituted phenyl group, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group, a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group, a 3,5-disubstituted phenyl group, or a 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group. In other aspects, the substituted phenyl group can be a 2-substituted phenyl group, a 4-substituted phenyl group, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group, or a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 3-substituted phenyl group or a 3,5-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted phenyl group or a 4-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group or a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 3-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 4-substituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2,4-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl group; alternatively, a 3,5-disubstituted phenyl group; or alternatively, a 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenyl group. Substituents which can be utilized for these specific substituted phenyl groups are independently disclosed herein and can be utilized without limitation to further describe these substituted phenyl groups which can be an X group(s) in formula (<b>I</b>).

0058In some aspects, the aralkyl group which can be an X group in formula (<b>I</b>) can be a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group. In an aspect, the aralkyl group can be a benzyl group or, alternatively, a substituted benzyl group. Substituents which can be utilized for the substituted aralkyl group are independently disclosed herein and can be utilized without limitation to further describe the substituted aralkyl group which can be an X group(s) in formula (<b>I</b>).

0059In an aspect, each non-hydrogen substituent(s) for the substituted cycloalkyl group, substituted aryl group, or substituted aralkyl group which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) independently can be a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group; or alternatively, a C₁ to C₅ hydrocarbyl group. Specific hydrocarbyl groups are independently disclosed herein and can be utilized without limitation to further describe the substituents of the substituted cycloalkyl groups, substituted aryl groups, or substituted aralkyl groups which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>). For instance, the hydrocarbyl substituent can be an alkyl group, such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, a n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a n-pentyl group, a 2-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a 2-methyl-1-butyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a 3-methyl-1-butyl group, a 3-methyl-2-butyl group, or a neo-pentyl group, and the like. Furthermore, the hydrocarbyl substituent can be a benzyl group, a phenyl group, a tolyl group, or a xylyl group, and the like.

0060A hydrocarboxy group is used generically herein to include, for instance, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, -(alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl)-O-(alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl) groups, and -O(CO)-(hydrogen or hydrocarbyl) groups, and these groups can comprise up to about 36 carbon atoms (e.g., C₁ to C₃₆, C₁ to C₁₈, C₁ to C₁₀, or C₁ to C₈ hydrocarboxy groups). Illustrative and non-limiting examples of hydrocarboxy groups which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can include, but are not limited to, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, an n-butoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, an isobutoxy group, a tert-butoxy group, an n-pentoxy group, a 2-pentoxy group, a 3-pentoxy group, a 2-methyl-1-butoxy group, a tert-pentoxy group, a 3-methyl-1-butoxy group, a 3-methyl-2-butoxy group, a neo-pentoxy group, a phenoxy group, a toloxy group, a xyloxy group, a 2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy group, a benzoxy group, an acetylacetonate group (acac), a formate group, an acetate group, a stearate group, an oleate group, a benzoate group, and the like. In an aspect, the hydrocarboxy group which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can be a methoxy group; alternatively, an ethoxy group; alternatively, an n-propoxy group; alternatively, an isopropoxy group; alternatively, an n-butoxy group; alternatively, a sec-butoxy group; alternatively, an isobutoxy group; alternatively, a tert-butoxy group; alternatively, an n-pentoxy group; alternatively, a 2-pentoxy group; alternatively, a 3-pentoxy group; alternatively, a 2-methyl-1-butoxy group; alternatively, a tert-pentoxy group; alternatively, a 3-methyl-1-butoxy group, alternatively, a 3-methyl-2-butoxy group; alternatively, a neo-pentoxy group; alternatively, a phenoxy group; alternatively, a toloxy group; alternatively, a xyloxy group; alternatively, a 2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy group; alternatively, a benzoxy group; alternatively, an acetylacetonate group; alternatively, a formate group; alternatively, an acetate group; alternatively, a stearate group; alternatively, an oleate group; or alternatively, a benzoate group.

0061The term hydrocarbylaminyl group is used generically herein to refer collectively to, for instance, alkylaminyl, arylaminyl, aralkylaminyl, dialkylaminyl, diarylaminyl, diaralkylaminyl, and -(alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl)-N-(alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl) groups, and unless otherwise specified, the hydrocarbylaminyl groups which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can comprise up to about 36 carbon atoms (e.g., C₁ to C₃₆, C₁ to C₁₈, C₁ to C₁₀, or C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbylaminyl groups). Accordingly, hydrocarbylaminyl is intended to cover both (mono)hydrocarbylaminyl and dihydrocarbylaminyl groups. In some aspects, the hydrocarbylaminyl group which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can be, for instance, a methylaminyl group (-NHCH₃), an ethylaminyl group (-NHCH₂CH₃), an n-propylaminyl group (-NHCH₂CH₂CH₃), an iso-propylaminyl group (-NHCH(CH₃)₂), an n-butylaminyl group (-NHCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), a t-butylaminyl group (-NHC(CH₃)₃), an n-pentylaminyl group (-NHCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), a neo-pentylaminyl group (-NHCH₂C(CH₃)₃), a phenylaminyl group (-NHC₆H₅), a tolylaminyl group (-NHC₆H₄CH₃), or a xylylaminyl group (-NHC₆H₃(CH₃)₂); alternatively, a methylaminyl group; alternatively, an ethylaminyl group; alternatively, a propylaminyl group; or alternatively, a phenylaminyl group. In other aspects, the hydrocarbylaminyl group which can be an X in formula (<b>I</b>) can be, for instance, a dimethylaminyl group (-N(CH₃)₂), a diethylaminyl group (-N(CH₂CH₃)₂), a di-n-propylaminyl group (-N(CH₂CH₂CH₃)₂), a di-iso-propylaminyl group (-N(CH(CH₃)₂)₂), a di-n-butylaminyl group (-N(CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃)₂), a di-t-butylaminyl group (-N(C(CH₃)₃)₂), a di-n-pentylaminyl group (-N(CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃)₂), a di-neo-pentylaminyl group (-N(CH₂C(CH₃)₃)₂), a di-phenylaminyl group (-N(C₆H₅)₂), a di-tolylaminyl group (-N(C₆H₄CH₃)₂), or a di-xylylaminyl group (-N(C₆H₃(CH₃)₂)₂); alternatively, a dimethylaminyl group; alternatively, a di-ethylaminyl group; alternatively, a di-n-propylaminyl group; or alternatively, a di-phenylaminyl group.

0062In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, each X independently can be a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₂₄ hydrocarbylsilyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group; or alternatively, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group. In an aspect, each hydrocarbyl (one or more) of the hydrocarbylsilyl group can be any hydrocarbyl group disclosed herein (e.g., a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₅ alkenyl group, a C₅ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, a C₇ to C₈ aralkyl group, etc.). As used herein, hydrocarbylsilyl is intended to cover (mono)hydrocarbylsilyl (-SiH₂R), dihydrocarbylsilyl (-SiHR₂), and trihydrocarbylsilyl (-SiR₃) groups, with R being a hydrocarbyl group. In one aspect, the hydrocarbylsilyl group can be a C₃ to C₃₆ or a C₃ to C₁₈ trihydrocarbylsilyl group, such as, for example, a trialkylsilyl group or a triphenylsilyl group. Illustrative and non-limiting examples of hydrocarbylsilyl groups which can be an X group(s) in formula (<b>I</b>) can include, but are not limited to, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, tripropylsilyl (e.g., triisopropylsilyl), tributylsilyl, tripentylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, allyldimethylsilyl, and the like.

0063A hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group is used herein to refer to groups containing at least one hydrocarbon moiety, at least one N atom, and at least one Si atom. Illustrative and non-limiting examples of hydrocarbylaminylsilyl groups which can be an X can include, but are not limited to -N(SiMe₃)₂, -N(SiEt₃)₂, and the like. Unless otherwise specified, the hydrocarbylaminylsilyl groups which can be X can comprise up to about 36 carbon atoms (e.g., C₁ to C₃₆, C₁ to C₁₈, C₁ to C₁₂, or C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl groups). In an aspect, each hydrocarbyl (one or more) of the hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group can be any hydrocarbyl group disclosed herein (e.g., a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₅ alkenyl group, a C₅ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, a C₇ to C₈ aralkyl group, etc.). Moreover, hydrocarbylaminylsilyl is intended to cover -NH(SiH₂R), -NH(SiHR₂), -NH(SiR₃), -N(SiH₂R)₂, -N(SiHR₂)₂, and -N(SiR₃)₂ groups, among others, with R being a hydrocarbyl group.

0064In an aspect, each X independently can be -OBR¹₂ or -OSO₂R¹, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, or alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group. The hydrocarbyl group in OBR¹₂ and/or OSO₂R¹ independently can be any hydrocarbyl group disclosed herein, such as, for instance, a C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₁₈ alkenyl group, a C₄ to C₁₈ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₁₈ aryl group, or a C₇ to C₁₈ aralkyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₁₂ alkenyl group, a C₄ to C₁₂ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₁₂ aryl group, or a C₇ to C₁₂ aralkyl group; or alternatively, a C₁ to C₈ alkyl group, a C₂ to C₈ alkenyl group, a C₅ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, a C₆ to C₈ aryl group, or a C₇ to C₈ aralkyl group.

0065In one aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, or a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, hydrocarboxy group, hydrocarbylaminyl group, hydrocarbylsilyl group, or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, while in another aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarboxy group, hydrocarbylaminyl group, hydrocarbylsilyl group, or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group. In yet another aspect, each X independently can be a halide; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group; or alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group. In still another aspect, each X can be H; alternatively, F; alternatively, Cl; alternatively, Br; alternatively, I; alternatively, BH₄; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group; or alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group.

0066Each X independently can be, in some aspects, H, a halide, methyl, phenyl, benzyl, an alkoxy, an aryloxy, acetylacetonate, formate, acetate, stearate, oleate, benzoate, an alkylaminyl, a dialkylaminyl, a trihydrocarbylsilyl, or a hydrocarbylaminylsilyl; alternatively, H, a halide, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; alternatively, an alkoxy, an aryloxy, or acetylacetonate; alternatively, an alkylaminyl or a dialkylaminyl; alternatively, a trihydrocarbylsilyl or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl; alternatively, H or a halide; alternatively, methyl, phenyl, benzyl, an alkoxy, an aryloxy, acetylacetonate, an alkylaminyl, or a dialkylaminyl; alternatively, H; alternatively, a halide; alternatively, methyl; alternatively, phenyl; alternatively, benzyl; alternatively, an alkoxy; alternatively, an aryloxy; alternatively, acetylacetonate; alternatively, an alkylaminyl; alternatively, a dialkylaminyl; alternatively, a trihydrocarbylsilyl; or alternatively, a hydrocarbylaminylsilyl. In these and other aspects, the alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaminyl, dialkylaminyl, trihydrocarbylsilyl, and hydrocarbylaminylsilyl can be a C₁ to C₃₆, a C₁ to C₁₈, a C₁ to C₁₂, or a C₁ to C₈ alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaminyl, dialkylaminyl, trihydrocarbylsilyl, and hydrocarbylaminylsilyl.

