Battery charge and discharge control system and battery charge and discharge control method

BACKGROUND

1. Field

0001One or more embodiments described herein relate to a battery charge and discharge control system and a battery charge and discharge control method.

2. Description of the Related Art

0002A mobile device may operate based on power from a rechargeable battery pack. In order to extend the time of use of the mobile device, the battery pack may be frequently charged. Another approach involves using two battery packs to power one mobile device. The two battery packs may have the same size and chemical properties.

0003Each battery pack may have a control circuit and a fuel gauge circuit or a microcomputer. The fuel gauge circuit or microprocessor calculate the capacity of the battery pack. However, these circuits increase the price of the battery pack. In addition, two battery packs used for one device may have the same shape, chemical properties, the capacity, and charge voltage or charge current. This increases size and lowers energy efficiency per volume.

0004Generally, a battery may experience less deterioration when not in use and may experience greater deterioration when in use. In order to slow deterioration, the battery may be used at a low rate rather than a high rate. In a further attempt to slow deterioration, the battery may only be used when in a better state of charge (SOC) state.

0005When an energy storage system or battery system, including battery packs connected in series or parallel, is charged or discharged, all battery packs connected in parallel operate. Thus, when batteries are in a rest state or are used for a long time in an SOC region in which deterioration characteristics of the batteries are not relatively good, the lifetimes of the batteries may be reduced.

SUMMARY

0006The invention concerns a battery charge and discharge control system according to claim 1, a battery charge and discharge control method according to claim 6 and an apparatus according to claim 12.

0007In accordance with one or more embodiments, the system, the method and the apparatus, respectively, may comprise features as specified in the dependent claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0008Features will become apparent to those of skill in the art by describing in detail exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates an embodiment of a battery charge and discharge control system;</li><li><figref idref="f0002 f0003">FIG. 2</figref> illustrates an example of a lifetime of a battery based on SOC;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 3A</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">3B</figref> illustrate examples relating to a method for adjusting SOC of a battery pack;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates an embodiment of a charge and discharge switch;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">FIGS. 5A</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">5B</figref> illustrate examples of a remaining capacity of a battery pack according to a C-rate;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">FIG. 6A</figref> illustrates a continuous charge and discharge operation performed by one proposed method, and <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 6B</figref> illustrates a continuous charge and discharge operation according to one embodiment;</li><li><figref idref="f0011">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates another embodiment of a battery charge and discharge control system;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates an embodiment of a battery charge and discharge control method; and</li><li><figref idref="f0013">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates another embodiment of a battery charge and discharge control method.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0009Example embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings; however, they may be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey exemplary implementations to those skilled in the art. The embodiments may be combined to form additional embodiments. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout.

0010<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates an embodiment of a battery charge and discharge control system 100 which includes a first battery pack 110, a second battery pack 120, a state-of-charge (SOC) measuring unit 130, and a charge and discharge controller 140. The first battery pack 110 and the second battery pack 120 are connected in parallel. In <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, two battery packs 110 and 120 are illustrated. In another embodiment, three or more battery packs may be connected in parallel, for example, depending on system requirements to increase capacity.

0011Also, a plurality of battery groups including a plurality of battery packs connected in series may be connected in parallel to increase capacity and an output voltage.

0012The SOC measuring unit 130 is connected to the first battery pack 110 and the second battery pack 120 to measure charge states of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120. When a difference between an SOC of the first battery pack 110 and an SOC of the second battery pack 120 is less than a first threshold value, the charge and discharge controller 140 adjusts the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120. The adjustment involves setting the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 equal to the first threshold value. Also, an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 before the adjusting are set equal to an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 after the adjustment. For example, when the SOC of the first battery pack 110 is 45%, the SOC of the second battery pack is 55%, and the first threshold value is set to 20%, the charge and discharge controller 140 may adjust the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the SOC of the first battery pack 110 is 40% and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 is 60%.

0013Adjusting the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 becomes 20% is only one example. The difference may correspond to a different value in another embodiment. In addition, if the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 are each 50% before the adjustment, the SOC of one of the first or second battery packs 110 and 120 may be adjusted to be 40% and the SOC of the other may be adjusted to be 60%.

