Sample extraction apparatus with micro elution bed design

0001The present invention relates to microcolumns for extraction of an analyte from a liquid sample, and particularly extraction of an analyte from biological fluids.

0002Accurate and inexpensive detection of analytes present in liquid samples, for example in biological fluids, such as blood and urine, is important to health care. Tests for analytes in blood and urine are conducted to monitor the health of patients, detect the presence of disease conditions, and monitor for the use of illegal or restricted drugs. For example, doctors, when administering drugs such as anti-arrythymics, asthmatic drugs, insulin, and anticoagulants, check the drug content of the blood to regulate the dosages of the patient. Drugs that can be abused, such as heroin, marijuana, cocaine, and codeine, can be tested to determine abuse of the drug, such as by employees and by athletes.

0003A technique used for detection of analytes includes selectively extracting the analyte from the biological fluid onto a solid media. The analyte is then removed from the solid media by a suitable elution liquid, and tests are conducted to determine whether the analyte is present in the eluent liquid. These tests are conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

0004Extraction columns have been used in the past. For example, particulate silica has been used as the solid media in a column. In addition, media has been sandwiched between frits in a in a column with a single diameter cylindrical shape. Although these prior art devices can be effective, it is desirable to improve on these devices, and their impact in the overall process and their downstream environmental impact. It is desirable that the extraction device improve process throughput, remove a very high percentage of the analyte from the sample, be transportable, storable without damage, and be inexpensive. Moreover, it is desirable that any such device be compatible with existing automated equipment, and not leach into the biological or other fluid samples the eluent liquid or any compound that could interfere with the analytical results. Likewise, it is desirable to minimize the media bed volume and associated dead volumes to lower the volume of the wash eluent liquid. By minimizing the liquid volume, a more concentrated sample is obtained for analysis, the sensitivity of the test is enhanced. High yields from the sample fluid with minimum elution volumes can be obtained by maintaining uniform flow through the extraction media, with no channeling and no dead volume.

SUMMARY

0005Embodiments of the present invention include an apparatus for extraction of an analyte from a liquid sample as described in claim 1.

0006The apparatus has one or more air gap layers An air gap layer is located in the reduced-diameter region. The air gap layer of one embodiment has a height that ranges from ½ the diameter of the reduced diameter region to 4 times the diameter of the reduced diameter region. In a further embodiment, an air gap layer is located between layer (i') and layer (ii').

0007The ratio between the effective area of the full diameter region and the reduced diameter region may also vary. The effective area of the full diameter region is <i>A_F</i> = <i>πr_F²,</i> where <i>r_F</i> is the radius of an interior surface of the container in the full diameter region, and the effective area of the reduced diameter region is <i>A_r</i> = <i>πr_r²</i> where <i>r_r</i> is the radius of an interior surface of the container in the reduced diameter region. The ratio between the effective bed area of the full diameter region and the effective area of the reduced diameter region ranges from about 10:1 to 1.5:1. In one embodiment the ratio between the effective area of the extraction media to the effective area of the upper compression layer is about 1:10. In a further embodiment the ratio between the effective area of the extraction media to the effective area of the upper compression layer is about 1:4. In another embodiment, the ratio between the effective area of the full diameter region and the effective area of the reduced diameter region is about 4:1.

0008The extraction media may also be tailored to work with a particular analyte. In one embodiment wherein the extraction media has a number average particle size of about less than 20 µm. In a further embodiment, the extraction media has a number average particle size of about less than 10 µm.

0009The present apparatus may have a plurality of containers arranged in an array, optionally having a collection plate with a corresponding array of wells.

0010Further embodiments of tne invention are directed to kits including the present apparatus.

0011The present invention and its multiple embodiments are described further below. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the present description, and thus, one of skill in the art would recognize suitable combinations and variations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

0012<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1A</b></figref> is a perspective view of the exterior of the present apparatus. <figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1B</b></figref> is a non claimed example of layers used in the present apparatus.</li><li><figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2A</b></figref> is a cross-sectional view of a conventional microcolumn. <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2B</b></figref> is a cross-sectional view of the present apparatus. <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2C</b></figref> provides a vertical cross-section of the present apparatus with one or more ribs <b>50</b> on the exterior. <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2D</b></figref> is a horizontal cross-section of the lower narrow diameter portion of the present apparatus, showing the ribs used in a luer tip system. <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2E</b></figref> is an exterior view of the present apparatus including the luer tip at the exit end of the present apparatus.</li><li><figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 3</b></figref> is an embodiment of the layers used in the present apparatus which include an air gap.</li><li><figref idref="f0003"><b>FIG. 4</b></figref> is exemplary data obtained with the present apparatus using 10 pg/ml catecholamine analytes.</li><li><figref idref="f0004 f0006"><b>FIG. 5</b></figref> is exemplary data obtained with the present apparatus using 100 pg/ml catecholamine analytes</li><li><figref idref="f0005 f0007"><b>FIG. 6</b></figref><b>.</b> are calibration curves of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine extracted from urine with the present apparatus</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0013The present invention is directed to an extraction apparatus that meets the needs of: improving downstream environmental impact and process throughput, removing a very high percentage of the analyte from the sample, transportability, storage without damage, price point, compatibility with existing automated equipment, leaching characteristics, minimization of the media bed volume and associated dead volumes, enhancing sensitivity and uniformity of flow through the extraction media.

0014The present apparatus is useful for extracting an analyte from a liquid sample and comprises a container, typically a microcolumn, having an entrance, an opposed exit, and a passage there between for passage of a liquid sample containing an analyte therethrough.

0015The microcolumn of the present apparatus has at least two regions in the passage of the analyte: an area having a full diameter bed (aka the "full diameter region", shown in <figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1</b></figref> as <b>30</b>) and an area having a reduced diameter bed (aka the "reduced diameter region", shown in <figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1</b></figref> as <b>31</b>). As used herein, "diameter bed area" is measured by the surface area of a horizontal cross-section of the interior cavity of the container. Therefore, for a cylindrical container the diameter bed is the area of the circle (<i>πr²</i>) whose diameter (= 2r) extends from one side of the interior cavity of the container to the other side of the interior cavity. The diameter bed may also be referred to as the "effective area" of a particular layer.