0067Moreover, each X independently can be, in certain aspects, a halide or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halide or a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, F, Cl, Br, I, methyl, benzyl, or phenyl; alternatively, Cl, methyl, benzyl, or phenyl; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaminyl, dialkylaminyl, trihydrocarbylsilyl, or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₈ alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaminyl, dialkylaminyl, trihydrocarbylsilyl, or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group; or alternatively, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, phenyl, tolyl, benzyl, naphthyl, trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, or allyldimethylsilyl.

0068In formula (<b>I</b>), Cp^A and Cp^B independently can be a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl or indenyl group. In one aspect, Cp^A and Cp^B independently can be an unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl or indenyl group. Alternatively, Cp^A and Cp^B independently can be a substituted indenyl or cyclopentadienyl group, for example, having up to 5 substituents.

0069If present, each substituent on Cp^A and Cp^B independently can be H, a halide, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ halogenated hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, or a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group. Importantly, each substituent on Cp^A and/or Cp^B can be either the same or a different substituent group. Moreover, each substituent can be at any position on the respective cyclopentadienyl or indenyl ring structure that conforms with the rules of chemical valence. In an aspect, the number of substituents on Cp^A and/or on Cp^B and/or the positions of each substituent on Cp^A and/or on Cp^B are independent of each other. For instance, two or more substituents on Cp^A can be different, or alternatively, each substituent on Cp^A can be the same. Additionally or alternatively, two or more substituents on Cp^B can be different, or alternatively, all substituents on Cp^B can be the same. In another aspect, one or more of the substituents on Cp^A can be different from the one or more of the substituents on Cp^B, or alternatively, all substituents on both Cp^A and/or on Cp^B can be the same. In these and other aspects, each substituent can be at any position on the respective cyclopentadienyl or indenyl ring structure. If substituted, Cp^A and/or Cp^B independently can have one substituent, two substituents, three substituents, four substituents, and so forth.

0070In formula (<b>I</b>), each substituent on Cp^A and/or on Cp^B independently can be H, a halide, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ halogenated hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, or a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group. In some aspects, each substituent independently can be H; alternatively, a halide; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ halogenated hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group or a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylsilyl group; or alternatively, a C₁ to C₈ alkyl group or a C₃ to C₈ alkenyl group. The halide, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, and C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group which can be a substituent on Cp^A and/or on Cp^B in formula (<b>I</b>) can be any halide, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, and C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group described herein (e.g., as pertaining to X in formula (<b>I</b>)). A substituent on Cp^A and/or on Cp^B in formula (<b>I</b>) can be, in certain aspects, a C₁ to C₃₆ halogenated hydrocarbyl group, where the halogenated hydrocarbyl group indicates the presence of one or more halogen atoms replacing an equivalent number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbyl group. The halogenated hydrocarbyl group often can be a halogenated alkyl group, a halogenated alkenyl group, a halogenated cycloalkyl group, a halogenated aryl group, or a halogenated aralkyl group. Representative and non-limiting halogenated hydrocarbyl groups include pentafluorophenyl, trifluoromethyl (CF₃), and the like.

0071As a non-limiting example, if present, each substituent on Cp^A and/or Cp^B independently can be H, Cl, CF₃, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group (e.g., t-Bu), a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a tolyl group (or other substituted aryl group), a benzyl group, a naphthyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a triisopropylsilyl group, a triphenylsilyl group, or an allyldimethylsilyl group; alternatively, H; alternatively, Cl; alternatively, CF₃; alternatively, a methyl group; alternatively, an ethyl group; alternatively, a propyl group; alternatively, a butyl group; alternatively, a pentyl group; alternatively, a hexyl group; alternatively, a heptyl group; alternatively, an octyl group, a nonyl group; alternatively, a decyl group; alternatively, an ethenyl group; alternatively, a propenyl group; alternatively, a butenyl group; alternatively, a pentenyl group; alternatively, a hexenyl group; alternatively, a heptenyl group; alternatively, an octenyl group; alternatively, a nonenyl group; alternatively, a decenyl group; alternatively, a phenyl group; alternatively, a tolyl group; alternatively, a benzyl group; alternatively, a naphthyl group; alternatively, a trimethylsilyl group; alternatively, a triisopropylsilyl group; alternatively, a triphenylsilyl group; or alternatively, an allyldimethylsilyl group.

0072Illustrative and non-limiting examples of unbridged metallocene compounds having formula (<b>I</b>) and/or suitable for use in the catalyst compositions of this invention can include the following compounds (Ph = phenyl): <chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0002.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0003.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0004.tif" /></chemistry> and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

0073The metallocene compound is not limited solely to unbridged metallocene compounds such as described above, or to suitable unbridged metallocene compounds (e.g., with zirconium or hafnium) disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0029" dnum="US7199073B"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 7,199,073</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0030" dnum="US7226886B"><text>7,226,886</text></patcit>,<patcit id="pcit0031" dnum="US7312283B"><text> 7,312,283</text></patcit>, and<patcit id="pcit0032" dnum="US7619047B"><text> 7,619,047</text></patcit>. For example, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged zirconium and/or hafnium based dinuclear metallocene compound. In one aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged zirconium based homodinuclear metallocene compound. In another aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged hafnium based homodinuclear metallocene compound. In yet another aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise an unbridged zirconium and/or hafnium based heterodinuclear metallocene compound (i.e., a dinuclear compound with two hafniums, or two zirconiums, or one zirconium and one hafnium). The metallocene compound can comprise unbridged dinuclear metallocenes such as those described in <patcit id="pcit0033" dnum="US7919639B"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 7,919,639</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0034" dnum="US8080681B"><text>8,080,681</text></patcit>. Illustrative and non-limiting examples of dinuclear metallocene compounds suitable for use in catalyst compositions of this invention can include the following compounds: <chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0005.tif" /></chemistry> and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

0074In some aspects of this invention, the metallocene compound can comprise a bridged metallocene compound. In one aspect, for instance, the metallocene compound can comprise a bridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound. In another aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise a bridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound with an alkenyl substituent. In yet another aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise a bridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound with an alkenyl substituent and a fluorenyl group. In still another aspect, the metallocene compound can comprise a bridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound with a cyclopentadienyl group and a fluorenyl group, and with an alkenyl substituent (e.g., a terminal alkenyl) on the bridging group and/or on the cyclopentadienyl group.

0075In some aspects, the metallocene compound can comprise a bridged metallocene compound having an aryl group substituent on the bridging group, while in other aspects, the metallocene compound can comprise a dinuclear bridged metallocene compound with an alkenyl linking group. For example, the metallocene compound can comprise a bridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound with a fluorenyl group, and an aryl group on the bridging group; alternatively, a bridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound with a cyclopentadienyl group and fluorenyl group, and an aryl group on the bridging group; alternatively, a bridged zirconium based metallocene compound with a fluorenyl group, and an aryl group on the bridging group; or alternatively, a bridged hafnium based metallocene compound with a fluorenyl group, and an aryl group on the bridging group. In these and other aspects, the aryl group on the bridging group can be a phenyl group. Optionally, these bridged metallocenes can contain an alkenyl substituent (e.g., a terminal alkenyl) on the bridging group and/or on a cyclopentadienyl-type group.

0076In some aspects, the metallocene compound can comprise a bridged zirconium or hafnium based metallocene compound with two indenyl groups (e.g., a bis-indenyl metallocene compound). Hence, the metallocene compound can comprise a bridged zirconium based metallocene compound with two indenyl groups, or alternatively, a bridged hafnium based metallocene compound with two indenyl groups. In some aspects, an aryl group can be present on the bridging group, while in other aspects, there are no aryl groups present on the bridging group. Optionally, these bridged indenyl metallocenes can contain an alkenyl substituent (e.g., a terminal alkenyl) on the bridging group and/or on the indenyl group (one or both indenyl groups). The bridging atom of the bridging group can be, for instance, a carbon atom or a silicon atom; alternatively, the bridge can contain a chain of two carbon atoms, a chain of two silicon atoms, and so forth.

0077The metallocene compound can comprise, in particular aspects of this invention, a bridged metallocene compound having formula (<b>II</b>): <chemistry id="chem0006" num="0006"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0006.tif" /></chemistry>

0078Within formula (<b>II</b>), M, Cp, R^X, R^Y, E, and each X are independent elements of the bridged metallocene compound. Accordingly, the bridged metallocene compound having formula (<b>II</b>) can be described using any combination of M, Cp, R^X, R^Y, E, and X disclosed herein.

0079The selections for M and each X in formula (<b>II</b>) are the same as those described herein above for formula (<b>I</b>). In formula (<b>II</b>), Cp can be a substituted cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, or fluorenyl group. In one aspect, Cp can be a substituted cyclopentadienyl group, while in another aspect, Cp can be a substituted indenyl group.

0080In some aspects, Cp can contain no additional substituents, e.g., other than bridging group E, discussed further herein below. In other aspects, Cp can be further substituted with one substituent, two substituents, three substituents, four substituents, and so forth. If present, each substituent on Cp independently can be H, a halide, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ halogenated hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, or a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group. Importantly, each substituent on Cp can be either the same or a different substituent group. Moreover, each substituent can be at any position on the respective cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, or fluorenyl ring structure that conforms with the rules of chemical valence. In general, any substituent on Cp, independently, can be H or any halide, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ halogenated hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, or C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group described herein (e.g., as pertaining to substituents on Cp^A and Cp^B in formula (<b>I</b>)).

0081In one aspect, for example, each substituent on Cp independently can be a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group or a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylsilyl group. In another aspect, each substituent on Cp independently can be a C₁ to C₈ alkyl group or a C₃ to C₈ alkenyl group. In yet another aspect, each substituent on Cp^C independently can be H, Cl, CF₃, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a benzyl group, a naphthyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a triisopropylsilyl group, a triphenylsilyl group, or an allyldimethylsilyl group.

0082Similarly, R^X and R^Y in formula (<b>II</b>) independently can be H or any halide, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ halogenated hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, or C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group disclosed herein (e.g., as pertaining to substituents on Cp^A and Cp^B in formula (<b>I</b>)). In one aspect, for example, R^X and R^Y independently can be H or a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group. In another aspect, R^X and R^Y independently can be a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group. In yet another aspect, R^X and R^Y independently can be H, Cl, CF₃, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group (e.g., t-Bu), a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a benzyl group, a naphthyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a triisopropylsilyl group, a triphenylsilyl group, or an allyldimethylsilyl group, and the like. In still another aspect, R^X and R^Y independently can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a tolyl group, or a benzyl group.

0083Bridging group E in formula (<b>II</b>) can be (i) a bridging group having the formula >E^AR^AR^B, wherein E^A can be C, Si, or Ge, and R^A and R^B independently can be H or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; (ii) a bridging group having the formula -CR^CR^D-CR^ER^F-, wherein R^C, R^D, R^E, and R^F independently can be H or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; or (iii) a bridging group having the formula -SiR^GR^H-E⁵R^IR^J-, wherein E⁵ can be C or Si, and R^G, R^H, R^I, and R^J independently can be H or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group.

