Multiple impact microprojection applicators

TECHNICAL FIELD

0001The subject matter described herein relates generally to a method (not claimed) and delivery system for drug delivery using microprojections, and the invention relates more specifically to applicators for applying an array of microprojections that provide multiple impacts.

BACKGROUND

0002Arrays of microneedles were proposed as a way of administering drugs through the skin in the 1970s, for example in <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US3964482A"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 3,964,482</text></patcit>. Microneedle or microstructure arrays can facilitate the passage of drugs through or into human skin and other biological membranes in circumstances where ordinary transdermal administration is inadequate. Microstructure arrays can also be used to sample fluids found in the vicinity of a biological membrane such as interstitial fluid, which is then tested for the presence of biomarkers.

0003In recent years it has become more feasible to manufacture microstructure arrays in a way that makes their widespread use financially feasible. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US6451240B"><text>U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,240</text></patcit> discloses some methods of manufacturing microneedle arrays. If the arrays are sufficiently inexpensive, for example, they may be marketed as disposable devices. A disposable device may be preferable to a reusable one in order to avoid the question of the integrity of the device being compromised by previous use and to avoid the potential need of resterilizing the device after each use and maintaining it in controlled storage.

0004In addition to cost, integrity and sterility, a further issue with microneedle arrays is bioavailability of the active agent. An intravenous injection delivers a precise quantity of an active agent to the circulation. A subcutaneous or intramuscular injection delivers a precise quantity of an active agent into the tissue, but the quantity of active agent delivered to the circulation and the rate at which active ingredient is delivered are affected by the type of surrounding tissue, circulation, and possibly other factors. When a drug is delivered orally, the resulting blood levels may exhibit substantial variation among patients due to metabolism and other factors, but minimal therapeutic levels can be assured for most patients, for example, because the rate of metabolism has an upper limit and because there is long experience with the absorption of many drugs from oral formulations. When a drug is delivered to unmodified skin by a conventional transdermal patch, the bypassing of the hepatic circulation may lessen the effect of liver metabolism on bioavailability. On the other hand, with a conventional transdermal patch, differences in skin permeability are an additional factor leading to differences in bioavailability.

0005Microneedles manipulate the permeability of the skin with respect to the active agent. Variability in the permeability enhancement created by different applications of the microneedles will result in variations in the rate of transfer through the skin, the amount transferred through the skin and the bioavailability. Variability of skin permeability enhancement on the application of a microneedle array can result from application on different patients. Particular concern exists, of course, if the enhancement is small in particular patient populations so that the administration of the drug will not produce a therapeutically effective dosing (e.g., adequate blood levels) in those populations. Concern may arise also if the enhancement is sometimes undesirably small in a patient, even if at other times the enhancement is as expected in that patient, depending on details of how and where the microneedle array is applied.

0006A typical microneedle array comprises microneedles projecting from a base of a particular thickness, which may be of any shape, for example square, rectangular, triangular, or circular. The microneedles themselves may have a variety of shapes. While an array could be pressed by hand into skin, it has also been proposed to use a variety of devices to hold the microneedle array as it is being applied or to facilitate in one way or another the process of microneedle array application to the skin or other biological membrane. Such devices may broadly be referred to as "applicators." Applicators may for example reduce the variations in force, velocity, and skin tension that occur when a microneedle array is pressed by hand into the skin. Variations in force, velocity and skin tension can result in variations in permeability enhancement.

0007In some applications of microneedle arrays, they may be applied to the skin or other biological membrane in order to form microchannels and then are more or less immediately withdrawn. In other applications the microneedle array may be held in place for a longer period of time. The design of the applicator may naturally be influenced by how long the microneedles are expected to stay in place.

0008Applicators for microneedles comprising components which have two stable states have been described in <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US20080183144A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2008/0183144</text></patcit>. The existence of two stable states is a feature generally desired in an applicator because the energy difference between the two stable states can allow each use of the applicator to employ a fixed amount of energy in order to cause penetration, improving reproducibility.

0009One problem with prior art applicator designs is that the energy required to achieve penetration of the microneedles may result in a force to the patient's skin that is uncomfortable or painful. <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US6743211B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,743,211</text></patcit> describes vibrating the microneedles and/or the skin to enhance penetration. However, existing vibratory applicators are complex and expensive. They typically use a stand-alone piece of equipment, usually electronic in nature, to provide vibration. This separate, non-disposable vibratory machine is undesirable or even unobtainable in many areas. These devices are primarily used in a research setting due to their cost and complexity.

0010There is a need in the art for applicators and related devices suitable for use with microneedle arrays, for example, in order to assist in making the process of drug delivery more user friendly and uniform across patients and for different applications to the same patient. There is also a need for an applicator which has sufficient force to achieve desired penetration of a patient's skin with the microprojections without causing discomfort or pain.

0011<patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="WO2009039013A1"><text>WO 2009/039013 A1</text></patcit> discloses an insertion device for inserting an infusion device at least partially into skin for subcutaneous infusion. <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="EP2399624A1"><text>EP 2 399 624 A1</text></patcit> concerns a device for inserting a soft cannula into the tissue of a patient. <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="WO2011121023A1"><text>WO 2011/121023 A1</text></patcit> concerns a medical device provided with an outer part or shell and an inner functional part which inner functional part comprises a combination of units. The functional combination of units normally constitutes a device comprising a part being able to penetrate the skin of a patient, i.e. a subcutaneous part such as a cannula, a sensor, an insertion needle or the like. The outer part comprises one or more activation points on the outer surface and the activation points are connected to contact surfaces of the inner part in such a way that pressure on the activation points initiates a function of the inner part.

0012<patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="KR20100064669A"><text>KR 2010 0064669 A</text></patcit> provides a microneedle skin care apparatus which can minimize pain when punching the skin, and can directly supply medicine to the punched skin when the needle punctures the skin. In <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US2011276027A1"><text>US 2011/276027 A1</text></patcit>, an applicator for a microprojection array is described. <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US6248120B1"><text>US 6 248 120 B1</text></patcit> describes a puncturing device. <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="WO2006086742A2"><text>WO 2006/086742 A2</text></patcit> provides a micromachined or microsized component-based needleless injector for delivering a dose of a liquid formulation containing a biologically active agent to tissue by way of a high pressure liquid microstream that penetrates the skin and deposits the agent at an optimal depth in the tissue. <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="WO2005046769A2"><text>WO 2005/046769 A2</text></patcit> discloses an apparatus and method for accessing the bone marrow of a human's sternum. The apparatus includes a tissue penetrator configured to penetrate the sternum, a trigger mechanism configured to engage when the tissue penetrator contacts the sternum and a depth control mechanism operable to limit the penetration of the tissue penetrator into the sternum to a pre-selected depth.

0013The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY

0014The following unit conversions are used: 1 inch = 2.54 cm; 1 lb = 0.454 kg; 1 KSI = 6.895 MPa.

0015In one embodiment of the invention, an applicator for a microprojection array is provided as defined in claim 1. The applicator comprising: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>at least a first plunger element comprising a first energy-mass system, the first plunger element having a first restrained position and a second extended position, the first plunger element comprising a distal end on which at least one microprojection can be retained;</li><li>at least a second energy-mass system, wherein the first and second energy-mass systems each has a different time constant, and each energy-mass system has a first restrained position and a second extended position; and</li><li>an actuating member that can convey an external force to at least the first plunger element to release the first plunger element from the first restrained position;</li><li>wherein the first energy-mass system has a faster time constant than the second energy-mass system such that the first plunger element impacts a subject by multiple, discrete impacts.</li></ul>

0016Also described herein is a method (not claimed) of delivering a therapeutic agent to a subject, comprises (i) applying to a skin site of a subject, an applicator comprising at least one plunger element, at least one microprojection retained on a distal surface of the plunger, and an actuator; (ii) actuating the actuator to convey an external force to the at least one plunger element such that an energy required for the at least one microprojection to penetrate the skin site is delivered in multiple, discrete quanta and/or impacts.

0017In an example, a maximum strain and/or strain rate is not exceeded by any of the multiple, discrete quanta and/or impacts. In further examples, there is sufficient delay between impacts to allow a strain from a previous impact to dissipate.

0018In an example, the at least one microstructure partially penetrates the skin site from a first impact, and the method further comprises detaching the at least one microstructure from the plunger distal end.