0016Within the passage in the region of reduced diameter bed <b>31</b> is a layer of a microparticulate extraction media. Extraction media <b>14</b> may include any known sorbent and a variety of particles. The sorbent particles employed in the apparatus include any particulate matter that is capable of having at least one substance, either target or interfering, adhered thereto. Illustrative examples of sorbent particles that may be employed in the present invention include, but are not limited to: ion exchange sorbents, reversed phase sorbents, and normal phase sorbents. More particularly, the sorbent particles may be an inorganic material such as SiO₂ or an organic polymeric material such as poly(divinylbenzene). In some embodiments of the present invention, the sorbent particles may be treated with an organic functional group such as a C₂-C₂₂, preferably C₈-C₁₈ functional group. In one embodiment, the sorbent of the extraction media includes silica based particles (such as silica based carboxylic acids), diatomaceous earth particles, polymeric based particles, mono-dispersed silica and polymeric particles, and/or carbon graphite particles. The media is selected for extracting the analyte from the liquid sample. A suitable silica extraction media is described in U.S. Pat. No. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US4650714A"><text>4,650,714</text></patcit>. A preferred microparticulate silica extraction media is available from Avantor Performance Materials (previously known as J.T. Baker Chemical Company) of Phillipsburg, N.J., and is sold under their catalog number 7049-01.

0017The extraction media has a small particle size having a number average particle size of less than about 40 microns, less than about 30 microns, less than about 25 microns, less than about 20 microns, less than about 15 microns, less than about 10 microns, or less than about 5 microns. In one embodiment, the extraction media has a number average particle size of less than about 20 microns, or more preferably less than about 10 microns. In addition, the extraction media does not have to be homogenous, but rather a different extraction media can be used in a single bed, or the apparatus can include multiple beds of extraction media for extracting different analytes from samples.

0018The extraction media is sandwiched between at least two compression layers. In one embodiment, the diameter bed area of the extraction media is lower than the diameter bed area of the upper compression layer, such that the ratio of the effective area of the upper compression layer to the effective area of the extraction media layer is about 10 to 1, about 9 to 1, about 8 to 1 about 7 to 1 about 6 to 1, about 5 to 1, about 4 to 1, about 3 to 1, about 2 to 1, or about 1.5 to 1. In one embodiment, the ratio of the effective area of the upper compression layer to the effective area of the extraction media layer is about 4 to1.

0019The extraction media may be loosely packed (where the sorbent is loosely sandwiched between the compression layers and free to move) or a compacted extraction media bed (where the extraction media is compacted between the two layers, or has relatively little additional possible space between particles).

0020The extraction media is sandwiched between the middle compression layer <b>18c</b> and lower <b>18b</b> compression layer, and compress the extraction media there between. Upper compression layer <b>18a</b> is located in full diameter region <b>30,</b> middle compression layer <b>18c</b> may be located in either the full diameter region <b>30</b> or reduced diameter region <b>31,</b> and lower compression layer <b>18b</b> is located in reduced diameter region <b>31.</b> At least three compression layers are used.

0021The compression layers are sufficiently porous that the liquid sample can flow therethrough, and are formed from a flexible material. One or more of the compression layers may be flat, spherical, or optimally shaped to suit the fluid flow through the apparatus (such as a truncated cone, prismatic, truncated pyramid etc.). <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 3</b></figref> shows an embodiment where middle and lower compression layers (18c and <b>18b</b> respectively) are flat. A mixture of shapes of compression layers may be used in a single microcolumn.

0022The narrow bore sandwich design pairs with the low dead volume column design for function. The chief purpose of compression layers 18 is to hold the extraction media in place and compressed as a thin extraction layer. In one embodiment, one or more of the compression layer(s) has a pore size less than the particle size of the extraction media and functions as a flow rate limiter. They are sufficiently porous that the liquid sample can flow therethrough, and are composed of a flexible material comprising a hydrophobic polypropylene frit material.

0023Said frit may be cylindrical, die cut, or spherical, having a diameter to fit the interior cavity of the column; for instance, in the full diameter portion or in the reduced diameter portion.

0024Preferably compression layers <b>18</b> are resilient or "spongy" to hold the microparticles in place. In one aspect, the pore size for the compression layers is less than 10 microns, less than 5 microns, or less than 3 microns. Compression layers <b>18</b> generally are of the same thickness, having a thickness typically of from about 0.1 mm to about 3.25 mm, about 0.25 mm to about 3.25 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.0 mm, about 0.75 mm to about 3 mm, about 0.25 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 0.25 mm to about 2 mm, about 0.25 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.25 mm to about 1.25 mm, about 0.25 mm to about 1.0 mm, about 0.1 mm to about 0.75 mm, or about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm. In one aspect the compression layer(s) have a thickness of about 0.5 mm.

0025This is in contrast to the prior art microelution columns, which are made with cylindrical syringe barrel tubes, or funnel shaped sample reservoirs (see e.g., <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US20060163163A"><text>US 2006/0163163</text></patcit>). Although some of these microelution columns have reduced dead volume after the bed, these designs do not address the ratio between the effective area of the upper compression layer compared to the effective area of the extraction media layer.

0026Reducing the effective area (πr²) of the extraction media bed about 4 - 1 in relation to the effective area of the upper compression layer, leads to a corresponding reduced volume of sorbent material and reduced dead volumes for the reagent.

0027Flow distributors <b>16,</b> which are formed of a flexible mesh material, help provide uniform flow of the sample through the column, and physically retain the compression layers and microparticulate material in place in the column. Preferably, the mesh is 200 mesh or smaller, (i.e., has a mesh number of 200 or higher). In aspects of this embodiment, the mesh number is 150 or higher, 170 or higher, 200 or higher, 250 or higher, 270 or higher, 325 or higher, or 400 or higher. The mesh may be made of any flexible bio-inert material. It one embodiment it is made of Polyphenelyne Sulfide (PPS), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyetherether Ketone (PEEK), Polyoxymethylene (POM), Ethylene Propylene Diene (EPDM), a Fluorinated elastomer (FKM), a Perfluoro elastomer (FFKM), polysulfone (PSU), Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), Polypropylene (PP), (Poly)Chlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE/CTFE), polystyrene, high density polyethylene, polycarbonate, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), silicon, rubber, or polyester. In aspects of this embodiment it is made of polypropylene, or alternatively, polytetrafluoroethylene. A suitable material is available from Tetko, Inc. of Briarcliff Manor, N.Y., under catalog number 5-420134.