0084In the first option, the bridging group E can have the formula >E^AR^AR^B, wherein E^A can be C, Si, or Ge, and R^A and R^B independently can be H or any C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group disclosed herein. In some aspects of this invention, R^A and R^B independently can be a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, R^A and R^B independently can be a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, R^A and R^B independently can be a phenyl group, a C₁ to C₈ alkyl group, or a C₃ to C₈ alkenyl group; alternatively, R^A and R^B independently can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a cyclohexylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tolyl group, or a benzyl group; or alternatively, R^A and R^B independently can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a phenyl group, or a benzyl group. In these and other aspects, R^A and R^B can be either the same or different.

0085In the second option, the bridging group E can have the formula -CR^CR^D-CR^ER^F-, wherein R^C, R^D, R^E, and R^F independently can be H or any C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group disclosed herein. For instance, R^C, R^D, R^E, and R^F independently can be H or a methyl group.

0086In the third option, the bridging group E can have the formula -SiR^GR^H-E⁵R^IR^J-, wherein E⁵ can be C or Si, and R^G, R^H, R^I, and R^J independently can be H or any C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group disclosed herein. For instance, E⁵ can be Si, and R^G, R^H, R^I, and R^J independently can be H or a methyl group.

0087Illustrative and non-limiting examples of bridged metallocene compounds having formula (<b>II</b>) and/or suitable for use in catalyst compositions of this invention can an include the following compounds (Me = methyl, Ph = phenyl; t-Bu = tert-butyl): <chemistry id="chem0007" num="0007"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0007.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0008" num="0008"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0008.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0009" num="0009"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0009.tif" /></chemistry> and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

0088Further examples of bridged metallocene compounds having formula (<b>II</b>) and/or suitable for use in catalyst compositions of this invention can include, but are not limited to, the following compounds: <chemistry id="chem0010" num="0010"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0010.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0011" num="0011"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0011.tif" /></chemistry> and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

0089Suitable metallocene compounds are not limited solely to the bridged metallocene compounds such as described above. Other suitable bridged metallocene compounds (e.g., with zirconium or hafnium) are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0035" dnum="US7026494B"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 7,026,494</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0036" dnum="US7041617B"><text>7,041,617</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0037" dnum="US7226886B"><text>7,226,886</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0038" dnum="US7312283B"><text>7,312,283</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0039" dnum="US7517939B"><text>7,517,939</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0040" dnum="US7619047B"><text>7,619,047</text></patcit>.

ZIEGLER-NATTA COMPONENT

0090Catalyst compositions consistent with this disclosure can contain a Ziegler-Natta component, typically a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂. Generally, the amount of the MgCl₂ in the Ziegler-Natta component is not particularly limited. However, the weight percentage of magnesium (based on the weight of Ziegler-Natta component) often falls within a range from about 0.1 to about 10 wt. %. For example, the weight percentage can be in a range from about 0.5 to about 10 wt. % magnesium, from about 1 to about 8 wt. % magnesium, or from about 1 to about 7 wt. % magnesium. In specific aspects, the weight percentage of magnesium, based on the weight of the Ziegler-Natta component, can be in a range from about 2 to about 9 wt. %, from about 3 to about 8 wt. %, from about 3 to about 7 wt. %, from about 4 to about 7 wt. %, or from about 4 to about 6 wt. % magnesium.

0091Likewise, the amount of titanium in the Ziegler-Natta component is not particularly limited. The weight percentage of titanium (based on the weight of Ziegler-Natta component) typically falls within a range from about 0.1 to about 10 wt. %. For example, the weight percentage can be in a range from about 0.5 to about 10 wt. % titanium, from about 1 to about 8 wt. % titanium, or from about 1 to about 7 wt. % titanium. In specific aspects, the weight percentage of titanium, based on the weight of the Ziegler-Natta component, can be in a range from about 2 to about 9 wt. %, from about 3 to about 8 wt. %, from about 3 to about 7 wt. %, from about 4 to about 7 wt. %, or from about 4 to about 6 wt. % titanium.

0092Any suitable titanium compounds can be used in the processes for producing a catalyst composition disclosed herein (or suitable titanium compounds present in the Ziegler-Natta component), such as titanium halides, titanium alkoxides, alkoxytitanium halides, and the like, as well as combinations thereof. For instance, the titanium compound can comprise, either singly or in combination, TiCl₃, TiCl₄, TiBr₄, TiI₄, or TiF₄.

0093In some aspects, the Ziegler-Natta component, in addition to containing titanium supported on MgCl₂, can contain aluminum at any suitable amount. Additionally or alternatively, the Ziegler-Natta component can further comprise polyethylene at any suitable amount, for instance, the Ziegler-Natta component can be a pre-polymerized Ziegler-Natta component. Additionally or alternatively, the Ziegler-Natta component can be supported on an inert support, such as silica.

0094In other aspects, instead of titanium, the Ziegler-Natta component can contain vanadium supported on MgCl₂, in an amount (in wt. %) similar to that of titanium. Typical vanadium compounds that can be used in the processes for producing a catalyst composition disclosed herein can include vanadium halides, vanadium alkoxides, alkoxyvanadium halides, and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

CATALYST COMPOSITIONS

0095Various processes for preparing a catalyst composition containing a metallocene compound, an activator-support, an organoaluminum compound, and a Ziegler-Natta component are disclosed and described herein. One or more than one metallocene compound, activator-support, organoaluminum compound, and Ziegler-Natta component can be employed in the disclosed processes and compositions. A process for producing a catalyst composition consistent with aspects of this invention comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of): <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact"><li>(a) contacting an activator-support and an organoaluminum compound for a first period of time to form a precontacted mixture; and (b) contacting the precontacted mixture with a metallocene compound and a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂ for a second period of time to form the catalyst composition.</li></ol>

0096Generally, the features of any of the processes disclosed herein (e.g., the activator-support, the organoaluminum compound, the metallocene compound, the Ziegler-Natta component, the first period of time, and the second period of time, among others) are independently disclosed herein, and these features can be combined in any combination to further describe the disclosed processes. Suitable activator-supports, organoaluminum compounds, metallocene compounds, and Ziegler-Natta components are discussed hereinabove. Moreover, other process steps can be conducted before, during, and/or after any of the steps listed in the disclosed processes, unless stated otherwise. Additionally, catalyst compositions produced in accordance with the disclosed processes are within the scope of this disclosure and are encompassed herein.

0097Step (a) of the process often can be referred to as the precontacting step, and in the precontacting step, an activator-support can be combined with an organoaluminum compound for a first period of time to form a precontacted mixture. The precontacting step can be conducted at a variety of temperatures and time periods. For instance, the precontacting step can be conducted at a precontacting temperature in a range from about 0 °C to about 100 °C; alternatively, from about 0 °C to about 75 °C; alternatively, from about 10 °C to about 75 °C; alternatively, from about 20 °C to about 60 °C; alternatively, from about 20 °C to about 50 °C; alternatively, from about 15 °C to about 45 °C; or alternatively, from about 20 °C to about 40 °C. In these and other aspects, these temperature ranges also are meant to encompass circumstances where the precontacting step is conducted at a series of different temperatures, instead of at a single fixed temperature, falling within the respective ranges.

0098The duration of the precontacting step (the first period of time) is not limited to any particular period of time. Hence, the first period of time can be, for example, in a time period ranging from as little as 1-10 seconds to as long as 48 hours, or more. The appropriate first period of time can depend upon, for example, the precontacting temperature, the amounts of the activator-support and the organoaluminum compound in the precontacted mixture, the presence of diluents or solvents in the precontacting step, and the degree of mixing, among other variables. Generally, however, the first period of time can be at least about 5 sec, at least about 10 sec, at least about 30 sec, at least about 1 min, at least about 5 min, at least about 10 min, and so forth. Typical ranges for the first period of time can include, but are not limited to, from about 1 sec to about 48 hr, from about 10 sec to about 48 hr, from about 30 sec to about 24 hr, from about 30 sec to about 6 hr, from about 1 min to about 12 hr, from about 5 min to about 24 hr, or from about 10 min to about 8 hr, and the like.

0099Often, the precontacting step can be conducted by combining a slurry of the activator-support in a first diluent with a solution of the organoaluminum compound in the same or a different diluent, and mixing to ensure sufficient contacting of the activator-support and the organoaluminum compound. However, any suitable procedure known to those of skill in the art for thoroughly combining the activator-support and the organoaluminum compound can be employed. Non-limiting examples of suitable hydrocarbon diluents can include, but are not limited to, propane, isobutane, n-butane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, n-hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, and the like, or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the activator-support can be present as a dry solid, and the precontacting step can be conducted by combining the dry activator-support with a solution of the organoaluminum compound in a first diluent (e.g., a suitable hydrocarbon solvent, such as cyclohexane, isobutane, n-butane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, hexane, heptane, and the like, as well as combinations thereof), and mixing to ensure sufficient contacting of the activator-support and the organoaluminum compound. Accordingly, any suitable procedure known to those of skill in the art for contacting or combining the activator-support and the organoaluminum compound can be employed.

0100In step (b) of the process, the precontacted mixture (often, a slurry) can be contacted with the metallocene compound and the Ziegler-Natta component to form the catalyst composition. Step (b), likewise, can be conducted at a variety of temperatures and time periods. For instance, step (b) can be conducted at a temperature in a range from about 0 °C to about 100 °C; alternatively, from about 10 °C to about 75 °C; alternatively, from about 20 °C to about 60 °C; alternatively, from about 15 °C to about 45 °C; or alternatively, from about 20 °C to about 40 °C. In these and other aspects, these temperature ranges are also meant to encompass circumstances where step (b) is conducted at a series of different temperatures, instead of at a single fixed temperature, falling within the respective ranges. As an example, the precontacted mixture, the metallocene compound, and the Ziegler-Natta component can be contacted at an elevated temperature, following by cooling to a lower temperature for longer term storage of the finished catalyst composition.

0101The second period of time is not limited to any particular period of time. Hence, the second period of time can range from as little as 1-10 seconds to as long as 48 hours, or more. The appropriate second period of time can depend upon, for example, the temperature, the amounts of the precontacted mixture and the metallocene and Ziegler-Natta components, the presence of diluents or solvents in step (b), the degree of mixing, and considerations for long term storage, among other variables. Generally, however, the second period of time can be at least about 5 sec, at least about 10 sec, at least about 30 sec, at least about 1 min, at least about 5 min, at least about 10 min, and so forth. Assuming the catalyst composition is not intended for long term storage, which could extend for days or weeks, typical ranges for the second period of time can include, but are not limited to, from about 1 sec to about 48 hr, from about 10 sec to about 48 hr, from about 30 sec to about 24 hr, from about 30 sec to about 6 hr, from about 1 min to about 6 hr, from about 5 min to about 24 hr, or from about 10 min to about 8 hr.

0102In related aspects, a catalyst composition consistent with this invention can comprise (A) a precontacted mixture comprising an activator-support and an organoaluminum compound, (B) a metallocene compound, and (C) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂.