0014The charge and discharge controller 140 adjusts the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the sum of a difference between the SOC of the first battery pack 110 after the adjustment and a first reference value and a difference between the SOC of the second battery pack 120 after the adjustment and the first reference value is a predetermined value, e.g., is maximized. In this case, the first reference value may be an SOC value for reducing or minimizing lifetimes of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120.

0015The lifetime of a battery pack may vary depending on the SOC of the battery pack. An SOC which increases or maximizes lifetime may vary, for example, depending on the type of battery packs. Although an SOC of a battery pack has a certain value, the SOC may decrease or increase by a certain percentage according to use of the battery pack. In this case, the SOC of the battery pack may be adjusted so that the battery pack operates in an SOC section where the battery pack has relatively better lifetime characteristics. In one embodiment, the battery pack may not be used in an SOC section that is disadvantageous to the lifetime characteristics of the battery pack, even if the SOC decreases or increases, by taking into account the amount of increase or decrease of the SOC.

0016In the example described above, if it is most disadvantageous to use a battery pack having an SOC of 50% due to its lifetime characteristics, the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 may be adjusted to be different from 50% in order to increase the lifetimes of the first and second battery packs 110 and 112. For example, since the first threshold value is set to 20% in the example described above, the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 may be adjusted to be 40% and 60%, respectively, in order to increase the lifetimes of the first and second battery packs 110 and 112. If the first threshold value is set to 30%, instead of 20%, the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 may be adjusted to be 35% and 65%, respectively.

0017When a difference between an SOC of the first battery pack 110 and an SOC of the second battery pack 120 is less than a first threshold value, the charge and discharge controller 140 adjusts the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 becomes equal to the first threshold value and an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 before the adjusting becomes equal to an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 after the adjusting.

0018When a difference between the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 is greater than a second threshold value, the charge and discharge controller 140 may charge or discharge the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 is less than or equal to the second threshold value.

0019For example, when the second threshold value is set to 40%, the SOC of the first battery pack 110 is 75%, and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 is 30%, the charge and discharge controller 140 may adjust the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 is less than or equal to 40%. After the adjustment, the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 may be 72.5% and 32.5%, respectively. Accordingly, an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 before the adjustment may be equal to an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 after the adjustment.

0020The charge and discharge controller 140 may charge or discharge, with a first C-rate, the first battery pack 110 and the second battery pack 120 after adjusting the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 120 using the method described above. In at least one embodiment, C-rate corresponds to a current rate and is a unit for setting a current value under various using conditions during charging and discharging of a battery and for estimating or denoting an available using time of the battery. A current value according to a charge and discharge rate may be calculated by dividing a charge or discharge current by the rated capacity of the battery. The term "C" is used as the unit of the C-rate.

0021The value of the first C-rate of a charge or discharge current used by the charge and discharge controller 140 to charge or discharge a battery pack may be set based on a C-rate value which increases or maximizes the lifetimes of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120.

0022In one embodiment, the battery charge and discharge control system 100 sets a C-rate value to be used when charging and discharging a battery pack, based on a C-rate value by which the lifetime of the battery pack is increased or maximized. Even if a high current is applied through a pulse charge and discharge, rather than a continuous charge and discharge, deterioration of a battery may be suppressed and the lifetime of the battery may be lengthened.

0023The battery charge and discharge control system 100 may include a first switch SW1 and a second switch SW2. The first switch SW1 is turned on or turned off based on a first control signal from the charge and discharge controller 140 to charge or discharge the first battery pack 110. The second switch SW2 is turned on or turned off based on a second control signal from the charge and discharge controller 140 to charge or discharge the second battery pack 120.

0024When the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 is greater than a second threshold value, the charge and discharge controller 140 may charge or discharge the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 is equal to the second threshold value.

0025The second threshold value may be a value not less than the first threshold value and, for example, may be equal to the first threshold value. The battery charge and discharge control system 100 sets an appropriate SOC difference between a plurality of battery packs and adjusts an SOC difference between or among the battery packs to the set SOC difference when the SOC difference between the battery packs, measured by the SOC measuring unit 130, is different from the set SOC difference.