0028The microcolumn also includes an upper mesh flow distributor above the upper compression layer for support, a middle flow distributor and, optionally, a lower flow distributor. In one embodiment, the flow distributors may be layered or molded, in the housing above and below the compression layer(s), sandwiching the compression layers and the layer of extraction media therebetween. The flow distributors hold the extraction media and the compression layers in the microcolumn and help distribute flow of the liquid sample to avoid channeling. As shown in the embodiment of <figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1B</b></figref><b>,</b> the upper flow distributor <b>16a</b> is located in the full diameter region, the middle flow distributor <b>16b</b> is also located in the full-diameter region and the lower flow distributor <b>16c,</b> if used, seats in the lower portion of the column, having a reduced diameter. In one embodiment, the upper flow distributor <b>16a</b> is sized so that it is held in the bore of microcolumn <b>12</b> by a compression fit. Similarly, the other flow distributor layer(s) may also be sized for a compression fit.

0029Due to the combination of the narrow bore extraction media and the compression layer sandwich, rapid extraction of an analyte from a fluid can be obtained, with the apparatus being configured for very small volumes of elution liquid on the order of about 0.025 mL to about 0.25 mL, about 0.025 mL to about 0.2 mL, about 0.025 mL to about 0.15 mL, about 0.025 mL to about 0.100 mL, down from 0.5 mL to 1.5 mL. This smaller elution volume fits directly into autosampler trays for automation. Smaller volumes eliminate concentration steps and vial transfers and associated cross contamination fails. In addition, the extraction device of the present invention is inexpensive to use and manufacture, is stable during storage and transportation, and is compatible with existing automated equipment. The experimental data below displays the effective improvement in performance of a clinical assay done using regular Cerex columns versus the Narrow Bore version (the presently disclosed columns).

0030A non claimed apparatus for extracting an analyte from a liquid sample is shown in <figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1A</b></figref><b>.</b> As shown in <figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1A</b></figref>, the apparatus comprises microcolumn <b>12,</b> which serves as a container for an extraction sandwich system. In one example, microcolumn <b>12</b> has generally a tubular configuration, and has entrance <b>20,</b> opposed exit <b>22,</b> and passage <b>23</b> therebetween. Passage <b>23,</b> which is also referred to as a central bore, contains the extraction system. Passage <b>23</b> has two regions, upper full diameter bed region <b>30</b> and lower, reduced diameter bed region <b>31.</b> The exit <b>22</b> may optionally be located in a separate region, with a "tip" configuration.

0031The various layers may be located adjacent to each other, and may or may not be in direct contact with the surrounding layers. That is, there is one or more Air Gaps <b>(</b><figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG 3</b></figref><b>, 301)</b> between two layers which are deliberately located to prevent dripping or capillary flow and allow for the transfer of the column to an appropriate receiving vessel or plate. In the claimed embodiment, there is an Air Gap layer <b>(</b><figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG 3</b></figref><b>, 301)</b> between the middle flow distributor <b>(</b><figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 3</b></figref><b>, 16b)</b> and the middle compression layer <b>(</b><figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 3</b></figref><b>, 18c).</b> That is, there is an air gap between the layers that straddle the transition from full-diameter region to reduced diameter region. In another embodiment there may be a strategic Air Gap <b>301</b> located after the lower compression layer <b>(</b><figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 3</b></figref><b>, 18b)</b> but before the lower distributor layer (optionally shown in <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 3</b></figref><b>as 16c</b>).

0032In one embodiment, the Air Gap is positioned at or below the top edge of the reduced diameter region, and may have a height ranging from ½ of the diameter of the reduced diameter region to 4 times the diameter of the reduced diameter region. In aspects of this embodiment, the height of the air gap may be from, e.g., about ½ to about 1 times, about ½ to about 1.5 times, about ½ to about 2 times, about ½ to about 2.5 times, about ½ to about 3 times, about ½ to about 3.5 times, about ½ to about 4 times, about 1 to about 1.5 times, about 1 to about 2 times, about 1 to about 2.5 times, about 1 to about 3 times, about 1 to about 3.5 times, about 1 to about 4 times, about 1.5 to about 2 times, about 1.5 to about 2.5 times, about 1.5 to about 3 times, about 1.5 to about 3.5 times, about 1.5 to about 4 times, about 2 to about 2.5 times, about 2 to about 3 times, about 2 to about 3.5 times, about 2 to about 4 times, about 2.5 to about 3 times, about 2.5 to about 3.5 times, about 2.5 to about 4 times, about 3 to about 3.5 times, about 3 to about 4 times, or about 3.5 to about 4 times, the diameter of the reduced diameter region.

0033When placed strategically at the inlet to the reduced diameter region, the air gap prevents the unassisted capillary flow of certain classes of solvents or samples from bridging the gap for capillary transfer down to the next layer and then through the media bed. The air gap is particularly useful in areas with smaller diameters because the strength of the air gap is based on the surface tension between the liquid flowing through the apparatus and the gas located in the air gap.

0034The gap height may vary by the intended analytes to be tested, and might not be there at all. The Air Gap is particularly useful in a method where the compression layers are wet or preconditioned before the test sample is added to the microcolumn.