0103In another aspect, and unexpectedly, the activity of the catalyst composition can be greater (e.g., by at least about 2%, by at least about 10%, by at least about 25%, by at least about 100%, from about 1% to about 100%, from about 2% to about 50%, from about 5% to about 50%, from about 15% to about 1000%, or from about 25% to about 800% greater) than that of a catalyst system obtained by first combining the activator-support and the metallocene compound, and then combining the organoaluminum compound and the Ziegler-Natta component, under the same polymerization conditions. The same polymerization conditions refer to slurry polymerization conditions, using isobutane as a diluent, and with a polymerization temperature of 80 °C and a reactor pressure of 260 psig. Moreover, all components used to prepare the catalyst systems are held constant (e.g., same amount/type of metallocene compound, same amount/type of Ziegler-Natta component, same amount/type of organoaluminum, same amount/type of activator-support, such as fluorided silica-coated alumina or sulfated alumina) and all polymerization conditions are held constant (e.g., same polymerization temperature, same pressure). Hence, the only difference is the order or sequence of contacting the respective catalyst components (precontacting the activator-support and the organoaluminum compound versus no precontacting).

0104A process for preparing a catalyst composition containing a metallocene compound, a Ziegler-Natta component, an activator-support, and an organoaluminum compound can comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) contacting, in any order: <ol id="ol0002" compact="compact"><li>(i) a metallocene compound;</li><li>(ii) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂;</li><li>(iii) an activator-support; and</li><li>(iv) an organoaluminum compound; to form the catalyst composition.</li></ol>

0105Generally, the features of this process (e.g., the activator-support, the organoaluminum compound, the metallocene compound, the Ziegler-Natta component, and the order of contacting, among others) are independently described herein, and these features can be combined in any combination to further describe the disclosed processes. Moreover, other process steps can be conducted before, during, and/or after any of the steps listed in the disclosed processes, unless stated otherwise. Additionally, catalyst compositions produced in accordance with this process are within the scope of this disclosure and are encompassed herein.

0106In this process, the various components can be contacted or combined in any order, and under any suitable conditions, to form the catalyst composition. Thus, a variety of temperatures and time periods can be employed. For instance, the catalyst components can be contacted a temperature in a range from about 0 °C to about 100 °C; alternatively, from about 0 °C to about 75 °C; alternatively, from about 10 °C to about 75 °C; alternatively, from about 20 °C to about 60 °C; alternatively, from about 20 °C to about 50 °C; alternatively, from about 15 °C to about 45 °C; or alternatively, from about 20 °C to about 40 °C. In these and other aspects, these temperature ranges also are meant to encompass circumstances where the components are contacted at a series of different temperatures, instead of at a single fixed temperature, falling within the respective ranges. As an example, the initial contacting of the components of the catalyst system can be conducted at an elevated temperature, following by cooling to a lower temperature for longer term storage of the finished catalyst composition.

0107The duration of the contacting of the components to form the catalyst composition is not limited to any particular period of time. Hence, this period of time can be, for example, from as little as 1-10 seconds to as long as 24-48 hours, or more. The appropriate period of time can depend upon, for example, the contacting temperature, the respective amounts of the activator-support, metallocene compound, Ziegler-Natta component, and organoaluminum compound to be contacted or combined, the degree of mixing, and considerations for long term storage, among other variables. Generally, however, the period of time for contacting can be at least about 5 sec, at least about 10 sec, at least about 30 sec, at least about 1 min, at least about 5 min, at least about 10 min, and so forth. Assuming the catalyst composition is not intended for long term storage, which could extend for days or weeks, typical ranges for the contacting time can include, but are not limited to, from about 1 sec to about 48 hr, from about 10 sec to about 48 hr, from about 30 sec to about 24 hr, from about 30 sec to about 6 hr, from about 1 min to about 6 hr, from about 5 min to about 24 hr, or from about 10 min to about 8 hr, and the like.

0108Often, the metallocene compound can be present as a solution in any suitable non-polar hydrocarbon, non-limiting examples of which can include, but are not limited to, propane, isobutane, n-butane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, n-hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, and the like, as well as combinations thereof. Often, the activator-support can be present as a slurry, and the diluent can be the same as or different from the non-polar hydrocarbon used for the metallocene solution.

0109In related aspects, a catalyst composition for use with this invention comprises (i) a metallocene compound, (ii) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂, (iii) an activator-support, and (iv) an organoaluminum compound.

0110Generally, in the catalyst compositions and methods of their preparation disclosed herein, the weight ratio of activator-support(s) to organoaluminum compound(s) can be in a range from about 1:10 to about 1000:1, or from about 1:5 to about 1000:1. If more than one organoaluminum compound and/or more than one activator-support are employed, this ratio is based on the total weight of each respective component. In another aspect, the weight ratio of the activator-support to the organoaluminum compound can be in a range from about 1:1 to about 500:1, from about 1:3 to about 200:1, or from about 1:1 to about 100:1.

0111Likewise, the weight ratio of metallocene compound(s) to activator-support(s) can be in a range from about 1:1 to about 1:1,000,000, or from about 1:5 to about 1:250,000. If more than one metallocene compound and/or more than one activator-support are employed, this ratio is based on the total weight of each respective component. In another aspect, the weight ratio of metallocene compound to activator-support can be in a range from about 1:10 to about 1:10,000, or from about 1:20 to about 1:1000.

0112The catalyst composition may be substantially free of aluminoxanes, organoboron or organoborate compounds, ionizing ionic compounds, and/or other similar materials; alternatively, substantially free of aluminoxanes; alternatively, substantially free or organoboron or organoborate compounds; or alternatively, substantially free of ionizing ionic compounds. In these aspects, the catalyst composition has catalyst activity in the absence of these additional materials. For example, a catalyst composition can consist essentially of (i) a metallocene compound, (ii) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂, (iii) an activator-support, and (iv) an organoaluminum compound, wherein no other materials are present in the catalyst composition which would increase/decrease the activity of the catalyst composition by more than about 10% from the catalyst activity of the catalyst composition in the absence of said materials.

0113The molar ratio of the metallocene component to the Ziegler-Natta component in the catalyst composition is not limited to any particular range. However, in some aspects, the molar ratio of the metallocene compound (e.g., Zr or Hf) to Ti (in the Ziegler-Natta component) in the catalyst composition can be in a range from about 10:1 to about 1:10, from about 8:1 to about 1:8, from about 5:1 to about 1:5, from about 4:1 to about 1:4, from about 3:1 to about 1:3, from about 3:1 to about 1:5, from about 2.8:1 to about 1:2.5, from about 2:1 to about 1:2, from about 1.5:1 to about 1:1.5, from about 1.25:1 to about 1:1.25, or from about 1.1:1 to about 1:1.1. If more than one metallocene compound and/or more than one Ziegler-Natta component are employed, this ratio is based on the total moles of the respective components.

0114Catalyst compositions for use in the present invention can have unexpectedly high catalyst activity. Generally, the catalyst compositions have a catalyst activity greater than about 500 grams of ethylene polymer (homopolymer, copolymer, etc., as the context requires) per gram of the activator-support per hour (abbreviated g/g/hr). In another aspect, the catalyst activity can be greater than about 1,000, greater than about 1,500, or greater than about 2,000 g/g/hr. In still another aspect, catalyst compositions of this invention can be characterized by having a catalyst activity greater than about 2,500, greater than about 3,000, or greater than about 4,000 g/g/hr, and often can range up to 5,000-10,000 g/g/hr. These activities are measured under slurry polymerization conditions, with a triisobutylaluminum co-catalyst, using isobutane as the diluent, at a polymerization temperature of 80 °C and a reactor pressure of about 260 psig.

OLEFIN MONOMERS

0115Unsaturated reactants that can be employed with catalyst compositions and polymerization processes of this invention typically can include olefin compounds having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond. Comonomers that can be copolymerized with ethylene often can have from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, in their molecular chain.

0116Acyclic, cyclic, polycyclic, terminal (α), internal, linear, branched, substituted, unsubstituted, functionalized, and non-functionalized olefins can be employed in this invention. For example, typical unsaturated compounds that can be polymerized with the catalyst compositions disclosed herein can include, but are not limited to, ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 2-hexene, 3-hexene, 3-ethyl-1-hexene, 1-heptene, 2-heptene, 3-heptene, the four normal octenes (e.g., 1-octene), the four normal nonenes, the five normal decenes, and the like, or mixtures of two or more of these compounds. Cyclic and bicyclic olefins, including but not limited to, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, norbornylene, norbornadiene, and the like, also can be polymerized as described herein. Styrene can also be employed as a monomer in the present invention. In an aspect, the olefin monomer can comprise a C₂-C₂₀ olefin; alternatively, a C₂-C₂₀ alpha-olefin; alternatively, a C₂-C₁₀ olefin; alternatively, a C₂-C₁₀ alpha-olefin; alternatively, the olefin monomer can comprise ethylene; or alternatively, the olefin monomer can comprise propylene.

0117When a copolymer (or alternatively, a terpolymer) is desired, the olefin monomer and the olefin comonomer independently can comprise, for example, a C₂-C₂₀ alpha-olefin. In some aspects, the olefin monomer can comprise ethylene or propylene, which is copolymerized with at least one comonomer (e.g., a C₂-C₂₀ alpha-olefin, a C₃-C₂₀ alpha-olefin, etc.). According to one aspect of this invention, the olefin monomer used in the polymerization process can comprise ethylene. In this aspect, examples of suitable olefin comonomers can include, but are not limited to, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 2-hexene, 3-ethyl-1-hexene, 1-heptene, 2-heptene, 3-heptene, 1-octene, 1-decene, styrene, and the like, or combinations thereof. According to another aspect of the present invention, the olefin monomer can comprise ethylene, and the comonomer can comprise a C₃-C₁₀ alpha-olefin; alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, styrene, or any combination thereof; alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, or any combination thereof; alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-butene; alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-hexene; or alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-octene.

0118Generally, the amount of comonomer introduced into a polymerization reactor system to produce a copolymer can be from about 0.01 to about 50 weight percent of the comonomer based on the total weight of the monomer and comonomer. According to another aspect of the present invention, the amount of comonomer introduced into a polymerization reactor system can be from about 0.01 to about 40 weight percent comonomer based on the total weight of the monomer and comonomer. In still another aspect, the amount of comonomer introduced into a polymerization reactor system can be from about 0.1 to about 35 weight percent comonomer based on the total weight of the monomer and comonomer. Yet, in another aspect, the amount of comonomer introduced into a polymerization reactor system can be from about 0.5 to about 20 weight percent comonomer based on the total weight of the monomer and comonomer.

0119While not intending to be bound by this theory, where branched, substituted, or functionalized olefins are used as reactants, it is believed that a steric hindrance can impede and/or slow the polymerization process. Thus, branched and/or cyclic portion(s) of the olefin removed somewhat from the carbon-carbon double bond would not be expected to hinder the reaction in the way that the same olefin substituents situated more proximate to the carbon-carbon double bond might.

0120According to one aspect of the present invention, at least one monomer/reactant can be ethylene (or propylene), so the polymerization reaction can be a copolymerization with a different acyclic, cyclic, terminal, internal, linear, branched, substituted, or unsubstituted olefin. In addition, the catalyst compositions disclosed herein can be used in the polymerization of diolefin compounds including, but not limited to, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 1,4-pentadiene, and 1,5-hexadiene.