0026The first threshold value may be a reference value for increasing an SOC difference between battery packs having a small SOC difference therebetween. The second threshold value may be a reference value for reducing an SOC difference between battery packs having a large SOC difference therebetween.

0027Each of the first and second threshold values may include an offset. When both the first threshold value and the second threshold value are 40% and have an offset of 2%, an operation for adjusting SOCs of battery packs may not be performed when an SOC difference between the battery packs is equal to or greater than 38% and is equal to or less than 42%. When the SOC difference between the battery packs is less than 38%, the SOC difference may be increased so that the SOC difference between the battery packs is 40%. In addition, when the SOC difference between the battery packs is greater than 42%, the SOC difference may be reduced so that the SOC difference between the battery packs is 40%.

0028When the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 are equal to or less than 10% or equal to or greater than 90% before adjusting the SOCs thereof, the charge and discharge controller 140 may not adjust the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120. Accordingly, even if an SOC difference between the first battery pack 110 and the second battery pack 120 is equal to or less than the first threshold value or is equal to or greater than the second threshold value, the charge and discharge controller 140 does not adjust the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 when the SOC of any one of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 is equal to or less than 10% or is equal to or greater than 90%.

0029<figref idref="f0002">FIGS. 2A</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">2B</figref> are graphs illustrating examples of the lifetime of a battery according to SOC. <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2A</figref> illustrates the lifetime of a battery according to a center SOC, e.g., a medium value between an SOC in a full charge state and an SOC in a full discharge state. In the example of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2A</figref>, the lifetime of a battery is shown when, based on the center SOC, a state where the SOC is -12.5% is set as the full discharge state and a state where the SOC is +12.5% is set as the full charge state.

0030Referring to <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2A</figref>, the lifetime of the battery is shortest when the center SOC is set to 50% and the SOC is in a range between 37.5% and 62.5%. The lifetime of the battery is increased when the battery is used in a section where the SOC is less than 50%, and the lifetime of the battery is also increased when the battery is used in a section where the SOC is greater than 50%. Accordingly, in the case of a battery having SOC-lifetime characteristics as in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2A</figref>, a relatively long lifetime may be secured when the battery is used in a section where the SOC is not 50%.

0031<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 2B</figref> is a graph illustrating an example of the lifetime of a battery according to a non-use SOC. The non-use SOC may correspond to an SOC of the battery when the battery is not being charged or discharged, e.g., in a state where the battery is not being used. Referring to <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 2B</figref>, the lifetime of the battery is shortest when the non-use SOC is 50%. Accordingly, in the case of a battery having SOC-lifetime characteristics as in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 2B</figref>, a relatively long lifetime may be secured when the battery is left in a section where the SOC is not 50%.

0032The two graphs of <figref idref="f0002">FIGS. 2A</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">2B</figref> illustrate results measured with respect to a battery of a certain type, and the SOC-lifetime characteristics in <figref idref="f0002">FIGS. 2A</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">2B</figref> are just examples. Different measurements or characteristics may obtain for other embodiments.

0033The SOC-lifetime characteristics of a battery may be obtained, for example, through repeated measurements based on the type of the battery. In one embodiment, an SOC section may be set in which the battery is not to be used according to measured results, and use the battery may be used in a section other than the set section to secure a relatively long lifetime.

0034<figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 3A</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">3B</figref> illustrate examples of operations of one embodiment of a method for adjusting the SOC of a battery pack. The first battery pack 110 and a second battery pack 120 are illustrated in <figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 3A</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">3B</figref>. Here, it is assumed that the first battery pack 110 and the second battery pack 120 are connected in parallel.

0035<figref idref="f0004">FIG. 3A</figref> illustrates states of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 before SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 are adjusted. <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 3B</figref> illustrates states of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 after the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 are adjusted. In <figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 3A</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">3B</figref>, a case, in which a first threshold value is set to 30% and a first reference value (e.g., an SOC by which lifetimes of the first and second battery packs 110 are minimized) is 50%, is described as an example.