0035The structure of tip region <b>33</b> is not particularly limited and in one embodiment may be cylindrical or conical. Tip region <b>33</b> may have the same diameter bed as the reduced diameter bed region, a smaller diameter bed than the reduced diameter bed region. In one embodiment, the tip region 33 has the same footprint as the reduced diameter bed region, in another embodiment, the footprint of the tip region has a differently shaped footprint than the reduced diameter bed region. In one embodiment, tip region 33 is optionally in the form of a luer tip or similar, which allows apparatus <b>10</b> to be used with conventional automated extraction apparatus, which are designed to receive an extraction column having a luer tip. <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2C</b></figref> provides a vertical cross-section of the present apparatus with one or more ribs <b>50</b> on the exterior. <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2D</b></figref> is a horizontal cross-section of the lower narrow diameter portion of the present apparatus, showing the ribs used in a luer tip system. <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 2E</b></figref> is an exterior view of the present apparatus including the luer tip system at the exit end of the present apparatus.

0036A liquid sample flows in the direction of arrow <b>26</b> shown in <figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1B</b></figref> through the passage <b>23.</b>

0037The portion of microcolumn <b>12</b> above the extraction sandwich system serves as a reservoir for the liquid sample, from which an analyte is to be extracted, and also a reservoir for an eluent liquid.

0038In a non claimed example, the extraction system includes a four layer sandwich construction with: (i) an upper flow distributor/support, (ii) an upper compression layer, (iii) an extraction layer, and (iv) a lower compression layer, where the upper flow distributer is located in the full diameter region and upper compression layer, the extraction layer and lower compression layer are located in the reduced diameter region.

0039In a non claimed example, the extraction system is comprised of a six layer sandwich construction, including (i) an upper flow distributor, (ii) a cylindrical or fabric compression layer, a (ii) lower flow distributor, (iv) a spherical frit as a compression layer, (v) the microparticulate extraction medium, and (vi) a spherical frit as a lower compression layer. Layers (i)-(iii) would reside in the full-diameter region, where layers (iv)-(vi) would reside in the reduced diameter region.

0040In a non claimed example (shown in <figref idref="f0001"><b>FIG. 1B</b></figref>), the extraction system is comprised of a seven-layer sandwich construction, that includes (i) upper flow distributor <b>16a,</b> (ii) upper compression layer <b>18a</b> (iii) middle flow distributor <b>16b,</b> (iv) middle compression layer in the reduced diameter region <b>18c,</b> (v) extraction layer <b>14</b> of microparticulate extraction medium, (vi) lower compression layer <b>18b,</b> (vii) and optionally, lower flow distributor/support <b>16c</b> which may be molded as part of the container. In this embodiment, layers (i)-(iii) may be located in the full diameter region, and layers (iv)-(vii) may be located in the reduced diameter region. Alternatively, the division between full diameter and reduced diameter may occur between layers (ii) and (iii). Additional layers may be added.

0041In the claimed embodiment (shown in <figref idref="f0002"><b>FIG. 3</b></figref>), the extraction system is comprised of an eight-layer sandwich construction, that includes: (i) upper flow distributor <b>16a,</b> (ii) upper compression layer <b>18a</b> (iii) middle flow distributor <b>16b,</b> (iv) air gap layer <b>301,</b> (v) middle compression layer in the reduced diameter region <b>18c,</b> (vi) extraction layer <b>14</b> of microparticulate extraction medium, (vii) lower compression layer <b>18b,</b> (viii) and optionally, lower flow distributor/support <b>16c</b> which may be molded as part of the container. In this embodiment, layers (i)-(iii) are located in the full diameter region, and layers (iv)-(viii) are located in the reduced diameter region. Alternatively, the division between full diameter and reduced diameter may occur between layers (ii) and (iii). Additional layers may be added.

0042All of the components of apparatus <b>10</b> are made of materials that are substantially inert to biological fluids so that when a biological fluid such as blood or urine is passed through apparatus 10, substantially nothing passes from apparatus <b>10</b> into the blood or urine. In one embodiment, microcolumn <b>12</b> is made of a biologically inert material. In one aspect, the biologically inert material is a plastic. In aspects of this embodiment, the biologically inert material is a fluorinated polymer or polypropylene. In other aspects the material is Polyphenelyne Sulfide (PPS), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyether ether Ketone (PEEK), Polyoxymethylene (POM), Ethylene Propylene Diene (EPDM), a Fluorinated elastomer (FKM), a Perfluoro elastomer (FFKM), polysulfone (PSU), Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), Polypropylene (PP), (Poly)Chlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE/CTFE), polystyrene, high density polyethylene, polycarbonate, nylon, or polyethylene terephthalate (PET), silicon, rubber, polyester, or ceramics.

0043A typical microcolumn according to the present invention has an internal diameter of about 0,0254 cm (0.01 inch) to about 5,08 cm (2 inches), about 0,0635 cm (0.025 inches) to about 4,445 cm (1.75 inches), about 0,127 cm (0.05 inches) to about 3,81 cm (1.5 inches), of about 0,1905 cm (0.075 inches) to about 3,175 cm (1.25 inches), of about 0,254 cm (0.1 inches) to about 2,54 cm (1 inch). In other aspects of this embodiment, the internal diameter is at least 0,0254 cm (0.01 inch), at least 0,0635 cm (0.025 inches), at least 0,127 cm (0.05 inches), 0,1905 cm (0.075 inches), at least 0,254 cm (0.1 inch), at least 0,635 cm (0.25 inches), at least 1,27 cm (0.5 inches), at least 1,905 cm (0.75 inches), at least 2,54 cm (1 inch), at least 3,175 cm (1.25 inches), at least 3,81 cm (1.5 inches), at least 4,445 cm (1.75 inches), or at least 5,08 cm (2 inches). In still other aspects of this embodiment, the internal diameter is at most 0,0254 cm (0.01 inch), at most 0,0635 cm (0.025 inches), at most 0,127 cm (0.05 inches), 0,1905 cm (0.075 inches), at most 0,254 cm (0.1 inch), at most 0,635 cm (0.25 inches), at most 1,27 cm (0.5 inches), at most 1,905 cm (0.75 inches), at most 2,54 cm (1 inch), at most 3,175 cm (1.25 inches), at most 3,81 cm (1.5 inches), at most 4,445 cm (1.75 inches), or at most 5,08 cm (2 inches). In a preferred embodiment the microcolumn has an internal diameter of about 0,254 cm (0.1 inch) to 2,54 cm (1.0 inch).