0019In embodiments, the multiple, discrete quanta and/or impacts are created by any one of or a combination of methods and devices including: <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact" ol-style=""><li>(a) the plunger comprises multiple energy-mass systems or the device includes a plurality of plunger elements each with an energy-mass system, each system having a different time constant so that the energy-mass systems progressively deploy;</li><li>(b) the applicator comprises a plurality of plunger elements and an asynchronous release mechanism such that the plunger elements are released at different time periods;</li><li>(c) the applicator comprises a plurality of plunger elements each comprising a dashpot element having a different damping coefficient;</li><li>(d) the applicator comprises a plurality of plunger elements, each having a different type of spring; and</li><li>(e) the applicator further includes a vibration element.</li></ol>

0020In embodiments, each of the energy-mass systems has a progressively higher time constant such that the plunger elements impact the skin site in a defined sequence. In embodiments, the impacts are sequential. The timing of the impacts may be regular or irregular, which may depend on the time required for the strain from the prior impact to dissipate. In further embodiments, each energy-mass element includes a spring and a mass element. In additional embodiments, a delay in impact from the plunger elements may be modified by adjusting a spring constant of one or more springs in the energy-mass elements. In other embodiments a delay in impact from the plunger elements may be modified by adjusting a mass of the mass elements. In further embodiments, a cam or other mechanical feature may be used to build in delays in release in order to provide the asynchronous release. In additional embodiments, the different types of springs are selected from coiled springs, wave springs, and slotted springs. In further embodiments, an amplitude of the vibration element is controlled to limit an impact strain from one or more of the multiple, discrete quanta and/or impacts. In other embodiments, a frequency of the vibration element is controlled to limit an impact strain from one or more of the multiple, discrete quanta and/or impacts.

0021In embodiments, the applicator further includes at least one microstructure attached to a distal surface of the plunger element distal end.

0022In embodiments, the first and second energy-mass systems each include a mass and an energy-storing element. In other embodiments the energy-storing elements are elastic energy elements. In further embodiments, the energy-storing elements are each selected from a compression spring, a coil spring, a wave spring, and a slotted spring. The energy-storing elements for the different energy-mass systems may be the same or different for each energy-mass system.

0023In embodiments, the energy-mass systems each have a time constant such that the energy-mass systems are released at the same time (simultaneously or near simultaneously) but deploy at different rates, and thus impact at different times. The applicator of any previous claim, wherein the first energy-mass system has a faster time constant than the second energy-mass system. In other embodiments, the mass of the first energy-mass system is different than the mass of the second energy-mass system. In further embodiments, the first energy-mass system has a stored energy sufficient to deploy the at least one microprojection at least partially into a subject's skin when the stored energy is released.

0024In embodiments, the applicator includes further energy-mass systems (third, fourth, fifth, or more) depending on the number of impacts desired. In an embodiment, the applicator includes a third energy-mass system, wherein the third energy-mass system has a different time constant than the first or second energy-mass systems. In other embodiments, the third energy-mass system has a slower time constant than the first or second energy-mass systems.

0025In embodiments, the applicator includes a housing where the first plunger element and actuating member are at least partially positioned in the housing. In other embodiments, the housing member includes a skin-contacting surface. In further embodiments, the skin-contacting surface further comprising an adhesive to secure the housing to a surface.

0026In embodiments, the at least one microprojection is a microprojection array comprising a plurality of microprojections. In other embodiments, at least some of the plurality of microprojections are dissolvable or erodible microprojections. In additional embodiments, at least some of the plurality of microprojections include at least one therapeutic agent. In yet other embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from a drug, a small molecule, a peptide or protein, or a vaccine. In other embodiments, at least a portion of the plurality of microprojections are detachable from the microprojection array.

0027In an embodiment, the first plunger element contacts a subject's skin with an energy of about 0.15-0.2 J.

0028In another embodiment, the applicator further includes a backing member positioned on the distal surface of the first plunger distal end, wherein the backing member comprises the at least one microprojection; the backing member being detachable from the first plunger element distal end. In other embodiments, the backing member comprises a support layer adjacent the distal surface of the first plunger element distal end and an adhesive layer, wherein the at least one microprojection is positioned distal to the adhesive layer. In additional embodiments, the at least one microprojection is a microprojection array positioned distal to the adhesive layer. In further embodiments, the adhesive layer at least partially surrounds the at least one microprojection.

0029In embodiments, the applicator further includes a damper positioned between at least one of the energy-storing elements and a proximal surface of the first plunger element distal end.

0030Also described herein is a method (not claimed) of delivering a therapeutic agent to a subject, which comprises an applicator as described herein; actuating the actuating member to convey an external force to at least the first plunger element; releasing the first plunger element from the first restrained position to the second extended position to impact the subject's skin; and releasing the second energy-mass system from the first restrained position to the second extended position with a different time constant than the first plunger element; wherein the second energy mass system impacts a proximal surface of the first plunger distal end.

0031In an example, the first plunger contacts the skin site of the subject with sufficient force for the at least one microprojection to at least partially penetrate the skin. In another example, impact of the second energy-mass system on the first plunger element causes the at least one microprojection to penetrate the skin further upon impact.

0032In examples, the method further includes adhering the applicator to the subject's skin. In other examples, in the deployed position, the first plunger element has an equilibrium position such that the distal end of the plunger on which the at least one microprojection is retained is positioned below a surface of the skin. In further examples, the equilibrium position is about 0.03-0.2 inches below the surface of the skin of the subject.

0033In examples, the method further includes detaching a backing member such that the backing member and the at least one microprojection are retained on the subject's skin.

0034In embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from a drug, a small molecule, a peptide or protein, or a vaccine.

0035In another embodiment of the present invention, an applicator is provided as defined in claim 14. The applicator comprising (a) a plunger element comprising at least a shaft and a distal end on which at least one microprojection can be retained; (b) at least one projection positioned on a proximal surface of the plunger distal end, the plunger having a first restrained position and a second extended position; (c) an actuating member that can convey an external force to the plunger element to release the plunger element from the first restrained position; (d) a linear energy-storing member positioned between the actuator and the plunger distal end, the linear energy-storing member having a first position and a second position, wherein the linear energy-storing member is effective to move the plunger from its first position to its second position as the linear energy-storing member moves from its first position to its second position; and (e) a torsional energy-mass system at least partially surrounding the plunger shaft and being positioned between the linear energy-storing member and the plunger distal end, wherein the torsional energy-mass system can rotate about the plunger shaft and the torsional energy-mass system contacts the at least one projection as the torsional energy-mass system rotates about the plunger shaft.

0036In embodiments, the at least one projection comprises a plurality of projections spaced apart around the proximal surface of the plunger distal end.

0037In embodiments, the torsional energy-mass system contacts the at least one projection as the torsional energy-mass system rotates about the plunger shaft and pushes the plunger distal end downward. In further embodiments, the torsional energy-mass system includes a rod perpendicular to an axis of motion of the linear energy-storing member, wherein the rod contacts the at least one projection as the torsional energy-mass system rotates.

0038In embodiments, impact of the plunger distal end on a patient's skin releases the torsional spring-mass system.

0039In embodiments, each of the at least one protrusions are wedge shaped.

0040In embodiments, the energy-storing member is an elastic energy element. In other embodiments, the energy-storing elements are each selected from a compression spring, a coil spring, a wave spring, and a slotted spring. In further embodiments, the linear energy-storing member has a stored energy sufficient to deploy the at least one microprojection into a subject's skin when the stored energy is released.

0041In embodiments, the applicator includes a housing member at least partially housing the plunger member and actuating member. In other embodiments, the housing member includes a skin-contacting surface. In further embodiments, the skin-contacting surface further comprising an adhesive to secure the housing to a surface.

0042In embodiments, the at least one microprojection is a microprojection array comprising a plurality of microprojections. In other embodiments, at least some of the plurality of microprojections are dissolvable or erodible microprojections.

0043In embodiments, the plurality of microprojections includes at least one therapeutic agent. In further embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from a drug, a small molecule, a peptide or protein, or a vaccine.

0044In embodiments, at least a portion of the plurality of microprojections are detachable from the microprojection array.

0045In embodiments, the plunger element contacts a subject's skin with a force of about 0.15-0.2 J.

0046In embodiments, the applicator includes a backing member positioned on a bottom surface of the plunger distal end, wherein the backing member comprises the at least one microprojection; the backing member being detachable from the plunger distal end.

0047In embodiments, the backing member comprises a support layer adjacent the distal surface of the plunger distal end and an adhesive layer, wherein the at least one microprojection is positioned distal to the adhesive layer. In other embodiments the at least one microprojection is a microprojection array positioned distal to the adhesive layer. In further embodiments, the adhesive layer at least partially surrounds the at least one microprojection.

0048In embodiments, the applicator includes a damper positioned between the energy-storage devices and a proximal surface of the plunger distal end.

0049Also described herein is a method (not claimed) of delivering a therapeutic agent to a subject, comprises applying to a skin site of the subject, an applicator according to any one of the above embodiments, actuating the actuating member to convey an external force to the plunger element; releasing the plunger element from the first restrained position to the second extended position; rotating the torsional energy-mass system about the plunger shaft such that the system contacts the at least one projection on the plunger proximal surface and pushes it downward as the system rotates about the plunger shaft thereby to move the plunger distal end toward the skin site.

0050In examples, the plunger contacts the skin site of the subject in the extended position with sufficient force for the at least one microprojection to at least partially penetrate the skin. In other examples, rotation of the torsional energy-mass system causes the plunger to impact the patient's skin and causes the at least one microprojection to penetrate the skin further upon each impact. In further examples, the plunger distal end comprises a plurality of projections spaced apart around the proximal surface of the plunger distal end and rotation of the torsional energy-mass system causes the plunger to impact the patient's skin each time the system contacts one of the plurality of projections. In additional examples, the method includes adhering the applicator to the subject's skin.

0051In examples, in the deployed position, the plunger element has an equilibrium position such that the distal end of the plunger on which the at least one microprojection is retained is positioned below a surface of the skin. In other examples, the equilibrium position is about 0.03-0.2 inches below the surface of the skin of the subject.

0052In examples, the method further includes detaching a backing member such that the backing member and the at least one microprotrusion is retained on the subject's skin.

0053In embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from a drug, a small molecule, a peptide or protein, or a vaccine.

0054Additional examples or embodiments of the present devices, apparatuses, and methods, will be apparent from the following description, drawings, examples, and claims. As can be appreciated from the foregoing and following description, each and every feature described herein, and each and every combination of two or more of such features, is included within the scope of the present disclosure provided that the features included in such a combination are not mutually inconsistent. In addition, any feature or combination of features may be specifically excluded from any embodiment of the present invention. Additional aspects and advantages of the present devices, apparatuses, and methods are set forth in the following description and claims, particularly when considered in conjunction with the accompanying examples and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

0055<ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIGURE 1</figref> is an illustration of a top perspective view of an exemplary applicator device.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIGURE 2</figref> is an illustration of a multiple energy-mass system for use in an applicator device in one embodiment.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIGURE 3</figref> is an illustration of a linear energy-mass system and a torsional energy-mass system for use in an exemplary applicator device.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIGURES 4A-4B</figref> are illustrations of a side view of an exemplary applicator device showing select features.</li></ul>

0056It will be appreciated that the thicknesses and shapes for the various applicators and microstructure arrays have been exaggerated in the drawings to facilitate understanding of the device. The drawings are not necessarily "to scale."

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0057Various aspects now will be described more fully hereinafter. Such aspects may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey its scope to those skilled in the art.

0058The practice of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g.; <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="b"><text>A.L. Lehninger, Biochemistry (Worth Publishers, Inc., current additi</text></nplcit>on); <nplcit id="ncit0002" npl-type="b"><text>Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry (Allyn and Bacon, Inc., current additi</text></nplcit>on); <nplcit id="ncit0003" npl-type="b"><text>J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry (McGraw Hill, current additi</text></nplcit>on); <nplcit id="ncit0004" npl-type="b"><text>Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, A. Gennaro, Ed., 20th Ed</text></nplcit>.; <nplcit id="ncit0005" npl-type="b"><text>Goodman &amp; Gilman The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, J. Griffith Hardman, L. L. Limbird, A. Gilman, 10th Ed</text></nplcit>.

0059Where a range of values is provided, it is intended that each intervening value between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the disclosure. For example, if a range of 1 µm to 8 µm is stated, it is intended that 2 µm, 3 µm, 4 µm, 5 µm, 6 µm, and 7 µm are also explicitly disclosed, as well as the range of values greater than or equal to 1 µm and the range of values less than or equal to 8 µm.

I.

Definitions

0060As used in this specification, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a "polymer" includes a single polymer as well as two or more of the same or different polymers; reference to an "excipient" includes a single excipient as well as two or more of the same or different excipients.

0061In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions described below.

0062In discussing the applicators and arrays, the term "downward" is sometimes used to describe the direction in which microprotrusions are pressed into skin, and "upward" to describe the opposite direction. However, those of skill in the art will understand that the applicators and arrays can be used where the microprotrusions are pressed into skin at an angle to the direction of the earth's gravity, or even in a direction contrary to that of the earth's gravity. In many applicators, the energy for pressing the microprotrusions is provided primarily by an energy-storage member and so efficiency is not much affected by the orientation of the skin relative to the earth's gravity.

0063The terms "microprotrusion", "microprojection", "microstructure" or "microneedle" are used interchangeably herein to refer to elements adapted to penetrate or pierce at least a portion of the stratum corneum or other biological membranes. For example, illustrative microstructures may include, in addition to those provided herein, microblades as described in <patcit id="pcit0013" dnum="US6219574B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,219,574</text></patcit>, edged microneedles as described in <patcit id="pcit0014" dnum="US6652478B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,652,478</text></patcit>, and microprotrusions as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. <patcit id="pcit0015" dnum="US20080269685A"><text>U.S. 2008/0269685</text></patcit>.

0064The term "microprotrusion array" for purposes herein is intended to denote a twodimensional or a three-dimensional arrangement of microprotrusions, microprojections, microstructures, or microneedles. The arrangement may be regular according to a repeating geometric pattern or it may be irregular.

0065"Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described circumstance may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.

0066"Substantially" or "essentially" means nearly totally or completely, for instance, 80-85%, 80-90%, 80-95%, 85-90%, 85-95%, 90-95% or greater of some given quantity.

0067In this application reference is often made for convenience to "skin" as the biological membrane which the microneedles penetrate. It will be understood by persons of skill in the art that in most or all instances the same inventive principles apply to the use of microneedles to penetrate other biological membranes such as, for example, those which line the interior of the mouth or biological membranes which are exposed during surgery. In other embodiments, the inventive principles may apply to the use of microneedles for cell walls. For example, the microneedles described herein may be used to treat a condition of the skin where certain cells that present on the surface are targeted by the microneedles.

0068"Transdermal" refers to the delivery of an agent into and/or through the skin or for local and/or systemic therapy.

II.

Microstructure Applicators

0069Before describing the present subject matter in detail, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to specific materials or device structures, as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.

0070In general, the microstructure applicators of the present invention provide multiple, discrete impacts with a single applicator. These applicators provide improved microstructure penetration than achieved by a single impact. Further, the applicators provide an improved sensation to the subject by providing multiple impacts with less force than required for a single impact.

0071Further, the energy required for penetration by the microstructures is delivered in multiple discrete quanta/impacts. A maximum strain and/or strain rate that limits sensation from the impacts to an acceptable level is not exceeded by any of the individual impacts. Thus, sensation for the subject is limited and is independent of the total energy provided by the devices herein.

0072Preferably, there is sufficient delay between the discrete impacts to allow the strain from the previous impact to dissipate so that the sensation from the impacts does not accumulate.

0073There are several ways to provide multiple discrete impacts. Suitable devices include a device with multiple energy-mass systems, described further below; provide asynchronous release of multiple plunger elements; use dashpot elements with multiple plunger elements; use different springs to provide different expansion and therefore timed impacts; and use a vibrating element.

0074In one embodiment, the device includes a plurality of plunger elements where release of the plunger elements is timed to provide multiple impacts. In one embodiment, a cam is used to build a delay in release into the applicator.

0075In another element, dashpot elements are used to create a damping of plunger elements and thus modulate the dynamics of an energy-mass system.

0076In a further embodiment, the plunger elements use a spring for movement within the actuator and different spring types are used to provide for timed release of the plunger elements. Suitable springs include, but are not limited to, coiled springs, wave springs, and slotted springs.

0077In another embodiment, the device uses vibration to create multiple, discrete impacts without the need to detach the microstructure array from the plunger. Preferably, the vibration element or device is associated with the actuating element. In one embodiment, the amplitude of vibration is controlled to ensure the strain is limited. In a second embodiment, the frequency is selected such that strain rates are limited and there is sufficient recovery time allowed for sensation to the subject to be limited. It will be appreciated that these embodiments may be used in combination.

0078In embodiments, the strain and/or strain rate may be limited and/or adjusted to a specified strain and/or rate. In embodiments, the strain and/or strain rate are limited to below a level which causes discomfort and/or pain sensation for the subject.

0079In an embodiment, the applicators and methods (not claimed) provide for a strain that is between about 0.1-100. In other embodiments, the strain is between about 0.1-5, about 0.1-10, about 0.1-15, about 0.1-20, about 0.1-25, about 0.1-30, about 0.1-40, about 0.1-50, about 0.1-60, about 0.1-70, about 0.1-75, about 0.1-80, about 0.1-90, about 0.1-95, about 0.5-100, about 0.5-10, about 0.5-15, about 0.5-20, about 0.5-25, about 0.5-30, about 0.5-40, about 0.5-50, about 0.5-60, about 0.5-70, about 0.5-75, about 0.5-80, about 0.5-90, about 0.5-95, about 0.75-100, about 0.75-10, about 0.75-15, about 0.75-20, about 0.75-25, about 0.75-30, about 0.75-40, about 0.75-50, about 0.75-60, about 0.75-70, about 0.75-75, about 0.75-80, about 0.75-90, about 0.75-95, about 1-100, about 1-5, about 1-10, about 1-15, about 1-20, about 1-25, about 1-30, about 1-40, about 1-50, about 1-60, about 1-70, about 1-75, about 1-80, about 1-90, about 1-95, about 5-100, about 5-10, about 5-15, about 5-20, about 5-25, about 5-30, about 5-40, about 5-50, about 5-60, about 5-70, about 5-75, about 5-80, about 5-90, about 5-95, about 10-100, about 10-15, about 10-20, about 10-25, about 10-30, about 10-40, about 10-50, about 10-60, about 10-70, about 10-75, about 10-80, about 10-90, about 10-95, about 20-100, about 20-25, about 20-30, about 20-40, about 20-50, about 20-60, about 20-70, about 20-75, about 20-80, about 20-90, about 20-95, about 25-100, about 25-50, about 25-75, about 40-100, about 40-50, about 40-75, about 50-100, about 50-60, about 50-70, about 50-75, about 50-80, about 50-90, about 50-95, about 60-100, about 60-70, about 60-75, about 70-100, about 70-75, about 75-100, about 80-100, about 80-90, about 90-100, or about 95-100.

0080In an embodiment, the applicators maintain a strain rate of between about 10^-1-10⁸ s^-1. In other embodiments, the strain rate for the applicators is between about 10^-1-10¹, about 10^-1-10², about 10^-1-10⁵, about 10^-1-10⁶, about 10^-1-10⁶, about 10¹-10⁸, about 10¹-10², about 10¹-10⁵, about 10¹-10⁶, about 10¹-10⁷, about 10²-10⁸, about 10²-10⁵, about 10²-10⁶, about 10²-10⁷, about 10⁵-10⁸, about 10⁵-10⁶, or about 10⁵-10⁷, In other embodiments, the strain rate is between about 0.1-10 s¹.

0081It will be appreciated that any or all of these approaches may be combined as appropriate.

0082In one embodiment, a microstructure assembly partially penetrates the skin with the first impact and the microstructure array detaches from the applicator or plunger.

A.

Energy-Mass Applicator System

0083In one aspect, an applicator for delivery of a needle, microneedle, microprojection, microstructure, or arrays thereof is described herein. The applicator comprises an actuator or actuating member; a plunger element, at least a first and a second energy-mass element; and at least one needle, microneedle, microstructure, or arrays thereof capable of being retained or adhered to one of the plunger elements. The applicator operates by applying a force to the actuating member above a threshold to release the plunger elements and the energy-mass elements. The plunger and energy-mass elements provide multiple, discrete impacts with a single applicator. The applicator provides similar or even improved penetration of the microstructure(s) with less or no discomfort to the subject than is achieved with a single impact applicator.

0084The applicator 10 includes at least one plunger element, piston, or other elongate structure 14. The plunger element may have a central post or shaft, a proximal end or portion, and a distal end or portion. The shaft preferably extends between the distal ends or portions. It will be appreciated that the plunger may have any suitable size and/or shape. The applicator further comprises at least two energy-mass elements 16, 18, 26. In embodiments, the applicator comprises a plurality of energy-mass elements. In the embodiment as shown in <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>, the applicator includes three energy-mass elements. It will be appreciated that the applicator may include at least about 2-5, about 2-3, about 2-4 or any number of energy-mass elements as necessary to achieve the desired penetration. It will be appreciated that having a greater number of energy-mass elements may reduce the force needed for the further impacts of the second and each additional energy-mass element. In the embodiment as shown in <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>, the applicator includes a plunger 14 including a first energy-mass element 26 and two further energy-mass elements 16, 18. Each of the energy-mass elements includes an energy-storing element 20 and a mass 22. The second and third energy-mass elements 16, 18 are positioned such that they are constrained by the plunger and/or the plunger mass. The second and third energy-mass elements are further arranged in this embodiment such that their mass contacts the mass of the plunger to cause multiple impacts when the plunger and energy-mass elements are released.

0085The plunger element has a first constrained or restrained position and a second deployed or extended position. Further, each of the energy-mass elements has a first constrained or restrained position and a second deployed or extended position. The plunger elements and/or energy-mass elements may be retained or held in the constrained position by any suitable means. In an embodiment, the first plunger element is restrained in the first position and the second and third energy-mass elements (or further elements) are restrained by the first plunger element. In this embodiment, when the first plunger element is released from the constrained position, the second and third energy-mass elements are also released.

0086In one embodiment, the plunger includes at least one energy-mass element 26 effective to move the plunger from the first position to the second position when released. The energy-storing element is typically, but not always, positioned between the structure as described below and the mass element.

0087<figref idref="f0004">Figs. 4A-4B</figref> show one embodiment of an energy-mass applicator in a constrained position (<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4A</figref>) and in an extended position (at least partially) (<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4B</figref>). An N-stage applicator can provide at least some of the benefits of vibration, which can improve penetration, with fewer parts and/or less complexity. In this embodiment, a first plunger element 50 is moved by a first spring or other energy storing element 54. Additional plunger elements 52, 53 are moved by a second and third spring or other energy storing element 56, 58, respectively. By selecting the mass of each of the plunger elements 50, 52, 53, the spring constants k1, k2, k3 for each of the springs 54, 56, 58 and the spring force lengths/compressions, one can ensure that the first plunger element 50 strikes the subject's skin first, followed by discrete strikes or impacts by further plunger elements 52, 53. It will be appreciated that any number of plunger elements and associated energy storing elements may be included in the applicator.

0088In one embodiment, this type of impactor/applicator should have user sensation comparable to a single-stage applicator using the maximum energy of any one of the multiple stages. The penetration, however, should be comparable to a single-stage applicator with energy equal to the sum of each of the multiple stages.

0089Any suitable energy-storing element is contemplated including, but not limited to springs or elastic components. In non-limiting embodiments, the energy-storing element is an elastic storage element, a compression spring, a coil spring, a wave spring, or a slotted spring device. When the plunger is in the restrained position, the energy-storage member is restrained in a high energy position of stored energy, and when the plunger is released, the energy-storage member releases its stored energy and in so doing moves the plunger. The energy storing element is typically maintained in a constrained or restrained position between a proximal surface of the plunger or the mass element and a distal surface of the structure described below. When the plunger is released, the energy storing element is released from the constrained position and the stored energy pushes the plunger distal end or mass element away from the common structure and toward the patient's skin. The amount of energy stored by the energy storing element may be adjusted based on the application area and/or microstructure structural features. The amount of stored energy may be, for example, in the range of at least about 0.1 J to at least about 10 J, or in the range of at least about 0.25 J to at least about 1 J. In other embodiments, the stored energy is in the range of at least about 0.15-0.25 J or at least about 0.15-0.2 J. In specific, but not limiting embodiments, the stored energy is at least about 0.15 J, about 0.2 J, about 0.25 J, or about 0.3 J. It will be appreciated that the energy-storage element may have sufficient stored energy for the first plunger distal end or mass to impact skin with a force of at least about 0.25 J to at least about 1 J. In other embodiments, the stored energy is in the range of at least about 0.15-0.25 J or at least about 0.15-0.2 J. In specific, but not limiting embodiments, the stored energy is at least about 0.15 J, about 0.2 J, about 0.25 J, or about 0.3 J. It will be appreciated that the energy stored by different energy-storing members may be different. For example, the energy-storing member of the first plunger element may have a greater stored energy than each of the second or further energy-storing elements. In other embodiments, each of the energy storing elements has the same or similar amount of stored energy. Preferably, the energy storing element of the first plunger element provides a sufficient energy for the microstructure or array on the plunger distal surface to pierce a subject's skin or other membrane surface. In an embodiment, the energy storing member is selected to provide a force on the plunger sufficient to cause the plunger to travel a distance longer than the length of the plunger shaft. In other embodiments including a housing discussed below, the energy storing member is selected to provide a force on the plunger sufficient to cause the plunger to travel a sufficient distance so that at least a portion of the plunger distal end exits the housing distal end.

0090In other embodiments, the energy-mass systems will typically accelerate at least the first plunger element to a velocity that is effective to pierce or rupture a patient's skin with the microstructure(s). In one embodiment, the maximum velocity of the microstructure(s) upon impact with the skin is about 20 meters per second (m/s) or less, about 15 m/s or less, about 10 m/s or less, about 8 m/s, about 6 m/s, about 4 m/s, or about 2 m/s. It will be appreciated that the maximum velocity for multiple impacts may vary among the impacts.

0091Preferably, the energy-mass elements or systems each have a different time constant such that the energy-mass elements deploy and/or impact the subject's skin at different times. In an embodiment, the first energy-mass element, associated with the plunger, has the fastest time constant such that the plunger impacts the subject's skin first based on the release of the first-energy mass system. In this embodiment, the plunger first impacts the skin with sufficient force for the microstructure(s) to rupture the skin or membrane surface and impacts from the second and/or further energy-mass elements cause increased penetration by the microstructure(s). Typically, the energy-mass systems are held by the plunger in a compressed state in decreasing order of time constant. Upon activation, the plunger and associated first energy-mass system moves fastest and separates from the other energy-mass systems. Each subsequent energy-mass system separates from the slower system behind it. The plunger impacts the subject's skin first based on release of the first energy-mass system, followed by impacts in order by each subsequent energy-mass system. Appropriate selection of energy-storing elements and masses can provide the desired time delay between impacts and total force.

0092As seen in <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>, the energy-mass systems may be stacked or otherwise configured so that the slower masses impact the faster masses.

0093Increasing the number of impacts allows each individual impact to deliver less energy or force while achieving sufficient or desired penetration of the microstructure(s). Reducing the individual impact force of the plunger devices lowers the sensation caused by the applicator and allows for a reduction in sensation to the subject for the same microstructure penetration. Reducing the individual impact force also allows for an increase in penetration achieved with the same force.

0094In one embodiment, each of the plunger elements and/or energy-mass systems are attached, adhered, or otherwise connected to a common support or structure 12 that provides support to the plunger and/or energy-mass elements. The plunger elements and/or energy-mass elements may be retained by or secured to the structure by any suitable manner including, but not limited to, a mechanical feature such as a locking system, one or more fasteners, and/or an adhesive. In one embodiment, the structure is a plate. The structure may be any suitable size or shape to accommodate the plunger elements and/or systems. Where the apparatus includes a housing as described further below, the structure is preferably sized to fit within the housing. The structure may be flexible, rigid or substantially rigid. Preferably, the sufficient has sufficient mechanical strength and/or is sufficiently rigid to constrain, along with the plunger element, the energy-mass elements 16, 18, 26 as described more fully below.

0095As the actuator 60 is moved (e.g. from a first position to a second position), the actuator releases at least the plunger and/or first energy-mass element. It will be appreciated that the actuating member may have any shape or configuration that is suitable to allow the actuating member to push, move, or rotate to release at least the plunger and/or energy-mass element.

0096Pressure may be applied to move the actuating member from a first position to a second position by any suitable means including manual or mechanical. Where the pressure is manually applied, the actuating member has an external surface that is suitable for contact by a user or otherwise includes structure that allows a user to apply the appropriate pressure to the actuating member. In non-limiting embodiments, a force of at least about 0.5-10 lb is applied to the actuating member.

0097The bottom surface 24 of the plunger 14 further includes at least one needle, at least one microprojection, a microprojection array, a passive transdermal patch, or other delivery device for transdermal administration of one or more therapeutic agents. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one microprojection or a microprojection array is affixed, attached, adhered to, or integral with the bottom surface 24 of the plunger. In one embodiment, the delivery device is removably attached to the plunger distal surface. General features for microprojection arrays are described, for example, in <patcit id="pcit0016" dnum="US20080269685A"><text>U.S. Publication Nos. 2008/0269685</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0017" dnum="US20110276028A"><text>2011/0276028</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0018" dnum="US7416541B"><text>U.S. Patent Nos. 7,416,541</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0019" dnum="US7578954B"><text>7,578,954</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0020" dnum="US7108681B"><text>7,108,681</text></patcit>. In embodiments, the microprojection is a hypodermic needle or a trocar. In further embodiments, the microprojection array comprises a plurality of microprojections, at least some of which are dissolvable or erodible microprojections. In further embodiments, at least some of the microprojections include at least one active agent, therapeutic agent, drug or other substance to be administered transdermally. Further, at least a portion of the microprojections may be detachable from the microprojection array. Detachable microprojection arrays are described in U.S. Patent Application no. (Attorney Docket No. 091500-0439 filed Dec. 21, 2012.

0098In one non-limiting embodiment, the microprojection array or other delivery device is affixed or attached to the plunger distal end using an adhesive. Suitable adhesives include, but are not limited to, acrylic adhesives, acrylate adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives, double-sided adhesive tape, double sided adhesive coated nonwoven or porous film, and UV curable adhesives. It will be appreciated that any medical device adhesive known in the art would be suitable. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the microstructure array or other delivery device is integral with at least a portion of the first plunger distal end.

0099The sizes of the microneedles and other protrusions for use with this invention will be a function of the manufacturing technology and of the precise application. In general, however, microneedles and other microprotrusions used in practice may be expected to have a length of about 20 to about 1000 microns, more preferably from about 50 to about 750 microns and most preferably from about 100 to about 500 microns. Often it will be desired that the microprotrusions will be long enough to penetrate at least partially through the stratum corneum layer of skin at some suitable point of application on the human body, for example the thigh, hip, arm, or torso.

0100The common structure and plunger may be formed of any suitable material. In one non-limiting embodiment, the common structure and plunger elements are at least partially formed of a material having an elastic modulus of between about 0.5-500 KSI. In an embodiment, at least one of the common structure and/or the plunger elements are formed of a metal including, but not limited to stainless steel, carbon steel, titanium, and alloys thereof.

0101As noted above, the applicator includes at least one energy-mass element or structure 16, 18, 26 positioned at least partially between a lower surface of the common structure and the distal end of the plunger element. As noted above, each of the energy-mass structures includes an energy-storing element or energy-storage member and at least one mass. A skilled artisan will appreciate the wide variety of energy-storing elements that would be suitable for use, and some examples are illustrated in <patcit id="pcit0021" dnum="US20110276027A"><text>U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0276027</text></patcit>. It is to be understood that other similar shapes, including but not limited to other axisymmetric shapes, may be used to create an energy-storing element. Further, non-symmetric shapes may be used to create an energy-storing element. It is also to be understood that the energy-storing element may comprise a plurality of individual energy-storing elements that may or may not be identical in size, shape, and material. The use of a plurality of individual energy-storage members may be useful to allow alteration of plunger velocity, energy, activation force, or other performance characteristics in ways that may not be achievable or different than with a single energy-storing element.

0102The material from which the energy-storing element is manufactured is variable, and a skilled artisan will appreciate that it is selected based on the several design considerations, including storage life and desired application force, which of course will also depend on the configuration of the member. Exemplary materials include metals, alloys, plastics, and specific examples include stainless steel and thermoplastics.

0103The velocity of the microprojection array or other delivery device at the time of contact with skin may be adjusted, for example, by varying the amount of stored energy in the energy-storing element and/or by changing the mass. In an embodiment, the mass in or of the plunger is varied or adjusted to adjust the velocity of the plunger. Varying the stored energy is done, for example, by controlling the energy-storing element's geometric design and the properties of the material(s) out of which the energy-storing element is made. The energy-storing element may have a compressed form in which the degree of compression (e.g., in one spatial direction) controls the amount of energy stored.

0104When the energy storing element is stored in a compressed form, a variety of mechanisms external to the element, but forming part of the applicator, may be employed to release the compression and allow the element to uncompress and therefore release some or all of its energy.

0105The applicator may further include an outer housing 28 at least partially surrounding or enclosing at least the plunger and/or energy-mass elements. Preferably at least part of the actuating member is accessible from the housing so that the user can apply pressure to the actuating member. It will be appreciated that at least a portion of the plunger extends beyond a distal end of the housing when released from its constrained or restrained position and/or at equilibrium so that the microprojection array or other delivery device is able to contact skin. It will also be appreciated that only a portion of the microstructures themselves need to extend beyond the housing distal end in order to penetrate skin. The distal end of the housing may include a skin contacting area or member 62 that is placed against a subject or patient's skin. The skin contacting area may be an annular ring positioned around an opening for the microprojection array or other delivery device. The skin contacting area may further include an adhesive for adhering the housing to the skin. The adhesive may be applied at least partially on the annular skin contacting area. In embodiments, the housing includes a surface on which an adhesive is or can be applied to secure the housing to a second surface. It will be appreciated that the skin contacting area may surround all or a portion of an opening for the microstructure array or other delivery device attached to the plunger distal end to pass through.

0106Applicators contemplated herein will commonly have at least two states or configurations. In the first state or configuration, the plunger is retained in a restrained or constrained position. In the first state or configuration, the energy-storing element is restrained between the common structure element and one of the plunger or an energy-mass element in a high energy position. This is typically expected to be the state of the applicator following manufacturing and during shipping and storage. When the plunger is released, the energy-storing element is released from the constrained state and releases all or a part of the stored energy. In this second state or configuration, which is arrived at by operating the actuating member or element, the microprojection array or other delivery device projects outward from the applicator.

0107The materials from which the applicator components are manufactured can be selected from a wide variety known to a skilled artisan. For example, a filled polymer material is suitable for manufacture of at least the outer cover or housing and/or the actuating member. A skilled artisan will understand the various material properties to be considered when selecting a suitable material for each component part.

B. Linear Energy-Mass and Torsional Energy-Mass Applicator

0108In another aspect, an applicator for delivery of a needle, microneedle, microprojection, microstructure, arrays thereof, or other delivery device is described herein. The applicator comprises an actuator or actuating member, at least one plunger or piston, a linear energy-mass system, and a torsional energy-mass system. The applicator operates by applying a force to the actuating member above a threshold to release the plunger.

0109<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> shows another exemplary actuator or applicator 100. As seen in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>, the applicator 100 comprises a linear energy-mass system 32 attached to a plunger or piston 30, and a torsional energy-mass system 38 with an axis of rotation collinear with the linear energy-mass axis of motion. In another embodiment, the torsional energy-mass system is capable of moving along an arcuate path at least partially around the plunger. In an embodiment, the torsional energy-mass system includes at least one torsional energy storage element 40 and at least one rod or other projection 42. In one embodiment, a proximal surface of the plunger distal end 36 includes one or more projections 34. The torsional energy-mass system rod 42 contacts the one or more projections as the torsional energy-mass system rotates about the plunger. Movement of the rod over the at least one projection causes the plunger distal end to move downward and impact the subject's skin.

0110Both the linear energy-mass system and the torsional energy-mass system are initially held in a compressed state. The linear energy-mass system and the torsional energy-mass system may be retained in the compressed state by any suitable means. The plunger and/or linear energy-mass system is released by action of an actuator, not shown, allowing the plunger distal end 36 to impact a subject's skin. The torsional energy-mass system is released and the attached rod or projection spins, rotates, or moves along an arcuate path around at least a portion of the plunger shaft 46. The rod contacts at least one of the projections(s) on the plunger distal end and the plunger distal end is pushed away from the rod providing a force in the axis of motion of the plunger toward the skin. The rod may be any suitable shape or length suitable to interact with the projections. In one embodiment, the torsional energy-mass system is released from its compressed state by impact of the plunger on the subject's skin.

0111In an embodiment, the plunger, piston or other elongate structure 30 has a central post or shaft 46 with a proximal end or portion and a distal end or portion 36. The shaft preferably extends at least partially between the proximal and distal ends or portions. It will be appreciated that the plunger may have any suitable shape or size. As shown at least in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>, one suitable shape comprises a cylindrical shaft with a circular or cylindrical distal end. In this particular embodiment, the distal end has a circular plate shape. It will be appreciated, however, that other shapes are suitable including, but not limited to, a rectangular prism or other polygonal prisms. It will further be appreciated that the shaft, proximal end, and distal end may each have a different geometry. As one example, the shaft and proximal end may be cylindrical with the distal end having a square or rectangular shape. It will further be appreciated that one or both of the proximal and distal ends may be a plate having a circular, square, rectangular, elliptical or irregular shape. In one embodiment, the proximal and/or distal end has a wider diameter than a diameter of the central shaft.

0112The plunger distal end further comprises at least one projection positioned on the proximal surface of the distal end. In embodiments, at least about 1-6 projections are positioned on the plunger distal end. In other embodiments, at least about 1-5, about 1-4, about 1-3, about 1-2, about 2-6, about 2-5, about 2-4, about 2-3, about 3-6, about 3-5, about 3-4, about 4-6, about 4-5, about 5-6 or more projections are positioned on the plunger distal end. In specific, but not limiting embodiments, at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 projections are positioned on the plunger distal end. It will be appreciated that any number of projections corresponding to the number of impacts desired may be included on the plunger distal end. The projections may be any suitable size or shape as required to move the plunger distal end a suitable or desired distance. In the embodiment, the projections are wedge or ramp-shaped. Preferably, the projections are shaped such that the rod may travel at least partially over the projection in order to move the plunger distal end. In one embodiment, at least some of the projections have a ramp or incline for interaction with the rod. The projections may be integral with or otherwise attached to the plunger distal end. Where the projections are attached to the plunger distal end, they may be attached or affixed by any suitable means including, but not limited to mechanical means and/or an adhesive. The projections may be formed of any suitable material including, but not limited to, polymers and metals. The projections may be formed of the same or different materials as the plunger.

0113As seen in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>, the linear energy-mass system further includes an energy storing element 44 positioned between an upper or proximal surface of the plunger distal end and a lower or distal surface of a plate member; actuator, a portion of the housing, or other structure with sufficient mechanical strength to restrain or constrain the linear energy storing element 44. In another embodiment, the linear energy-storing element is retained by the plunger distal end and a plate or other structure positioned proximal to the plunger distal end. Any suitable energy-storing element is contemplated including, but not limited to springs or elastic components. The discussion of energy-storing elements above is relevant to and considered as part of the present embodiment. When the plunger is in the retained or constrained position, the linear energy-storing member is retained or constrained in a high energy position. When the plunger is released or deployed, the linear energy-storing member releases its stored energy and in so doing moves the plunger. The linear energy storing element is typically maintained in a constrained or restrained position between the proximal surface of the plunger or other structure and the proximal surface of the plunger distal end.

0114The applicator further includes a torsional energy-mass system comprising a torsional energy-storing element 40 and a rod or other projection 42. The torsional energy-storing element is initially held in a first constrained or restrained position. The torsional energy-storing element is released by the actuator, by release of the plunger, or other means and the rod moves in an arcuate path around at least a portion of the plunger. As the rod moves, it contacts the projections positioned on the plunger distal end. The rod moves at least partially over the projections and moves the plunger toward the patient's skin causing the plunger distal end to impact the skin one or more additional times. It will be appreciated that the impact depth is determined by the projection height and the impact duration is determined by the length of the projection. One skilled in the art may vary the size and shape of the projection in order to vary the impact dynamics including depth and duration. It will further be appreciated that the timing of the multiple impacts may be determined or controlled by the spacing between the projections and/or the speed of movement of the torsional energy-mass system.

0115The present embodiment may further include an outer housing 28 at least partially surrounding or enclosing the applicator. The discussion of a housing above is relevant to and included herein. Preferably at least part of the actuator is accessible or extends beyond the proximal end of the housing so that the user can apply pressure to the actuator. In another embodiment, the housing includes an actuator contacting area or element where the user applies pressure to the housing at the area or to the element that is transferred to the actuator proximal end. In another embodiment, the housing includes an opening 48 at the proximal end for a user to access the actuator. The actuator proximal end may extend at least partially through the opening in the housing or the opening may be dimensioned so that a user may access the proximal end of the actuator through the opening.

0116As with the above embodiment, applicators contemplated herein will commonly have at least two states or configurations. In the first state or configuration, the proximal end of the plunger is in its first retained or constrained position. In this first state or configuration, the linear energy-storing element and torsional energy-storing system are restrained in a high energy position. This is typically expected to be the state of the applicator following manufacturing and during shipping and storage. When the plunger moves from its first position to a second extended or deployed position, the linear energy-storing element is released from the constrained state and releases all or a part of the stored energy. In this second state or configuration of the linear energy storing element, which is arrived at by pressing or otherwise operating the actuating element, the microprojection array projects modestly outward from the applicator.

0117The applicators described in each of the embodiments described above can optionally include a safety mechanism or latch to prevent unintended actuation of the applicator and consequential deployment of the microneedle array. Various embodiments of a safety mechanism are described in <patcit id="pcit0022" dnum="US20110276027A"><text>U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0276027</text></patcit>.

0118One problem with some prior applicators is the plunger is not deployed with sufficient energy or the plunger may bounce after contacting the skin or the skin may move away due to the impact. The skin may thus become separated from the microprotrusion array after the initial impact. Without a retaining force, the skin may separate at the end of the plunger's travel, continuing its motion as the plunger moves at a slower rate. While the microprotrusion array may later return to contact the skin as the plunger bounces, the individual microprotrusions will no longer be aligned with the holes created during the initial impact of the array with the skin and the plunger may not have sufficient energy to create new holes with the microprotrusions. Alternatively, some prior applicators suffer from the excessive application of force or displacement of the plunger. Excessive displacement or impact force of the plunger into the skin can cause uncomfortable sensations and/or pulling of the skin. Additionally, excessive compression of the skin can reduce fluid flow through the tissues surrounding the microprotrusion array, which slows dissolution of the therapeutic agent from the microprotrusions and the subsequent transport into the subject's system. Both of these problems may lead to the degradation of the drug product and/or improper or incomplete delivery of the therapeutic agent.

0119The proper contact of the microprotrusions with the skin may be achieved by adjusting the final equilibrium position of the plunger for any of the embodiments herein. In embodiments, the displacement of the plunger distal end is 0.03-0.2" below the surface of the subject's skin at equilibrium. In embodiments, the final displacement of the plunger of at least 0.030" as measured at plunger equilibrium in free air is desired. The "final displacement" refers to the extension of the plunger distal surface beyond the surface of the skin. This final displacement or the equilibrium position is determined by the length of the plunger and/or the equilibrium position of the linear energy-storage member. In other embodiments, a final displacement is approximately 0.2". In a specific embodiment, the final displacement is 0.2" using a spring with 54 lb/in and a plunger having a diameter of approximately 0.6". In an embodiment, the length of the plunger shaft is selected such that it extends beyond the distalmost end of the housing at equilibrium. In another embodiment, the housing distal end includes a skin contacting surface and the length of the plunger shaft is selected such that the plunger extends beyond the skin contacting surface. In yet another embodiment, the plunger distal end extends below the skin surface at equilibrium. It will be appreciated the final displacement is dependent on the force required to depress the plunger from an extended state to flush with the housing. In an embodiment, the plunger travels a distance longer than the length of the plunger shaft. It will be appreciated that the length of the plunger shaft and/or the energy storing element may be selected to provide a force on the plunger that causes the plunger to travel a distance longer than the length of the shaft.

0120When the microprojections are dissolvable or erodible, a further advantage of an extended plunger equilibrium position is that the continued application of force allows the dissolvable microprojections to penetrate deeper into the skin as the microprojections dissolve. The biased force pressing the microprojections into the skin to the extended equilibrium position may further cause the microprojections to penetrate deeper into the skin as the distal tips dissolve.

0121Without being limited as to theory, maintaining pressure on the microprotrusions at equilibrium keeps the protrusion distal ends inserted in the skin. As the microprotrusions dissolve, the continued pressure pushes the protrusions deeper into the skin until the protrusions substantially or completely dissolve.

0122One problem with actuators using an energy-storing element such as a spring or elastic element is that the energy storage element may exert forces on one or more components of the applicators, leading to dimensional distortion and/or creep over an extended period of time. These effects are undesirable as they lead to variations in the applicator geometry and a loss in the stored elastic energy over time. In one embodiment, at least the upper retaining component or member and the plunger are formed of materials that do not exhibit creep. In one embodiment, at least the upper retaining component and plunger are formed from a metal. Exemplary metals include, but are not limited to stainless steel, carbon steel, titanium, and alloys thereof. In another embodiment, at least the upper retaining component and plunger are formed from a plastic or polymer that does not exhibit creep and/or dimensional distortion at a given stress level. In this embodiment, all of the mechanical load from the energy storage element is borne by parts formed from materials which are not subject to dimensional distortion and creep over time. Reducing the dimensional distortion and creep leads to maintaining the same stored elastic energy for an extended period of time. Maintaining the same stored elastic energy over a period of time is important for having an extended shelf life of at least preferably 6 months, more preferably 12 months, and most preferably 24 months. In further embodiments, the same stored elastic energy is maintained over a shelf life of at least about 1-10 years. In specific, but not limiting embodiments, the same stored elastic energy is maintained over a shelf life of at least about 1 year, about 2 years, about 3 years, about 4 years, about 5 years, or about 10 years or longer.

0123Another issue or problem with current microstructure or microneedle arrays arises with extended use or wear of the applicators. Wearing a potentially bulky applicator for an extended period of time is inconvenient during normal activities or exercising. Another potential problem is that the microneedle arrays may bounce off the skin and cause poor drug delivery. Furthermore, another potential problem is the microneedle array may pull out of the skin after impact into the skin also causing poor drug delivery. In some embodiments of each of the applicators described herein, it is desirable for the microstructure array or other delivery device to be removable from the applicator. This embodiment provides for a low profile and/or more comfortable delivery device that can be worn for longer or extended periods of time.

0124In one embodiment, any or all of the present applicators may include a backing assembly that is removable from the applicator. In one embodiment, a backing assembly may include a support layer, a microstructure array or other delivery device, and an adhesive positioned at least partially around the microstructure array or delivery device. In one embodiment, the adhesive is positioned as a ring around the microstructure array. The backing assembly is initially attached or placed in close proximity to the plunger or the applicator. Preferably, the backing assembly is attached or affixed to the distal surface of the plunger. Upon activation of the applicator, the plunger is released which deploys or forces the microstructures into the skin. The backing assembly with the adhesive ring at least partially adheres to the skin, allowing the applicator to detach from the skin with the microstructures of the array being deployed at least partially in the subject's skin. Another advantage of a backing assembly is that the microstructures are prevented from pulling out of the skin as the skin tissue relaxes for extended wear durations (e.g. ≤ 5 minutes). Additionally, this configuration prevents microstructures from pulling out due to the plunger bouncing off the skin after impact. The backing assembly preferably detaches from the plunger immediately after impact, and the adhesive ring on the backing assembly holds the microstructure array onto the skin. The plunger bounces upward and separates from the backing assembly or the backing assembly separates from the plunger when the applicator is removed. The backing assembly with the microstructure array stays on the skin. Any suitable adhesive for adhering the backing assembly may be used including those described with reference to the skin contacting area. In an embodiment, the adhesive has sufficient adhesion to the skin to retain the microstructure array on the subject's skin when the plunger bounces away from the skin or when the applicator is removed from the subject's skin. The support layer may be formed of any suitable material including, but not limited to, polymers and metals. In an embodiment, at least the areas of the support that contact the subject's skin are biocompatible. The support layer may be rigid, semi-rigid or flexible. In one embodiment, the support layer is flexible enough to conform to the skin application site. In an exemplary embodiment, the applicator with the plunger retained by the blocking member is first placed against a subject's skin. The backing assembly is positioned on the distalmost surface of the plunger distal end. The applicator is actuated and the blocking member releases the plunger, which is deployed downward toward the patient's skin. The microstructure array on the distal end of the plunger is deployed or driven such that at least a portion of the microstructures in the array at least partially pierce or penetrate the subject's skin. The plunger bounces or otherwise moves vertically away from the skin and the backing assembly detaches from the plunger to remain on the subject's skin.

0125In one embodiment, any or all of the applicators described herein may include a damper to dampen the bounce, upward or vertical motion away from a subject. The plunger damper changes the system dynamics from under-damped to critically or over-damped. In non-limiting embodiments, a foam, friction material, or viscous material is placed in mechanical communication with the plunger and the energy-storing element to act as a plunger damper. The plunger damper's function is to provide an energy loss to minimize plunger bounce (vertical upward motion) after the applicator is activated and the plunger strikes the skin. In one embodiment, the damper is positioned between the linear energy-storing device or other energy-storing device and the plunger distal end. When the plunger is released from its first position, the plunger deploys and the damper expands to at least partially fill any open space between the energy-storing device and the plunger distal end.

0126It will be appreciated that elements and/or embodiments described above with reference to one applicator embodiment are applicable to all applicator embodiments described. Discussion of common elements between the embodiments is intended to apply to all embodiments. In particular, but without limitation, discussion of the actuating member, plunger, delivery devices, energy-storage elements, and housing with reference to one embodiment is intended to also apply to other embodiments.

III. Methods of Use (not claimed)

0127Described herein is a method for administering an active agent or therapeutic agent to a subject. Preferably, the active or therapeutic agent is administered dermally, transdermally, mucosally, and/or transmucosally. The method comprises providing a microprojection array or other delivery device in conjunction with any one of the applicators described herein, the microprojection array or delivery device comprising at least one active agent. Preferably, the microprojection array or other delivery device is configured to deliver at least one therapeutic agent. The agent may be coated on at least a portion of the microprojections and/or contained within at least a portion of the microstructures. The agent is delivered dermally, transdermally, mucosally, or transmucosally by actuation of the applicator, to deploy the microprojection array into contact with the skin, or more generally a membrane or body surface, of a subject. The active agent to be administered can be one or more of any of the active agents known in the art, and include the broad classes of compounds such as, by way of illustration and not limitation: analeptic agents; analgesic agents; antiarthritic agents; anticancer agents, including antineoplastic drugs; anticholinergics; anticonvulsants; antidepressants; antidiabetic agents; antidiarrheals; antihelminthics; antihistamines; antihyperlipidemic agents; antihypertensive agents; antiinfective agents such as antibiotics, antifungal agents, antiviral agents and bacteriostatic and bactericidal compounds; antiinflammatory agents; antimigraine preparations; antinauseants; antiparkinsonism drugs; antipruritics; antipsychotics; antipyretics; antispasmodics; antitubercular agents; antiulcer agents; anxiolytics; appetite suppressants; attention deficit disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs; cardiovascular preparations including calcium channel blockers, antianginal agents, central nervous system agents, beta-blockers and antiarrhythmic agents; caustic agents; central nervous system stimulants; cough and cold preparations, including decongestants; cytokines; diuretics; genetic materials; herbal remedies; hormonolytics; hypnotics; hypoglycemic agents; immunosuppressive agents; keratolytic agents; leukotriene inhibitors; mitotic inhibitors; muscle relaxants; narcotic antagonists; nicotine; nutritional agents, such as vitamins, essential amino acids and fatty acids; ophthalmic drugs such as antiglaucoma agents; pain relieving agents such as anesthetic agents; parasympatholytics; peptide drugs; proteolytic enzymes; psychostimulants; respiratory drugs, including antiasthmatic agents; sedatives; steroids, including progestogens, estrogens, corticosteroids, androgens and anabolic agents; smoking cessation agents; sympathomimetics; tissue-healing enhancing agents; tranquilizers; vasodilators including general coronary, peripheral and cerebral; vessicants; and combinations thereof. In embodiments the therapeutic agent is a protein or a peptide. In another embodiment, the agent is a vaccine.

0128Non-limiting examples of peptides and proteins which may be used with microprotrusion arrays include, but are not limited to parathyroid hormone (PTH), oxytocin, vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), epidermal growth factor (EGF), prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luliberin or luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, interferon, gastrin, tetragastrin, pentagastrin, urogastrone, secretin, calcitonin, enkephalins, endorphins, kyotorphin, taftsin, thymopoietin, thymosin, thymostimulin, thymic humoral factor, serum thymic factor, tumor necrosis factor, colony stimulating factors, motilin, bombesin, dinorphin, neurotensin, cerulein, bradykinin, urokinase, kallikrein, substance P analogues and antagonists, angiotensin II, nerve growth factor, blood coagulation factors VII and IX, lysozyme chloride, renin, bradykinin, tyrocidin, gramicidines, growth hormones, melanocyte stimulating hormone, thyroid hormone releasing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, pancreozymin, cholecystokinin, human placental lactogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, protein synthesis stimulating peptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, platelet derived growth factor, growth hormone releasing factor, bone morphogenic protein, and synthetic analogues and modifications and pharmacologically active fragments thereof. Peptidyl drugs also include synthetic analogs of LHRH, e.g., buserelin, deslorelin, fertirelin, goserelin, histrelin, leuprolide (leuprorelin), lutrelin, nafarelin, tryptorelin, and pharmacologically active salts thereof. Administration of oligonucleotides is also contemplated, and includes DNA and RNA, other naturally occurring oligonucleotides, unnatural oligonucleotides, and any combinations and/or fragments thereof. Therapeutic antibodies include Orthoclone OKT3 (muromonab CD3), ReoPro (abciximab), Rituxan (rituximab), Zenapax (daclizumab), Remicade (infliximab), Simulect (basiliximab), Synagis (palivizumab), Herceptin (trastuzumab), Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin), CroFab, DigiFab, Campath (alemtuzumab), and Zevalin (ibritumomab tiuxetan).

0129In other examples, at least a portion of the distal layer comprises an agent suitable for use as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccine. The vaccine may comprise an antigen epitope conjugated on or to a carrier protein. It will be appreciated that vaccines may be formulated with our without an adjuvant. Suitable vaccines include, but are not limited to, vaccines for use against anthrax, diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b, human papillomavirus, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, measles/mumps/rubella, meningococcal diseases (e.g., meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and meningococcal conjugate vaccine), pneumococcal diseases (e.g., pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and meningococcal conjugate vaccine), polio, rabies, rotavirus, shingles, smallpox, tetanus/diphtheria, tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis, typhoid, varicella, and yellow fever.

0130In another example, at least a portion of the distal layer comprises an agent suitable for veterinary uses. Such uses include, but are not limited to, therapeutic and diagnostic veterinary uses.

0131As dosage requirements increase, the penetrated volume of microstructure arrays (MSA) also increases to accommodate the increased dose. The energy required to penetrate the increased volume also increases as a consequence. Increased energy for delivery of a MSA can cause increased, higher or undesirable sensations to the patient or even pain. Generally, an applicator is placed in contact with the skin such that a skin contacting surface directly contacts the external skin surface and, optionally, is adhered or affixed to the skin. A MSA is applied to the skin using a velocity that is at least or greater than a minimum velocity required for the microstructures to rupture or pierce the skin surface. With the MSA remaining in the skin, the MSA is impacted multiple, or at least one, times with a lower force. Since the MSA has already ruptured the skin surface, there is no minimum energy requirement for subsequent impacts. The MSA is impacted multiple times or until the sum of the energy of impacts is greater than or equal to the energy requirement for the MSA to penetrate a desired amount or volume. This approach spreads the energy required to achieve a desired volume penetration over time, which reduces the strain rate and keeps the strain small by keeping the energy quanta small.

0132In a first aspect of operation, an applicator comprising a plurality of energy-mass elements is placed in contact with a subject's skin such that a skin contacting surface of the applicator directly contacts the external skin surface (stratum corneum) and, optionally, is adhered to skin by means of adhesive disposed on the skin contacting surface. The plunger and each of the energy-mass elements are in a first, constrained state or position and are movable to a second extended or unrestrained state or configuration. Each of the energy-mass elements has a different time constant. The actuating member is pressed downward or otherwise moved causing release of the plunger from its first position. Release of the plunger from its first position also releases the energy-mass elements allowing the energy-storing elements to travel from the restrained or compressed position to an extended position. The plunger distal end is moved initially by the first energy-mass element and a microarray in contact with the plunger distal end comes forcibly into contact with skin. The second energy-mass element contacts at least a portion of the plunger according to its time constant. Contact of the second energy-mass element moves the plunger in a direction toward the subject's skin resulting in multiple impacts. The timing of the impacts may be determined or controlled by adjusting the time constant of the energy-mass elements. In one embodiment, the plunger after release has an equilibrium position such that the distal end of the plunger on which the microprotrusion array is affixed is positioned below a surface of the skin.

0133In a second aspect of operation, an applicator comprising a linear energy-mass element, a torsional energy-mass element, and a plunger is placed in contact with the skin such that a skin contacting surface of the applicator directly contacts the external skin surface (stratum corneum) and, optionally, is adhered to skin by means of adhesive disposed on the skin contacting surface. The plunger and each of the energy-mass elements are in a first, constrained state or position and are movable to a second extended or unrestrained state or configuration. The actuating member is pressed downward or otherwise moved causing release of the plunger from its first position. Release of the plunger from its first position also releases the linear energy-mass element allowing the linear energy-storing element to travel from the restrained or compressed position to an extended position. The plunger distal end is moved by the linear energy-mass element and a microarray in contact with the plunger distal end comes forcibly into contact with skin. The torsional energy-mass element is released and the torsional energy-storing element moves in an arcuate direction around at least a portion of the plunger shaft. In one embodiment, the torsional energy storage element is released upon initial contact or impact of the plunger distal end with the subject's skin. A rod travels perpendicular to the linear energy-mass axis of motion and around at least a portion of the plunger shaft and contacts at least one or more projections formed on or attached to the proximal surface of the plunger distal surface. Contact of the rod with each of the projections moves the plunger in a direction toward the subject's skin resulting in multiple impacts. The timing of the impacts may be determined or controlled by adjusting the spacing and shape of the projections. In one embodiment, the plunger after release has an equilibrium position such that the distal end of the plunger on which the microprotrusion array is affixed is positioned below a surface of the skin.

IV. Examples

0134The following examples are illustrative in nature and are in no way intended to be limiting. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in °C and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

EXAMPLE 1

ADMINISTRATION OF A MICROSTRUCTURE ARRAY

0135A standard applicator comprising a microstructure array is applied to a subject's skin and the skin was impacted 1, 2, or 3 times with an energy quanta of 0.2 J. Multiple impacts increase the penetrated volume.

0136While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations as are within their scope.