0036Referring to <figref idref="f0004">FIG. 3A</figref>, the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 are 60% and 40%, respectively, before the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 are adjusted. Referring to <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 3B</figref>, the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 are 70% and 30%, respectively, after the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 are adjusted.

0037Since an SOC difference between the first battery pack 110 and the second battery pack 120 is 20% and is less than the first threshold value of 30%, the charge and discharge controller 140 adjusts the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the SOC difference between the first battery pack 110 and the second battery pack 120 is 30%. In this case, the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 may be adjusted so that an average of the SOCs before the adjustment of the SOCs is equal to an average of the SOCs after the adjustment of the SOCs. In this case, the charge and discharge controller 140 adjusts the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the SOC of the first battery pack 110 is 70% after charging the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 is 30% after discharging the second battery pack 120

0038As another example, when SOCs of two battery packs (e.g., the first and second battery packs 110 and 120) are 45% and 60%, respectively, before adjusting the SOCs, the first threshold value is 30%, and the first reference value is 40%, the charge and discharge controller 140 may adjusts the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that the SOC of the first battery pack 110 and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 are 37.5% and 67.5%, respectively. In this case, the SOC of the first battery pack 110, which was 45% before the adjusting of the SOCs, becomes 37.5% after the adjusting of the SOC and thus becomes closer to the first reference value. As the SOC of the first battery pack 110 is closer to the first reference value, the lifetime of the first battery pack 110 may be reduced. Thus, the first threshold value may be set to a relatively large value to prevent reduction of the lifetime of the first battery pack 110. When the first threshold value is set to 40%, the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 may be adjusted to 32.5% and 72.5%, respectively, so that the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 are more distant from the first reference value.

0039The first reference value is a value that varies according to characteristics of a battery and may be obtained by repeated experiments and measurements. Thus, a method of flexibly adjusting the first threshold value according to the first reference value and an SOC of the battery pack before adjusting the SOC may also be used.

0040In the foregoing embodiment, the battery charge and discharge control system 100 has been described for two battery packs. In another embodiment, the battery charge and discharge control system 100 may control three or more battery packs.

0041When the same types of three or more battery packs are connected to each other, the SOC of each battery pack may be measured to determine a minimum SOC and a maximum SOC and may be adjusted so that a difference between the minimum SOC and the maximum SOC has a certain threshold value. Since SOCs of the battery packs, by which lifetimes of the battery packs are minimized, are identical regardless of the number of battery packs, the SOCs of the battery packs may be adjusted so that the battery packs operate in a range that is as distant from an SOC of a certain section as possible.

0042<figref idref="f0006">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates an embodiment of a charge and discharge switch, which is a switch for selectively charging or discharging battery packs. This switch may perform a switching operation between an external charge terminal and each battery pack, e.g., as shown in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>. The first switch SW1 illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> may be connected between the first battery pack 110 and the external charge terminal. The second switch SW2 illustrated in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> may be connected between the second battery pack 120 and the external charge terminal.

0043Each of the first and second switches SW1 and SW2 may include a charge switch SWch and a discharge switch SWdis, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 4</figref>. The battery charge and discharge control system 100 charges or discharges a battery pack according to one or more conditions, e.g., an SOC (e.g., a first reference value) minimizing the lifetime of the battery pack, a current SOC of the battery pack, and/or a first threshold value. Accordingly, the first switch SW1 and the second switch SW2 may have a structure for selectively charging or discharging a battery pack, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 4</figref>.

0044<figref idref="f0007">FIGS. 5A</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">5B</figref> illustrate examples of the remaining capacity of a battery pack according to C-rate, e.g., the remaining capacity measured while the C-rate is varied under a condition where constant energy is charged or discharged by charging and discharging the battery pack once a day. The types of batteries used to measure the C-rate in <figref idref="f0007">FIGS. 5A</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">5B</figref> are different from each other.