0044A typical microcolumn according to the present invention has a length, excluding the tip if present, of about 0,635 cm (0.25 inches) to about 12,7 cm (5 inches), 1,27 cm (0.5 inches) to about 11,43 cm (4.5 inches), 1,27 cm (0.5 inches) to about 10,16 cm (4 inches), 1,27 cm (0.5 inches) to about 8,89 cm (3.5 inches), about 1,27 cm (0.5 inches) to about 7,62 cm (3 inches), about 1,27 cm (0.5 inches) to about 6,35 cm (2.5 inches),; about 1,27 cm (0.5 inches) to about 5,08 cm (2 inches), about 1,27 cm (0.5 inches) to about 3,81 cm (1.5 inches), about 1,27 cm (0.5 inches) to about 2,54 cm (1 inch), about 4,445 cm (1.75 inches) to about 7,62 cm (3 inches), about 5,08 cm (2 inches) to about 7,62 cm (3 inches), about 6,35 cm (2.5 inches) to about 7,62 cm (3 inches). In other aspects of the invention, the microcolumn has a length of at least 0,635 cm (0.25 inches), at least 1,27 cm (0.5 inches), at least 1,905 cm (0.75 inches), at least 2,54 cm (1 inch), at least 3,175 cm (1.25 inches), at least 3,81 cm (1.5 inches), at least 5,08 cm (2 inches), at least 5,715 cm (2.25 inches), at least 6,35 cm (2.5 inches), at least 6,985 cm (2.75 inches), at least 7,62 cm (3 inches), at least 8,255 cm (3.25 inches), at least 8,89 cm (3.5 inches), at least 9,525 cm (3.75 inches), at least 10,16 cm (4 inches), at least 10,795 cm (4.25 inches), at least 11,43 cm (4.5 inches), at least 12,065 cm (4.75 inches), or at least 12,7 cm (5 inches). In still further aspects, the microcolumm has a length, excluding the tip if present of at most 0,635 cm (0.25 inches), at most 1,27 cm (0.5 inches), at most 1,905 cm (0.75 inches), at most 2,54 cm (1 inch), at most 3,175 cm (1.25 inches), at most 3,81 cm (1.5 inches), at most 5,08 cm (2 inches), at most 5,715 cm (2.25 inches), at most 6,35 cm (2.5 inches), at most 6,985 cm (2.75 inches), at most 7,62 cm (3 inches), at most 8,255 cm (3.25 inches), at most 8,89 cm (3.5 inches), at most 9,525 cm (3.75 inches), at most 10,16 cm (4 inches), at most 10,795 cm (4.25 inches), at most 11,43 cm (4.5 inches), at most 12,065 cm (4.75 inches), or at most 12,7 cm (5 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the microcolumn has a length, excluding the tip of about 1,27 cm (0.5 inches) to about 7,62 cm (3 inches). The length of the tip (if present) is not particularly limited but may range from about 0,254 cm (0.1 inch) to 2,54 cm (1 inch).

0045The upper full diameter region generally includes at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 85% of the total microcolumn length. In one embodiment, the upper full diameter region includes at least about 75% of the total microcolumn length.

0046The microcolumn of the apparatus need not have the shape shown in the figures. For example, it need not be cylindrical, and may instead have a square footprint, a polygonal footprint (e.g., hexagonal, octagonal etc.), tubular, or include combinations of multiple shapes. As used herein "footprint" describes the shape of a horizontal cross-section of the interior cavity (<i>i.e.</i>, passage <b>23</b>) of the microcolumn. In one embodiment, the full diameter bed region has a first footprint shape, and the reduced diameter bed region has a second footprint shape, and the tip (if present) may have a third footprint shape (or may have the same foot print shape as either the full diameter bed region or the reduced diameter bed region).

0047In addition, in one embodiment of the invention, entrance <b>20</b> can be designed or configured to receive a connective fitting to connect the microcolumn to a fluid input device. Such connective fittings include luer tips, luer-lock extensions or tapers of various types, male and female-type connections of various types, threaded connections, or barb connections.

0048As used herein, a "fluid input device" is any device which is in contact with the entrance and directly transfers the sample or reagent to entrance <b>20</b> in a connected manner. Fluid input devices may include automated fluid dispensing systems, automated liquid handling platforms, syringes, and microdispensers. The fluid input device may dispense the sample or reagent to the microcolumn automatically, semiautomatically, or manually. For instance a fluid input device may include a reservoir containing a liquid sample, which once connected to the entrance, can automatically dispense sample to the microcolumn.

0049The narrow bore sandwich layer in the reduced diameter region can be assembled in as a stand-alone column barrel design or patterned in a one-piece block format for automated processing.

0050The present apparatus may be in a single column format, which is convenient and cost effective for preparing a small number of samples, or a multi-column array or format (aka, an "extraction plate"), which is suited for preparing large numbers of samples in parallel.

0051One embodiment of the invention is an extraction plate the narrow bore columns discussed above. This extraction plate may be a molded plate containing a plurality of columns. The columns may be arrayed to align or intercalate with the wells of conventional "multi-well" formats, such that each column would elute into a well in a standard (or custom) multi-well plate. Multi-well formats are commonly used with robotic fluid dispensing systems, such as autosamplers. Typical multi-well formats are not limited, but include 48-, 96-, and 384- and 1,584-well standard plate formats.

0052Fluids are usually forced through the present apparatus and into the collection containers (or the wells of a "collection tray" or "plate"), either by drawing a vacuum across the device with a specially designed vacuum manifold, or by using centrifugal or gravitational force. In specially designed vacuum manifold systems, the both the column and the receiving means (such as a well or collection tube) may be integrated into the vacuum system to optimize extraction. Centrifugal force is generated by placing the apparatus, together with a suitable collection tube or tray, into a centrifuge specifically designed for the intended purpose. However, in one embodiment gravity may be sufficient to force the fluid through the present apparatus as well.

0053The present apparatus may use conventional collection containers or collection plates, such as glass tubes, centrifuge tubes, Eppendorf tubes, or standard multi-well plates or trays. The present apparatus may alternately use collection containers specifically designed to be compatible with the present extraction plate.