POLYMERIZATION PROCESSES

0121Catalyst compositions disclosed herein can be used to polymerize olefins to form copolymers. One such process for polymerizing olefins in the presence of a catalyst composition described herein can comprise contacting the catalyst composition with an olefin monomer and an olefin comonomer (one or more) in a polymerization reactor system under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer, wherein the catalyst composition can comprise any of the catalyst compositions described herein, and/or the catalyst composition can be produced by any of the processes for preparing catalyst compositions described herein. For instance, the catalyst composition can comprise (A) a precontacted mixture comprising an activator-support and an organoaluminum compound, (B) a metallocene compound, and (C) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂, or the catalyst composition can comprise (i) a metallocene compound, (ii) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂, (iii) an activator-support, and (iv) an organoaluminum compound. The components of the catalyst compositions are described herein.

0122The catalyst compositions disclosed herein are intended for any olefin polymerization method using various types of polymerization reactor systems and reactors. The polymerization reactor system can include any polymerization reactor capable of polymerizing olefin monomers and comonomers (one or more than one comonomer) to produce copolymers. The various types of reactors include, but are not limited to, those that can be referred to as a batch reactor, slurry reactor, gas-phase reactor, solution reactor, high pressure reactor, tubular reactor, autoclave reactor, and the like, or combinations thereof. Suitable polymerization conditions are used for the various reactor types. Gas phase reactors can comprise fluidized bed reactors or staged horizontal reactors. Slurry reactors can comprise vertical or horizontal loops. High pressure reactors can comprise autoclave or tubular reactors. Reactor types can include batch or continuous processes. Continuous processes can use intermittent or continuous product discharge. Processes can also include partial or full direct recycle of unreacted monomer, unreacted comonomer, and/or diluent.

0123Polymerization reactor systems of the present invention can comprise one type of reactor in a system or multiple reactors of the same or different type (e.g., a single reactor, dual reactor, more than two reactors). Production of polymers in multiple reactors can include several stages in at least two separate polymerization reactors interconnected by a transfer device making it possible to transfer the polymers resulting from the first polymerization reactor into the second reactor. The desired polymerization conditions in one of the reactors can be different from the operating conditions of the other reactor(s). Alternatively, polymerization in multiple reactors can include the manual transfer of polymer from one reactor to subsequent reactors for continued polymerization. Multiple reactor systems can include any combination including, but not limited to, multiple loop reactors, multiple gas phase reactors, a combination of loop and gas phase reactors, multiple high pressure reactors, or a combination of high pressure with loop and/or gas phase reactors. The multiple reactors can be operated in series, in parallel, or both. Accordingly, the present invention encompasses polymerization reactor systems comprising a single reactor, comprising two reactors, and comprising more than two reactors. The polymerization reactor system can comprise a slurry reactor, a gas-phase reactor, a solution reactor, in certain aspects of this invention, as well as multi-reactor combinations thereof.

0124According to one aspect of the invention, the polymerization reactor system can comprise at least one loop slurry reactor comprising vertical or horizontal loops. Monomer, diluent, catalyst, and comonomer can be continuously fed into a loop reactor where polymerization occurs. Generally, continuous processes can comprise the continuous introduction of monomer/comonomer, a catalyst, and a diluent into a polymerization reactor and the continuous removal from this reactor of a suspension comprising polymer particles and the diluent. Reactor effluent can be flashed to remove the solid polymer from the liquids that comprise the diluent, monomer and/or comonomer. Various technologies can be used for this separation step including, but not limited to, flashing that can include any combination of heat addition and pressure reduction, separation by cyclonic action in either a cyclone or hydrocyclone, or separation by centrifugation.

0125A typical slurry polymerization process (also known as the particle form process) is disclosed, for example, in <patcit id="pcit0041" dnum="US3248179A"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 3,248,179</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0042" dnum="US4501885A"><text>4,501,885</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0043" dnum="US5565175A"><text>5,565,175</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0044" dnum="US5575979A"><text>5,575,979</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0045" dnum="US6239235B"><text>6,239,235</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0046" dnum="US6262191B"><text>6,262,191</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0047" dnum="US6833415B"><text>6,833,415</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0048" dnum="US8822608B"><text>8,822,608</text></patcit>.

0126Suitable diluents used in slurry polymerization include, but are not limited to, the monomer being polymerized and hydrocarbons that are liquids under polymerization conditions. Examples of suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons such as propane, cyclohexane, isobutane, n-butane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, and n-hexane. Some loop polymerization reactions can occur under bulk conditions where no diluent is used.

0127According to yet another aspect of this invention, the polymerization reactor system can comprise at least one gas phase reactor. Such systems can employ a continuous recycle stream containing one or more monomers continuously cycled through a fluidized bed in the presence of the catalyst under polymerization conditions. A recycle stream can be withdrawn from the fluidized bed and recycled back into the reactor. Simultaneously, polymer product can be withdrawn from the reactor and new or fresh monomer can be added to replace the polymerized monomer. Such gas phase reactors can comprise a process for multi-step gas-phase polymerization of olefins, in which olefins are polymerized in the gaseous phase in at least two independent gas-phase polymerization zones while feeding a catalyst-containing polymer formed in a first polymerization zone to a second polymerization zone. Representative gas phase reactors are disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0049" dnum="US5352749A"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 5,352,749</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0050" dnum="US4588790A"><text>4,588,790</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0051" dnum="US5436304A"><text>5,436,304</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0052" dnum="US7531606B"><text>7,531,606</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0053" dnum="US7598327B"><text>7,598,327</text></patcit>.

0128According to still another aspect of the invention, a high pressure polymerization reactor can comprise a tubular reactor or an autoclave reactor. Tubular reactors can have several zones where fresh monomer, initiators, or catalysts are added. Monomer can be entrained in an inert gaseous stream and introduced at one zone of the reactor. Initiators, catalysts, and/or catalyst components can be entrained in a gaseous stream and introduced at another zone of the reactor. The gas streams can be intermixed for polymerization. Heat and pressure can be employed appropriately to obtain optimal polymerization reaction conditions.

0129According to yet another aspect of the invention, the polymerization reactor system can comprise a solution polymerization reactor wherein the monomer (and comonomer) are contacted with the catalyst composition by suitable stirring or other means. A carrier comprising an inert organic diluent or excess monomer can be employed. If desired, the monomer/comonomer can be brought in the vapor phase into contact with the catalytic reaction product, in the presence or absence of liquid material. The polymerization zone is maintained at temperatures and pressures that will result in the formation of a solution of the polymer in a reaction medium. Agitation can be employed to obtain better temperature control and to maintain uniform polymerization mixtures throughout the polymerization zone. Adequate means are utilized for dissipating the exothermic heat of polymerization.

0130Polymerization reactor systems suitable for the present invention can further comprise any combination of at least one raw material feed system, at least one feed system for catalyst or catalyst components, and/or at least one polymer recovery system. Suitable reactor systems for the present invention can further comprise systems for feedstock purification, catalyst storage and preparation, extrusion, reactor cooling, polymer recovery, fractionation, recycle, storage, loadout, laboratory analysis, and process control.

0131Polymerization conditions that are controlled for efficiency and to provide desired polymer properties can include temperature, pressure, and the concentrations of various reactants. Polymerization temperature can affect catalyst productivity, polymer molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. A suitable polymerization temperature can be any temperature below the de-polymerization temperature according to the Gibbs Free energy equation. Typically, this includes from about 60 °C to about 280 °C, for example, or from about 60 °C to about 120 °C, depending upon the type of polymerization reactor(s). In some reactor systems, the polymerization temperature generally can fall within a range from about 70 °C to about 100 °C, or from about 75 °C to about 95 °C. Various polymerization conditions can be held substantially constant, for example, for the production of a particular grade of olefin polymer.

0132Suitable pressures will also vary according to the reactor and polymerization type. The pressure for liquid phase polymerizations in a loop reactor is typically less than 1000 psig (6.9 MPa). Pressure for gas phase polymerization is usually at about 200 to 500 psig (1.4 MPa to 3.4 MPa). High pressure polymerization in tubular or autoclave reactors is generally run at about 20,000 to 75,000 psig (138 to 517 MPa). Polymerization reactors can also be operated in a supercritical region occurring at generally higher temperatures and pressures. Operation above the critical point of a pressure/temperature diagram (supercritical phase) may offer advantages to the polymerization reaction process.

0133Aspects of this invention are directed to olefin polymerization processes comprising contacting a catalyst composition with an olefin monomer and an olefin comonomer under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer.

0134Aspects of this invention also are directed to olefin polymerization processes conducted in the absence of added hydrogen. An olefin polymerization process of this invention can comprise contacting a catalyst composition (i.e., any catalyst composition disclosed herein) with an olefin monomer and an olefin comonomer in a polymerization reactor system under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer, wherein the polymerization process is conducted in the absence of added hydrogen (no hydrogen is added to the polymerization reactor system). As one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize, hydrogen can be generated in-situ by catalyst compositions in various olefin polymerization processes, and the amount generated can vary depending upon the specific catalyst components employed, the type of polymerization process used, the polymerization reaction conditions utilized, and so forth.

0135In other aspects, it may be desirable to conduct the polymerization process in the presence of a certain amount of added hydrogen. Accordingly, an olefin polymerization process of this invention can comprise contacting a catalyst composition (i.e., any catalyst composition disclosed herein) with an olefin monomer and an olefin comonomer in a polymerization reactor system under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer, wherein the polymerization process is conducted in the presence of added hydrogen (hydrogen is added to the polymerization reactor system). For example, the ratio of hydrogen to the olefin monomer in the polymerization process can be controlled, often by the feed ratio of hydrogen to the olefin monomer entering the reactor. The added hydrogen to olefin monomer ratio in the process can be controlled at a weight ratio which falls within a range from about 25 ppm to about 1500 ppm, from about 50 to about 1000 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 750 ppm.

0136In some aspects of this invention, the feed or reactant ratio of hydrogen to olefin monomer can be maintained substantially constant during the polymerization run for a particular polymer grade. That is, the hydrogen:olefin monomer ratio can be selected at a particular ratio within a range from about 5 ppm up to about 1000 ppm or so, and maintained at the ratio to within about +/- 25% during the polymerization run. For instance, if the target ratio is 100 ppm, then maintaining the hydrogen:olefin monomer ratio substantially constant would entail maintaining the feed ratio between about 75 ppm and about 125 ppm. Further, the addition of comonomer (or comonomers) can be, and generally is, substantially constant throughout the polymerization run for a particular polymer grade.

0137However, in other aspects, it is contemplated that monomer, comonomer (or comonomers), and/or hydrogen can be periodically pulsed to the reactor, for instance, in a manner similar to that employed in <patcit id="pcit0054" dnum="US5739220A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,739,220</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0055" dnum="US20040059070A"><text>U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0059070</text></patcit>.