0045When the C-rate is 1C, one hour is required to charge the battery pack from a full discharge state to a full charge state, and one hour is also required to discharge the battery pack from a full charge state to a full discharge state. In addition, due to the condition of charging and discharging the battery pack once a day, the battery pack is in a rest state during 22 hours, except for the two hours for charging and discharging.

0046Referring to <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 5A</figref>, in the case of charging and discharging the battery pack with a C-rate of 3C, 20 minutes are required for charging and discharging and a charging or discharging operation does not occur for 23 hours and 20 minutes. In the battery used for the measurement in <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 5A</figref>, the largest remaining capacity is measured when the battery is charged and discharged with a C-rate of 3C. Thus, the lifetime of the battery may be longest at this time.

0047In the battery used for the measurement in <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 5B</figref>, the largest remaining capacity is measured when the battery is charged and discharged with a C-rate of 1C. Thus, the lifetime of the battery may be longest at this time.

0048Referring to <figref idref="f0007">FIGS. 5A</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">5B</figref>, it is possible to select a certain C-rate that is most advantageous to the lifetime of a battery, and the remaining capacity of the battery may be increased by charging and discharging the battery with the selected C-rate. Since the remaining capacity is a factor that has an influence on the deterioration and lifetime of a battery, a C-rate may be selected that is based on (e.g., advantageous in terms of) deterioration, lifetime, capacity, and/or characteristics of a battery to be used.

0049<figref idref="f0009">FIG. 6A</figref> illustrates a continuous charge and discharge according to a comparative example, and <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 6B</figref> illustrates a continuous charge and discharge according to one embodiment. Continuous charge and discharge may correspond to a system using a plurality of batteries, like an energy storage apparatus, where continuous charging or discharging currents having the same pattern are applied to all of the plurality of batteries when charging or discharging the batteries (or battery packs).

0050The charging and discharging method corresponding to the comparative example may cause a problem where the degradation of a battery is accelerated when a high-rate charging current is applied to the battery to improve charging speed.

0051Unlike the comparative example, the continuous charge and discharge performed in <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 6B</figref> uses a pulse charge and discharge and may be illustrated by four pulse graphs as obtained by dividing the graph of <figref idref="f0009">FIG. 6A</figref>. The four graphs of <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 6B</figref> show results obtained when charging and discharging four battery packs. When it is assumed that the graph on the upper left side is a graph for a first battery pack, the graph on the upper right side is a graph for a second battery pack, the graph on the lower right side is a graph for a third battery pack, and the graph on the lower left side is a graph for a fourth battery pack, a charging current or a discharging current that is discontinuous according to time is applied to the first through fourth battery packs.

0052Referring to the four graphs of <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 6B</figref>, the C-rate does not exceed 4C during a pulse charge and discharge. Thus, it may be understood that a range of the C-rate was set so as to reduce or minimize deterioration of batteries according to characteristics of the first through fourth battery packs.

0053As described with reference to <figref idref="f0007 f0008">FIG. 5</figref>, deterioration characteristics of a battery may vary according to the size of the C-rate, which therefore may adversely influence the lifetime of the battery. Accordingly, the C-rate may be determined to be in a range that does not have an adverse influence on the deterioration characteristics of the battery and a battery pack may be charged and discharged with the C-rate in this range.

0054The charge and discharge controller 140 may charge or discharge the second battery pack during a pulse-off time of a pulse charge and discharge operation of the first battery pack. This is for giving a rest time to a battery pack, and a deterioration speed of the battery pack may be lowered by giving the rest time to the battery pack.

0055Alternatively, as illustrated in <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 6B</figref>, the charge and discharge controller 140 may charge or discharge the fourth battery pack during a pulse-off time of a pulse charge and discharge operation of the first through third battery packs while pulse-charging and discharging the first through fourth battery packs.

0056The number of battery packs, presented in the current specification, is only an example and may be flexibly adjusted according to an output capacity for a system and the size of an output voltage for the system.

0057<figref idref="f0011">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates another embodiment of a battery charge and discharge control system 100' which includes a first battery pack 110, a second battery pack 120, an SOC measuring unit 130, a charge and discharge controller 140, and a state-of-health (SOH) calculator 150. The first battery pack 110, the second battery pack 120, the SOC measuring unit 130, and the charge and discharge controller 140 in <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 7</figref> may be substantially the same as those in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>.