0054Methods of using the present invention include extraction of an analyte from a test sample. A test sample refers to any sample that may contain an analyte of interest. A test sample may be a biological sample, that is, a sample obtained from any biological source, such as an animal, a plant, a fungus, a microorganism, a cell culture, an organ culture, etc. In aspects of this embodiment, a biological sample includes a blood sample including a whole blood sample, a plasma sample, or a serum sample, a saliva sample, a urine sample, cerebrospinal fluid sample, a bile sample, a tissue sample, or any other sample that can be obtained, extracted or isolated from a biological source. Such biological samples may be obtained, for example, from a patient; that is, a living person, male or female, presenting oneself in a clinical setting for diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment of a disease or condition. In one embodiment, the sample is obtained from a patient, for example, a plasma specimen. The plasma specimen may be taken with or without the use of anticoagulants.

0055A test sample may be an environmental sample. Environmental samples are samples taken from dirt, plant matter, or fluid sources (such as ground water, oceans, or rivers etc.). Dirt (aka "soil samples") may be taken from agricultural sites or sites of environmental interest and may have the analyte extracted, including the removal of particulate matter.

0056The methods of using the present apparatuses include contacting the apparatus with the sample in a liquid buffer, and eluting the sample from the apparatus with an elution buffer. Further steps might include conditioning the apparatus, washing steps (before, during, or after contacting the apparatus with a sample).

0057The present apparatus may also be included in a kit specifically designed to capture and separate a particular analyte of interest. The microparticulate extraction media may be specifically adapted to separate specific analytes of interest. The kit may include suitable reagents (labels, washes, etc.), buffers or elution buffers, in concentrated form or in a form suitable for direct use. The kit may also include an extraction plate or array of columns as described above, and accompanying couplings to connect the plate to fluid dispensing devices and/or plates or vials for receiving the eluted solution containing the sample.

0058Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible. For example, the apparatus 10 is not limited to use with biological fluids, but can be used, for example, for testing ground water, drinking water, and other liquids for contaminants.

EXAMPLES

0059The following non-limiting examples are provided for illustrative purposes only in order to facilitate a more complete understanding of the disclosed subject matter. These examples should not be construed to limit any of the embodiments described in the present specification, including those pertaining to the apparatus used therein and the methods of using the present apparatus.

<i>Example 1</i>

<i>Extraction of the Catecholamines from Plasma</i>

0060Control Single diameter column: CEREX®WCX 1cc 10 mg columns.

0061Present Apparatus "narrow bore column": The narrow bore column was a 1 cc column having an effective area ratio of 4:1 (full diameter to reduced diameter). The layers of the column were: (i) an upper flow distributor screen, (ii) a cylindrical fabric compression layer, (iii) a lower flow distributor screen, (iv) a spherical frit as a compression layer, (v) the microparticulate extraction medium, and (vi) a spherical frit as a lower compression layer. Layers (i)-(iii) were located in the full-diameter region, where layers (iv)-(vi) were located in the reduced diameter region. The extraction medium was the same as the extraction medium used in the CEREX® WCX 1cc 10 mg columns.

0062Normal human serum samples were obtained from Bioreclamation Corp. and spiked with catecholamines prior to solid phase extraction. The blanks and plasma samples were also spiked with internal standards (e.g., dopamine-D4, epinephrine-D6, and norepinephrine-D6).

0063CEREX® WCX (1cc /10mg) (control and narrow bore) columns were conditioned with 0.5ml of methanol, followed by 0.5ml of 10mM Phosphate Buffer pH 6.8.

00640.5 mL 10 mM Phosphate buffer was mixed with 100 µL of the Sample. The Sample/buffer mix at a pH of 6.8 was loaded onto the column at a pressure of 1.1-1.2 bar (2-3 psig). The column was washed with 1 mL deionized water 1.4 bar (6 psig) and subsequently washed with 1ml Acetonitrile at 1.4 bar (6 psig).

0065Two sets of columns were loaded for each type of column. One half of the columns (control and narrow bore) were eluted with 0.5 mL of Elution Buffer - 25:75 100 mM Potassium Carbonate:Acetonitrile. The other half of the columns were eluted with 0.1 mL of 25:75 100 mM Potassium Carbonate:Acetonitrile.

006625 µL of the eluent was used loaded for the LC-MS/MS reaction.

<i>Example 2</i>

LC-MS/MS Analysis of the Catecholamines

006725 µL of the solution obtained from the extraction was automatically injected into a TARGA® C18 3µm particle size 50 x 2.1 mm analytical column. A binary HPLC gradient was applied to the analytical column to separate the epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine from other analytes contained in the sample. Mobile phase A was 5.0 mM ammonium formate with 0.1% formic acid pH 3.0 and mobile phase B was Acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. The HPLC gradient proceeded at a temperature of 35°C with a flow rate of 500 µL/min over five minutes as follows: <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="none"><title><b>Gradient:</b></title><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="21mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Time (min)</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>B (%)</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center">0.01</entry><entry align="center">50</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center">3.00</entry><entry align="center">100</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center">4.00</entry><entry align="center">100</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center">4.50</entry><entry align="center">50</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center">5.00</entry><entry align="center">50</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0068MS/MS was performed using an APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS MDS SCIEX 500®, although other suitable MS/MS apparatuses are known. The following software programs were used in the present examples: ANALYST 1.5.2®, although other suitable software systems are known. Liquid solvent/analyte exiting the analytical column flowed to the heated nebulizer interface of the MS/MS analyzer. The solvent/analyte mixture was converted to vapor in the heated tubing of the interface. Analytes in the nebulized solvent were ionized by heated ESI.

0069Ions passed to the first quadrupole (Q1), which selected ions with a mass to charge ratio of parent ions generated from one of the analytes. Ions entering quadrupole 2 (Q2) collided with argon gas to generate ion fragments, which were passed to quadrupole 3 (Q3) for further selection. After measurement of ions indicative of one of the analytes, Q1 was adjusted so that ions with a mass to charge ratio of parent ion from a second analyte were selected. These ions were collided with nitrogen gas in Q2, and the ion fragments passed to Q3 for further selection. After measurement of these ions, Q1 was adjusted so that ions with a mass to charge ratio of parent ion from a third analyte were selected. These ions were collided with argon gas in Q2, and the ion fragments passed to Q3 for further selection. Simultaneously, the same process using isotope dilution mass spectrometry was carried out with internal standards, dopamine-D4 and/or epinephrine-D6, and/or norepinephrine-D6. The following mass transitions were used for detection and quantitation of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine (and their corresponding internal standards) during validation on positive polarity from the same sample injection.