0138The concentration of the reactants entering the polymerization reactor system can be controlled to produce resins with certain physical and mechanical properties. The proposed end-use product that will be formed by the polymer resin and the method of forming that product ultimately can determine the desired polymer properties and attributes. Mechanical properties include tensile, flexural, impact, creep, stress relaxation, and hardness tests. Physical properties include density, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, melting temperature, glass transition temperature, temperature melt of crystallization, density, stereoregularity, crack growth, long chain branching, and rheological measurements.

0139This invention is also directed to, and encompasses, the polymers (e.g., α-olefin copolymers) produced by any of the polymerization processes disclosed herein. Articles of manufacture can be formed from, and/or can comprise, the polymers produced in accordance with this invention.

POLYMERS AND ARTICLES

0140Generally, olefin polymers encompassed herein can include any polymer produced from any olefin monomer and comonomer(s) described herein. For example, the olefin polymer can comprise an ethylene copolymer (e.g., ethylene/α-olefin, ethylene/1-butene, ethylene/1-hexene, ethylene/1-octene, etc.), a propylene copolymer, an ethylene terpolymer, a propylene terpolymer, and the like, including combinations thereof. In one aspect, the olefin polymer can be an ethylene/1 -butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, or an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, while in another aspect, the olefin polymer can be an ethyl ene/1-hexene copolymer.

0141If the resultant polymer produced in accordance with the present invention is, for example, an ethylene polymer, its properties can be characterized by various analytical techniques known and used in the polyolefin industry. Articles of manufacture can be formed from, and/or can comprise, the ethylene polymers of this invention, whose typical properties are provided below.

0142The polymer is characterized, in an ATREF test, by from about 1 to about 18 wt. % (or from about 1 to about 16 wt. %) of the polymer eluted below a temperature of 40 °C, by from about 1 to about 15 wt. % (or from about 1 to about 10 wt. %) of the polymer eluted between 76 and 86 °C, by from about 27 to about 60 wt. % (or from about 29 to about 60 wt. %) of the polymer eluted above a temperature of 86 °C, and the remainder of the polymer (to reach 100 wt. %) eluted between 40 and 76 °C.

0143A polymer of the present invention can have a MI in a range from 0 to about 2, from about 0.1 to about 2, from about 0.1 to about 1.5, from about 0.2 to about 1.5, or from about 0.5 to about 1.5 g/10 min.

0144Consistent with certain aspects of this invention, ethylene polymers described herein can have a high load melt index (HLMI) in a range from 0 to about 150, from 0 to about 100, from 0 to about 75, or from 0 to about 50 g/10 min. In further aspects, ethylene polymers described herein can have a HLMI in a range from 0 to about 40, from 0 to about 20, from about 2 to about 40, from about 3 to about 35, from about 4 to about 30, or from about 5 to about 25 g/10 min.

0145Generally, polymers produced in aspects of the present invention are essentially linear or have very low levels of long chain branching, with typically less than about 0.01 long chain branches (LCB) per 1000 total carbon atoms, and similar in LCB content to polymers shown, for example, in <patcit id="pcit0056" dnum="US7517939B"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 7,517,939</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0057" dnum="US8114946B"><text>8,114,946</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0058" dnum="US8383754B"><text>8,383,754</text></patcit>. In other aspects, the number of LCB per 1000 total carbon atoms can be less than about 0.008, less than about 0.007, less than about 0.005, or less than about 0.003 LCB per 1000 total carbon atoms.

0146In another aspect, ethylene polymers described herein can have a Mw/Mn in a range from about 2.5 to about 7, or from about 4 to about 8.

0147In an aspect, ethylene polymers described herein can have a ratio of Mz/Mw in a range from about 1.8 to about 12, from about 1.8 to about 10, from about 2 to about 12, or from about 2 to about 10. In another aspect, ethylene polymers described herein can have a Mz/Mw in a range from about 2 to about 8, from about 2 to about 6, from about 2 to about 5, from about 3 to about 8, or from about 3 to about 6.

0148In an aspect, ethylene polymers described herein can have a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) in a range from about 20,000 to about 600,000, from about 30,000 to about 500,000, from about 40,000 to about 400,000, from about 100,000 to about 300,000, or from about 120,000 to about 260,000 g/mol. In another aspect, ethylene polymers described herein can have a number-average molecular weight (Mn) in a range from about 5,000 to about 100,000, from about 6,000 to about 80,000, from about 20,000 to about 75,000, or from about 20,000 to about 50,000 g/mol. In yet another aspect, ethylene polymers described herein can have a z-average molecular weight (Mz) in a range from about 50,000 to about 4,000,000, from about 100,000 to about 3,500,000, from about 200,000 to about 3,000,000, from about 200,000 to about 1,200,000, or from about 300,000 to about 1,000,000 g/mol.

0149Ethylene polymers consistent with certain aspects of the invention often can have a bimodal molecular weight distribution (as determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or other suitable analytical technique). Typically, a bimodal molecular weight distribution can be characterized as having an identifiable high molecular weight component (or distribution) and an identifiable low molecular weight component (or distribution).

0150In one aspect of this invention, ethylene copolymers, for example, produced using the polymerization processes and catalyst systems described herein can have a generally decreasing SCBD (the number of short chain branches per 1000 total carbon atoms at Mz is less than at Mn), while in another aspect, the ethylene copolymers can have a substantially constant SCBD (as described in <patcit id="pcit0059" dnum="US9217049B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 9,217,049</text></patcit>).

0151In particular aspects of this invention, the olefin polymers described herein can be a reactor product (e.g., a single reactor product), for example, not a post-reactor blend of two polymers, for instance, having different molecular weight characteristics. As one of skill in the art would readily recognize, physical blends of two different polymer resins can be made, but this necessitates additional processing and complexity not required for a reactor product.

0152In particular aspects of this invention, the ethylene copolymers are characterized by the following polymer fractions eluted using ATREF: from about 1 to about 18 wt. % (or from about 1 to about 16 wt. %, or from about 1 to about 8 wt. %) of the polymer eluted below a temperature of 40 °C; from about 1 to about 15 wt. % (or from about 1 to about 10 wt. %, or from about 1 to about 8 wt. %) of the polymer eluted between 76 and 86 °C; from about 27 to about 60 wt. % (or from about 29 to about 60 wt. %, or from about 28 to about 48 wt. %, or from about 29 to about 40 wt. %) of the polymer eluted above a temperature of 86 °C; and the remaining percentage of the polymer (to reach 100 wt. %) eluted between 40 and 76 °C.

0153Olefin polymers, whether homopolymers, copolymers, and so forth, can be formed into various articles of manufacture. Articles which can comprise polymers of this invention include, but are not limited to, an agricultural film, an automobile part, a bottle, a container for chemicals, a drum, a fiber or fabric, a food packaging film or container, a food service article, a fuel tank, a geomembrane, a household container, a liner, a molded product, a medical device or material, an outdoor storage product, outdoor play equipment, a pipe, a sheet or tape, a toy, or a traffic barrier, and the like. Various processes can be employed to form these articles. Non-limiting examples of these processes include injection molding, blow molding, rotational molding, film extrusion, sheet extrusion, profile extrusion, thermoforming, and the like. Additionally, additives and modifiers are often added to these polymers in order to provide beneficial polymer processing or end-use product attributes. Such processes and materials are described in <nplcit id="ncit0003" npl-type="b"><text>Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, Mid-November 1995 Issue, Vol. 72, No. 12</text></nplcit>; and <nplcit id="ncit0004" npl-type="b"><text>Film Extrusion Manual - Process, Materials, Properties, TAPPI Press, 1992</text></nplcit>. In some aspects of this invention, an article of manufacture can comprise any of ethylene copolymers described herein, and the article of manufacture can be a film product or a molded product.

0154Applicants also contemplate a method for forming or preparing an article of manufacture comprising a polymer produced by any of the polymerization processes disclosed herein. For instance, a method can comprise (i) contacting a catalyst composition with an olefin monomer and an olefin comonomer under polymerization conditions in a polymerization reactor system to produce an olefin polymer, wherein the catalyst composition comprises (i) a metallocene compound, (ii) a Ziegler-Natta component comprising titanium supported on MgCl₂, (iii) an activator-support, and (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (ii) forming an article of manufacture comprising the olefin polymer. The forming step can comprise blending, melt processing, extruding, molding, or thermoforming, and the like, including combinations thereof.

EXAMPLES

0155The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations to the scope of this invention. Various other aspects, modifications, and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

0156Melt index (MI, g/10 min) was determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 at 190 °C with a 2,160 gram weight, and high load melt index (HLMI, g/10 min) was determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 at 190 °C with a 21,600 gram weight. Polymer density was determined in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) on a compression molded sample, cooled at about 15 °C per hour, and conditioned for about 40 hours at room temperature in accordance with ASTM D1505 and ASTM D4703.

0157Molecular weights and molecular weight distributions were obtained using a PL-GPC 220 (Polymer Labs, an Agilent Company) system equipped with a IR4 detector (Polymer Char, Spain) and three Styragel HMW-6E GPC columns (Waters, MA) running at 145 °C. The flow rate of the mobile phase 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) containing 0.5 g/L 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was set at 1 mL/min, and polymer solution concentrations were in the range of 1.0-1.5 mg/mL, depending on the molecular weight. Sample preparation was conducted at 150 °C for nominally 4 hr with occasional and gentle agitation, before the solutions were transferred to sample vials for injection. An injection volume of about 400 µL was used. The integral calibration method was used to deduce molecular weights and molecular weight distributions using a Chevron Phillips Chemical Company's HDPE polyethylene resin, MARLEX® BHB5003, as the broad standard. The integral table of the broad standard was pre-determined in a separate experiment with SEC-MALS. Mn is the number-average molecular weight, Mw is the weight-average molecular weight, and Mz is the z-average molecular weight.

0158The long chain branches (LCB) per 1000 total carbon atoms can be calculated using the method of <nplcit id="ncit0005" npl-type="s"><text>Janzen and Colby (J. Mol. Struct., 485/486, 569-584 (1999</text></nplcit>)), from values of zero shear viscosity, η_ο (determined from the Carreau-Yasuda model), and measured values of Mw obtained using a Dawn EOS multiangle light scattering detector (Wyatt). See also <patcit id="pcit0060" dnum="US8114946B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 8,114,946</text></patcit>; <nplcit id="ncit0006" npl-type="s"><text>J. Phys. Chem. 1980, 84, 649</text></nplcit>; and<nplcit id="ncit0007" npl-type="s"><text> Y. Yu, D. C. Rohlfing, G. R Hawley, and P. J. DesLauriers, Polymer Preprint, 44, 50, (2003</text></nplcit>).

0159The ATREF procedure was as follows. Forty mg of the polymer sample and 20 mL of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) were sequentially charged into a vessel on a PolyChar TREF 200 + instrument. After dissolving the polymer, an aliquot (500 microliters) of the polymer solution was loaded on the column (stainless steel shots) at 150 °C and cooled at 0.5 °C/min to 35 °C. Then, the elution was begun with a 0.5 mL/min TCB flow rate and heating at 1 °C/min up to 120 °C, and analyzing with an IR detector.

0160Short chain branch (SCB) content and short chain branching distribution (SCBD) across the molecular weight distribution can be determined via an IR5-detected GPC system (IR5-GPC), wherein the GPC system is a PL220 GPC/SEC system (Polymer Labs, an Agilent company) equipped with three Styragel HMW-6E columns (Waters, MA) for polymer separation. A thermoelectric-cooled IR5 MCT detector (IR5) (Polymer Char, Spain) can be connected to the GPC columns via a hot-transfer line. Chromatographic data is obtained from two output ports of the IR5 detector. First, the analog signal goes from the analog output port to a digitizer before connecting to Computer "A" for molecular weight determinations via the Cirrus software (Polymer Labs, now an Agilent Company) and the integral calibration method using a broad MWD HDPE Marlex™ BHB5003 resin (Chevron Phillips Chemical) as the broad molecular weight standard. The digital signals, on the other hand, go via a USB cable directly to Computer "B" where they are collected by a LabView data collection software provided by Polymer Char. Chromatographic conditions are set as follows: column oven temperature of 145 °C; flowrate of 1 mL/min; injection volume of 0.4 mL; and polymer concentration of about 2 mg/mL, depending on sample molecular weight. The temperatures for both the hot-transfer line and IR5 detector sample cell are set at 150 °C, while the temperature of the electronics of the IR5 detector is set at 60 °C. Short chain branching content can be determined via an in-house method using the intensity ratio of CH₃ (I_CH3) to CH₂ (I_CH2) coupled with a calibration curve. The calibration curve is a plot of SCB content (X_SCB) as a function of the intensity ratio of I_CH3/I_CH2. To obtain a calibration curve, a group of polyethylene resins (no less than 5) of SCB level ranging from zero to ca. 32 SCB/1,000 total carbons (SCB Standards) are used. All these SCB Standards have known SCB levels and flat SCBD profiles pre-determined separately by NMR and the solvent-gradient fractionation coupled with NMR (SGF-NMR) methods. Using SCB calibration curves thus established, profiles of short chain branching distribution across the molecular weight distribution can be obtained for resins fractionated by the IR5-GPC system under exactly the same chromatographic conditions as for these SCB standards. A relationship between the intensity ratio and the elution volume is converted into SCB distribution as a function of MWD using a predetermined SCB calibration curve (i.e., intensity ratio of I_CH3/I_CH2 vs. SCB content) and MW calibration curve (i.e., molecular weight vs. elution time) to convert the intensity ratio of I_CH3/I_CH2 and the elution time into SCB content and the molecular weight, respectively.

0161Melt rheological characterizations were performed as follows. Small-strain (10%) oscillatory shear measurements were performed on a Rheometrics Scientific, Inc. ARES rheometer using parallel-plate geometry. All rheological tests were performed at 190 °C. The complex viscosity |<i>η</i>*| versus frequency (<i>ω</i>) data were then curve fitted using the modified three parameter Carreau-Yasuda (CY) empirical model to obtain the zero shear viscosity - <i>η</i>₀, characteristic viscous relaxation time - <i>τ_η</i>, and the breadth parameter - <i>a.</i> The simplified Carreau-Yasuda (CY) empirical model is as follows. <maths id="math0001"><math display="block"><mfenced open="|" close="|"><mi>η</mi><mo>∗</mo><mfenced><mi>ω</mi></mfenced></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>η</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup><mfenced><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>η</mi></msub><mi>ω</mi></mfenced><mi>a</mi></msup></mfenced><mrow><mfenced><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>n</mi></mfenced><mo>/</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow></msup></mfrac><mo>,</mo></math><img file="EP3320004B1_D0012.tif" /></maths><ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>wherein: |<i>η*</i>(<i>ω</i>)| = magnitude of complex shear viscosity;</li><li><i>η</i>₀ = zero shear viscosity;</li><li><i>τ_η</i> = viscous relaxation time (Tau(η));</li><li><i>a</i> = "breadth" parameter (CY-a parameter);</li><li><i>n</i> = fixes the final power law slope, fixed at 2/11; and</li><li><i>ω</i> = angular frequency of oscillatory shearing deformation.</li></ul>

0162Details of the significance and interpretation of the CY model and derived parameters may be found in:<nplcit id="ncit0008" npl-type="s"><text> C. A. Hieber and H. H. Chiang, Rheol. Acta, 28, 321 (1989</text></nplcit>); <nplcit id="ncit0009" npl-type="s"><text>C.A. Hieber and H.H. Chiang, Polym. Eng. Sci., 32, 931 (1992</text></nplcit>); and <nplcit id="ncit0010" npl-type="b"><text>R. B. Bird, R. C. Armstrong and O. Hasseger, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Volume 1, Fluid Mechanics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley &amp; Sons (1987</text></nplcit>).

0163Fluorided silica-coated alumina activator-supports were prepared as follows. Bohemite was obtained from W.R. Grace &amp; Company under the designation "Alumina A" and having a surface area of about 300 m²/g, a pore volume of about 1.3 mL/g, and an average particle size of about 100 microns. The alumina was first calcined in dry air at about 600 °C for approximately 6 hours, cooled to ambient temperature, and then contacted with tetraethylorthosilicate in isopropanol to equal 25 wt. % SiO₂. After drying, the silica-coated alumina was calcined at 600 °C for 3 hours. Fluorided silica-coated alumina (7 wt. % F) was prepared by impregnating the calcined silica-coated alumina with an ammonium bifluoride solution in methanol, drying, and then calcining for 3 hours at 600 °C in dry air. Afterward, the fluorided silica-coated alumina (FSCA) was collected and stored under dry nitrogen, and was used without exposure to the atmosphere.

0164Sulfated alumina activator-supports were prepared as follows. As above, bohemite was obtained from W.R. Grace &amp; Company under the designation "Alumina A." This material was impregnated to incipient wetness with an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate to equal about 15% sulfate. This mixture was then placed in a flat pan and allowed to dry under vacuum at approximately 110 °C for about 16 hours. To calcine the resultant powdered mixture, the material was fluidized in a stream of dry air at about 550 °C for about 6 hours. Afterward, the sulfated alumina (SA) was collected and stored under dry nitrogen, and was used without exposure to the atmosphere.

0165Two different Ziegler-Natta components were evaluated. The first Ziegler-Natta component ("K") contained about 14-19 wt. % titanium compounds (TiCl₃/TiCl₄), about 17-24 wt. % MgCl₂, about 9-13 wt. % aluminum compounds, about 43-53 wt. % polyethylene, and less than about 3 wt. % heptane. The overall metal concentration for Ti was in the 3.5-5.9 wt. % range, and for Mg was in the 4.1-5.8 wt. % range. The second Ziegler-Natta component ("B") contained titanium compounds (TiCl₃/TiCl₄), MgCl₂, and aluminum compounds totaling about 85-99 wt. %, and less than 15 wt. % of hexane.

0166The structures for metallocenes MET 1, MET 2, MET 3, and MET 4 are shown below: <chemistry id="chem0012" num="0012"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0013.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0013" num="0013"><img file="EP3320004B1_D0014.tif" /></chemistry>

EXAMPLES 1-47

0167Examples 1-43 and 45-47 were produced using the following polymerization procedure. The polymerization runs were conducted in a one-gallon stainless steel reactor, and isobutane (2 L) was used in all runs. Metallocene solutions were prepared at about 1 mg/mL in toluene. Under an isobutane purge, the organoaluminum compound (1 mmol, TIBA, 25% in heptanes), the activator-support (FSCA or SA), the metallocene solution, and the Ziegler-Natta component were added in that order through a charge port while slowly venting isobutane vapor. The charge port was closed and isobutane was added. The contents of the reactor were stirred and heated to the desired run temperature of about 80 °C, and ethylene and 1-hexene (if used, ranging from 20 to 150 grams) were then introduced into the reactor. Hydrogen (if used, ranging from 30 to 500 mg) was added from a 325 cc auxiliary vessel. Ethylene was fed on demand to maintain the target pressure of 260 psig pressure for the 30 minute length of the polymerization run. The reactor was maintained at the desired temperature throughout the run by an automated heating-cooling system. After venting of the reactor, purging, and cooling, the resulting polymer product was dried under reduced pressure.

0168<b>Table I</b> summarizes certain information relating to the polymerization experiments of Examples 1-43 using dual catalyst systems containing a metallocene compound (MET 1, MET 2, MET 3, or MET 4) and a Ziegler-Natta component (B or K). Weights of the activator-support, metallocene compound, and Ziegler-Natta (ZN) component are shown in <b>Table I,</b> however, the molar ratios of Zr:Ti ranged from about 0.2:1 to 2.6:1, and the molar ratios of Hf:Ti ranged from about 0.7:1 to 2.5:1, in Examples 1-43. The weight of polymer produced and the corresponding catalyst activity (in grams of polymer per gram of activator-support per hour, g/g/hr) also are listed in <b>Table I.</b> Catalyst activities were surprisingly high, and ranged from over 700 to almost 8000 g/g/hr. These results are unexpected because it can be difficult to combine a Ziegler-Natta component and a metallocene compound together in one reactor and efficiently produce polyethylene, due to the differences between these two types of catalytic materials. Often, there is poisoning between the Ziegler-Natta component and the metallocene compound, resulting in the loss of the polymerization activities. However, as shown in <b>Table I,</b> highly active dual catalyst systems were produced, and in some cases, the overall catalyst activity was similar to the sum of the individual contributions from the Ziegler-Natta component and from the metallocene compound.

0169<b>Table II</b> summarizes the molecular weight characterization of the polymers of Examples 1-43, as well as the polymer density (g/cc), melt index (MI, g/10 min), high load melt index (HLMI, g/10 min), and zero shear viscosity (<i>η</i>₀, units of Pa•s). <b>Table II</b> demonstrates that polymers having a wide range of molecular weights and densities were produced with different metallocene compounds and different Ziegler-Natta components. Polymer densities ranged from over 0.89 to almost 0.96 g/cc, and ratios of Mw/Mn ranged from about 2.6 to 12.4.

0170<figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1</b></figref> illustrates the molecular weight distributions (amount of polymer versus molecular weight) for the polymers of Examples 1-2 and 8, <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2</b></figref> illustrates the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 10, 12, and 17, <figref idref="f0003"><b>FIG. 3</b></figref> illustrates the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 19-20 and 26, <figref idref="f0004"><b>FIG. 4</b></figref> illustrates the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 33-34 and 39, and <figref idref="f0005"><b>FIG. 5</b></figref> illustrates the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 40-41 and 43. Portions of the overall polymer produced from the Ziegler-Natta component and from the metallocene compound were evident in many of Examples 1-43.

0171Although not tested, it was expected that the polymers of Examples 1-43 would have low levels of long chain branches (LCB), with typically less than 0.008 LCB, and more likely less than 0.005 LCB, per 1000 total carbon atoms. Additionally, although not tested, it was expected that the polymers of Examples 1-43 would have decreasing or substantially flat short chain branching distributions.