0058The SOH calculator 150 calculates a SOH of each of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120. The SOH may correspond to a performance index obtained, for example, by comparing an ideal state of a battery with a current state of the battery. SOH may be indicated in terms of a percentage (%), with an SOH of 100% denoting that the current state of a battery exactly satisfies one or more initial specifications of the battery. The SOH may be calculated in various ways. Examples include calculating SOH based on an internal resistance, impedance, capacity, voltages, and the number of charge and discharge operations of a battery.

0059The SOH calculator 150 may periodically calculate the SOH of each of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120. When the SOHs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 are calculated by the SOH calculator 150, the charge and discharge controller 140 may adjust the SOHs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 according to the calculated SOHs. In one embodiment, the charge and discharge controller 140 may adjust the SOHs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 only when an SOH difference between the first battery pack 110 and the second battery pack 120 is equal to or greater than a third threshold value.

0060When the result of the SOH calculator 150 satisfies an SOC adjustment condition, the charge and discharge controller 140 adjusts the SOC of a battery pack. For example, when the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 are set to 40% and 60%, respectively, by adjustment of the charge and discharge controller 140 and lifetime characteristics of batteries are relatively better at SOC 40%, the SOH of the second battery pack 120 is lower than that of the first battery pack 120.

0061In this case, in order to prevent the second battery pack 120 from rapidly deteriorating compared to the first battery pack 110, the charge and discharge controller 140 may adjust the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 so that, for example, the SOC of the first battery pack 110 is 60% and the SOC of the second battery pack 120 is 40%. In addition, deterioration priorities may be given to a plurality of battery packs, and the SOC of the battery pack may be adjusted only when the SOH of a battery pack having a relatively high priority is low.

0062<figref idref="f0012">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates another embodiment of a battery charge and discharge control method for controlling charge and discharge operations of first and second battery packs which are connected in parallel. Referring to <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 8</figref>, the method includes an SOC measuring operation S110, an SOC expanding operation S120, an SOC reducing operation S130, and a battery charging and discharging operation S140.

0063In operation S110, charge states of the first and second battery packs are measured.

0064In operation S120, if an SOC difference between the first battery pack and the second battery pack is equal to or less than a first threshold value, SOCs of the first and second battery packs are adjusted so that the SOC difference between the first battery pack and the second battery pack equals the first threshold value.

0065In operation S130, if an SOC difference between the first battery pack and the second battery pack is equal to or greater than a second threshold value, the SOCs of the first and second battery packs are adjusted so that the SOC difference between the first battery pack and the second battery pack equals the second threshold value.

0066In operation S140, the first and second battery packs are pulse-charged with a first C-rate.

0067In the SOC expanding operation S120 and the SOC reducing operation S130, the SOCs of the first and second battery packs may be adjusted, for example, so that an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs before the adjustment is equal to an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs after the adjustment. Thus, when increasing the SOC first battery pack, the SOC of the other battery pack is increased based on the amount of SOC increase of the first battery pack, or vice versa.

0068In addition, in the SOC expanding operation S120, the SOCs of the first and second battery packs may be adjusted so that the sum of a difference between the SOC of the first battery pack after the adjustment and a first reference value and a difference between the SOC of the second battery pack after the adjustment and the first reference value is increased or maximized. In this case, the first reference value may be an SOC value for reducing or minimizing lifetimes of the first and second battery packs.

0069For example, when an SOC which minimizes lifetimes of the first and second battery packs is 50%, the first reference value may be 50%. In the SOC expanding operation S120, the SOC of the first battery pack and the SOC of the second battery pack may be adjusted to be different or distant from 50%. However, the SOCs of the first and second battery packs may be adjusted within a range, in which the average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs after the adjustment is equal to the average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs before the adjustment, and an SOC range, in which an SOC difference between the first battery pack and the second battery pack is equal to the first threshold value.

0070In the SOC expanding operation S120 or the SOC reducing operation S130, the SOCs of the first and second battery packs 110 and 120 may not be adjusted when the SOCs of the first and second battery packs are equal to or less than 10% or equal to or greater than 90% before adjusting the SOCs. Accordingly, even if the SOC difference between the first battery pack and the second battery pack is equal to or less than the first threshold value or is equal to or greater than the second threshold value, the SOCs of the first and second battery packs are not adjusted when the SOC of one of the first or second battery packs is equal to or less than 10% or is equal to or greater than 90%.

0071In one embodiment, the range, in which the SOC of one of the first or second battery packs may not be adjusted, may be changed, for example, based on the number of batteries connected in parallel.

0072The first C-rate in the battery charging and discharging operation S140 may be set based on a C-rate value for which the lifetimes of the first and second battery packs are increased or maximized. As described with reference to <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 5A</figref>, in a battery pack having best lifetime characteristics when the first C-rate is 3C, the first C-rate may be set to a value equal to or less than 4C or is close to 3C.

0073In the battery charging and discharging operation S140, a rest time may be given to each battery pack by charging and discharging the second battery pack during a pulse-off time of a pulse charge and discharge operation of the first battery pack. Lifetime characteristics of each battery pack may be improved by giving the rest time to each battery pack.

0074<figref idref="f0013">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates another embodiment of a battery charge and discharge control method which includes an SOC measuring operation S210, an SOC expanding operation S220, an SOC reducing operation S230, an SOH calculating operation S240, and a battery charging and discharging operation S250. The SOC measuring operation S210, the SOC expanding operation S220, the SOC reducing operation S230, and the battery charging and discharging operation S250 may be substantially the same as the SOC measuring operation S110, the SOC expanding operation S120, the SOC reducing operation S130, and the battery charging and discharging operation S140 in <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 8</figref>.

0075In operation S240, SOHs of the first and second battery packs are calculated.

0076In operation S250, the SOCs of the first and second battery packs may be adjusted based on the SOHs of the first and second battery packs, calculated in operation S240. The SOH may be used as an index for determining a current lifetime state of a battery. When the SOH is high, the current state of the battery may be most similar to a state before the battery is used. Accordingly, it may be understood that, when the SOH is low, the battery further deteriorated. As described above with reference to <figref idref="f0002 f0003">FIG. 2</figref>, there may be a certain SOC section that has an adverse influence on the remaining capacity of a battery or the lifetime of the battery according to the type of battery. Thus, the SOC of a battery pack having a low SOH may be adjusted so that the battery pack operates in an SOC section other than an SOC section in which the battery pack currently operates.

0077For example, when the SOCs of the first and second battery packs are set to 40% and 60%, respectively, by the adjustment in operation S220 or operation S230, and lifetime characteristics of batteries are relatively better at SOC 40%, the SOH of the second battery pack is lower than that of the first battery pack. In this case, in order to prevent the second battery pack from rapidly deteriorating, compared to the first battery pack, the SOC of the first battery pack and the SOC of the second battery pack may be adjusted to 60% and 40%, respectively, in operation S250.

0078In addition, in one embodiment, deterioration priorities may be given to a plurality of battery packs, and the SOC of the battery pack may be adjusted only when an SOH of a battery pack having a relatively high priority is low.

0079In accordance with another embodiment, an apparatus includes an interface and a controller to generate signals for output through the interface. The signals adjust a state-of-health (SOC) of each of a first battery pack and a second battery pack. When a difference between the SOCs of the first and second battery packs is less than a first threshold value, the controller is to adjust the SOCs of the first and second battery packs so that the difference between the SOC of the first and second battery packs is equal to the first threshold value, an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs before the adjustment is equal to an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs after the adjustment.

0080The interface may be may take various forms. For example, when the controller (e.g., controller 140) is embodied within an integrated circuit chip, the interface may be one or more output terminals, leads, wires, ports, signal lines, or other type of interface without or coupled to the controller.