0070Table 1 shows the data representing the percent recovery of catecholamines from a plasma sample spiked with 1 ng/ml catecholamine. Notably, the narrow bore columns performed significantly better for all catecholamines at all elution volumes. In particular, the small volume elution (i.e., the 0.1 ml elution) performed at least approximately three times as well as the small volume elution using the conventional column. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="35mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="33mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="35mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="37mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="left" valign="top"><b>Table 1: Absolute Recovery Comparison at 1 ng/ml Plasma</b></entry></row><row><entry valign="top">Compound</entry><entry valign="top">Cerex 10mg 1cc WCX column 0.5ml elution</entry><entry valign="top">Cerex 10mg 1cc WCX column 0.1 ml elution</entry><entry valign="top">Cerex 10mg 1cc WCX Narrow Bore 0.5ml elution</entry><entry valign="top">Cerex 10mg 1cc WCX Narrow Bore 0.1 ml elution</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>Dopamine</entry><entry>98.3 % cv= 8.3%</entry><entry>27.6% cv=11.5%</entry><entry>99.5% cv=4.6%</entry><entry>99.6% cv= 4.4%</entry></row><row><entry>Dopamine-D4</entry><entry>96.8 % cv= 9.8%</entry><entry>32.4% cv=10.4%</entry><entry>99.5% cv=4.2%</entry><entry>98.6% cv= 4.7%</entry></row><row><entry>Epinephrine</entry><entry>92.3 % cv= 12.6%</entry><entry>35.6% cv=11.5%</entry><entry>97.5% cv=3.8%</entry><entry>97.2% cv= 5.0%</entry></row><row><entry>Epinephrine-D6</entry><entry>91.4 % cv= 12.8%</entry><entry>38.5% cv=13.2%</entry><entry>96.7% cv=4.1%</entry><entry>98.1% cv= 4.5%</entry></row><row><entry>Norepinephrine</entry><entry>87.3 % cv= 14.3%</entry><entry>15.6% cv=22.5%</entry><entry>93.0% cv=5.8%</entry><entry>92.1% cv= 6.2%</entry></row><row><entry>Norepinehrine-D6</entry><entry>85.6 % cv=15.2%</entry><entry>13.9% cv=23.0%</entry><entry>91.5% cv=5.4%</entry><entry>90.9% cv= 5.7%</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0071As shown in the chromatograms of <figref idref="f0003"><b>FIG. 4</b></figref> and <figref idref="f0004 f0006"><b>FIG. 5</b></figref><b>,</b> extracting and detecting catecholamine in plasma from healthy donors by using the present apparatus (i.e., the narrow bore column).

0072The chromatography demonstrates the sensitivity of the assay. The absolute recovery chart demonstrates the improved recovery and improved reproducibility using the narrow bore columns vs conventional columns.

0073Another benefit of the present apparatus is that due to the smaller elution volumes from the reduced effective bed diameter the present apparatus can collect into smaller vessels and eliminate transfers.

<i>Example 3</i>

Extraction of Buprenorphine and Norbuprenorphine from urine

0074Narrow Bore Extraction columns feature high-capacity, high-efficiency, low bed mass sorbents that permit the use of low elution volumes (50-100 µL). These elution volumes lend themselves to evaporation within the positive pressure SPE processor unit such as an ALDIII™ or an IP8™ (SPEware Corp., Baldwin Park, CA), eliminating the need for a separate solvent evaporator. This allows the use of selective elution solvents, resulting in cleaner extracts than would be possible using high solvent strength (low specificity) elution solvents.

0075Buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine were chosen as model compounds for several reasons. They are frequently monitored as part of "pain panels" in compliance testing laboratories. Their relevant concentrations are relatively low and thus require low LLODs. Additionally, they are excreted in urine primarily as glucuronide conjugates, affording the opportunity to evaluate both solid phase extraction efficiency with narrow bore SPE columns.

Experimental

Reagents

0076a) water, b) negative control urine (diluent for the stand-ard curve), and c) a "master mix" containing 100 mM sodium ace-tate buffer pH 4.8, the internal standard solution (B-d4 and N-d3), and β-giucuronidase solution (2500 units/sample, catalog #BG100, red abalone, Kura Biotec, Inglewood, CA).

Process

0077A calibration curve was prepared from a single high calibrator via serial dilution. "Master mix" was placed in all wells of a 96-well incubation plate on the plate heater (preheated to 68 °C). Calibrators and controls (100 µL specimen volume) were then transferred to the incubator plate. After 15 minutes, the contents of the incubation plate were transferred to the 96-well SPE plate for extraction.

Solid phase extraction:

0078<ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Apply samples to narrow bore extraction columns with PSCX sorbent (2.5 mg)</li><li>Wash w/ 250 µL deionized water</li><li>Wash w/ 150 µL 100 mM acetic acid</li><li>Wash w/ 300 µL methanol</li><li>Dry sorbent for 1 minute</li><li>Transfer the SPE plate to collection</li><li>Elute w/ 50 µL elution solvent (ethyl acetate: methanol:conc. NH4OH=93:5:2)</li><li>Dry the solvent</li><li>Dissolve residues in the reconstitution solvent (100mL, aqueous formic acid 0.1% : methanol = 80:20)</li></ul>

Analytical Conditions

LC Conditions:

0079<ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Column: Haisil C18 HL, 50×2.1 mm, 5µM (Higgins Analytical, Inc., Mountain View, CA)</li><li>Flow: 400µL/min</li><li>Injection volume: 10µL</li><li>A=0.1% Aqueous formic acid; B=Methanol;</li><li>Gradient: 20-40% B in 0.5 min., 40-60% B in 2 min.</li><li>MS Conditions: Sciex 5000, Source=ESI; Positive ion MRM</li><li>Buprenorphine 468.25->55.10 (quant), 83.2(qual)</li><li>Buprenorphine-d4 472.42->59.0 (quant), 83.0 (qual)</li><li>Norbuprenorphine 414.200->55.10 (quant), 83.0 (qual)</li><li>Norbuprenorphine-d3 417.01->54.8 (quant), 83.1 (qual)</li></ul>

Results and Conclusions

0080Calibration curves for B and N are shown in <figref idref="f0005 f0007">Figure 6</figref>. Regression is quadratic, 1/x weighted. Based on s/n ratios of the quantitation ions and assessment of curve accuracy (requiring ± 20% from nominal value at the low calibrator), the LLOQs were determined to be 0.313 ng/mL and 0.625 for B and N, respectively.