0172<figref idref="f0006"><b>FIG. 6</b></figref> illustrates the ATREF profiles of the polymers of Examples 7, 10, and 44. Example 44 was a comparative polymer produced in a dual reactor system containing a solution reactor. For the ATREF analysis of Example 7, 3 wt. % of the polymer was eluted below a temperature of 40 °C, 58 wt. % of the polymer was eluted between 40 °C and 76 °C, 3 wt. % was eluted between 76 °C and 86 °C, and 36 wt. % was eluted above a temperature of 86 °C. For Example 10, 1 wt. % was eluted below a temperature of 40 °C, 69 wt. % was eluted between 40 °C and 90 °C, and 30 wt. % was eluted above a temperature of 90 °C. For Example 44, 1 wt. % was eluted below a temperature of 40 °C, 51 wt. % was eluted between 40 °C and 77 °C, 21 wt. % was eluted between 77 °C and 86 °C, and 27 wt. % was eluted above a temperature of 86 °C.

0173<b>Table III</b> summarizes certain information relating to the polymerization experiments of Examples 45-47 using dual catalyst systems containing a metallocene compound (MET 1) and a Ziegler-Natta component (K). In these examples, 35-60 grams of 1-hexene were used. Weights of the activator-support (sulfated alumina, SA), metallocene compound, and Ziegler-Natta (ZN) component are shown in <b>Table III</b>; the molar ratios of Zr:Ti ranged from about 0.2:1 to 2.6:1. The weight of polymer produced and the corresponding catalyst activity (in grams of polymer per gram of activator-support per hour, g/g/hr) also are listed in <b>Table III.</b> Catalyst activities were surprisingly high, and ranged from over 3500 to almost 4000 g/g/hr.

0174<b>Table IV</b> summarizes the molecular weight characterization of the polymers of Examples 45-47, as well as the polymer density (g/cc), melt index (MI, g/10 min), high load melt index (HLMI, g/10 min), and zero shear viscosity (<i>η</i>₀, units of Pa•s). <b>Table IV</b> demonstrates polymers having densities in the 0.915-0.925 range, melt indices less than 1, and HLMI's in the 14-18 range. Although not tested, it was expected that the polymers of Examples 45-47 would have low levels of long chain branches (LCB), with typically less than 0.008 LCB, and more likely less than 0.005 LCB, per 1000 total carbon atoms. Additionally, although not tested, it was expected that the polymers of Examples 45-47 would have a decreasing short chain branching distribution.

0175<figref idref="f0007 f0008 f0009"><b>FIGS. 7-9</b></figref> illustrate the ATREF profiles of the polymers of Examples 45-47, respectively. For the ATREF analysis of Example 45, 3 wt. % of the polymer was eluted below a temperature of 40 °C, 55 wt. % of the polymer was eluted between 40 °C and 76 °C, 6 wt. % was eluted between 76 °C and 86 °C, and 36 wt. % was eluted above a temperature of 86 °C. For the ATREF analysis of Example 46, 4 wt. % of the polymer was eluted below a temperature of 40 °C, 60 wt. % of the polymer was eluted between 40 °C and 76 °C, 7 wt. % was eluted between 76 °C and 86 °C, and 29 wt. % was eluted above a temperature of 86 °C. For the ATREF analysis of Example 47, 16 wt. % of the polymer was eluted below a temperature of 40 °C, 27 wt. % of the polymer was eluted between 40 °C and 76 °C, 2 wt. % was eluted between 76 °C and 86 °C, and 55 wt. % was eluted above a temperature of 86 °C. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table I.</b> Examples 1-43.</title><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="28mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col2" align="center" valign="middle"><b>Example/Description</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>MET (g)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>FSCA (g)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>SA (g)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>ZN (g)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Time (min)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>PE</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Activity (g/g/hr)</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">502</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5020</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">450</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4500</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">592</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5920</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">435</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4354</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">204</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2042</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">144</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1440</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">429</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4290</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">97</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">970</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">153</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1530</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">454</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4540</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">247</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2470</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 2 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">209</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2090</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 2 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">230</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2300</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 2 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">81</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">810</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 3 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">280</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2800</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 3 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">410</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4100</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 3 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">394</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3940</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 3 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">495</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4950</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">19</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 3 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">566</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5660</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">472</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4720</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">380</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3800</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">22</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">540</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5400</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">308</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3080</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">355</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3550</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">336</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3360</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">685</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6850</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.001</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">785</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7850</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">28</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">194</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1943</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">29</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">156</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1560</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">342</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3420</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">31</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">153</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1530</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">130</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1300</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">33</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 4 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">137</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1370</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">34</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 4 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">174</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1740</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 4 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">108</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1082</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">36</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 4 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">134</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1340</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">37</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 4 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">137</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1370</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">38</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 4 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">95</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">950</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">39</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 4 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">103</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1030</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 4 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">71</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">710</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">41</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 4 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1500</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">42</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 3 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">147</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1470</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">43</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 3 + B</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.002</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.005</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">686</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6864</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table II.</b> Reference Examples 1-43.</title><tgroup cols="13"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="7mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="11" colname="col11" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="12" colname="col12" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="13" colname="col13" colwidth="14mm" /><thead><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Ex.</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mn (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mw (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>(kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>(kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mp (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mw/Mn</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mz/Mw</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>η_ο (Pa•s)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Density</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>MI</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>HLMI</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">151</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">695</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">119</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">65</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.45</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.60</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.17E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9576</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">19.6</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">27.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">198</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">899</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">156</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">80</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.55</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.94E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9551</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.5</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">13.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">152</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">663</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">119</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">65</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.72</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.48E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9544</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">28.9</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">26.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">178</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">694</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">143</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">84</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.72</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.90</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.35E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9546</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.22</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15.2</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">23.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">203</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">808</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">161</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">89</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.61</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.98</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.42E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9546</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.08</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15.2</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">73.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">371</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">936</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">322</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">322</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.09</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.52</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.85E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.3</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">37.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">182</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">534</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">153</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">99</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.85</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.93</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.71E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9125</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.3</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">52.4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">385</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1625</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">305</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.34</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.22</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.98E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9216</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.2</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">80.1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">254</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">597</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">234</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">239</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.54E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9348</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">1</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">44.7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">184</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">381</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">163</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">131</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.07</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.96E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9141</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.9</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">96.7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">251</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">456</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">228</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">245</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.59</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.82</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.35E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.8910</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25.0</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">246</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1025</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">190</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.83</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.92E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9445</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35.7</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">31.4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">279</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1319</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">212</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">75</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.91</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.73</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.08E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9541</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.45</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">62.4</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">68</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">170</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">60</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">53</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.97E+02</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9354</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40.4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">233</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">769</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">193</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">128</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.76</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.01E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9524</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.6</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">50.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">225</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">765</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">185</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">109</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.47</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.62E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9538</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.07</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">52.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">328</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1201</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">268</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">159</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.66</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.77E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9484</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.1</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">18</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">28.1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">192</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">659</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">157</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">94</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.83</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.43</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.27E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9528</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.8</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">19</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">36.4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">195</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">677</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">159</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">97</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.34</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.48</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.74E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9501</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.15</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12.4</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">43.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">234</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">638</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">198</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">115</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.42</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.72</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.01E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9131</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.4</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">77.9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">246</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">487</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">220</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">195</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.98</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.97E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.8968</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.6</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">22</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">45.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">207</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">574</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">175</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">109</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.54</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.78</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.19E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9178</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.5</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">38.1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">160</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">362</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">139</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">113</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.19</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.88E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9173</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.39</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12.7</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">44.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">161</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">356</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">140</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">119</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.63</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.12E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9129</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">74.4</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">273</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">609</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">240</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">195</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.67</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.24E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9112</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.3</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="13"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="7mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="11" colname="col11" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="12" colname="col12" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="13" colname="col13" colwidth="14mm" /><thead><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Ex</b>.</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mn (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mw (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mz (kgMmol</b>)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mv (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mp (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mw/Mn</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mz/Mw</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>η_o (Pa•s)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Density</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>MI</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>HLMI</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">65.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">219</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">468</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">193</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">165</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.14</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.51E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9328</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.6</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">56.7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">201</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">406</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">178</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">161</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.54</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.02</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.60E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9342</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">14.7</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">28</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">290</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">597</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">258</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">244</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.06</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.40E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.6</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">29</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">54.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">274</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">570</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">243</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">256</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.01</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.08</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.04E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.4</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">63.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">248</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">557</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">219</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">184</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.90</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.24</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.62E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.3</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">31</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">59.9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">225</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">488</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">199</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">177</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.76</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.17</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.13E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.4</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">32</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">62.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">229</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">457</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">205</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">186</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.66</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.00</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.93E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.13</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.9</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">33</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">56</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">248</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">44</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.47</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.19E+02</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9061</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">34</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">85</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">309</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">70</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">46</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.61</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.79E+03</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9225</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">62</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">329</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">47</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">28</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.33</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.48E+02</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9166</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">36</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">11.7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">43</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">135</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">37</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">31</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.71</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.13E+02</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9067</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">37</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">46</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">255</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">36</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">23</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.06</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.01E+02</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15.1</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">38</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">59</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">27</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">26</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.06</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.95</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.77E+01</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.8950</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">39</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">31.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">387</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3003</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">262</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">51</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">12.41</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.75</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.44E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9403</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle" /></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">157</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1469</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">106</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">40</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.07</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">9.35</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.79E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9427</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.84</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">41</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">15.8</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">117</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">794</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">85</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">36</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.42</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.78</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.29E+06</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9464</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.11</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">68.1</entry></row><row><entry rowsep="0" align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">42</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">31.9</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">342</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1493</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">269</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">151</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">10.71</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.37</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.39E+05</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9498</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.1</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">*</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">43</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">64.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">528</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2117</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">414</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">304</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">8.19</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.01</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.63E+06</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.9428</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle" /><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.2</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="13" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="7mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="11" colname="col11" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="12" colname="col12" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="13" colname="col13" colwidth="14mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col13" align="justify">* = reference examples</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table III</b>. Examples 45-47.</title><tgroup cols="8"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="28mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col2" align="center" valign="middle"><b>Example/Description</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>MET (g)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>SA (g)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>ZN (g)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Time (min)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>PE (g)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Activity (g/g/hr)</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">45</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0012</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0054</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">233</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3750</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">46</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0013</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.12</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0041</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">217</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3580</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">47</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">MET 1 + K</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0020</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.10</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.0038</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">30</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">196</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3960</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table IV.</b> Examples 45-47.</title><tgroup cols="12"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="11" colname="col11" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="12" colname="col12" colwidth="14mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Ex.</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mn (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mw (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mz (kg/mol)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mv (kg/mo</b>l)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mp (kg/mol</b>)</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mw/Mn</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Mz/Mw</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>η₀ (Pa●s)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>Density</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>MI</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="middle"><b>HLMI</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">45</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">25.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">150</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">625</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">121</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">82</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">5.87</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.16</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.50E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.920</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.71</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">16</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">46</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">20.6</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">142</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">516</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">115</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">77</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">6.92</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">3.63</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">1.31E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.921</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.74</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">18</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="middle">47</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">29.7</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">214</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">909</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">167</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">69</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">7.21</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">4.25</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">2.01E+04</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.915</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">0.50</entry><entry align="center" valign="middle">14</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0176The invention is described above with reference to numerous aspects and specific examples. Many variations will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above detailed description. All such obvious variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.