0081The methods, processes, and/or operations described herein may be performed by code or instructions to be executed by a computer, processor, controller, or other signal processing device. The computer, processor, controller, or other signal processing device may be those described herein or one in addition to the elements described herein. Because the algorithms that form the basis of the methods (or operations of the computer, processor, controller, or other signal processing device) are described in detail, the code or instructions for implementing the operations of the method embodiments may transform the computer, processor, controller, or other signal processing device into a special-purpose processor for performing the methods described herein.

0082The controllers, adjusters, measurers, and other processing features of the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented in logic which, for example, may include hardware, software, or both. When implemented at least partially in hardware, the controllers, adjusters, measurers, and other processing features may be, for example, any one of a variety of integrated circuits including but not limited to an application-specific integrated circuit, a field-programmable gate array, a combination of logic gates, a system-on-chip, a microprocessor, or another type of processing or control circuit.

0083When implemented in at least partially in software, the controllers, adjusters, measurers, and other processing features may include, for example, a memory or other storage device for storing code or instructions to be executed, for example, by a computer, processor, microprocessor, controller, or other signal processing device. The computer, processor, microprocessor, controller, or other signal processing device may be those described herein or one in addition to the elements described herein. Because the algorithms that form the basis of the methods (or operations of the computer, processor, microprocessor, controller, or other signal processing device) are described in detail, the code or instructions for implementing the operations of the method embodiments may transform the computer, processor, controller, or other signal processing device into a special-purpose processor for performing the methods described herein.

0084Also, another embodiment may include a computer-readable medium, e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium, for storing the code or instructions described above. The computer-readable medium may be a volatile or non-volatile memory or other storage device, which may be removably or fixedly coupled to the computer, processor, controller, or other signal processing device which is to execute the code or instructions for performing the method embodiments described herein.

0085In an yet further exemplary embodiment a battery charge and discharge control system, comprises first and second battery packs connected in parallel; a state-of-charge (SOC) measurer to measure charge states of the first and second battery packs; and a controller. The controller is to adjust SOCs of the first and second battery packs. When a difference between the SOC of the first battery pack and the SOC of the second battery pack is equal to or less than a first threshold value, the controller is to adjust the SOCs of the first and second battery packs so that the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack and the SOC of the second battery pack is equal to the first threshold value, and an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs before the adjustment is equal to an average of the SOCs of the first and second battery packs after the adjustment. The controller is to pulse-charge or pulse-discharge the first and second battery packs with a first C-rate. The controller may be configured to adjust the SOCs of the first and second battery packs so that a sum of a difference between the SOC of the first battery pack after the adjustment and a first reference value and a difference between the SOC of the second battery pack after the adjustment and the first reference value is increased, the first reference value corresponding to an SOC value for reducing lifetimes of the first and second battery packs. The controller may not to adjust the SOCs of the first and second battery packs when the SOCs of the first and second battery packs are equal to or less than 10% or equal to or greater than 90% before adjusting the SOCs. The controller may be configured to charge or discharge the second battery pack during a pulse-off time of a pulse charge and discharge operation of the first battery pack.

0086In a yet further exemplary embodiment of the invention a method comprises, for controlling first and second battery packs connected in parallel, (a) measuring charge states (SOC) of the first and second battery packs; (b) adjusting the SOCs of the first and second battery packs so that when a difference between the SOC of the first battery pack and the SOC of the second battery pack is equal to or less than a first threshold value, the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack and the SOC of the second battery pack are equal to the first threshold value;(c) adjusting the SOCs of the first and second battery packs so that when the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack and the SOC of the second battery pack is equal to or greater than a second threshold value, the difference between the SOC of the first battery pack and the SOC of the second battery pack is equal to the second threshold value; and (d) pulse-charging the first and second battery packs with a first C-rate. Step (b) may include adjusting the SOCs of the first and second battery packs so that a sum of a difference between the SOC of the first battery pack after the adjustment of the SOCs and a first reference value and a difference between the SOC of the second battery pack after the adjustment of the SOCs and the first reference value is increased or maximized, the first reference value corresponding to an SOC value for reducing or minimizing lifetimes of the first and second battery packs.

0087Example embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although specific terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent to one of skill in the art as of the filing of the present application, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with a particular embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.