0081Results from the analysis of non-validated control samples (n=10 each) are as follows: <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="26mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="20mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col7" align="left" valign="top"><b>Table 2: Burprenorphine</b></entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" colsep="0" align="left" valign="top">Buprenorphine</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col5" colsep="0" align="left" valign="top">Hydrolysis</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col7" align="left" valign="top">Hydrolysis</entry></row><row><entry valign="top">Low Control #1</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left" valign="top">Low Control #2</entry><entry valign="top">Control</entry><entry valign="top">Low Control #1</entry><entry valign="top">Low Control #2</entry><entry valign="top">Control</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>0.75 ng/mL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left">1.2 ng/mL</entry><entry>5.0 ng/mL</entry><entry>100 ng/mL</entry><entry>150 ng/mL</entry><entry>100 ng/mL</entry></row><row><entry>Average</entry><entry>0.91</entry><entry>1.4</entry><entry>5.3</entry><entry>107</entry><entry>167</entry><entry>110</entry></row><row><entry>Bias</entry><entry>22%</entry><entry>16%</entry><entry>6%</entry><entry>7%</entry><entry>11%</entry><entry>10%</entry></row><row><entry>CV (RSD)</entry><entry>3.1%</entry><entry>3.1%</entry><entry>3.6%</entry><entry>3.2%</entry><entry>4.0%</entry><entry>3.6%</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="26mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="27mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="20mm" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col7" align="left" valign="top"><b>Table 3: Norbuprenorphine</b></entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="left" valign="top">Norbuprenorphine</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col5" align="left" valign="top">Hydrolysis</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col7" align="left" valign="top">Hydrolysis</entry></row><row><entry valign="top">Low Control #1</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left" valign="top">Low Control #2</entry><entry valign="top">Control</entry><entry valign="top">Low Control #1</entry><entry valign="top">Low Control #2</entry><entry valign="top">Control</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>0.75 ng/mL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="left">1.2 ng/mL</entry><entry>5.0 ng/mL</entry><entry>100 ng/mL</entry><entry>150 ng/mL</entry><entry>100 ng/mL</entry></row><row><entry>Average</entry><entry>0.97</entry><entry>1.4</entry><entry>4.7</entry><entry>106</entry><entry>165</entry><entry>103</entry></row><row><entry>Bias</entry><entry>29%</entry><entry>16%</entry><entry>-6%</entry><entry>6%</entry><entry>10%</entry><entry>3%</entry></row><row><entry>CV (RSD)</entry><entry>3.5%</entry><entry>4.0%</entry><entry>4.8%</entry><entry>2.7%</entry><entry>4.0%</entry><entry>5.6%</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0082RSDs were less than 5%. Absolute recoveries from urine using the Narrow Bore Extraction column with a 2.5 mg bed mass were 91% and 97% for B and N, respectively. The experiment was repeated with a urine sample supplemented with morphine at 20,000 ng per mL. No difference in absolute recovery was noted.

0083In closing, it is to be understood that although aspects of the present specification are highlighted by referring to specific embodiments, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that these disclosed embodiments are only illustrative of the principles of the subject matter disclosed herein. Therefore, it should be understood that the disclosed subject matter is in no way limited to a particular methodology, protocol, and/or reagent, etc., described herein. As such, various modifications or changes to or alternative configurations of the disclosed subject matter can be made in accordance with the teachings herein without departing from the spirit of the present specification. Lastly, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined solely by the claims. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described.

0084Certain embodiments of the present invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the present invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Moreover, any combination of the above-described embodiments in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

0085Groupings of alternative embodiments, elements, or steps of the present invention are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other group members disclosed herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

0086Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing a characteristic, item, quantity, parameter, property, term, and so forth used in the present specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about." As used herein, the term "about" means that the characteristic, item, quantity, parameter, property, or term so qualified encompasses a range of plus or minus ten percent above and below the value of the stated characteristic, item, quantity, parameter, property, or term. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary. For instance, as mass spectrometry instruments can vary slightly in determining the mass of a given analyte, the term "about" in the context of the mass of an ion or the mass/charge ratio of an ion refers to +/-0.50 atomic mass unit.

0087At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical indication should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

0088Use of the terms "may" or "can" in reference to an embodiment or aspect of an embodiment also carries with it the alternative meaning of "may not" or "cannot." As such, if the present specification discloses that an embodiment or an aspect of an embodiment may be or can be included as part of the inventive subject matter, then the negative limitation or exclusionary proviso is also explicitly meant, meaning that an embodiment or an aspect of an embodiment may not be or cannot be included as part of the inventive subject matter. In a similar manner, use of the term "optionally" in reference to an embodiment or aspect of an embodiment means that such embodiment or aspect of the embodiment may be included as part of the inventive subject matter or may not be included as part of the inventive subject matter. Whether such a negative limitation or exclusionary proviso applies will be based on whether the negative limitation or exclusionary proviso is recited in the claimed subject matter.

0089Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and values setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical ranges and values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical range or value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Recitation of numerical ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate numerical value falling within the range.

0090The terms "a," "an," "the" and similar referents used in the context of describing the present invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the present invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed.

0091Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or consisting essentially of language. When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, the transition term "consisting of' excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claims. The transition term "consisting essentially of" limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s). Embodiments of the present invention so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein.